Rus' people - Knowledge

2857: 701:

second part of the 8th and first part of the 9th century), a Norse presence is only visible at Staraja Ladoga, and to a much lesser degree at a few other sites in the northern parts of Eastern Europe. The objects that represent Norse material culture of this period are rare outside Ladoga and mostly known as single finds. This rarity continues throughout the 9th century until the whole situation changes radically during the next century, when historians meet, at many places and in relatively large quantities, the material remains of a thriving Scandinavian culture. For a short period of time, some areas of Eastern Europe became as much part of the Norse world as were Danish and Norwegian territories in the West. The culture of the Rus

2901: 2807:) on the side. The whorl is dated thanks to being found in a layer from the period 1115–1130, when the settlement grew and became a town. No other Scandinavian finds were made except for two other whorls with runic-like inscriptions from the same time. Another whorl with a runic-like inscription was found in the old Russian fort of Plesnesk not far from Zvenigorod. This was a strategically important location and there are several warrior burials dating to the late 10th c. These graves belonged to warriors of a rank similar to a Kievan grand prince and some of them could have been of Scandinavian descent. 1400: 1431: 1166: 8146: 778: 6600:'Christian' burials does not pose much of a problem and that a threshold of change exists. Today it is clear that the story of building a shared Christian identity was a much longer and difficult process on both sides of the Baltic Sea All this resulted in a long and difficult Christianization process and a vigorous resistance on the part of the indigenous population. This is archaeologically witnessed in syncretic practices and pagan burials which were still being observed on the peripheries in the High Middle Ages. 3479: 2301: 1615: 60: 9757: 8446: 2678:), there must have been many opportunities to hear them. He cautions, however, that it cannot be presumed that Old Norse was still habitually spoken in 12th-century princely courts. Further, he says that Bojan's own life and career did not necessarily coincide with the time of the men whose lives he commemorated, and that he may have written of princes of an earlier period known to him only by report. Scholarly consensus holds as well that the author of the 2695: 9747: 2804: 40: 2153: 9767: 7991: 261: 661:

another centre of the same culture but founded in different surroundings, where some old local traditions moulded this commercial city into the capital of a powerful oligarchic trading republic of a kind otherwise unknown in this part of Europe. These towns have tended to overshadow the significance of other places that had existed long before Kiev and Novgorod were founded. The two original centres of Rus

3668:. By 2020, 67 inhumation graves had been excavated there and dated from the early 11th century. Most of the artefacts found there are uncommon in Ukraine, but typical for the East Baltic region. This suggests a complex multi-ethnic population, presumably consisting of Baltic region migrants and locals. The ancient DNA analysis shows that the tested individuals cluster with present-day 2763:. The area was visited by Novgorod tribute collectors in the 11th century, and was integrated in the republic through colonization during the 12th and 13th centuries. Since Varangians were part of the administration of Novgorod they likely ventured in the area and sometimes settled there. The use of their naming traditions in the 14th century show the conservatism of some of the Rus 3491:

adjacent Finnic lands had become a profitable meeting ground for peoples of diverse origins, especially for the trade of furs, and attracted by the presence of oriental silver from the mid-8th century AD. There is an undeniable presence of goods and people of Scandinavian origin; however, the predominant people remained the local (Baltic and Finnic) peoples.

2969:). Several scholars note that this is "of considerable importance generally, as far as social and cultural background of language is concerned". Although, they also note that parallels may arise from general similarities between Germanic and Slavic societies, they state that these similarities remain a profitable field of comparative studies. 3437:, too far away from Bulgarian to have been influenced by it. As standard Russian has no definite article at all, the appearance of a postpositioned definite article in Northern Russian dialects may be due to influence from Old Norse. As for standard Russian, just like in Old Norse, and in the modern Scandinavian languages, there is a 515:, modern scholarship leans towards the former because at the time, the region covered by the latter term, Roslagen, remained sparsely populated and lacked the demographic strength necessary to stand out compared to the adjacent Swedish heartland of the Mälaren Valley. Consequently, an origin in word compounds such as 1190:, compiled and adapted from a wide range of sources in Kiev at the start of the 13th century. It has therefore been influential in modern history-writing, but it was also compiled much later than the time it describes, and historians agree it primarily reflects the political and religious politics of the time of 3599:

a boat burial that contained the remains of a man, a horse and a dog, along with personal items including a sword, spear, shield, and an ornate comb. Swedish archeologists believe that during the Viking age Scandinavian human sacrifice was still common and that there were more grave offerings for the

3494:

In the 21st century, analyses of the rapidly growing range of archaeological evidence further noted that high-status 9th- to 10th-century burials of both men and women in the vicinity of the Upper Volga exhibit material culture largely consistent with that of Scandinavia (though this is less the case

3490:

Numerous artefacts of Scandinavian affinity have been found in northern Russia (as well as artefacts of Slavic origin in Sweden). However, exchange between the northern and southern shores of the Baltic had occurred since the Iron Age (albeit limited to immediately coastal areas). Northern Russia and

2876:

border and could control the river, although it was located several km away. The fort was used in the 12th and 13th century, and would later turn into a small castle. C. 110 bone fragments with graffiti have been found and they include inscriptions and pictures of warriors and weapons. The runic-like

2452:

Among the Norse names that are not used in the ruling family, there is great variation in how they are spelled in the treaties. All names except for Oleg, Olga and Igor are spelled as closely to Old Norse as was possible in Old East Slavic. There were also variations in how the vowels were presented

660:

In Russian historiography, two cities are used to describe the beginnings of the country: Kiev and Novgorod. In the first part of the 11th century the former was already a Slav metropolis, rich and powerful, a fast growing centre of civilisation adopted from Byzantium. The latter town, Novgorod, was

4959:

The main activity was the production of amber and glass beads for the fur trade where the pelts were bought from local hunters and sold to the Bulgars and Khazars for valuable silver dirhams. In fact, the Staraia Ladoga settlements were built initially as a manufacturing center and to conduct trade

2754:

and naming traditions were preserved in the settlement until the 14th century It is unlikely that he was a new settler because there are no traces of 14th century immigration, nor are there any Scandinavian remains. It is likely that his people adopted the local material culture but kept the family

2244:

is presented as a very rapid affair, based on studies of material culture. However, material objects are not as strong an indicator of ethnic identity as the language spoken in a society. Usually, the only non-archaeological claim to rapid assimilation is the appearance of three Slavic names in the

1546:

sort. Each woman wears on either breast a box of iron, silver, copper, or gold; the value of the box indicates the wealth of the husband. Each box has a ring from which depends a knife. The women wear neck-rings of gold and silver. Their most prized ornaments are green glass beads. They string them

1296:

The tributaries of the Varangians drove them back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves. There was no law among them, but tribe rose against tribe. Discord thus ensued among them, and they began to war one against the other. They said to themselves, "Let us

967:

in the late 10th century that started the runestone fashion that resulted in the raising of thousands of runestones in Sweden during the 11th century; at that time the Swedes arrived as mercenaries and traders rather than settlers. In the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries runic memorials had consisted of

6599:

The written evidence gives us a view of the conversion of the peri-Baltic area through the eyes of the successful Christianizers who painted a process that was quick, historically necessary, and politically effective Therefore archaeologists have been convinced that discerning between 'pagan' and

2579:

was still not complete by 1073, as shown in a manuscript where there is a vowel between G- and -l- in Gleb, showing that the name is still pronounced with an initial Gu-. Theses sources reflect authentic Old Norse pronunciation of these names, which shows that the adaptation of these names did not

1588:

As for the Rus, they live on an island ... that takes three days to walk round and is covered with thick undergrowth and forests; it is most unhealthy. ... They harry the Slavs, using ships to reach them; they carry them off as slaves and…sell them. They have no fields but simply live on what they

1498:

before the 21st century. This is partly because they mostly concern the region between the Black and the Caspian Seas, and from there north along the lower Volga and the Don. This made them less relevant than the Primary Chronicle to understanding European state formation further west. Imperialist

700:

has been sought in the developments around the early-8th century, when Staraja Ladoga was founded as a manufacturing centre and to conduct trade, serving the operations of Scandinavian hunters and dealers in furs obtained in the north-eastern forest zone of Eastern Europe. In the early period (the

5539:

From the 860s onwards, then, but for all we know, even before that, there existed a Viking-led polity that was headed by a khagan and known as the Rusʹ Khaganate. Novoseltsev (1982) and Noonan (2001) make the case that the title 'khagan' was not only taken over from the Khazars (of which there is

2983:

words that entered Old East Slavic during the Viking Age. Estimations of the number of loan words from Old Norse into Russian vary from author to author ranging from more than 100 words (Forssman) down to as low as 34 (Kiparsky) and 30 (Strumiński), including personal names. According to the most

705:

contained Norse elements used as a manifestation of their Scandinavian background. These elements, which were current in 10th-century Scandinavia, appear at various places in the form of collections of many types of metal ornaments, mainly female but male also, such as weapons, decorated parts of

2758:

Sten, the man from Mikula, could be a visitor from Sweden or Swedish-speaking Finland, but the other letters suggest people who had Norse names but were otherwise part of the local culture. They appear together with people of Slavic names and take part in the same activities, and they lived in

2287:

had turned Orthodox Christian. Also the use of material objects is more connected to change in fashion and to change of social status than it is to ethnical change. She also notes that no systematic studies of the various elements that manifest ethnic identity in relation to the

3642:

were ethnically Scandinavian Varangians, what became known as the 'Normanist' view. Though Müller met with immediate nationalistic opprobrium, by the end of the century his views represented the consensus in Russian historiography. The attribution of a Slavic origin to the

3647:

saw a politically motivated 'anti-Normanist' resurgence in the 20th century within the Soviet Union, and this revisionist view also received nationalistic support in the nation-building post-Soviet states, but the broad consensus of scholars is that the origin of the

5540:

little doubt) but that it was specifically intended to ease the transfer of tribute-paying from one (Khazar) to another (Rusʹ) and generally to stake a claim first to equality and then to succession. As noted earlier, Noonan (2001) postulates a fully fledged

2233: 1542:, blond and ruddy; they wear neither tunics nor caftans, but the men wear a garment which covers one side of the body and leaves a hand free. Each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of 1317:, "Our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it. Come to rule and reign over us". Thus they selected three brothers, with their kinsfolk, who took with them all the Russes and migrated. The oldest, Rurik, located himself in Novgorod; the second, 10163: 2566:

as Gleb, they are unlikely to represent the form the names had at the end of the 10th c. Foreign sources give forms closer to the Old Norse originals. Byzantine sources from the second half of the 10th c. preserve the nasalization in

177:

remained familiar to the elite until their complete assimilation by the second half of the 11th century, and in rural areas, vestiges of Norse culture persisted as late as the 14th and early 15th centuries, particularly in the north.

2623:, mentioned in 1207–1219, which shows that the two names were no longer connected. Consequently, Melnikova, considers that the 12th c. stands in stark contrast to the previous two centuries, showing that the Slavicization of the Rus 1589:

get from the Slav's lands. ... When a son is born, the father will go up to the newborn baby, sword in hand; throwing it down, he says, "I shall not leave you with any property: You have only what you can provide with this weapon."

6693:, the opportunity must have presented itself often. But this is quite different from supposing that Old Norse was habitually still spoken in twelfth-century court circles, or even among traders, except in the presence of visitors. 3192:

Norse settlers also left many toponyms across North-Western Russia, where the names of settlements or nearby creeks reveal the name of the Norse settler, or where he came from. A man named Asviðr settled in a place today known as

2429:("fame"). After this generation, the ruling dynasty restricted itself to five Norse male names and one female name, of which the most popular ones would be Oleg, Igor and Gleb (was murdered in 1015 and canonized). The name Rurik ( 968:

runes on wooden poles that were erected in the ground, something which explains the lack of runic inscriptions from this period both in Scandinavia and in eastern Europe as wood is perishable. This tradition was described by

850:

When the Norse sagas were put to text in the 13th century, the Norse colonisation of Eastern Europe, however, was a distant past, and little of historical value can be extracted. The oldest traditions were recorded in the

6688:

The connections are present, then, and we may assume that Bojan himself, as late as 1110, may have heard Scandinavian songs and conversations from visitors; even later, at the court of that Mstislav who was also called

760:

and Scandinavia existed and a strong alliance between Vikings and early Kievan rulers is indicated in early texts of Scandinavian and East Slavic history. Several thousand Swedish Vikings died for the defence of Kievan

721:, a Swedish Viking who wanted to conquer Georgia, also assisted Yaroslav with 3000 men in the war against the Pechenegs; however, he later continued on to Georgia. Yaroslav the Wise married the Swedish king's daughter, 6648: 2263:

adoption of Byzantine (Eastern) rather than Roman Christianity, as well as the assimilation of Byzantine culture, "writing, literature and law in the national language" spread much earlier than in Western countries.

7395: 3600:

deceased in the afterlife than in earlier traditions that sacrificed human beings to the gods exclusively. The inclusion of weapons, horses and slave girls in graves also seems to have been practiced by the Rus

2069:). Fearing that they were spies, he detained them, before letting them proceed after receiving reassurances from Byzantium. Subsequently, in the 10th and 11th centuries, Latin sources routinely confused the Rus 3533:, numerous settlements between the Upper Volga and the Oka. Twenty-first century research, therefore, is giving the synthesis of archaeological evidence an increasingly prominent place in understanding the Rus 652:

tell of their journeys abroad, to such places as what is today Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Greece, and Italy. Most of these rune stones can be seen today, and are a significant piece of historical evidence. The

4170: 7523:

Roman Shiroukhov et al. (2022) Baltic Migrants in the Middle Dnipro Region: A Comparative Study of the Late Viking Age Archaeological Complex of Ostriv, Ukraine, Medieval Archaeology, 66:2, 221–265, DOI:

2710:

contain hundreds of names, most of them Slavic or Christian, and according to Melnikova there are seven letters with Old Norse names, but Sitzman identifies as many as 18, including Staraja Russa no. 36.

2845:

and later converted to Christianity would understand their significance, which necessitates a survival of old Norse traditions. It is possible that this community of descendants of late 10th century Rus

1297:

seek a prince who may rule over us, and judge us according to the Law". They accordingly went overseas to the Varangian Russes: these particular Varangians were known as Russes, just as some are called

3982: 2230:. After this, the Norse influence decreased considerably both in character and in size, and in the 11th c. the Norse are mentioned as Varangian mercenaries and employees serving the princely family. 644:

was increasingly preferred to name the Scandinavians, probably mostly from what is currently Sweden, plying the river routes between the Baltic and the Black and Caspian Seas. Relatively few of the

2877:

inscriptions are only three to six letters long and some can be interpreted. Some 30 of them are clearly Cyrillic, while 48 are runic. Some of the runic inscriptions are written with mirror-runes (

5117:"A NEW APPROACH TO THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE OLD NORSE NAME OF KIEV — KØNUGARÐR: (the thesis of Elsa Melin on the Name given to Kiev in the Icelandic Sagas, with an Excursus on Kind in Place-Names)" 875:

referred to a largely Slavic-speaking population. Still, Eastern Europe is presented as the traditional Swedish sphere of interest. The sagas preserve Old Norse names of several important Rus

677:, a name that long after the Viking Age acquired a much broader meaning and became Gardariki, a denomination for the entire Old Russian State. The area between the lakes was the original Rus 2856: 6402: 12100: 9943: 2881:) and are illegible, but several can be read as personal names, words and individual runes. The reading of them is uncertain, but they were made by people who knew or remembered runes. 2292:

has been done to support the theory of rapid assimilation, in spite of the fact that "he most important indications of ethno-cultural self-identification are language and literacy."

10894: 2259:, for the first time in the treaty with Byzantium of 944. Another reason for assuming a rapid assimilation is given by Yaroslav Shchapov, who writes that as a consequence of the Rus 7572:. Vol. 1. Braunmüller, K.; Jahr, E. H.; Karker, A.; Naumann, H. P.; Teleman, U.; Consulting Editors: Elmevik, L.; Widmark, G. HSK 22.1. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. 1457:

attacking Seville in 844, he was almost certainly talking about Vikings based in Frankia. At other times, it might denote people other than or alongside Scandinavians: thus the

868:. There is, however, more reliable information from the 11th and the 12th centuries, but at that time most of the Scandinavian population had already assimilated, and the term 6626: 7392: 2610: 1494:

had been collected, edited and translated for Western scholars by the mid-20th century. However, relatively little use was made of the Arabic sources in studies of the Rus

2404:). Among the 27 agents there are some who have Finnish names, but none with Slavic, while among the 26 merchants there are three with Finnish names and two with Slavic. 614:

as having exacted tribute from the Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859. It was the time of rapid expansion of the Vikings' presence in Northern Europe; England began to pay

5663:, 2 vols (Oslo: Brøgger, 1896). This edition of Arabic sources for references to Vikings was translated into Norwegian, and expanded, by H. Birkeland (ed. and trans.), 4805: 7537: 2702:

There are remains of Old Norse culture as late as the 14th and early 15th centuries in the form of runic or rune-like inscriptions and as personal names. The c. 1000

1442:

people are relatively numerous, with over 30 relevant passages in roughly contemporaneous sources. It can be difficult to be sure that when Arabic sources talk about

2619: 7131:

Skandinavische Spuren in der alt-russischen Sprache und Dichtung. En Beitrag zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte des ost- und nord-europäischen Raumes im Mittelalter

6774:

Skandinavische Spuren in der alt-russischen Sprache und Dichtung. En Beitrag zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte des ost- und nord-europäischen Raumes im Mittelalter

4167: 2865: 3522: 2670:, may have heard Scandinavian songs and conversations from visitors as late as 1110 (about the time his own work was done), and that even later, at the court of 1499:

ideologies, in Russia and more widely, discouraged research emphasising an ancient or distinctive history for Inner Eurasian peoples. Arabic sources portray Rus

9210: 6740: 2742:, which may derive from Guðmarr, and two people living in the vicinity called Vozemut (Guðmundr) and Vel'jut (Véljótr). Perhaps a Guðmarr once settled near a 11418: 9576: 2841:

runes show that this was not the case, because the rune and the cross have similar meaning, although in different religions. Only those who had adhered to

1459: 11111: 10038: 9712: 6583: 6503:, where there were three statues of the main gods, Odin, Thor and Freyr. In Norse mythology, Freyr was seen as the progenitor of the Swedish royal house. 2445:

remain in use among the East Slavic nobility, but Norse names become rarer at the end of the 10th c. which may point to increased assimilation of the Rus

440:

There are at least two, probably three, instances of the root in Old Norse from two 11th c. runic inscriptions, fittingly located at two extremes of the

7362: 11984: 10728: 55:(in purple). Sufficiently controlling strongholds, market places and portages along the routes was necessary for the Scandinavian raiders and traders. 5602: 3538: 3457:

in Russian. However, it is not known from written Russian before the 15th c. and a corresponding construction has appeared independently in modern

3575:(Brynhildr in Old Norse) has eight slave girls and five serving maids killed and then stabs herself with her sword so that she can be with him in 2686:, writing in the late 12th century, was not composing in a milieu where there was still a flourishing school of poetry in the Old Norse language. 9147: 337: 5272: 12031: 11727: 9225: 7940: 7861: 6396: 4982: 8500: 8338: 3530: 3495:

away from the river, or further downstream). This has been seen as further demonstrating the Scandinavian character of elites in "Old Rusʹ".

1369:) are Swedish; the chronicle says that these two merchants were not from the family of Rurik, but simply belonged to his retinue. Later, the 827:

to have been founded by the Swedes. The name "Great Sweden" is introduced as a non-Icelandic name with the phrase "which we call Garðaríki" (

441: 5368: 5138: 1609: 10516: 10070: 9302: 951:, but just like the sagas, the vast majority of them arrive relatively late. The earliest runestone that tells of eastwards voyages is the 7246:

I. Jansson, ‘Warfare, Trade or Colonisation? Some General Remarks on the Eastern Expansion of the Scandinavians in the Viking Period’, in

5669:

Arabic Sources on the Norse: English Translation and Notes Based on the Texts Edited by A. Seippel in ‘Rerum Normannicarum fontes Arabici’

1699:

who buy from the latter cows, horses, and sheep "because none of these animals may be found in Rhosia". His description represents the Rus

13283: 13278: 12707: 12624: 10608: 9923: 7393:

https://www.archaeology.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.208758.1414677865!/menu/standard/file/Roos_Denise_Manniskor_deponerade_i_vatmark_och_grav.pdf

7339: 7298: 6233: 6108: 5953: 5848: 4844: 4766: 4685: 4498: 4305: 4266: 248:. When þ appears in intervocalic position or before a voiced consonant, it is pronounced like ð, so the pronunciation difference between 185:

is central to 9th through 10th-century state formation, and thus national origins, in Eastern Europe. They ultimately gave their name to

6431: 6180: 6063: 5887: 5497: 4960:

in the north and in the Baltic region. This is confirmed by silver dirham finds in some of the earliest log buildings constructed there

4946: 4895: 4724: 4644: 4544: 4344: 4145: 3676:. They are on the edge of the variability of previously published Swedish Vikings and close to dated medieval individuals from Estonia. 10568: 10242: 4467: 4383: 2634:

considered that Old Norse must have been well known in Kiev and Novgorod, especially during the early decades of the 12th century. The

2283:. So the lack of Norse burials from c. 1000 is not a good indicator of assimilation into Slavic culture, and shows instead that the Rus 6141: 5578:, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 26 July 2018 3401:

As for other influences on the Russian language, they are less apparent, and could be due to coincidence. In Old Norse and the modern

2853:

preserved family names, runic lore in archaic forms, ancestral beliefs and some of the Old Norse language, as evidenced by the runes.

1605: 1434:"Each woman wears on either breast a box of iron, silver, copper, or gold; the value of the box indicates the wealth of the husband." 7391:

Denise Roos (2014) Människor deponerade i våtmark och grav En analys av äldre järnålderns och vikingatidens deponeringstraditioner.

5873:

Byzantino-Nordica 2004: Papers Presented at the International Symposium of Byzantine Studies Held on 7–11 May 2004 in Tartu, Estonia

3502:

was, but some recent archaeological work has argued for a substantial number of 'free peasants' settling in the upper Volga region.

11800: 11493: 10133: 9867: 9803: 8010: 12561: 12149: 11030: 10935: 10850: 10377: 10297: 10058: 9894: 8158: 5325: 2587:

was written in 1113, the annalist used the already fully adapted Old East Slavic forms and he does not appear to have known that

146: 52: 6545: 1210: 12242: 11994: 11734: 11151: 10168: 10043: 10006: 9884: 7972: 5445:, ed. and trans. by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (Cambridge, MA: The Medieval Academy of America, 1953) 4168:

https://www.archaeology.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.123007.1360163562!/menu/standard/file/Karlsson_Joel_Ofria_omnamnda-pa_runstenar.pdf

3245: 3199: 1145:

is of note as it indicates that the riches that were acquired in Eastern Europe had led to the new procedure of legally buying

3595:(The Archaeologists), part of the National Historical Museums in Sweden, archaeologists have also found in an area outside of 3447: 1643: 11246: 10909: 10588: 9180: 7763: 7698: 7558: 7333: 7292: 6681: 6642: 6539: 6297: 6268: 6227: 6174: 6102: 5947: 5881: 5842: 5532: 5491: 4940: 4889: 4838: 4799: 4789: 4760: 4718: 4679: 4638: 4461: 4377: 4338: 4299: 4260: 4139: 3819: 3792: 3765: 3453: 11630: 7468: 6341: 5806: 3960: 3043:) mostly belong to historical novels. Many belong to a special field and ceased to be commonly used in the 13th c., such as 210: 12249: 11580: 11292: 10545: 10075: 6759:

Duchits, L. V. and Melnikova, E. A. "Nadpisi i znaki na kostiakh s gorodishscha Maskovichi (Severo-Zapadnaia Belorussiia)

2599:, but instead kept them distinct. Later in the 12th c., in spite of the renown of the name Igor', the original Norse form 636:

was used to denote Scandinavians until it became firmly associated with the now extensively Slavicised elite of Kievan Rus

13222: 12180: 11969: 11947: 11523: 10467: 9636: 9611: 9551: 8477: 8046: 6836: 5318:

Braun, F. & Arne, T. J. (1914). "Den svenska runstenen från ön Berezanj utanför Dneprmynningen", in Ekhoff, E. (ed.)

3622:

arose out of the native Slavic populations of the region. This changed following a 1749 presentation by German historian

2726:. Another letter (no. 130) is from the second half of the 14th century and was sent to Novgorod from another part of the 2433:) reappears in the mid-11th c. but stays restricted in use. Among female names, only Olga stays popular. The Norse names 3291: 3223: 3217: 13076: 12112: 12059: 12026: 12021: 11888: 11025: 10644: 10330: 10090: 9862: 9727: 7588: 6040: 6009: 5466: 4047: 3909: 2329: 2272: 1662:) as a different people from the Slavs. At least no source says they are part of the Slavic race. Characteristically, 1394: 1234: 1226: 1206: 1202: 858: 12305: 12129: 11873: 11458: 11347: 11282: 10583: 10442: 9948: 9928: 9770: 9732: 9262: 8331: 6335: 5984: 5800: 5768: 5452: 5393: 4538: 4224: 363:

The Finnish and Russian forms of the name have a final -s revealing an original compound where the first element was

6737: 5168: 5043: 13207: 12802: 12105: 11206: 11189: 10855: 2900: 809: 649: 4605: 2336:, 11 to emissaries, 27 to other agents, and 26 to merchants. In the princely family, there are three Slavic names 13232: 12835: 12700: 12412: 11878: 11000: 10538: 9230: 8435: 7995: 3325: 3229: 3045: 665:

were Staraja Ladoga and Rurikovo Gorodishche, two points on the Volkhov, a river running for 200 km between

13019: 12852: 12790: 12472: 12462: 11937: 11605: 11231: 10664: 10323: 9879: 9816: 9596: 9536: 9508: 9267: 7963: 7819: 7735: 7627: 7284:

Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions in Göttingen, 4–9 August 1995

6711:

Sitzmann, A. 2007. "Die skandinavischen Personennamen in den Birkenrindeninschriften" Scando-Slavica 53; 25–31

6512:

Stefanovich, Petr S. (2016). Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 2016, Neue Folge, Bd. 64, H. 4, pp. 529–544.

6373: 5784: 3513:

made the full range of material increasingly accessible to researchers. Key excavations have included those at

2931: 2703: 2658: 722: 6568: 13227: 13136: 12310: 12139: 11932: 11401: 11116: 10940: 10900: 10654: 10578: 10573: 10477: 10148: 9682: 9513: 8145: 7370: 5525:

The Steppe Tradition in International Relations: Russians, Turks and European State Building 4000 BCE–2017 CE

3905:

The Cultural Assimilation of the Varangians in Eastern Europe from the Point of View of Language and Literacy

2996: 2093:. At least after the 6th century, the name of the Rugii referred to Slavic speaking peoples including the Rus 1647: 1449:

they mean the same thing as modern scholars. Sometimes it seems to be a general term for Scandinavians: when

1313:, for they were thus named. The Chuds, the Slavs, the Krivichians and the Ves' then said to the people of Rus 657:

tell of many notable Varangian expeditions, and even recount the fates of individual warriors and travelers.

2892:

who preserved parts of their heritage during centuries, the countryside being more conservative than towns.

1507:, or as mercenaries, under the Volga Bulghars or the Khazars, rather than taking a role in state formation. 924:

usually means farmstead in Old Norse. He further argues that the city names can be used to show that the Rus

12424: 12382: 12356: 12220: 12210: 12134: 11979: 11964: 11793: 11687: 11667: 11570: 11221: 11171: 11035: 10880: 10845: 10528: 10013: 9901: 9796: 8324: 2132:, says that Constantinople 'stands in territory surrounded by warlike peoples. On the north it has the ... 1154: 857:

and there Garðaríki appears as a Norse kingdom where the rulers have Norse names, but where also dwelt the

457: 3623: 3285: 3255: 592:(Ladoga) in the 750s, Scandinavian colonists played an important role in the early ethnogenesis of the Rus 13186: 13181: 12797: 12334: 12117: 12041: 11585: 11322: 11194: 11101: 11055: 11045: 11010: 10890: 10765: 10750: 10404: 10370: 10287: 10187: 9692: 8495: 3627: 2275:

and the introduction of Christian burial rites, a view described with some reservations by archaeologist

2237: 8002: 6035:(New, Revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. pp. 58–61. 5599: 2738:), and the widow of a second Jakun. The most interesting of the letters (no. 2) mentions a place called 2525:

in the beginning of names which was common in Old Norse but rare in Old East Slavic usually appeared as

13242: 13237: 12693: 12556: 12389: 12295: 12254: 12144: 11959: 11645: 11478: 11260: 11241: 11141: 11131: 11126: 10718: 10598: 10292: 10048: 10033: 9938: 9687: 9677: 9641: 9483: 9385: 7619: 6671: 5304: 4530: 4113: 4095: 4077: 4007: 3938: 2280: 2129: 221: 7259:

Jonathan Shepherd, 'Review Article: Back in Old Rus and the USSR: Archaeology, History and Politics',

7225:

Jonathan Shepherd, 'Review Article: Back in Old Rus and the USSR: Archaeology, History and Politics',

5230: 3030: 2964: 1009:

is a virtually unique word for "leader" which is otherwise only attested in the Swedish medieval poem

13212: 12966: 12927: 12122: 12095: 11697: 11677: 11650: 11406: 11166: 10925: 10804: 10733: 10613: 10085: 9955: 9410: 9173: 8926: 7893:

Thorir Jonsson Hraundal (January 2014). "New Perspectives on Eastern Vikings/Rus in Arabic Sources".

7850:. Ninth-Century Histories. Vol. 1. Translated by Nelson, Janet L. Manchester and New York. 1991. 7157:

Linguistic Interrelations in Early Rusʹ. Northmen, Finns and East Slavs. (Ninth to eleven centuries).

3635: 3434: 2833:, which could be due to copying the inscription from generation to generation. In that case the name 2276: 17: 7921:'Ethnography' Revisited: Slavs and Varangians in the Middle Dnieper Region and the Origin of the Rus 12386: 11927: 11883: 11211: 11050: 11020: 10885: 10799: 10708: 10671: 10128: 9872: 9857: 9661: 8532: 8230: 7717: 4973: 3697: 3631: 3402: 3079: 2980: 1687: 1483:

as a sub-group of the Turks. These uncertainties have fed into debates about the origins of the Rus

718: 605: 13268: 5940:

From Goths to Varangians: Communication and Cultural Exchange between the Baltic and the Black Sea

4881:

Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century

4672:

From Goths to Varangians: Communication and Cultural Exchange between the Baltic and the Black Sea

2923:

The Norse influence is considered to have left many traces on the Old East Slavic legal code, the

2324:

can be shown to have become their native language. Until the mid-10th century all the attested Rus

1061: 1057: 980: 465: 13217: 12875: 12596: 12439: 12407: 12376: 12215: 12185: 12069: 11786: 11717: 11692: 11528: 11377: 11337: 11040: 10985: 10870: 10738: 10199: 10065: 10023: 9996: 9847: 9789: 9365: 9335: 8811: 8039: 7022: 6872: 5756: 5365: 5116: 2219: 1724: 1619: 1142: 1053: 865: 469: 237: 5760: 952: 782: 13288: 13041: 12870: 12631: 12467: 12417: 11655: 11513: 11483: 11438: 11389: 11384: 11317: 11201: 11161: 11121: 10955: 10865: 10860: 10681: 10593: 10460: 10363: 10123: 10027: 9722: 9478: 9252: 8375: 8363: 5178: 5086: 3179: 3018: 2425: 1667: 934: 7570:

The Nordic Languages, An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages

7321: 7282: 6215: 6086: 5935: 5832: 5520: 4828: 4750: 4667: 4489: 4289: 4250: 741:

both had Slavic wives. Danish kings and royals also frequently had Slavic wives. For example,

673:

in the north. This was the territory that most probably was originally called by the Norsemen

13121: 12986: 12571: 12434: 12351: 12205: 12009: 11682: 11423: 11396: 11357: 11297: 11096: 11065: 10975: 10723: 10659: 10282: 10267: 10257: 10214: 10018: 9991: 9852: 9541: 9433: 9390: 9089: 7609: 7510:

Elena Melnikova, 'The "Varangian Problem": Science in the Grip of Ideology and Politics', in

7446:

Elena Melnikova, 'The "Varangian Problem": Science in the Grip of Ideology and Politics', in

6427:

The Relations Between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia and the Origin of the Russian State: ...

6425: 6285: 6164: 6057: 5871: 5481: 5101: 4930: 4879: 4708: 4628: 4524: 4328: 4129: 3726: 3406: 2203: 1150: 1149:, and the Swedish chieftain Jarlabanke used his clan's acquired wealth to erect the monument 746: 437:, meaning "the teams", in reference to the teams of rowers in the Swedish kings' fleet levy. 8942: 4830:

Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse

4451: 4367: 3235: 3090: 1399: 13176: 13171: 13111: 13046: 12951: 12566: 12519: 12429: 12346: 12320: 12232: 12225: 12195: 12083: 11917: 11900: 11868: 11712: 11620: 11615: 11367: 11302: 11060: 10995: 10990: 10980: 10950: 10945: 10905: 10412: 10262: 10209: 10173: 10080: 10001: 9911: 9760: 9702: 9498: 9405: 9375: 9360: 9166: 9109: 8120: 6313: 6133: 3549: 3410: 2113: 2026: 1430: 948: 837:. However, if this is the case, it can still be influenced by the tradition that Kievan Rus 681:, and it was from here that its name was transferred to the Slav territories on the middle 654: 645: 31: 5680:

James E. Montgomery, 'Ibn Rusta's Lack of "Eloquence", the Rus, and Samanid Cosmography’,

4505:, The Northern World, Volume 84 (Leiden: Brill, 2018), p. 195, citing Alf Thulin, 'The Rus 3509:

people were active grew steadily through the 20th century, and beyond, and the end of the

2864:

There is another set of inscriptions that look like runes from an old fortification named

1333:. On account of these Varangians, the district of Novgorod became known as the land of Rus 8: 13273: 13141: 13071: 13014: 12931: 12757: 12636: 12444: 12371: 12366: 12168: 12154: 12016: 11707: 11463: 11413: 11332: 11236: 11070: 11015: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10915: 10875: 10840: 10782: 10696: 10627: 10489: 10224: 10219: 10158: 10053: 9974: 9646: 9626: 9606: 9571: 9503: 9415: 9282: 8236: 7976: 7955: 7811: 7544: 5667:(Oslo: Dyburad, 1954). It was translated into English by Alauddin I. Samarra’i (trans.), 5441: 3705: 3426: 3060: 2183: 2050: 1472: 1165: 996: 734: 496:, where a runic inscription was most likely carved by Swedish mercenaries serving in the 5188: 3541:, has provided important ways to trace the flow and quantity of trade in areas where Rus 3169: 3111: 3024: 3012: 3006: 2986: 395: 281: 13247: 13151: 12935: 12887: 12882: 12785: 12775: 12732: 12724: 12660: 12619: 12551: 12454: 12399: 12315: 12290: 12268: 12064: 11989: 11818: 11635: 11610: 11600: 11590: 11575: 11560: 11518: 11448: 11433: 11372: 11352: 11342: 11312: 11287: 11272: 11216: 11156: 11146: 11005: 10828: 10814: 10809: 10755: 10691: 10501: 10316: 10252: 10234: 10111: 9986: 9933: 9889: 9824: 9750: 9586: 9561: 9463: 9340: 9292: 9287: 9277: 9215: 8519: 8418: 8393: 8032: 7934: 7855: 5749: 5483:

The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

4597: 3717: 3545:

were active, and even, through graffiti on the coins, the languages spoken by traders.

3430: 2973: 2946: 2842: 2671: 2412: 2223: 2179: 2171: 1468: 1423: 1362: 1354: 1191: 429: 174: 157:

from around the 8th to 11th centuries AD. In the 9th century, they formed the state of

114: 9029: 5323: 3579:, as told in The Short Lay of Sigurd, similarly to the sacrifices of slave girls that 738: 13126: 13101: 13081: 13061: 13051: 12941: 12923: 12892: 12825: 12742: 12716: 12494: 12489: 12477: 12361: 12300: 12280: 11999: 11910: 11753: 11505: 11473: 11468: 11453: 11428: 11277: 11226: 11176: 11106: 11084: 10929: 10713: 10649: 10639: 10603: 10506: 10472: 10450: 10395: 10277: 10153: 9960: 9746: 9488: 9458: 9448: 9438: 9355: 9345: 9330: 9197: 8791: 8505: 8423: 8403: 8388: 8082: 7959: 7815: 7790: 7759: 7731: 7694: 7677: 7623: 7584: 7554: 7329: 7288: 6677: 6638: 6535: 6523: 6500: 6331: 6293: 6264: 6223: 6170: 6098: 6036: 5980: 5943: 5877: 5838: 5796: 5764: 5583: 5528: 5487: 5448: 5389: 4936: 4885: 4834: 4795: 4756: 4714: 4675: 4634: 4589: 4534: 4457: 4373: 4334: 4295: 4256: 4220: 4135: 3968:, ed. by Stefan Brink and Neil Price (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), pp. 4–10 (pp. 6–7). 3815: 3788: 3761: 3458: 3442: 3422: 3154: 2760: 2727: 2650: 2639: 2218:

were the two most important gods to the Swedes. However, in 988, he converted to the

2038: 1326: 1318: 1186: 956: 714: 629:

The Varangians being first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle suggests that the term

610: 410:, both meaning "rowers", and in the modern Swedish name for the people of Roslagen – 134: 63:

The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century:

48: 6470: 2320:

elite became bilingual c. 950 but it was not until the end of the 11th century that

2090: 1382: 706:

horse bridles, and diverse objects embellished in contemporaneous Norse art styles.

597: 473: 342: 333: 78: 69: 13116: 13031: 12976: 12946: 12897: 12857: 12840: 12830: 12765: 12737: 12669: 12641: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12395: 11905: 11893: 11702: 11640: 11595: 11538: 11443: 11362: 11327: 11136: 10787: 10686: 10494: 10339: 10272: 10140: 9707: 9656: 9651: 9591: 9556: 9468: 9425: 9395: 9317: 9235: 9205: 9129: 8859: 8454: 8408: 8383: 7927:

Franks, Northmen and Slavs. Identities and State Formation in Early Medieval Europe

7902: 7727: 7264: 7230: 5579: 5128: 4581: 4418: 3709: 3673: 3580: 3462: 2916: 2572: 2393: 1577: 1515: 1504: 1418: 1173: 960: 820: 742: 729:, the Norwegian king who was a military commander of the Varangian guard, married 313: 9084: 8988: 8691: 7925:

State". In Garipzanov, Ildar H.; Geary, Patrick J.; Urbańczyk, Przemysław (eds.).

6166:

Drevni︠a︡i︠a︡ Rusʹ v svete zarubezhnykh istochnikov : khrestomatii︠a︡. Vol. 4

6031:

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus; Moravcsik, Gyula; Jenkins, Romilly J. H. (1967).

5710:, ed. by Yasir Suleiman (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010), pp. 151–65. 5075: 4752:

The Viking-age Rune-stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia

4495:: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication Across the Baltic Sea 3757:

A Short History of the Middle Ages, Volume I: From c.300 to c.1150, Fourth Edition

3618:

Prior to the 18th century, it was the consensus of Russian historians that the Rus

3319:, an old estate near Stockholm, in Sweden. Many place names also contain the word 777: 197:

and Belarus. Because of this importance, there is a set of alternative so-called "

13156: 13131: 12919: 12902: 12747: 12546: 12484: 12190: 11942: 11762: 11722: 11625: 11565: 11555: 11543: 11488: 11307: 10701: 10676: 10455: 10247: 9717: 9631: 9601: 9325: 9242: 9069: 9059: 8766: 8643: 8524: 8462: 8428: 8134: 8114: 7949: 7869: 7805: 7753: 7721: 7613: 7578: 7548: 7512:

Russia's Identity in International Relations: Images, Perceptions, Misperceptions

7472: 7465: 7448:

Russia's Identity in International Relations: Images, Perceptions, Misperceptions

7399: 6915: 6744: 6582:. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences: 89–91, 99. 6321: 6256: 5790: 5606: 5372: 5329: 4502: 4174: 3964: 3957: 3913: 3809: 3782: 3755: 3483: 3418: 3128: 2925: 2667: 2631: 2321: 2309: 2304:

1993 painting by Sergey Kirillov. "Olga, Viking Princess, and Russian Saint". In

2227: 2160: 2030: 1692: 910: 726: 497: 294: 201:" views that are largely confined to a minor group of Eastern European scholars. 170: 8666: 4365: 2374: 2352:(of unknown relation). The other members of the family have Norse names, i.e. 1534:

I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys and encamped by the

13106: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13066: 13056: 12971: 12914: 12807: 12770: 12674: 12499: 12237: 12200: 11952: 11922: 11863: 11660: 11533: 10794: 10760: 10484: 10437: 10344: 9842: 9621: 9566: 9520: 9473: 9453: 9297: 9220: 9019: 8472: 8398: 8295: 8220: 8214: 8108: 8097: 8055: 6496: 6163:

Nazarenko, A. V.; Dzhakson, T. N.; Konovalova, I. G.; Podosinov, A. V. (2010).

6030: 4423: 4406: 3721: 3713: 3613: 3514: 3185: 2642: 2605: 2416: 2125: 1655: 1639: 1519: 1306: 1298: 1285: 1048:

Other runestones explicitly mentioning warriors serving the ruler of Kievan Rus

1011: 964: 853: 730: 623: 217: 198: 162: 105: 8781: 8711: 8701: 8628: 6832: 5224:, "Northmen's winter tour of East Slavic areas for lodging and provisions"), * 5133: 3478: 3315: 1560:

Apart from Ibn Fadlan's account, scholars draw heavily on the evidence of the

1378: 807:("Great Sweden"). The last name appears in the 12th century geographical work 717:, Grand prince of Kiev, in his campaigns against the Pechenegs. The so-called 686: 158: 13262: 13202: 13001: 12036: 11767: 11672: 11181: 10920: 10511: 9380: 8983: 8756: 8736: 8661: 8633: 8154: 8078: 7710:

The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus

7686: 7672: 5070: 4746: 4593: 3784:

The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus

3438: 2878: 2830: 2775: 2679: 2575:

written in Hebrew, Helgi appears as HLGW, with initial H-. The adaptation of

2415:

had twelve sons and one daughter. Only one of them, a son, had a Norse name,

2333: 2268: 1747:, its name doesn't have an acceptable and convincing Scandinavian etymology. 1679: 1663: 1650:

in 860), the Byzantines seem to have perceived these people they called the

843: 815: 370: 9079: 8726: 8584: 6001: 4366:

René Chartrand; Keith Durham; Mark Harrison; Ian Heath (22 September 2016).

4039: 3902: 2423:), whereas the other children had Slavic compound names mostly ending with - 332:, which are not mutually exclusive. It is either derived more directly from 13161: 12991: 12862: 12780: 11548: 10533: 10523: 9546: 9443: 9247: 9134: 8947: 8891: 8839: 8651: 8347: 7906: 6317: 5819:

They have no fields but simply live on what they get from the Slavs' lands.

2719: 2646: 2364: 2353: 2341: 2305: 2247: 2078: 1407: 489: 425: 298: 8676: 5035: 3466: 2814:

who settled in the area as protection for the western border of Kievan Rus

2722:

which was on the road between Novgorod and the central parts of Kievan Rus

2388: 2300: 1703:

as a warlike northern tribe. Constantine also enumerates the names of the

1450: 932:

borrowed some 15 Old East Slavic words, such as the word for marketplace,

13146: 13024: 13009: 12981: 12817: 11848: 10743: 10550: 10427: 10204: 10097: 9697: 9400: 9307: 9189: 9024: 8973: 8834: 8796: 8681: 8606: 8579: 8487: 8358: 8179: 7268: 7234: 6169:. Moskva: Russkiĭ fond sodeĭstvii︠a︡ obrazovanii︠u︡ i nauke. p. 20. 4787: 3665: 3588: 3564: 2199: 2170:

was most important during the late 9th c. and during the 10th c. In 976,

2086: 1476: 1403: 1289: 1281: 1245: 710: 670: 540: 96: 87: 8952: 6569:"Archaeological view of Christianization on two sides of the Baltic Sea" 6290:

California Slavic Studies, Volume XVI: Slavic Culture in the Middle Ages

5728: 5411: 5080: 5000: 4975:

Ingvar the Fartraveller's Journey: Historical and Archaeological Sources

2186:, where he gathered an invasion force that he used to conquer Kievan Rus 944:, many of which spread to the other Old Norse-speaking regions as well. 317: 137:

Eastern Europe. The scholarly consensus holds that they were originally

12909: 12614: 12604: 12539: 12004: 11853: 11838: 10772: 10432: 10422: 9837: 9272: 9158: 8978: 8884: 8716: 8706: 8413: 8285: 8265: 8207: 8201: 7605: 6465: 6055: 4601: 4568: 3978: 3669: 3560: 3253:. More common Norse names have left several toponyms, such as Ivarr in 2779: 2751: 2714:

The oldest of these letters (no. 526) is from the 1080s, and refers to

2694: 2240:

notes that in Russian historiography, the assimilation of the Norse Rus

2057:). Once Louis enquired the reason of their arrival (in the Latin text, 1614: 1573: 1565: 1261: 1153:

after himself while alive and where he bragged that he owned the whole

1020: 969: 831:), and it is possible that it is a folk etymological interpretation of 693: 666: 583: 477: 166: 150: 44: 9049: 8671: 8564: 7723:

Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe

7450:, ed. by Ray Taras (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013), pp. 42–52 (pp. 44–45). 7144:

Russische historische Grammatik. Vol III: Entwicklung des Wortschatzes

5718: 5716: 3591:

sometimes contain both males and females. According to the website of

3498:

There is uncertainty as to how small the Scandinavian migration to Rus

2392:). The emissaries also have Old Norse names except for three who have 2358: 12956: 11974: 11833: 10417: 9581: 9350: 8998: 8957: 8921: 8874: 8864: 8829: 8771: 8696: 8656: 8596: 8069: 5671:(unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1959). 5641: 5549: 5162:

There were also about 14 other words borrowed from Old East Slavic: *

5065: 3505:

The quantity of archaeological evidence for the regions where the Rus

3417:

article after the noun. In Europe, this is otherwise only known from

3065: 2770:

The runic script survived for some time in remote parts of Kievan Rus

2654: 2034: 1716: 1696: 1539: 1322: 1217:–Byzantine Treaties give a valuable insight into the names of the Rus 1146: 1116: 1024: 795: 766: 749:. Vikings also made up the bulk of the bodyguards of early Kievan Rus 619: 400: 154: 12685: 8569: 8549: 8445: 6365: 6162: 4932:

Early Ukraine: A Military and Social History to the Mid-19th Century

4585: 2803: 2627:

elite would have been complete after the second half of the 11th c.

1731:. However, some researches indicate that at least several of the Rus 940: 59: 13166: 12961: 11778: 9781: 9616: 9493: 9370: 9119: 9094: 9064: 9044: 8906: 8901: 8869: 8821: 8721: 8621: 8305: 8270: 8247: 8242: 8172: 8127: 7501:, ed. by Abbott Gleason (Oxford: Blackwell, 2009), pp. 1–14 (p. 5). 5713: 3576: 3572: 3526: 3518: 3510: 3351: 3164: 2984:

critical and conservative analysis, commonly used ON words include

2976: 2707: 2635: 2117: 1569: 1253: 1000: 992: 615: 589: 575: 357: 268: 138: 39: 10355: 8854: 8801: 8776: 8751: 8574: 7514:, ed. by Ray Taras (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013), pp. 42–52 (p. 42). 6394: 6093:. In Peter B. Golden; Haggai Ben-Shammai; András Róna-Tas (eds.). 2152: 2055:... who stated that they, i.e. their nation, were called Rhos, ... 433: 271:

is located along the coast of the northern tip of the area marked

13036: 12847: 12534: 12529: 12514: 12509: 11809: 10895:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

10777: 9812: 9257: 9114: 9074: 9039: 9014: 8916: 8686: 8559: 8467: 8300: 8290: 8166: 8102: 8091: 7204: 6327: 3596: 3001: 2956: 2869: 2743: 2074: 2059:... Quorum adventus causam imperator diligentius investigans, ... 1736: 1728: 1711:) and sklavisti ('σκλαβιστί', the language of the Slavs). The Rus 1704: 1330: 1302: 1277: 1273: 861: 833: 682: 579: 412: 349: 194: 190: 8746: 8537: 7476:, ed. by Phillip Pulsiano (New York: Garland, 1993), pp. 555–56. 5977:

Rusʹ i vari︠a︡hy : istoryko-etymolohichne doslidz︠h︡enni︠a︡

4788:

I︠A︡ Zaprudnik; Jan Zaprudnik; Ânka Zaprudnìk (16 August 1993).

1197:

However, the chronicle does include the texts of a series of Rus

959:, but it does not specify where the expedition had gone. It was 756:

Evidence for strong bloodline connections between the Kievan Rus

12524: 11858: 10386: 9054: 8849: 8601: 8591: 8554: 8316: 8252: 7990: 3907:

in Runica – Germ. – Mediavalia (heiz./n.) Rga-e 37, pp. 454–465

3568: 3537:. The distribution of coinage, including the early 9th-century 3414: 3309: 3039: 2949:

and others), where one of the words for "hero" is derived from

2937: 2873: 2614: 1561: 1543: 1346: 493: 264: 186: 142: 117:

with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility

8611: 7192: 6532:

The Christianization of Ancient Russia: A Millennium, 988–1988

5938:. In Line Bjerg; John H. Lind; Soren Michael Sindbaek (eds.). 5936:"Byzantium and the Scandinavian world in the 9th–!0th century" 4670:. In Line Bjerg; John H. Lind; Soren Michael Sindbaek (eds.). 1875:... because the pelicans nest in the stones of the barrage ... 1707:

cataracts in both rhosisti ('ῥωσιστί', the language of the Rus

11843: 9832: 9124: 9099: 9034: 8896: 8879: 8844: 8806: 8786: 8616: 8542: 8225: 7180: 5834:

Beyond the Northlands: Viking Voyages and the Old Norse Sagas

5706:

James E. Montgomery, ‘Vikings and Rus in Arabic Sources’, in

3056: 2991: 2774:, as evidenced by two finds. One of them is a weaver's slate 2603:

was borrowed again as a separate name, and it appears in the

2211: 2195: 1538:. I have never seen more perfect physical specimens, tall as 1535: 1353:", probably because of their noble class). The names Askold ( 1350: 1342: 1310: 1269: 1265: 973: 561: 260: 193:, and they are relevant to the national histories of Russia, 8024: 7497:

Abbott Gleason, 'Russian Historiography after the Fall', in

6056:

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus; Meursius, Johannes (1611).

5830: 5697:, ed. by Stefan Brink (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 550–61. 2580:

take place in the 10th c. but was finished a century later.

1723:

in reference to the fourth cataract is also attested on the

928:

were also competent in Old East Slavic. At this time the Rus

891:(Kyiv); Fjodor Uspenskij argues that the use of the element 9104: 8993: 8911: 8761: 8275: 8185: 7833:. Harvard University, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 6002:""Russkie" nazvaniya porogov u Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo" 4569:"The Decline of the Khazars and the Rise of the Varangians" 4252:

Vikings and Goths: A History of Ancient and Medieval Sweden

2819: 2795: 2215: 2207: 1414: 1374: 823:, which indicates that the Icelanders considered Kievan Rus 733:. The two first uncontroversially historical Swedish kings 7831:

On the language of old Rus: some questions and suggestions

6277: 5518: 4859: 2837:

was inherited for generations in the family. However, the

2730:

and mentions the names Vigar' (Vigeirr or Végeirr), Sten (

2085:) in the Lotharingian Chronicle compiled by the anonymous 2041:. In this delegation there were men who called themselves 1241:

had Slavic names while the vast majority had Norse names.

8013:

Includes a translation of Ibn Fadlān's discussion of the

6430:

Oxford and London: James Parker and Company. p. 47.

5693:

James E. Montgomery, 'Arabic Sources on the Vikings', in

4523:

Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik (2005).

3979:""Russ, adj. and n." OED Online, Oxford University Press" 2047:... qui se, id est gentem suam, Rhos vocari dicebant, ... 1719:. An argument used to support this view is that the name 233: 7437:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008), chapter 1. 6776:(Ed. B. Forssman), 2nd ed. München. pp. 24–27, pp. 80–99 5375:

at the runic dictionary of the University of Nottingham.

3811:

The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 2

2190:. Vladimir was initially a pagan who is reported by the 2081:, for instance, was designated as queen of the Rugians ( 1622:, which tells of two locations at the Dniepr cataracts, 1019:. It is not attested as a noun in the sense "leader" in 321:("Sweden"). There are two theories behind the origin of 7892: 7538:

Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rusʹ

6292:. Vol. XVI. Univ of California Press. p. 53. 6195: 5734: 5722: 5647: 5555: 5417: 4230: 2941:, which are old heroic tales about the early Kievan Rus 2400:, whereas Volodislav is represented by the Norse Uleb ( 1180:

The earliest Slavonic-language narrative account of Rus

7479: 6062:(in Greek). Leiden: Ioannes Balduini. pp. 16–18. 5792:

The Hammer and the Cross: A New History of the Vikings

5399: 5347: 5335: 5016: 4781: 4180: 4127: 2759:

scattered villages in the North-East periphery of the

1345:'s entourage it also introduces two Swedish merchants 991:

may have been the title that the commander had in the

523:

is considered the most likely one. Moreover, the form

293:, but it is also preserved in many place names in the 6833:""витязь". "Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary" online" 6725:

Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c.950–1300

6446: 6078: 5665:

Nordens historie: Middlealderen etter arabiske kilder

3152: 3077: 2810:

The inscriptions could be from descendants of the Rus

2549: 2544:

uses the same Slavicized forms throughout, rendering

2396:

names. Olga has a representative by the Finnish name

1674:(Δρομῖται), a word related to the Greek word meaning 1421:

who visited north-eastern Europe in the 10th century.

913: 564:, are rejected or ignored by mainstream scholarship. 482: 364: 7567: 7171: 6857: 6816: 6788: 6395:

Liudprand, Bishop of Cremona; Wright, F. A. (1930).

5915: 5285: 4928: 4910: 4665: 4431: 4015: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 2860:

Two 12th–13th c. runic inscriptions from Maskovichi.

2279:

of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology at the

2021:

The first Western European source to mention the Rus

7973:

Gerard Miller as the author of the Normanist theory

7319: 5626:(London: Bloomsbury, 2015), pp. 15–45 (esp. p. 31). 4407:"Curonian "Kings" and "Kingdoms" of the Viking Age" 4359: 2653:, and some of whose poetry may be preserved in the 2407:In the 980s, among Sviatoslav's grandchildren, the 1064:which immortalizes the dead commander with a poem: 507:Between the two compatible theories represented by 7363:"Two rare Viking boat burials uncovered in Sweden" 7263:, vol. 131 (no. 549) (2016), 384–405 (pp. 395–96) 6316:(2010). "The Herules: Fragments of a History". In 6084: 5748: 4567: 4248: 2537:. There was no standard way of spelling ON names. 983:gives a hint of the Old Norse spoken in Kievan Rus 424:itself is formed with this element and the plural 7354: 6521: 6401:New York: E.P. Dutton & company. p. 38. 6288:. In Boris Gasparov; Olga Raevsky-Hughes (eds.). 6207: 5933: 5527:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 163, 170. 5291:, p. 1043, citing Strumiński (1996, 246–54). 4522: 4326: 3828: 2818:. The inscription shows archaic features and the 813:by the Icelandic abbot Nicolaus (d. 1161) and in 13260: 7784:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 6213: 5927: 5512: 4449: 2097:. According to the Annals of St. Bertin, the Rus 2029:(Annales Bertiniani). These relate that Emperor 1045:which meant both "wrath", "king" and "warrior". 352:, etc., or it is derived from this term through 7751: 7639:A History of Russia, Mongolia, and Central Asia 7435:Ukraine and Russia: Representations of the Past 7313: 7210: 7198: 7186: 6624: 6486:. Cambridge at the University Press. pp. 84–89. 6283: 6091:: An examination of their historical relations" 5912:(London: Allen & Unwin, 1976), p. 83.p. 83. 5869: 5824: 4877: 4713:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 63–65. 4706: 4398: 3634:and based on primary sources, particularly the 3583:described in his eyewitness accounts of the Rus 3050: 2493:. The interdentals /þ/ and /ð/ are rendered as 2332:there are 76 names among whom 12 belong to the 2037:, in 839, was visited by a delegation from the 1040: 1034: 1028: 1004: 919: 904: 898: 892: 886: 880: 476:, and the possible third one was identified by 356:, an older name for the Swedish coastal region 312:is generally considered to be a borrowing from 7250:, ed. by P. Hansson (Örebro, 1997), pp. 47–51. 6669: 6560: 5443:The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text 5038:Ryska rikets grundläggning genom Skandinaverna 4922: 4871: 4833:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 86, 90, 178. 4710:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples 4626: 4121: 12701: 11794: 10371: 9797: 9174: 8332: 8040: 7879:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 7133:(Ed. B. Forssman), 2nd ed. München. pp. 75–80 6663: 6515: 5519:Iver B. Neumann; Einar Wigen (19 July 2018). 5479: 4755:. Oxford University Press. pp. 116–119. 4745: 4700: 4659: 4516: 4320: 4044:in "Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary" online" 3971: 2962: 2954: 2267:Melnikova comments that the disappearance of 1522:in 922, and described people under the label 548: 442:trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks 161:, where the ruling Norsemen along with local 53:trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks 7947: 7420:Pritsak, Omeljan, "The Origin of the Rusʹ", 6719: 6717: 6254: 5999: 5974: 5863: 4826: 4620: 4242: 4128:Stefan Brink; Neil Price (31 October 2008). 3760:. University of Toronto Press. p. 121. 3482:Early 9th-century Khazar coin, found in the 2308:'s time, the Norse elite mostly switched to 2222:, whereas the Norse in Scandinavia remained 2107:... quod rex illorum, Chacanus vocabulo, ... 1510:The most extensive Arabic account of the Rus 789:In Scandinavian sources, the area is called 725:, who became the Russian saint, Anna, while 7752:Franklin, Simon; Shepard, Jonathan (1996). 7604: 7360: 7167: 7165: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6784: 6782: 6755: 6753: 6618: 5158: 5156: 4668:"Vikling Warriors and the Byzantine Empire" 4633:. University of Toronto Press. p. 26. 4404: 3638:. He suggested that the founders of the Rus 2016: 1349:and Dir (in the chronicle they are called " 972:who met Scandinavians on the shores of the 847:as a name for the Greek colonies in Italy. 535:originate, is not derived directly from ON 12708: 12694: 11801: 11787: 10378: 10364: 9804: 9790: 9181: 9167: 8486: 8339: 8325: 8047: 8033: 7939:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7860:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7707: 7576: 7280: 7274: 6312: 6248: 6095:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives 5635: 5486:. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. 5473: 5359: 4884:. Cambridge University Press. p. 10. 4739: 4674:. Aarhus University Press. pp. 297–. 4559: 4443: 4287: 4205: 4166:Joel Karlsson (2012) Stockholm university 4069: 4067: 4065: 3955:Stefan Brink, 'Who were the Vikings?', in 3780: 3754:Rosenwein, Barbara H. (14 February 2014). 1033:is "heartless, strict and wicked", and so 7788: 7691:The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066 7645: 7636: 7424:, vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul. 1977), pp. 249–273 7221: 7219: 6714: 6566: 5300: 5132: 5114: 4820: 4666:Ole Crumlin-Pedersen (31 December 2013). 4422: 4405:Mickevičius, Arturas (30 November 1997). 4281: 4109: 4091: 4073: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4003: 3934: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3753: 2645:held a contrasting opinion, writing that 909:(Constantinople), shows the influence of 9188: 7948:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2005). 7913: 7662: 7615:The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3 7328:. Oxford University Press. p. 176. 7162: 6851: 6797: 6779: 6750: 6730: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6637:. Odense University Press. p. 154. 6627:"On the Writing of History in Kievan Rus 6528:of the classical and Byzantine Heritage" 5942:. Aarhus University Press. p. 168. 5837:. Oxford University Press. p. 172. 5788: 5594: 5592: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5521:"The Steppe in the Emergent Rusʹ Polity" 5378: 5153: 4574:American Slavic and East European Review 4456:. University of Texas Press. p. 7. 4294:. Oxford University Press. p. 245. 4085: 3997: 3477: 2899: 2855: 2849:who lived in a remote area of Kievan Rus 2794:on the flat top and two crosses and two 2693: 2299: 2166:The Scandinavian influence in Kievan Rus 2151: 1695:describes the Rhos as the neighbours of 1613: 1514:is by the Muslim diplomat and traveller 1429: 1398: 1164: 1039:is comparable in semantics to Old Norse 897:in these names, as well as in the names 776: 259: 58: 38: 11031:Collective Security Treaty Organization 7868: 7842:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 7837: 7779: 7685: 7646:Danylenko, Andrii (2004). "The name Rus 7543: 7453: 7427: 6825: 6676:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 103–107. 6452: 6423: 6128: 6126: 5921: 5405: 5353: 5341: 5312: 5294: 5022: 5010: 5006: 4971: 4865: 4186: 4103: 4062: 4021: 1680:mobility of their movement by waterways 1503:people fairly clearly as a raiding and 772: 556:Other theories such as derivation from 480:in the most widely accepted reading as 464:(translated as "dominion") on the lost 14: 13261: 9885:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 7716: 7671: 7485: 7216: 6589:from the original on 11 September 2021 6548:from the original on 24 September 2021 6286:"Christianity Before Christianization" 6218:. In Stefan Brink; Neil Price (eds.). 6201: 5934:Fedir Androshchuk (31 December 2013). 5429: 5423: 5046:from the original on 21 September 2021 4916: 4565: 4437: 4236: 4027: 3951: 3949: 3919: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3849: 3807: 2786:. The whorl has the runic inscription 1638:When the Varangians first appeared in 1610:Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (disambiguation) 947:The most contemporary sources are the 165:tribes gradually assimilated into the 141:, mainly originating from present-day 12715: 12689: 11782: 10589:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 10359: 9785: 9162: 9148:WikiProject Norse history and culture 8320: 8028: 8007:Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 7883: 7803: 7547:(2007). Benedikz, Benedikt S. (ed.). 7466:Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia 7248:The Rural Viking in Russia and Sweden 7229:, vol. 131 (no. 549) (2016), 384–405 6698: 6398:The works of Liudprand of Cremona ... 6363: 5902: 5831:Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough (2016). 5746: 5611:Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 5589: 5561: 4929:Alexander Basilevsky (5 April 2016). 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3808:Magill, Frank N. (12 November 2012). 2790:, representing the Norse female name 1907:... because it forms a large lake ... 1381:(which may have been preceded by the 1244:The Chronicle presents the following 1027:, the basic meaning of the adjective 841:was of Swedish origin, which recalls 173:becoming the common spoken language. 11808: 11728:Unified Sports Classification System 9811: 7828: 7726:. The Northern World. Vol. 12. 7681:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7652:Jahrbueher für Geschichte Osteuropas 7577:Brink, Stefan; Price, Price (2008). 6727:. Cambridge University Press. p. 113 6635:History and Heroic Tale: A Symposium 6214:Jonathan Shepard (31 October 2008). 6144:from the original on 23 January 2022 6123: 6066:from the original on 5 February 2022 6012:from the original on 5 February 2022 4608:from the original on 26 January 2021 4372:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 7. 2782:in the South-West part of Kievan Rus 2061:), he learnt that they were Swedes ( 1950:) "the one that pours" derived from 1735:names can be Slavic and, as for the 1599: 1233:in 907, all had Norse names. By the 596:people, and in the formation of the 301:, and it is the origin of the Greek 13223:History of the Mediterranean region 10385: 9766: 9211:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 7159:Rome/Edmonton/Toronto. pp. 229–243. 6405:from the original on 9 January 2022 5876:. Morgenstern Society. p. 16. 5435: 4791:Belarus: At A Crossroads In History 4249:Gary Dean Peterson (21 June 2016). 3946: 3664:is located in the region along the 3630:, built in part on earlier work by 3367:, and a group called "Burangians" ( 3088:meaning "box", "crate" or "shed"), 3063:pound", referring to 164 kg), 2979:that need to be separated from the 2972:Russian contains several layers of 2330:Rus'–Byzantine Treaty of 944 or 945 1644:Paphlagonian expedition of the Rusʹ 1606:Rusʹ–Byzantine War (disambiguation) 1438:Arabic-language sources for the Rus 1237:in 945, some signatories of the Rus 799:(the "realm of cities"), or simply 420:("inhabitants of Rōþin"). The name 24: 13284:Historical ethnic groups of Europe 13279:Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups 11933:Revolution and War of Independence 11026:Commonwealth of Independent States 9303:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 7799:] (in Swedish). Lund: Gleerup. 7342:from the original on 26 April 2023 7301:from the original on 26 April 2023 7287:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 651. 6839:from the original on 3 August 2021 6651:from the original on 26 April 2023 6434:from the original on 12 March 2022 6376:from the original on 12 March 2022 6344:from the original on 26 April 2023 6284:Henrik Birnbaum (8 January 2021). 6236:from the original on 26 April 2023 6183:from the original on 11 March 2022 6111:from the original on 26 April 2023 5956:from the original on 26 April 2023 5890:from the original on 26 April 2023 5851:from the original on 26 April 2023 5809:from the original on 26 April 2023 5500:from the original on 26 April 2023 5480:Serhii Plokhy (7 September 2006). 5141:from the original on 11 March 2022 4949:from the original on 26 April 2023 4898:from the original on 26 April 2023 4847:from the original on 26 April 2023 4808:from the original on 26 April 2023 4769:from the original on 26 April 2023 4727:from the original on 26 April 2023 4707:Paul R. Magocsi (1 January 2010). 4688:from the original on 26 April 2023 4647:from the original on 26 April 2023 4547:from the original on 26 April 2023 4470:from the original on 26 April 2023 4386:from the original on 26 April 2023 4347:from the original on 26 April 2023 4330:The Varangians: In God's Holy Fire 4308:from the original on 26 April 2023 4269:from the original on 26 April 2023 4202:, but ʀ and z are interchangeable. 4148:from the original on 26 April 2023 3985:from the original on 26 April 2023 3855: 3781:Dolukhanov, Pavel (10 July 2014). 2718:from a village in the vicinity of 2271:c. 1000, is better explained with 1715:names are usually etymologised as 285:remains not only in names such as 211:Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia 145:, who settled and ruled along the 25: 13300: 10098:Union State of Russia and Belarus 9733:Historiography in the Middle Ages 7983: 7650:: In search of a new dimension". 7320:Carolyne Larrington, ed. (2014). 6484:The Beginnings of Russian History 6138:Die Monumenta Germaniae Historica 5661:Rerum normannicarum fonts arabici 4988:from the original on 10 June 2020 4627:Orest Subtelny (1 January 2000). 3607: 2888:there were descendants of the Rus 2144:who live too close for harmony'. 2136:sometimes called by another name 1388: 1160: 348:), which referred to rowing, the 13208:Bibliography of European history 12803:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 12250:Ukraine–European Union relations 12106:Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine 11948:West Ukrainian People's Republic 9765: 9756: 9755: 9745: 8444: 8346: 8144: 7989: 7951:Encyclopedia of European Peoples 7914:Tolochko, Olksiy P (2008). "The 7517: 7504: 7491: 7440: 7414: 7405: 7385: 7253: 7240: 7149: 7136: 7123: 6866: 6766: 6605: 6506: 6489: 5979:. Kyïv: Dovira. pp. 75–89. 5584:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0942 5455:, s.aa. 6368–6370 (860–862 CE) . 5366:Runic Dictionary Entry for grimm 4878:John Meyendorff (24 June 2010). 4794:. Avalon Publishing. p. 5. 4450:Elizabeth Warner (1 July 2002). 4050:from the original on 2 July 2021 3552:, on which voyages to the east ( 3548:There is also a great number of 3313:which is the same place name as 2929:, and on literary works such as 2802: 2206:of the corresponding Norse gods 1989:"stroking, delicately touching" 648:Varangians left in their native 13233:History of Western civilization 12836:Christianity in the Middle Ages 9231:Christianity in the Middle Ages 9226:Decline of Hellenistic religion 7895:Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 7797:Swedish etymological dictionary 7531: 6524:"The assimilation by Kievan Rus 6476: 6458: 6417: 6388: 6357: 6306: 6156: 6049: 6024: 6006:Zemli Yuzhnoj Rusi V IX–XIV Vv. 5993: 5968: 5870:Volt, Ivo; Janika Päll (2005). 5777: 5740: 5700: 5687: 5674: 5653: 5629: 5616: 5467:Prinices of Kiev Kyi and Askold 5458: 5108: 5093: 5058: 5028: 4965: 4482: 4333:. Springer Nature. p. 64. 4192: 4160: 3143:(see etymology section above), 3109:meaning a "king's bodyguard"), 2630:On the other hand, the scholar 2147: 1568:who, it is postulated, visited 1395:Caspian expeditions of the Rusʹ 1125:in the east in Garðar (Russia), 504:, as an old name for Roslagen. 456:, meaning "fleet levy", on the 13077:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 13020:Christianity in the modern era 12791:Christianity in late antiquity 12032:Annexation of Crimea by Russia 11889:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 9880:Belarusian Democratic Republic 9863:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 9509:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 7755:The Emergence of Rus: 750–1200 7499:A Companion to Russian History 6567:Urbanczyk, Przemyslaw (2010). 6261:A Companion to Russian History 6216:"The Viking Rus and Byzantium" 5735:Thorir Jonsson Hraundal (2014) 5723:Thorir Jonsson Hraundal (2014) 5648:Thorir Jonsson Hraundal (2014) 5556:Thorir Jonsson Hraundal (2014) 5418:Thorir Jonsson Hraundal (2014) 3801: 3774: 3747: 3686: 3473: 3433:. However, it also appears in 2617:. One of the latter was named 2613:(d. 1212), and two princes of 2550: 1547:as necklaces for their women. 1413:chieftain as described by the 723:Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden 640:. At that point, the new term 483: 13: 1: 13228:History of the European Union 10936:Political abuse of psychiatry 10059:Presidential Security Service 9895:Annexation of Western Belarus 9683:Disability in the Middle Ages 9356:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 9288:Rise of the Venetian Republic 8054: 7708:Dolukhanov, Pavel M. (1996). 7663:Davidson, H.R. Ellis (1976). 7524:10.1080/00766097.2022.2118419 7211:Franklin & Shepard (1996) 7199:Franklin & Shepard (1996) 7187:Franklin & Shepard (1996) 6257:"The First East Slavic State" 6255:Janet Martin (6 April 2009). 5470:. Warhitory.ukrlife.org. 2002 4566:Kaplan, Frederick I. (1954). 4411:Lithuanian Historical Studies 4134:. Routledge. pp. 53–54. 3740: 3136:referring to 16.38 kg), 1766:Constantine's interpretation 696:of the first territory of Rus 608:) are first mentioned by the 30:For other uses of "Rus", see 12562:Intangible Cultural Heritage 11980:Eastern Front (World War II) 11965:Ukrainian National Committee 11581:Traditions and superstitions 10044:Ministry of Internal Affairs 7693:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 7665:The Viking Road to Byzantium 7369:(in Swedish). Archived from 7155:Strumiński, Bohdan. (1996). 7146:. Heidelberg. pp. pp. 95–97. 6763:1980 god (1981), pp. 185–216 6000:Brajchevskij, M.Yu. (1985). 5975:Skli︠a︡renko, V. H. (2006). 5910:The Viking Road to Byzantium 5384:Jansson, Sven B. F. (1980). 2449:into the Slavic population. 1828:"the Island of the Barrage" 1054:one of the Skåäng runestones 204: 7: 13187:Russian invasion of Ukraine 12798:Crisis of the Third Century 11938:Ukrainian People's Republic 11247:Water supply and sanitation 10007:Central Election Commission 8478:Exploration of the Americas 8003:Ibn Faḍlān and the Rūsiyyah 7550:The Varangians of Byzantium 7322:"A Short Poem about Sigurd" 6259:. In Abbott Gleason (ed.). 6097:. BRILL. pp. 245–246. 6085:Vladimir Petrukhin (2007). 6008:(Kyiv, Naukova dumka): 26. 5600:Ibn Faḍlān and the Rūsiyyah 5276:, "ruler of peace"), and * 3655: 3628:Russian Academy of Sciences 3435:dialects in Northern Russia 3167:official" in the 12th c.), 3153: 3126:meaning "chest", "trunk"), 3078: 2955: 2932:The Tale of Igor's Campaign 2884:Consequently, in Kievan Rus 2659:The Tale of Igor's Campaign 2238:Russian Academy of Sciences 1934:"the Boiling of the Water" 1780:for the non-Slavonic names 1774:for the non-Slavonic names 1772:Proposed Old Norse etymons 1580:) and described how the Rus 1530:at length, beginning thus: 1235:Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (945) 500:. Brate has reconstructed * 365: 10: 13305: 13243:Military history of Europe 13238:Maritime history of Europe 11960:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 9484:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 7848:The Annals of Saint-Bertin 7829:Lunt, Horace Gray (1975). 7535: 6723:Franklin, S. 2002 (2004). 6534:. Unesco. pp. 62–63. 6522:Yaroslav Shchapov (1992). 6366:"Who were the early Rusʹ?" 6222:. Routledge. p. 497. 5115:Uspenskij, Fjodor (2011). 5036:"Vilhelm Thomsen. (1882). 4531:Cambridge University Press 4424:10.30965/25386565-00201001 4327:Sverrir Jakobsson (2020). 4255:. McFarland. p. 203. 3814:. Routledge. p. 803. 3787:. Routledge. p. 182. 3701: 3611: 2649:, active at the court of 2281:Polish Academy of Sciences 2112:Another source comes from 1860:"yelling, loudly ringing" 1816:/ne spɪ/ "do not sleep!") 1603: 1490:Arabic sources for the Rus 1392: 1264:'imposed tribute upon the 1112:and abroad in the retinue, 829:sú er vér köllum Garðaríki 810:Leiðarvísir ok Borgaskipan 685:, which eventually became 573: 567: 222:voiceless dental fricative 208: 29: 13213:Genetic history of Europe 13195: 13000: 12816: 12756: 12723: 12654: 12595: 12453: 12342: 12333: 12276: 12267: 12176: 12167: 12091: 12082: 12052: 11826: 11817: 11747: 11504: 11268: 11259: 11092: 11083: 10836: 10827: 10635: 10626: 10561: 10403: 10394: 10310: 10233: 10195: 10186: 10119: 10110: 9982: 9973: 9919: 9910: 9823: 9741: 9670: 9529: 9424: 9411:Mongol invasion of Europe 9316: 9196: 9143: 9007: 8966: 8935: 8820: 8735: 8642: 8518: 8453: 8442: 8374: 8354: 8261: 8194: 8153: 8142: 8077: 8062: 7838:Magocsi, Paul R. (1996). 7804:Logan, F. Donald (2005). 7792:Svensk etymologisk ordbok 7637:Christian, David (1999). 7261:English Historical Review 7227:English Historical Review 6424:Thomsen, Vilhelm (1877). 6263:. John Wiley & Sons. 5789:Ferguson, Robert (2009). 5134:10.1163/18177565-90000255 4935:. McFarland. p. 85. 4211:Larsson, Mats G. (1997). 3636:Russian Primary Chronicle 3624:Gerhardt Friedrich Müller 3349:. Other names recall the 2963: 2895: 2328:names were Norse. In the 2202:, and this is probably a 2130:Holy Roman Emperor Otto I 1659: 1463:calls the Khazars and Rus 1377:and created the state of 1201:–Byzantine Treaties from 1128:commander of the retinue, 622:faced an invasion by the 12392:hybrid variant (2020-22) 12181:Administrative divisions 11884:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 11021:Prime Minister of Russia 10039:State Security Committee 9987:Administrative divisions 9858:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 7789:Hellquist, Elof (1922). 7568:Bandle, O., ed. (2002). 7553:. Cambridge University. 6670:Roman Jakobson (2011) . 6633:. In Tore Nyberg (ed.). 6625:Omeljan Pritsak (1985). 6530:. In Yves Hamant (ed.). 6059:De administrando imperio 6033:De administrando imperio 5751:A History of the Vikings 5636:Brink & Price (2008) 5371:24 February 2022 at the 4509:of Nestor's Chronicle', 4291:A History of the Vikings 3912:15 February 2022 at the 3696:without the apostrophe; 3679: 3632:Gottlieb-Siegfried Bayer 3283:, and Bjǫrn, appears in 2868:, on the river route of 2689: 2295: 2269:Norse funeral traditions 2178:) fled from his brother 2017:Western European sources 1778:Proposed Slavic etymons 1768:of the Slavonic or both 1688:De Administrando Imperio 1626:(one of the rapids) and 1554:A History of the Vikings 1131:the best of landholders. 1015:, but in the later form 955:from the 9th century in 719:Ingvar the Far-Travelled 13218:History of Christianity 12027:2014 pro-Russian unrest 11459:Social entrepreneurship 11348:Forced public apologies 11283:Anti-American sentiment 10164:International sanctions 9848:Principality of Polotsk 9366:Investiture Controversy 9336:Second Bulgarian Empire 8812:Death in Norse paganism 7398:5 February 2021 at the 6743:9 February 2021 at the 6613:Women in the Viking Age 6611:Jesch, Judith. (1991). 6364:Urbanczyk, Przemyslaw. 5757:Oxford University Press 5574:P.B. Golden, “Rūs”, in 5328:4 November 2012 at the 4219:. Atlantis, Stockholm. 4173:22 January 2021 at the 3903:Melnikova, E.A. (2003) 3674:East Baltic populations 3425:, in languages such as 3051: 2220:Eastern Orthodox Church 2063:eos gentis esse Sueonum 1960:(compare the Ukrainian 1854:"Noise of the Barrage" 1812:(compare the Ukrainian 1759:the non-Slavonic names 1757:Constantine's form for 1648:Siege of Constantinople 1373:claims, they conquered 1366: 1358: 1084:heldu sina huskarla ve. 1060:and most famously, the 1041: 1035: 1029: 1005: 963:'s construction of the 920: 914: 905: 899: 893: 887: 881: 879:settlements, including 549: 539:, but from its earlier 416:which derives from ON * 238:voiced dental fricative 13042:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 12632:Immigration to Ukraine 12306:Science and technology 12255:Ukraine–NATO relations 11207:Social security system 11190:Science and technology 10856:Classified information 10682:Central Russian Upland 10243:Awards and decorations 9723:Post-classical history 9479:Fall of Constantinople 9386:Capet–Plantagenet feud 9253:First Bulgarian Empire 8501:Varangian Trade Routes 8072:names are not recorded 8068:are settlements whose 8001:James E. Montgomery, ' 7907:10.1484/J.VMS.5.105213 7884:Stang, Hakon. (1996). 7807:The Vikings in History 7782:Frühzeit des Ostslaven 7610:Gwatkin, Henry Melvill 5908:H. R. Ellis Davidson, 5787:, March 1985; Compare: 5708:Living Islamic History 5598:James E. Montgomery, ' 5576:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5234:, "sable skin/fur"), * 3692:Also commonly spelled 3567:, after her true love 3487: 3451:in North Germanic and 2920: 2861: 2699: 2313: 2245:princely family, i.e. 2163: 2157:The Baptism of Kievans 2067:their nation is Sveoni 2007:/strɪˈbatɪ/ "to jump" 1763:Latin transliteration 1668:Theophanes Continuatus 1635: 1597: 1558: 1552:quoted in Gwyn Jones, 1479:all identified the Rus 1435: 1427: 1339: 1248:for the arrival of Rus 1177: 786: 626:around the same time. 492:originally located in 276: 181:The history of the Rus 119: 79:Old East Norse dialect 70:Old West Norse dialect 56: 43:Map showing the major 13122:Industrial Revolution 12042:2022 Russian invasion 12010:Revolution of Dignity 11668:Russian tsars regalia 11001:Intelligence agencies 10724:Great Russian Regions 10468:Expansion (1500-1800) 9853:Principality of Turov 7471:26 April 2023 at the 7459:Omeljan Pritsak, "Rus 7142:Kiparsky, V. (1975). 6997:. "Balkan-Germanic": 6482:Chadwick, N. (1946). 5242:, "banquet table"), * 4827:Judith Jesch (2001). 4511:Mediaeval Scandinavia 4501:26 April 2023 at the 3963:14 April 2023 at the 3652:lies in Scandinavia. 3612:Further information: 3523:Rurikovo Gorodischche 3481: 2903: 2859: 2697: 2497:, but also rarely as 2303: 2155: 2101:leader had the title 2001:"the one that jumps" 1980:Strouvoun, Stroukoun 1977:Στρούβουν, Στρούκουν 1670:refer to the Rhos as 1617: 1604:Further information: 1586: 1584:exploited the Slavs. 1532: 1433: 1402: 1393:Further information: 1294: 1221:. Of the fourteen Rus 1168: 1151:Jarlabanke Runestones 785:from the 9th century. 780: 747:Tove of the Obotrites 574:Further information: 470:old Swedish heartland 389:is found not only in 263: 62: 42: 27:European ethnic group 13177:European debt crisis 13172:European integration 13112:Age of Enlightenment 12952:Republic of Florence 12413:Freedom of the press 12150:World Heritage Sites 12145:Islands and sandbars 11918:Pereiaslav Agreement 11901:Zaporozhian Cossacks 11869:Principality of Kiev 11735:World Heritage sites 11112:Droughts and famines 10665:Environmental issues 10413:Proto-Indo-Europeans 10298:World Heritage Sites 9703:Medieval reenactment 9499:Renaissance Humanism 9406:Medieval Warm Period 9376:Republic of Florence 9190:European Middle Ages 7998:at Wikimedia Commons 7888:. Oslo: Middelelser. 7886:The Naming of Russia 7840:A History of Ukraine 7812:Taylor & Francis 7780:Goehrke, C. (1992). 7712:. New York: Longman. 7667:. Allen & Unwin. 7173:The Nordic Languages 6859:The Nordic Languages 6818:The Nordic Languages 6790:The Nordic Languages 6736:UA Fridell2004;1 in 6673:Russian Epic Studies 6323:Neglected Barbarians 6134:"Annales Bertiniani" 5747:Jones, Gwyn (2001). 5624:Vikings in the South 5605:16 July 2018 at the 5287:The Nordic Languages 5258:, "to interpret"), * 5250:, "small war ax"), * 4972:Larsson, G. (2013). 4198:Can also be spelled 3550:Varangian runestones 3439:passive construction 3403:Scandinavian langues 2911:at the Crossroads" ( 2734:) of Mikula, Jakun ( 2277:Przemysław Urbańczyk 2226:or converted to the 2182:to Sweden, ruled by 2114:Liutprand of Cremona 2045:(in the Latin text, 2027:Annals of St. Bertin 1964:/ˈlʲːɑtɪ/ "to pour" 1914:"stony shore rapid" 1727:from the 10th c. on 1646:in the 820s and the 1170:Guests from Overseas 1087:Hann fioll i orrustu 949:Varangian runestones 803:(the "cities"), and 773:Scandinavian sources 655:Varangian runestones 267:in the 9th century. 32:Rus (disambiguation) 13142:Revolutions of 1848 13072:Early modern France 12853:Anglo-Saxon England 12758:Classical antiquity 12017:Russo-Ukrainian War 11586:Forms of addressing 11195:Academy of Sciences 11152:Financial districts 11016:President of Russia 10941:Political divisions 10901:Freedom of assembly 10783:West Siberian Plain 10529:Great Patriotic War 10490:February Revolution 9902:Republic of Belarus 9416:Kingdom of Portugal 9283:Old Church Slavonic 9268:Anglo-Saxon England 8496:Viking Trade Routes 8237:Rurikovo Gorodische 8159:Dnieper trade route 7977:Brockhaus and Efron 7956:Infobase Publishing 7411:Shephard, pp. 122–3 7281:Sean Nowak (1998). 5785:National Geographic 5684:, 12 (2001), 73–93. 5320:Fornvännen årgång 9 5266:, "interpreter"), * 4868:, pp. 223–224. 4288:Gwyn Jones (2001). 4217:Vikingar i österled 3249:, and Thorbjǫrn in 2755:naming traditions. 2184:Erik the Victorious 2051:Aleksandr Nazarenko 2003:from the Ukrainian 1971:/lat͡ɕ/ "to pour") 1946:(< Proto-Slavic 1798:"upper promontory" 1753: 1467:'brothers'; later, 1225:signatories to the 1103:These brothers were 997:Yaroslav I the Wise 953:Kälvesten runestone 783:Kälvesten runestone 735:Eric the Victorious 385:). The prefix form 377:is pronounced like 133:, were a people in 88:Old Gutnish dialect 13248:Crusading movement 13152:Russian Revolution 12987:Hundred Years' War 12883:Maritime republics 12786:Early Christianity 12776:Hellenistic period 12733:Paleolithic Europe 12377:Swine flu pandemic 12311:Telecommunications 12101:Biosphere reserves 11990:Chernobyl disaster 11636:Russian given name 11222:Telecommunications 11172:Petroleum industry 11036:State of emergency 10881:Far-right politics 10846:Capital punishment 10692:Meshchera Lowlands 10546:Russian Federation 10502:October Revolution 10149:Telecommunications 9944:Biosphere Reserves 9890:Western Belorussia 9597:In popular culture 9562:Crusading movement 9434:Hundred Years' War 9293:Civitas Schinesghe 9278:Carolingian Empire 9263:Kingdom of Croatia 9216:Barbarian kingdoms 8419:Old Norse religion 8394:Pre-Roman Iron Age 8009:, 3 (2000), 1–25. 7606:Bury, John Bagnell 7269:10.1093/ehr/cew104 7235:10.1093/ehr/cew104 6576:Archeologia Polski 6314:Steinacher, Roland 5659:A. Seippel (ed.), 5542:translatio imperii 5388:. STF, Stockholm. 5009:, pp. 60–62; 4630:Ukraine: A History 4533:. pp. 13–14. 3662:cemetery of Ostriv 3556:) are mentioned. 3488: 3441:using an enclitic 2947:Vladimir the Great 2935:, and even on the 2921: 2913:Витязь на распутье 2862: 2750:) on the route to 2704:birch-bark letters 2700: 2698:Birch bark letter. 2611:Ingvar Yaroslavich 2573:Cambridge document 2413:Vladimir the Great 2314: 2234:Elena A. Melnikova 2204:Slavic translation 2194:to have worshiped 2172:Vladimir the Great 2164: 2073:with the tribe of 1994:, "rapid current" 1858:gjallandi/gellandi 1752: 1725:Pilgårds runestone 1678:, suggesting the 1636: 1620:Pilgårds runestone 1469:Muhammad al-Idrisi 1460:Mujmal al-Tawarikh 1436: 1428: 1424:Henryk Siemiradzki 1192:Mstislav I of Kiev 1178: 1075:þæiʀ bæstra manna, 981:Fagerlöt runestone 787: 689:(Ruskaja zemlja). 600:. The Varangians ( 444:. Two of them are 277: 273:"Swedes and Goths" 120: 115:Germanic languages 57: 47:trade routes: the 13256: 13255: 13182:COVID-19 pandemic 13127:French Revolution 13102:Habsburg monarchy 13082:Cossack Hetmanate 13062:Portuguese Empire 13052:Absolute monarchy 13047:Thirty Years' War 12942:Holy Roman Empire 12867:Bulgarian Empire 12826:Early Middle Ages 12743:Bronze Age Europe 12717:History of Europe 12683: 12682: 12650: 12649: 12425:Human trafficking 12383:COVID-19 pandemic 12357:Gender inequality 12329: 12328: 12263: 12262: 12221:Political parties 12211:Foreign relations 12163: 12162: 12078: 12077: 12000:Orange Revolution 11985:Volhynia massacre 11776: 11775: 11743: 11742: 11323:Domestic violence 11255: 11254: 11177:Russian oligarchs 11102:Aircraft industry 11079: 11078: 11056:Mass surveillance 11046:Search and rescue 11011:Political parties 10891:Foreign relations 10823: 10822: 10622: 10621: 10614:Historical cities 10473:Tsardom of Russia 10353: 10352: 10306: 10305: 10182: 10181: 10106: 10105: 10076:Political parties 10014:Foreign relations 9969: 9968: 9779: 9778: 9688:Basic topics list 9489:Swiss mercenaries 9439:Wars of the Roses 9346:Kingdom of Poland 9331:Holy Roman Empire 9198:Early Middle Ages 9156: 9155: 8514: 8513: 8506:Volga Trade Route 8424:Germanic paganism 8404:Germanic Iron Age 8389:Nordic Bronze Age 8314: 8313: 8083:Volga trade route 7994:Media related to 7916:Primary Chronicle 7874:The Origin of Rus 7765:978-0-582-49091-8 7718:Duczko, Wladyslaw 7700:978-0-85115-763-4 7678:Europe: A History 7560:978-0-521-21745-3 7361:Ninna Bengtsson. 7335:978-0-19-967534-0 7294:978-3-11-015455-9 7213:, pp. 22–25. 6683:978-3-11-088958-1 6644:978-87-7492-534-7 6541:978-92-3-102642-3 6501:Temple at Uppsala 6299:978-0-520-30918-0 6270:978-1-4443-0842-6 6229:978-1-134-31826-1 6204:, pp. 49–50. 6176:978-5-91244-008-3 6104:978-90-04-16042-2 6087:"Khazaria and Rus 5949:978-87-7124-425-0 5883:978-9949-11-266-1 5844:978-0-19-870124-8 5737:, pp. 70–78. 5613:, 3 (2000), 1–25. 5534:978-1-108-36891-9 5493:978-1-139-45892-4 5420:, pp. 66–67. 5087:Göngu-Hrólfs saga 5084:and Hreggviðr in 5013:, pp. 29–30. 4942:978-1-4766-2022-0 4891:978-0-521-13533-7 4840:978-0-85115-826-6 4801:978-0-8133-1339-9 4762:978-0-19-820643-9 4720:978-1-4426-1021-7 4681:978-87-7124-425-0 4640:978-0-8020-8390-6 4463:978-0-292-79158-9 4379:978-1-4728-1323-7 4340:978-3-030-53797-5 4301:978-0-19-280134-0 4262:978-1-4766-2434-1 4239:, pp. 67–70. 4141:978-1-134-31826-1 3821:978-1-136-59313-0 3794:978-1-317-89222-9 3767:978-1-4426-0616-6 3459:Romance languages 3443:reflexive pronoun 3423:Balkan sprachbund 3016:("box"), whereas 2761:Novgorod Republic 2728:Novgorod Republic 2651:Yaroslav the Wise 2640:literary theorist 2595:both represented 2585:Primary Chronicle 2542:Primary Chronicle 2409:Primary Chronicle 2192:Primary Chronicle 2116:, a 10th-century 2039:Byzantine emperor 2012: 2011: 1999:стрибун (strybun) 1983:"Little Barrage" 1886:"never passable" 1834:"Úlfar's island" 1600:Byzantine sources 1371:Primary Chronicle 1325:; and the third, 1252:in the region of 1231:–Byzantine Treaty 1187:Primary Chronicle 1139: 1138: 1122:He fell in battle 1062:Turinge runestone 805:Svíþjóð hin mikla 715:Yaroslav the Wise 713:wanted to assist 709:The Swedish king 611:Primary Chronicle 560:, a name for the 236:) represents the 232:, whereas the ð ( 220:) represents the 169:population, with 51:(in red) and the 49:Volga trade route 16:(Redirected from 13296: 13117:Great Divergence 13032:Age of Discovery 12977:Late Middle Ages 12947:High Middle Ages 12858:Byzantine Empire 12841:Christianization 12831:Migration Period 12766:Classical Greece 12738:Neolithic Europe 12710: 12703: 12696: 12687: 12686: 12663: 12605:Ukrainian people 12340: 12339: 12286: 12274: 12273: 12174: 12173: 12118:Populated places 12089: 12088: 11894:Kiev Voivodeship 11879:Galicia–Volhynia 11824: 11823: 11803: 11796: 11789: 11780: 11779: 11756: 11703:Russian language 11646:National symbols 11266: 11265: 11185: 11142:Fishing industry 11132:Economic regions 11127:Defence industry 11090: 11089: 10834: 10833: 10788:Russian Far East 10687:Northwest Russia 10645:Cities and towns 10633: 10632: 10495:Russian Republic 10401: 10400: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10357: 10356: 10333: 10326: 10319: 10288:National symbols 10248:Belarusian names 10193: 10192: 10144: 10117: 10116: 9980: 9979: 9917: 9916: 9806: 9799: 9792: 9783: 9782: 9769: 9768: 9759: 9758: 9749: 9708:Medieval studies 9552:Church and State 9426:Late Middle Ages 9318:High Middle Ages 9236:Christianization 9206:Migration Period 9183: 9176: 9169: 9160: 9159: 8484: 8483: 8448: 8436:Christianization 8409:Migration Period 8384:Nordic Stone Age 8341: 8334: 8327: 8318: 8317: 8148: 8049: 8042: 8035: 8026: 8025: 7993: 7969: 7944: 7938: 7930: 7924: 7920: 7910: 7889: 7880: 7877: 7870:Pritsak, Omeljan 7865: 7859: 7851: 7843: 7834: 7825: 7800: 7785: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7713: 7704: 7682: 7668: 7659: 7649: 7642: 7633: 7620:University Press 7601: 7599: 7597: 7580:The Viking World 7573: 7564: 7525: 7521: 7515: 7508: 7502: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7444: 7438: 7431: 7425: 7418: 7412: 7409: 7403: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7367:arkeologerna.com 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7278: 7272: 7257: 7251: 7244: 7238: 7223: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7169: 7160: 7153: 7147: 7140: 7134: 7129:Forssman (1983) 7127: 7121: 7114: 7091: 7068: 7049: 7030: 7014: 6991: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6888: 6870: 6864: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6829: 6823: 6814: 6795: 6786: 6777: 6772:Forssman (1983) 6770: 6764: 6757: 6748: 6734: 6728: 6721: 6712: 6709: 6696: 6695: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6630: 6622: 6616: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6588: 6573: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6527: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6504: 6499:wrote about the 6493: 6487: 6480: 6474: 6473:1902–8, p. 108). 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6220:The Viking World 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6130: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6090: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6017: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5754: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5711: 5704: 5698: 5695:The Viking World 5691: 5685: 5678: 5672: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5620: 5614: 5596: 5587: 5572: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5477: 5471: 5462: 5456: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5382: 5376: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5316: 5310: 5301:Hellquist (1922) 5298: 5292: 5164:dyblitsa/dyfliza 5160: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5136: 5112: 5106: 5102:Óláfs saga helga 5097: 5091: 5068:and Rollaugr in 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4987: 4980: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4209: 4203: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4131:The Viking World 4125: 4119: 4110:Hellquist (1922) 4107: 4101: 4092:Hellquist (1922) 4089: 4083: 4074:Hellquist (1922) 4071: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4036: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4004:Hellquist (1922) 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3958:The Viking World 3953: 3944: 3935:Hellquist (1922) 3932: 3917: 3900: 3853: 3847: 3826: 3825: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3751: 3734: 3730: 3703: 3690: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3621: 3603: 3586: 3544: 3536: 3508: 3501: 3411:definite article 3409:of Danish), the 3405:(except for the 3396: 3371:), in the names 3307:. There is also 3243:, Steingrímr in 3158: 3141: 3116: 3095: 3083: 3074: 3054: 3035: 2968: 2967: 2960: 2944: 2917:Viktor Vasnetsov 2909: 2891: 2887: 2872:. It was on the 2852: 2848: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2785: 2773: 2766: 2725: 2626: 2620:Ingvar Igorevich 2553: 2552: 2448: 2386:), and Sfir'ka ( 2327: 2319: 2291: 2286: 2273:Christianization 2262: 2243: 2189: 2169: 2159:, a painting by 2124:, a report from 2100: 2096: 2072: 2049:; translated by 2024: 1810:"do not sleep!" 1792:"Do not sleep!" 1754: 1751: 1734: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1685:In his treatise 1661: 1595: 1583: 1578:George Vernadsky 1556: 1516:Ahmad ibn Fadlan 1513: 1505:trading diaspora 1502: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1482: 1466: 1447: 1441: 1419:Ahmad ibn Fadlan 1411: 1336: 1316: 1284:' (a variety of 1259: 1251: 1240: 1230: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1200: 1183: 1174:Nicholas Roerich 1096:landmanna bæstr. 1067: 1066: 1051: 1044: 1038: 1032: 1008: 986: 961:Harald Bluetooth 931: 927: 923: 917: 908: 902: 896: 890: 885:(Novgorod), and 884: 878: 873: 840: 826: 821:Snorri Sturluson 764: 759: 752: 743:Harald Bluetooth 704: 699: 680: 669:in the south to 664: 639: 634: 618:in 865, and the 595: 552: 486: 485: 368: 326: 310: 184: 129:, also known as 127: 112: 103: 94: 85: 76: 67: 21: 13304: 13303: 13299: 13298: 13297: 13295: 13294: 13293: 13259: 13258: 13257: 13252: 13191: 13157:Interwar period 13132:Napoleonic Wars 12996: 12967:Mongol invasion 12920:Crown of Aragon 12812: 12752: 12748:Iron Age Europe 12719: 12714: 12684: 12679: 12666: 12659: 12646: 12591: 12506:Cultural icons 12449: 12325: 12296:Stock exchanges 12284: 12259: 12243:Law enforcement 12159: 12113:Nature reserves 12074: 12048: 11943:Ukrainian State 11874:Mongol invasion 11813: 11807: 11777: 11772: 11759: 11752: 11739: 11698:Public holidays 11693:Political jokes 11678:Personification 11631:Names of Russia 11500: 11419:Life expectancy 11251: 11183: 11075: 10926:Law enforcement 10819: 10805:Protected areas 10702:Smolensk Upland 10697:Oka–Don Lowland 10677:European Russia 10618: 10557: 10443:Mongol invasion 10390: 10384: 10354: 10349: 10336: 10329: 10322: 10315: 10302: 10293:Public holidays 10229: 10178: 10142: 10102: 10049:Internal Troops 10034:Law enforcement 9965: 9939:Protected areas 9906: 9819: 9810: 9780: 9775: 9737: 9718:Neo-medievalism 9666: 9602:Itinerant court 9525: 9420: 9341:Georgian Empire 9326:Norman Conquest 9312: 9258:Frankish Empire 9192: 9187: 9157: 9152: 9139: 9030:Bardy-Świelubie 9003: 8962: 8931: 8816: 8767:Walpurgis Night 8738: 8731: 8638: 8522: 8510: 8482: 8449: 8440: 8429:Norse mythology 8370: 8350: 8345: 8315: 8310: 8257: 8195:Other locations 8190: 8149: 8140: 8073: 8058: 8053: 7986: 7966: 7932: 7931: 7922: 7918: 7875: 7853: 7852: 7846: 7822: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7701: 7647: 7630: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7561: 7545:Blöndal, Sigfús 7540: 7534: 7529: 7528: 7522: 7518: 7509: 7505: 7496: 7492: 7488:, pp. 3–9. 7484: 7480: 7473:Wayback Machine 7460: 7458: 7454: 7445: 7441: 7433:Serhii Plokhy, 7432: 7428: 7419: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7400:Wayback Machine 7390: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7359: 7355: 7345: 7343: 7336: 7326:The Poetic Edda 7318: 7314: 7304: 7302: 7295: 7279: 7275: 7258: 7254: 7245: 7241: 7224: 7217: 7209: 7205: 7197: 7193: 7185: 7181: 7170: 7163: 7154: 7150: 7141: 7137: 7128: 7124: 7112: 7089: 7066: 7047: 7028: 7012: 6989: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6886: 6871: 6867: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6815: 6798: 6787: 6780: 6771: 6767: 6758: 6751: 6745:Wayback Machine 6735: 6731: 6722: 6715: 6710: 6699: 6684: 6668: 6664: 6654: 6652: 6645: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6610: 6606: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6571: 6565: 6561: 6551: 6549: 6542: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6507: 6494: 6490: 6481: 6477: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6422: 6418: 6408: 6406: 6393: 6389: 6379: 6377: 6362: 6358: 6347: 6345: 6338: 6311: 6307: 6300: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6230: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6184: 6177: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6132: 6131: 6124: 6114: 6112: 6105: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6029: 6025: 6015: 6013: 5998: 5994: 5987: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5957: 5950: 5932: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5884: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5845: 5829: 5825: 5812: 5810: 5803: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5745: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5714: 5705: 5701: 5692: 5688: 5679: 5675: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5621: 5617: 5607:Wayback Machine 5597: 5590: 5573: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5535: 5517: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5494: 5478: 5474: 5463: 5459: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5383: 5379: 5373:Wayback Machine 5364: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5330:Wayback Machine 5317: 5313: 5299: 5295: 5172:, "dungeon"), * 5161: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5113: 5109: 5098: 5094: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4952: 4950: 4943: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4802: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4763: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4721: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4682: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4641: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4586:10.2307/2492161 4564: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4541: 4521: 4517: 4506: 4503:Wayback Machine 4487: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4464: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4380: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4341: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4263: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4210: 4206: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4175:Wayback Machine 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4142: 4126: 4122: 4108: 4104: 4090: 4086: 4072: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4038: 4037: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3965:Wayback Machine 3954: 3947: 3933: 3920: 3914:Wayback Machine 3901: 3856: 3848: 3829: 3822: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3725: 3698:Old East Slavic 3691: 3687: 3682: 3658: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3601: 3584: 3542: 3534: 3506: 3499: 3484:Spillings Hoard 3476: 3394: 3221:, Ragnheiðr in 3177:, "silk"), and 3139: 3114: 3093: 3072: 3033: 3022:("Varangian"), 2942: 2926:Russkaja Pravda 2907: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2850: 2846: 2815: 2811: 2783: 2771: 2764: 2723: 2692: 2668:Old East Slavic 2632:Omeljan Pritsak 2624: 2609:as the name of 2446: 2325: 2322:Old East Slavic 2317: 2310:Old East Slavic 2298: 2289: 2284: 2260: 2241: 2228:Catholic Church 2187: 2176:Valdamarr gamli 2167: 2161:Klavdiy Lebedev 2150: 2098: 2094: 2083:reginae Rugorum 2070: 2031:Louis the Pious 2022: 2019: 1967:and the Polish 1871:Aeifar, Aeifor 1868:Ἀειφάρ, Ἀειφόρ 1839:"island rapid" 1808:не спи (ne spy) 1732: 1712: 1708: 1700: 1693:Constantine VII 1612: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1581: 1576:, according to 1557: 1551: 1511: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1484: 1480: 1464: 1445: 1439: 1422: 1409: 1397: 1391: 1334: 1314: 1257: 1249: 1238: 1228: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1198: 1184:history is the 1181: 1163: 1106:the best of men 1090:austr i Garðum, 1058:Smula runestone 1049: 984: 929: 925: 911:Old East Slavic 876: 871: 854:Legendary sagas 838: 824: 775: 762: 757: 750: 739:Olof Skötkonung 727:Harald Hardrada 702: 697: 678: 662: 637: 632: 606:Old East Slavic 593: 588:Having settled 586: 570: 498:Varangian Guard 369:- (preceding a 324: 308: 299:Pskov districts 213: 207: 182: 171:Old East Slavic 125: 118: 110: 108: 101: 99: 92: 90: 83: 81: 74: 72: 65: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13302: 13292: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13254: 13253: 13251: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13199: 13197: 13193: 13192: 13190: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13107:Russian Empire 13104: 13099: 13097:British Empire 13094: 13092:Dutch Republic 13089: 13087:Swedish Empire 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13067:Spanish Empire 13064: 13059: 13057:Ottoman Empire 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13028: 13027: 13017: 13012: 13006: 13004: 12998: 12997: 12995: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12972:Serbian Empire 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12906: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12880: 12879: 12878: 12873: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12844: 12843: 12833: 12828: 12822: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12810: 12808:Late antiquity 12805: 12800: 12795: 12794: 12793: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12771:Roman Republic 12768: 12762: 12760: 12754: 12753: 12751: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12729: 12727: 12721: 12720: 12713: 12712: 12705: 12698: 12690: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12677: 12672: 12665: 12664: 12656: 12655: 12652: 12651: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12628: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12601: 12599: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12543: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12504: 12503: 12502: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12481: 12480: 12475: 12465: 12459: 12457: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12421: 12420: 12415: 12405: 12404: 12403: 12393: 12380: 12374: 12369: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12343: 12337: 12331: 12330: 12327: 12326: 12324: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12277: 12271: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12246: 12245: 12240: 12230: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12177: 12171: 12165: 12164: 12161: 12160: 12158: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12126: 12125: 12115: 12110: 12109: 12108: 12098: 12096:National parks 12092: 12086: 12080: 12079: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12056: 12054: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12046: 12045: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12014: 12013: 12012: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11956: 11955: 11953:Makhnovshchina 11950: 11945: 11940: 11930: 11925: 11923:Russian Empire 11920: 11915: 11914: 11913: 11908: 11898: 11897: 11896: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11830: 11828: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11812: articles 11806: 11805: 11798: 11791: 11783: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11770: 11765: 11758: 11757: 11749: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11737: 11732: 11731: 11730: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11664: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11552: 11551: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11510: 11508: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11496: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11410: 11409: 11404: 11394: 11393: 11392: 11382: 11381: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11269: 11263: 11257: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11212:Space industry 11209: 11204: 11199: 11198: 11197: 11187: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11093: 11087: 11081: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11051:Urban planning 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10903: 10898: 10888: 10886:Federal budget 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10837: 10831: 10825: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10818: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10795:North Caucasus 10792: 10791: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10736: 10731: 10729:Highest points 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10674: 10672:Extreme points 10669: 10668: 10667: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10636: 10630: 10624: 10623: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10565: 10563: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10514: 10504: 10499: 10498: 10497: 10487: 10485:Russian Empire 10482: 10481: 10480: 10470: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10409: 10407: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10389: articles 10383: 10382: 10375: 10368: 10360: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10347: 10342: 10335: 10334: 10327: 10320: 10312: 10311: 10308: 10307: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10239: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10196: 10190: 10184: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10176: 10171: 10169:Stock exchange 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10126: 10120: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10100: 10095: 10094: 10093: 10086:Prime Minister 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10062: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10031: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10010: 10009: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9983: 9977: 9971: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9949:National parks 9946: 9936: 9931: 9929:Extreme points 9926: 9920: 9914: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9898: 9897: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9868:Russian Empire 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9829: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9809: 9808: 9801: 9794: 9786: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9773: 9763: 9753: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9713:Misconceptions 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9674: 9672: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9533: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9521:Little Ice Age 9518: 9517: 9516: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9474:Western Schism 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9430: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9322: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9228: 9223: 9221:Late antiquity 9218: 9213: 9208: 9202: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9186: 9185: 9178: 9171: 9163: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9011: 9009: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8943:Æsir–Vanir War 8939: 8937: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8826: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8743: 8741: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8529: 8527: 8516: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8492: 8490: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8459: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8438: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8399:Roman Iron Age 8396: 8391: 8386: 8380: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8344: 8343: 8336: 8329: 8321: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8211: 8204: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8163: 8161: 8151: 8150: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8117: 8112: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8087: 8085: 8075: 8074: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8052: 8051: 8044: 8037: 8029: 8023: 8022: 7999: 7985: 7984:External links 7982: 7981: 7980: 7970: 7964: 7945: 7911: 7890: 7881: 7866: 7844: 7835: 7826: 7820: 7801: 7786: 7777: 7764: 7749: 7736: 7714: 7705: 7699: 7687:DeVries, Kelly 7683: 7673:Davies, Norman 7669: 7660: 7643: 7634: 7628: 7602: 7590:978-1134318261 7589: 7574: 7565: 7559: 7536:Main article: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7516: 7503: 7490: 7478: 7452: 7439: 7426: 7422:Russian Review 7413: 7404: 7384: 7373:on 6 July 2019 7353: 7334: 7312: 7293: 7273: 7252: 7239: 7215: 7203: 7191: 7179: 7177:, p. 1043 7161: 7148: 7135: 7122: 6873:Proto-Germanic 6865: 6863:, p. 1044 6850: 6824: 6822:, p. 1042 6796: 6794:, p. 1041 6778: 6765: 6749: 6729: 6713: 6697: 6682: 6662: 6643: 6617: 6604: 6559: 6540: 6514: 6505: 6497:Adam of Bremen 6495:In the 11 c., 6488: 6475: 6471:Finnur Jónsson 6457: 6453:Blöndal (2007) 6445: 6416: 6387: 6356: 6336: 6305: 6298: 6276: 6269: 6247: 6228: 6206: 6194: 6175: 6155: 6122: 6103: 6077: 6048: 6042:978-0884020219 6041: 6023: 5992: 5985: 5967: 5948: 5926: 5922:Blöndal (2007) 5914: 5901: 5882: 5862: 5843: 5823: 5801: 5795:. Penguin UK. 5776: 5769: 5739: 5727: 5712: 5699: 5686: 5673: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5622:Ann Christys, 5615: 5588: 5560: 5548: 5533: 5511: 5492: 5472: 5457: 5434: 5422: 5410: 5408:, p. 389. 5406:Pritsak (1981) 5398: 5377: 5358: 5356:, p. 366. 5354:Pritsak (1981) 5346: 5344:, p. 306. 5342:Pritsak (1981) 5334: 5311: 5293: 5284:, "gate"), in 5216:, "palace"), * 5152: 5127:(2): 326–327. 5107: 5092: 5057: 5027: 5025:, p. 386. 5023:Pritsak (1981) 5015: 5011:DeVries (1999) 5007:Blöndal (2007) 4999: 4964: 4941: 4921: 4909: 4890: 4870: 4866:Blöndal (2007) 4858: 4839: 4819: 4800: 4780: 4761: 4738: 4719: 4699: 4680: 4658: 4639: 4619: 4558: 4539: 4526:Viking Empires 4515: 4481: 4462: 4442: 4430: 4397: 4378: 4358: 4339: 4319: 4300: 4280: 4261: 4241: 4229: 4204: 4191: 4189:, p. 348. 4187:Pritsak (1981) 4179: 4159: 4140: 4120: 4102: 4084: 4061: 4026: 4022:Blöndal (2007) 4014: 3996: 3970: 3945: 3918: 3854: 3827: 3820: 3800: 3793: 3773: 3766: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3657: 3654: 3614:Anti-Normanism 3609: 3608:Historiography 3606: 3539:Peterhof Hoard 3515:Staraja Ladoga 3475: 3472: 3413:is used as an 3407:Jutish dialect 3239:, Siófastr in 3227:, Snæbjǫrn in 3203:, Dýrbjǫrn in 3197:, Bófastr in 3037:("hero", from 3010:("silk"), and 2981:North Germanic 2897: 2894: 2843:Norse paganism 2829:) is from the 2740:Gugmor-navolok 2691: 2688: 2643:Roman Jakobson 2606:Hypatian Codex 2297: 2294: 2149: 2146: 2126:Constantinople 2091:Regino of Prüm 2018: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2009: 1996: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1954:(Proto-Slavic 1941: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1891:"ever fierce" 1877: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1805: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1640:Constantinople 1601: 1598: 1591: 1549: 1520:Volga Bulgaria 1518:, who visited 1390: 1389:Arabic sources 1387: 1383:Rusʹ Khaganate 1162: 1161:Slavic sources 1159: 1143:Veda runestone 1137: 1136: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1081:ok i liði uti, 1079: 1076: 1073: 1012:Stolt Herr Alf 1003:. The suffix - 965:Jelling stones 793:(the "East"), 774: 771: 731:Elisiv of Kiev 598:Rusʹ Khaganate 569: 566: 474:Mälaren Valley 399:, but also in 258: 257: 209:Main article: 206: 203: 199:Anti-Normanist 135:early medieval 109: 106:Crimean Gothic 100: 91: 82: 73: 64: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13301: 13290: 13289:Rusyn history 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13203:Art of Europe 13201: 13200: 13198: 13194: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13026: 13023: 13022: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13007: 13005: 13003: 13002:Modern period 12999: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12885: 12884: 12881: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12868: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12759: 12755: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12711: 12706: 12704: 12699: 12697: 12692: 12691: 12688: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12667: 12662: 12658: 12657: 12653: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12607: 12606: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12594: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12501: 12498: 12497: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12470: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12458: 12456: 12452: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12401: 12397: 12394: 12391: 12388: 12384: 12381: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12364: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12332: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12283: 12279: 12278: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12266: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12235: 12234: 12231: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12208: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12178: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12166: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12081: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12051: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12037:War in Donbas 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12018: 12015: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11970:Ukrainian SSR 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11903: 11902: 11899: 11895: 11892: 11891: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11816: 11811: 11804: 11799: 11797: 11792: 11790: 11785: 11784: 11781: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11755: 11751: 11750: 11746: 11736: 11733: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11718:Seven Wonders 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11683:Playing cards 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11648: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11503: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11395: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11386: 11383: 11379: 11378:Mental health 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11338:Ethnic groups 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11258: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11082: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11041:Civil defense 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10986:Media freedom 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10931: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10896: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10871:Criminal code 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10851:Civil Service 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10838: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10774: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10749: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10625: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10552: 10549: 10548: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10522: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10512:Russian state 10510: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10479: 10476: 10475: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10393: 10388: 10381: 10376: 10374: 10369: 10367: 10362: 10361: 10358: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10332: 10328: 10325: 10321: 10318: 10314: 10313: 10309: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10232: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10185: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10109: 10099: 10096: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10029: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9972: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9903: 9900: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9874: 9873:Russification 9871: 9870: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9807: 9802: 9800: 9795: 9793: 9788: 9787: 9784: 9772: 9764: 9762: 9754: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9743: 9740: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9669: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9528: 9522: 9519: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9427: 9423: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9381:Scholasticism 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9243:Rise of Islam 9241: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9184: 9179: 9177: 9172: 9170: 9165: 9164: 9161: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9142: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9006: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8989:Völsung Cycle 8987: 8985: 8984:Tyrfing Cycle 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8934: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8757:Norse funeral 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8692:Múspellsheimr 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8634:Ask and Embla 8632: 8630: 8627: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8521: 8517: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8452: 8447: 8437: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8353: 8349: 8342: 8337: 8335: 8330: 8328: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8050: 8045: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8031: 8030: 8027: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7952: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7928: 7917: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7891: 7887: 7882: 7878: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7836: 7832: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7808: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7787: 7783: 7778: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7750: 7739: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7644: 7640: 7635: 7631: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7592: 7586: 7583:. Routledge. 7582: 7581: 7575: 7571: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7520: 7513: 7507: 7500: 7494: 7487: 7482: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7456: 7449: 7443: 7436: 7430: 7423: 7417: 7408: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7388: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7357: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7277: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7249: 7243: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7220: 7212: 7207: 7201:, p. 12. 7200: 7195: 7188: 7183: 7176: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7158: 7152: 7145: 7139: 7132: 7126: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7023:West Germanic 7020: 7016: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6860: 6854: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6821: 6819: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6793: 6791: 6785: 6783: 6775: 6769: 6762: 6756: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6733: 6726: 6720: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6694: 6692: 6685: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6666: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6621: 6614: 6608: 6601: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6518: 6509: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6485: 6479: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6461: 6455:, p. 40. 6454: 6449: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6420: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6391: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6343: 6339: 6337:9782503531250 6333: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6318:Curta, Florin 6315: 6309: 6301: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6251: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6198: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6159: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6052: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6027: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5988: 5986:966-507-205-6 5982: 5978: 5971: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5866: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5827: 5820: 5808: 5804: 5802:9780141923871 5798: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5780: 5772: 5770:0-19-280134-1 5766: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5743: 5736: 5731: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5696: 5690: 5683: 5677: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5650:, p. 73. 5649: 5644: 5638:, p. 552 5637: 5632: 5625: 5619: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5558:, p. 68. 5557: 5552: 5545: 5543: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5476: 5469: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5453:0-910956-34-0 5450: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5432:, p. 210 5431: 5430:Duczko (2004) 5426: 5419: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5395: 5394:91-7156-015-7 5391: 5387: 5381: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5208:, "Poles"), * 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5182:, "Greek"), * 5181: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5157: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5071:Hervarar saga 5067: 5061: 5045: 5041: 5039: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4984: 4977: 4976: 4968: 4961: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4925: 4919:, p. 99. 4918: 4913: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4874: 4867: 4862: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4823: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4784: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4747:Birgit Sawyer 4742: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4703: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4623: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4562: 4546: 4542: 4540:0-521-82992-5 4536: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4488:Marika Mägi, 4485: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4453:Russian Myths 4446: 4440:, p. 10. 4439: 4438:Duczko (2004) 4434: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4362: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4323: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4284: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4245: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4225:91-7486-411-4 4222: 4218: 4214: 4213:Rusernas rike 4208: 4201: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4163: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4049: 4045: 4043: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3952: 3950: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3851: 3850:Duczko (2004) 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3804: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3605: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3561:mythical lays 3557: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3421:and from the 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3215:, Rødríkr in 3214: 3211:, Kynríkr in 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3189:, "office"). 3188: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3081: 3075: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3028:("flag") and 3027: 3026: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2958: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2893: 2882: 2880: 2879:right-to-left 2875: 2871: 2870:Western Dvina 2867: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831:Elder Futhark 2828: 2824: 2822: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2776:spindle-whorl 2768: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2680:national epic 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571:, and in the 2570: 2565: 2562:as Igor' and 2561: 2557: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2457:was shown as 2456: 2450: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2411:informs that 2410: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344:(Ingvar) and 2343: 2339: 2335: 2334:ruling family 2331: 2323: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2293: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214:, who beside 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2120:bishop whose 2119: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2008: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1919:"wave rapid" 1918: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1889:æ-for/ey-forr 1885: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664:Pseudo-Simeon 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1632:Rvanyj Kamin' 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1590: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1508: 1506: 1488: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1432: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301:, and others 1300: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1247: 1242: 1236: 1232: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1135: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1093:liðs forungi, 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1046: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 982: 977: 975: 971: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 945: 943: 942: 937: 936: 922: 916: 912: 907: 901: 895: 889: 883: 874: 867: 863: 860: 856: 855: 848: 846: 845: 844:Magna Graecia 836: 835: 834:Scythia magna 830: 822: 818: 817: 816:Ynglinga saga 812: 811: 806: 802: 798: 797: 792: 784: 779: 770: 768: 754: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 695: 690: 688: 684: 676: 672: 668: 658: 656: 651: 647: 643: 635: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612: 607: 603: 599: 591: 585: 581: 577: 572: 565: 563: 559: 554: 551: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 527:, from which 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 435: 431: 427: 426:definite form 423: 419: 415: 414: 409: 405: 402: 398: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 344: 340: 339: 335: 331: 327: 320: 319: 315: 311: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 283: 274: 270: 266: 262: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 216:Note: The þ ( 215: 214: 212: 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 116: 107: 98: 89: 80: 71: 61: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 13162:World War II 13015:Early modern 12992:Kalmar Union 12863:Papal States 12781:Roman Empire 12609: 12597:Demographics 12468:Architecture 12440:Prostitution 12408:Human rights 12281: 12186:Constitution 12060:Christianity 11995:Independence 11656:Coat of arms 11616:Martial arts 11524:Army culture 11514:Architecture 11484:Witch trials 11439:Prostitution 11385:Human rights 11318:Demographics 11232:Trade unions 11202:Shipbuilding 11162:Homelessness 11122:Central Bank 11117:Car industry 10956:Conservatism 10866:Constitution 10861:Conscription 10534:Eastern Bloc 10524:Soviet Union 10517:Russian SFSR 10447:Feudal Rus' 10331:Bibliography 10200:Demographics 10134:Central bank 10024:Human rights 9997:Constitution 9542:Architecture 9514:Great Famine 9504:Universities 9444:Hussite Wars 9361:Great Schism 9248:Papal States 8948:Fimbulwinter 8892:Nithing pole 8348:Norse people 8280: 8235: 8215:White Shores 8213: 8206: 8178: 8171: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8107: 8090: 8065: 8018: 8014: 8011:Archive.org. 8006: 7950: 7926: 7915: 7898: 7894: 7885: 7873: 7847: 7839: 7830: 7806: 7796: 7791: 7781: 7769:. Retrieved 7754: 7741:. Retrieved 7722: 7709: 7690: 7676: 7664: 7655: 7651: 7641:. Blackwell. 7638: 7614: 7594:. Retrieved 7579: 7569: 7549: 7532:Bibliography 7519: 7511: 7506: 7498: 7493: 7481: 7464: 7455: 7447: 7442: 7434: 7429: 7421: 7416: 7407: 7387: 7375:. Retrieved 7371:the original 7366: 7356: 7344:. Retrieved 7325: 7315: 7303:. Retrieved 7283: 7276: 7260: 7255: 7247: 7242: 7226: 7206: 7194: 7189:, p. 9. 7182: 7172: 7156: 7151: 7143: 7138: 7130: 7125: 7117: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7018: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6868: 6858: 6853: 6841:. Retrieved 6827: 6817: 6789: 6773: 6768: 6760: 6732: 6724: 6690: 6687: 6672: 6665: 6653:. Retrieved 6634: 6620: 6612: 6607: 6598: 6591:. Retrieved 6579: 6575: 6562: 6550:. Retrieved 6531: 6517: 6508: 6491: 6483: 6478: 6469:ch. 21 (ed. 6464: 6460: 6448: 6436:. Retrieved 6426: 6419: 6407:. Retrieved 6397: 6390: 6378:. Retrieved 6369: 6359: 6346:. Retrieved 6322: 6308: 6289: 6279: 6260: 6250: 6238:. Retrieved 6219: 6209: 6197: 6185:. Retrieved 6165: 6158: 6146:. Retrieved 6137: 6113:. Retrieved 6094: 6080: 6068:. Retrieved 6058: 6051: 6032: 6026: 6014:. Retrieved 6005: 5995: 5976: 5970: 5958:. Retrieved 5939: 5929: 5924:, p. 9. 5917: 5909: 5904: 5894:28 September 5892:. Retrieved 5872: 5865: 5853:. Retrieved 5833: 5826: 5818: 5811:. Retrieved 5791: 5783:Quoted from 5779: 5750: 5742: 5730: 5707: 5702: 5694: 5689: 5681: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5643: 5631: 5623: 5618: 5610: 5575: 5551: 5541: 5538: 5524: 5514: 5502:. Retrieved 5482: 5475: 5465: 5464:Kotlyar, M. 5460: 5442: 5437: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5385: 5380: 5361: 5349: 5337: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5296: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5200:, "boat"), * 5197: 5193: 5192:, "gruel"), 5187: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5163: 5143:. Retrieved 5124: 5120: 5110: 5100: 5095: 5085: 5079: 5069: 5060: 5048:. Retrieved 5037: 5030: 5018: 5002: 4990:. Retrieved 4974: 4967: 4958: 4951:. Retrieved 4931: 4924: 4912: 4900:. Retrieved 4880: 4873: 4861: 4849:. Retrieved 4829: 4822: 4810:. Retrieved 4790: 4783: 4771:. Retrieved 4751: 4741: 4729:. Retrieved 4709: 4702: 4690:. Retrieved 4671: 4661: 4649:. Retrieved 4629: 4622: 4610:. Retrieved 4577: 4573: 4561: 4549:. Retrieved 4525: 4518: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4472:. Retrieved 4452: 4445: 4433: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4388:. Retrieved 4368: 4361: 4349:. Retrieved 4329: 4322: 4310:. Retrieved 4290: 4283: 4271:. Retrieved 4251: 4244: 4232: 4227:. pp. 14–15. 4216: 4212: 4207: 4199: 4194: 4182: 4162: 4150:. Retrieved 4130: 4123: 4116: 4105: 4098: 4087: 4080: 4052:. Retrieved 4041: 4024:, p. 1. 4017: 4010: 3999: 3987:. Retrieved 3973: 3956: 3941: 3904: 3810: 3803: 3783: 3776: 3756: 3749: 3731: 3693: 3688: 3661: 3659: 3617: 3593:Arkeologerna 3592: 3589:ship burials 3558: 3553: 3547: 3504: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3465: 3452: 3446: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3233:, Sveinn in 3228: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3207:, Einarr in 3204: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3160: 3151:, "scale"), 3148: 3144: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3070: 3064: 3044: 3038: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2995: 2985: 2971: 2950: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2922: 2912: 2905: 2883: 2863: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2820: 2809: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2769: 2767:traditions. 2757: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2720:Lake Seliger 2715: 2713: 2701: 2683: 2675: 2663: 2657: 2629: 2618: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2576: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2408: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2342:prince Igor' 2337: 2315: 2266: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2232: 2224:Norse pagans 2191: 2175: 2165: 2156: 2148:Assimilation 2141: 2137: 2133: 2121: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2082: 2079:Olga of Kiev 2066: 2065:; verbatim, 2062: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2042: 2020: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1958:) "to pour" 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1857: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1758: 1744: 1740: 1720: 1686: 1684: 1675: 1671: 1651: 1637: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1587: 1559: 1553: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1509: 1489: 1458: 1454: 1443: 1437: 1370: 1340: 1295: 1243: 1196: 1185: 1179: 1169: 1140: 1047: 1023:sources. In 1016: 1010: 988: 978: 957:Östergötland 946: 939: 933: 869: 852: 849: 842: 832: 828: 814: 808: 804: 800: 794: 790: 788: 765:against the 755: 708: 691: 674: 659: 641: 630: 628: 609: 601: 587: 571: 557: 555: 544: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 506: 501: 490:Piraeus Lion 484:roþ(r)slanti 481: 466:Nibble stone 461: 453: 449: 445: 439: 432: 421: 417: 411: 407: 403: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 362: 353: 345: 336: 329: 322: 316: 306: 302: 290: 286: 280: 278: 272: 253: 249: 245: 241: 229: 225: 218:thorn letter 180: 149:between the 147:river-routes 130: 123: 121: 113: Other 36: 13269:Rus' people 13147:World War I 13137:Nationalism 13025:Reformation 13010:Renaissance 12982:Black Death 12915:Kievan Rus' 12818:Middle Ages 12610:Rus' people 12473:Kievan Rus' 11864:Kievan Rus' 11849:Early Slavs 11708:tea culture 11561:Fairy tales 11424:Open access 11397:Immigration 11358:Gun control 11097:Agriculture 11066:Term limits 10976:Martial law 10971:Nationalism 10966:Irredentism 10961:Imperialism 10744:Caspian Sea 10660:Environment 10655:Earthquakes 10551:Union State 10539:Dissolution 10438:Kievan Rus' 10428:Early Slavs 10205:Belarusians 10124:Agriculture 9843:Kievan Rus' 9771:WikiProject 9698:Medievalism 9537:Agriculture 9401:Manorialism 9396:Communalism 9391:Monasticism 9308:Reconquista 9298:Kievan Rus' 9008:Settlements 8974:Poetic Edda 8797:Runic magic 8739:and worship 8712:Urðarbrunnr 8702:Mímisbrunnr 8682:Ginnungagap 8629:Jörmungandr 8607:Hel (being) 8580:Light elves 8488:Trade route 8463:Norse–Gaels 8359:Scandinavia 7996:Rus' people 7758:. Longman. 7486:Duczko 2004 6202:Duczko 2004 5322:pp. 44–48. 5273:Vol(o)dimēr 4917:Duczko 2004 4580:(1): 1–10. 4513:, 13 (2000) 4369:The Vikings 4237:Duczko 2004 3626:before the 3571:is killed, 3565:Poetic Edda 3531:Shestovitsa 3486:in Gotland. 3474:Archaeology 3352:Kolbangians 3263:, Hákon in 3241:Suchvostovo 3200:Buchvostovo 2382:), Arfast ( 2368:), Sfanda ( 2122:Antapodosis 2087:continuator 2033:' court at 1940:"laughing" 1903:Varouforos 1900:Βαρουφόρος 1803:"slurping" 1594:Ibn Rustah 1477:Ibn Khaldun 1404:Ship burial 1379:Kievan Rusʹ 1361:) and Dir ( 1341:From among 1282:Krivichians 1246:origin myth 1115:held their 1109:in the land 918:(city), as 711:Anund Jakob 671:Lake Ladoga 646:rune stones 541:Proto-Norse 521:róþs-karlar 458:Håkan stone 430:neuter noun 418:rōþsbyggiar 381:in English 373:consonant, 244:in English 228:in English 167:East Slavic 159:Kievan Rusʹ 97:Old English 13274:Varangians 13263:Categories 12910:Viking Age 12725:Prehistory 12615:Ruthenians 12567:Literature 12540:Vyshyvanka 12435:Minorities 12352:Corruption 12285:(currency) 12206:Government 12201:Parliament 12140:Waterfalls 12005:Euromaidan 11854:East Slavs 11839:Sarmatians 11827:Chronology 11713:Television 11688:Philosophy 11621:Mass media 11611:Literature 11606:Inventions 11368:Healthcare 11303:Corruption 11293:Censorship 11184:(currency) 11061:Separatism 11006:Opposition 10991:Neo-Nazism 10981:Monarchism 10951:Liberalism 10946:Propaganda 10906:Government 10773:North Asia 10574:Journalism 10433:East Slavs 10423:Sarmatians 10268:Literature 10258:Folk dance 10215:Healthcare 10143:(currency) 10071:Parliament 10019:Government 9992:Censorship 9838:Androphagi 9693:Land terms 9647:Technology 9627:Philosophy 9607:Literature 9572:Demography 9273:Viking Age 9080:Köpingsvik 8999:Runestones 8979:Prose Edda 8922:Berserkers 8885:Runemaster 8727:Jötunheimr 8717:Yggdrasill 8707:Hvergelmir 8585:Dark elves 8414:Viking Age 8266:Varangians 8221:Miklagarðr 8202:Bjarmaland 8167:Pallteskja 7965:1438129181 7929:. Brepols. 7821:0415327563 7771:3 February 7737:9004138749 7629:0415327563 7377:27 January 7346:27 January 7305:26 January 6843:5 February 6655:1 February 6593:31 January 6552:31 January 6466:Fagrskinna 6438:18 January 6380:3 February 6348:3 February 6240:24 January 6187:3 February 6148:3 February 6115:28 January 6070:5 February 6016:5 February 5960:29 January 5855:28 January 5759:. p. 5504:28 January 5184:kassa/kaza 5145:31 January 5050:29 January 4953:28 January 4902:30 January 4851:28 January 4812:3 February 4773:28 January 4731:28 January 4692:28 January 4651:28 January 4612:28 January 4551:28 January 4474:28 January 4390:28 January 4351:28 January 4312:28 January 4273:28 January 4152:22 January 4054:26 January 3989:12 January 3741:References 3706:Belarusian 3666:Ros’ River 3587:. Swedish 3581:Ibn Fadlan 3427:Macedonian 3357:Kolbežycze 3355:, such as 3323:, such as 3292:Bernjatino 3271:, Oléf in 3251:Turyborovo 3246:Stegrimovo 3213:Kondrikovo 3205:Djurbenevo 3049:(from ON * 2866:Maskovichi 2780:Zvenigorod 2752:Lake Onega 2558:as Ol'ga, 2540:While the 2535:Freysteinn 2346:Volodislav 2338:Svjatoslav 2306:Helga/Olga 2257:Volodislav 2248:Svjatoslav 2140:, and the 1987:strjúkandi 1574:Tmutarakan 1566:Ibn Rustah 1540:date palms 1473:Al-Qazwini 1311:Gotlanders 1292:peoples). 1280:, and the 1262:Varangians 1117:housecarls 1072:Brøðr vaʀu 1021:West Norse 989:folksgrimʀ 970:Ibn Fadlan 906:Miklagarðr 694:prehistory 667:Lake Ilmen 584:Varangians 478:Erik Brate 408:róþskarlar 350:fleet levy 256:is minute. 234:eth letter 155:Black Seas 12957:Feudalism 12928:Catalonia 12463:Animation 12430:Languages 12379:(2009-10) 12347:Education 12321:Transport 12233:Judiciary 12226:Elections 12196:President 12135:Mountains 12084:Geography 11975:Holodomor 11911:Hetmanate 11834:Scythians 11571:Festivals 11464:Sociology 11414:Languages 11333:Education 11237:Transport 11071:Terrorism 10916:Judiciary 10910:Apparatus 10876:Elections 10841:Anarchism 10815:Far North 10766:Volcanoes 10751:Mountains 10628:Geography 10507:Civil war 10418:Scythians 10263:Languages 10210:Education 10174:Transport 10081:President 10054:Militsiya 10002:Elections 9912:Geography 9678:Dark Ages 9587:Household 9582:Hastilude 9351:Feudalism 8958:Wild Hunt 8902:Longships 8875:Old Norse 8865:Mead hall 8772:Midsummer 8697:Niflheimr 8677:Fólkvangr 8657:Vanaheimr 8644:Cosmology 8622:Valkyries 8597:Einherjar 8525:mythology 8473:Garðaríki 8455:Expansion 8248:Smaleskja 8208:Khortitsa 8186:Kænugarðr 8180:Chernigov 8115:Hólmgarðr 8064:Names in 8056:Garðaríki 7935:cite book 7901:: 65–97. 7856:cite book 6984:chudožnik 6409:9 January 6354:pp.43-44. 5386:Runstenar 5268:Waldimarr 5256:tǔlkovati 5222:pol'ud'je 5066:Svafrlami 5040:, p. 155" 4992:9 January 4594:1049-7544 4493:Austrvegr 4417:(1): 11. 3727:romanised 3718:Ukrainian 3670:Icelandic 3431:Bulgarian 3365:Kolbižicy 3343:Verjažino 3331:Varež(ka) 3321:Varangian 3305:Bernoviči 3303:, and in 3269:Jakunicha 3224:Rognedino 3218:Redrikovo 3080:gol(u)bec 2977:loanwords 2778:found in 2655:epic poem 2583:When the 2378:), Turd ( 2372:), Uleb ( 2370:Svanhildr 2362:), Akun ( 2350:Predslava 2340:, son of 2253:Predslava 2138:Nordmanni 2035:Ingelheim 1917:báru-foss 1912:vara-foss 1851:Gelandri 1848:Γελανδρί 1837:hólm-foss 1825:Oulvorsi 1822:Οὐλβορσί 1739:cataract 1717:Old Norse 1697:Pechenegs 1564:traveler 1453:recorded 1451:Al-Yaqūbi 1417:traveler 1363:Old Norse 1355:Old Norse 1323:Beloozero 1256:: the Rus 1213:. The Rus 1147:clan land 1025:Old Norse 888:Kønugarðr 882:Hólmgarðr 796:Garðaríki 767:Pechenegs 642:Varangian 620:Curonians 517:róþs-menn 468:, in the 460:, and as 413:rospiggar 401:Old Norse 371:voiceless 279:The name 205:Etymology 175:Old Norse 45:Varangian 18:Normanist 13196:See also 13167:Cold War 12962:Crusades 12932:Valencia 12670:Category 12637:Censuses 12625:Refugees 12620:Diaspora 12557:Holidays 12552:Folklore 12445:Religion 12402:problems 12372:HIV/AIDS 12367:Abortion 12216:Military 12169:Politics 12155:Wildlife 12070:Military 12065:Economic 12053:By topic 11763:Category 11641:Nobility 11601:Internet 11596:Heraldry 11591:Graffiti 11576:Folklore 11519:Armorial 11449:Religion 11434:Polygamy 11373:HIV/AIDS 11353:Funerals 11343:Feminism 11313:Deafness 11298:Citizens 11288:Cannabis 11273:Abortion 11217:Taxation 11157:Gambling 11147:Forestry 10996:Military 10829:Politics 10810:Wildlife 10756:Caucasus 10719:Glaciers 10599:Military 10584:Internet 10562:By topic 10456:Vladimir 10451:Novgorod 10405:Timeline 10340:Category 10225:Religion 10220:Language 10159:Industry 10066:Military 9975:Politics 9817:articles 9761:Category 9728:Timeline 9617:Minstrel 9612:Medicine 9494:Chivalry 9449:Burgundy 9371:Crusades 9120:Timerevo 9110:Sarskoye 9095:Ralswiek 9085:Lindholm 9065:Jomsborg 9060:Holmgard 9045:Gnezdovo 9020:Aldeigja 8953:Ragnarök 8927:Emporium 8870:Holmgang 8792:Calendar 8722:Valhalla 8662:Miðgarðr 8520:Paganism 8306:Blakumen 8271:Kylfings 8253:Súrdalar 8243:Særkland 8173:Gnezdovo 8128:Timerevo 8109:Duboviki 8098:Aldeigja 8019:Rūsiyyah 7872:(1981). 7720:(2004). 7689:(1999). 7675:(1996). 7612:(1936). 7596:2 August 7469:Archived 7396:Archived 7340:Archived 7299:Archived 7003:vinograd 6924:verbljud 6837:Archived 6741:Archived 6649:Archived 6615:, p. 111 6584:Archived 6546:Archived 6432:Archived 6403:Archived 6374:Archived 6370:ACADEMIA 6342:Archived 6234:Archived 6181:Archived 6142:Archived 6109:Archived 6064:Archived 6010:Archived 5954:Archived 5888:Archived 5849:Archived 5807:Archived 5682:Edebiyat 5603:Archived 5498:Archived 5369:Archived 5326:Archived 5282:vor(o)ta 5244:taparöks 5169:tĭmĭnica 5139:Archived 5099:In e.g. 5081:Sögubrot 5076:Ráðbarðr 5044:Archived 5042:. 1882. 4983:Archived 4947:Archived 4896:Archived 4845:Archived 4806:Archived 4767:Archived 4749:(2000). 4725:Archived 4686:Archived 4645:Archived 4606:Archived 4545:Archived 4499:Archived 4468:Archived 4384:Archived 4345:Archived 4306:Archived 4267:Archived 4177:page 4-5 4171:Archived 4146:Archived 4081:Roslagen 4048:Archived 3983:Archived 3961:Archived 3942:Ryssland 3910:Archived 3720:: Русь; 3656:Genetics 3577:Valhalla 3573:Brunhild 3527:Gnëzdovo 3519:Novgorod 3511:Cold War 3415:enclitic 3369:Byringar 3361:Kolbjagi 3347:Verjažka 3326:Varegovo 3316:Vællinge 3297:Bemniški 3265:Jakunovo 3261:Ivorovka 3230:Sneberka 3195:Ašvidovo 3165:Novgorod 3055:, i.e. " 3046:berkovec 2974:Germanic 2788:si{X}riþ 2708:Novgorod 2672:Mstislav 2636:linguist 2597:Guðleifr 2577:Guðleifr 2564:Guðleifr 2519:Guðleifr 2479:Arnfastr 2421:Guðleifr 2398:Iskusevi 2384:Arnfastr 2180:Yaropolk 2142:Bulgarii 2025:are the 2005:стрибати 1948:*lьjǫtji 1944:lьjant’i 1938:hlæjandi 1832:Úlfarsey 1796:nes uppi 1789:Essoupi 1786:Ἐσσουπῆ 1672:dromitai 1628:Rufstein 1592:— 1570:Novgorod 1550:— 1544:Frankish 1528:Rūsiyyah 1359:Haskuldr 1254:Novgorod 1001:Novgorod 753:rulers. 745:married 616:Danegeld 590:Aldeigja 576:Norsemen 502:Rōþsland 422:Roslagen 404:róþsmenn 358:Roslagen 295:Novgorod 269:Roslagen 153:and the 139:Norsemen 13037:Baroque 12936:Majorca 12848:Francia 12661:Outline 12535:Rushnyk 12530:Pysanka 12515:Borscht 12510:Bandura 12495:Cuisine 12478:Baroque 12455:Culture 12400:suicide 12335:Society 12316:Tourism 12291:Banking 12282:Hryvnia 12269:Economy 12022:Outline 11928:Galicia 11819:History 11810:Ukraine 11754:Outline 11566:Fashion 11556:Fashion 11544:Cuisine 11506:Culture 11494:in army 11479:Wedding 11474:Suicide 11469:Smoking 11454:Slavery 11429:Orphans 11402:Illegal 11278:Alcohol 11261:Society 11227:Tourism 11107:Banking 11085:Economy 10930:Prisons 10778:Siberia 10734:Islands 10714:Geology 10650:Climate 10640:Borders 10604:Outline 10579:Judaism 10569:Economy 10396:History 10317:Outline 10253:Cuisine 10235:Culture 10188:Society 10129:Banking 10112:Economy 9934:Geology 9825:History 9813:Belarus 9671:Related 9657:Warfare 9652:Theatre 9642:Slavery 9637:Science 9592:Hunting 9557:Cuisine 9530:Culture 9469:Castile 9464:England 9115:Sigtuna 9090:Menzlin 9075:Kaupang 9040:Dierkow 9015:Alaborg 8967:Sources 8917:Vikings 8822:Society 8737:Rituals 8687:Helheim 8672:Bifröst 8667:Vígríðr 8652:Ásgarðr 8565:Völundr 8560:Sigmund 8468:Normans 8376:History 8364:History 8301:Khazars 8296:Bulgars 8231:Rostofa 8226:Móramar 8135:Balymer 8121:Sarskoe 8103:Álaborg 8092:Lyubsha 8079:Volkhov 8066:italics 7658:: 1–32. 7402:page 23 7011:userjaz 6761:DGTSSSR 6691:Haraldr 6320:(ed.). 5813:25 July 5332:, p. 48 5231:soboljĭ 5174:Grikkiʀ 5121:Scrinum 4602:2492161 4099:Rospigg 3724:: Ῥῶς, 3710:Russian 3597:Uppsala 3563:of the 3559:In the 3467:vendesi 3463:Italian 3461:, e.g. 3398:, etc. 3389:Burjaki 3373:Burjaži 3339:Varjaža 3335:Varyzki 3301:Bernavo 3286:Bernovo 3277:Olebino 3273:Ulebovo 3256:Ivorovo 3209:Inarevo 3186:embætti 3155:ti(v)un 3118:(from * 3107:grimaðr 3052:birkisk 3002:herring 2997:seledka 2957:vitjaz' 2953:, i.e. 2874:Latvian 2835:Sigriðr 2748:navolok 2744:portage 2676:Haraldr 2569:Ingvarr 2560:Ingvarr 2531:Prasten 2513:and in 2431:Hrœrekr 2394:Finnish 2389:Sverkir 2316:The Rus 2236:at the 2118:Lombard 2075:Rugians 1992:strukum 1956:*lьjati 1931:Leanti 1928:Λεάντι 1884:ey-færr 1801:súpandi 1737:Dnieper 1729:Gotland 1705:Dnieper 1562:Persian 1331:Izborsk 1307:English 1303:Normans 1274:Merians 1155:hundred 1078:a landi 993:retinue 859:Dwarves 683:Dnieper 602:Varyags 580:Vikings 568:History 488:on the 472:in the 428:of the 366:rōþ(r)s 291:Belarus 240:/ð/ of 224:/θ/ of 195:Ukraine 191:Belarus 12924:Aragon 12903:Amalfi 12888:Venice 12876:Second 12675:Portal 12525:Kobzar 12490:Cinema 12396:Murder 12362:Health 12301:Energy 12130:Rivers 12123:Cities 11859:Kuyaba 11768:Portal 11723:Sports 11651:Anthem 11539:Cinema 11534:Ballet 11444:Racism 11407:Labour 11363:Health 11328:Doping 11182:Ruble 11167:Mining 11137:Energy 10800:Rivers 10709:Fjords 10609:Postal 10461:Moscow 10387:Russia 10345:Portal 10278:Cinema 10154:Energy 10141:Ruble 9961:Swamps 9956:Rivers 9924:Cities 9815: 9751:Portal 9632:Poetry 9459:France 9130:Vanaja 9055:Hedeby 9050:Grobin 9025:Arkona 8936:Events 8897:Skalds 8850:Thrall 8602:Fenrir 8592:Dvergr 8570:Vættir 8555:Sigurd 8550:Jötunn 8276:Chudes 7962: 7919:'s 7818: 7762: 7734: 7697: 7626: 7587: 7557: 7463:", in 7332: 7291: 7175:(2002) 7088:penjaz 7084:petlja 7046:gradil 7038:bronja 7027:bondar 7007:smokva 6976:steklo 6960:lichva 6920:bljudo 6916:Gothic 6900:chižin 6861:(2002) 6820:(2002) 6792:(2002) 6680: 6641: 6538: 6334: 6296: 6267: 6226: 6173: 6101: 6039: 5983: 5946: 5880: 5841: 5799: 5767: 5531: 5490: 5451: 5392: 5289:(2002) 5248:topor- 5226:sabaló 5218:polyði 5214:polota 5210:poluta 5206:l'äs'i 5198:lodĭja 4939: 4888: 4837: 4798: 4759: 4717: 4678: 4637: 4600: 4592: 4537: 4460: 4376: 4337: 4298: 4259: 4223: 4138: 4117:2. lag 3818: 3791: 3764: 3716:, and 3569:Sigurd 3454:-s'(a) 3419:Basque 3393:Burjaz 3385:Burezi 3381:Burigi 3377:Buregi 3363:, and 3345:, and 3281:Olibov 3180:jabeda 3161:thiónn 3132:(from 3101:(from 3084:(from 3071:vitjaz 3066:varjag 3040:viking 3031:vitjaz 3019:varjag 3013:jaščik 2965:витязь 2951:Viking 2938:Byliny 2919:(1882) 2915:), by 2906:vitjaz 2896:Legacy 2792:Sigrið 2732:steinn 2615:Ryazan 2601:Ingvar 2593:Vuzlev 2551:Ol(e)g 2529:as in 2521:. The 2515:Vuzlev 2505:as in 2483:Arfast 2455:Óleifr 2441:, and 2439:Óleifr 2402:Óleifr 2375:Óleifr 2255:, and 2103:Khagan 1952:lьjati 1880:æ-fari 1814:не спи 1745:Aeifor 1741:Aeifar 1721:Aeifor 1475:, and 1426:(1883) 1351:boyars 1347:Askold 1327:Truvor 1319:Sineus 1309:, and 1299:Swedes 1290:Finnic 1286:Slavic 1276:, the 1272:, the 1268:, the 1209:, and 1176:(1899) 1056:, the 1036:grimmr 1030:grimmr 1006:grimmr 915:gorodǔ 900:Garðar 862:Dvalin 801:Garðar 675:Gardar 650:Sweden 624:Swedes 582:, and 529:Ruotsi 513:Róðinn 494:Athens 462:i ruþi 450:rōþer 391:Ruotsi 330:Ruotsi 318:Ruotsi 314:Finnic 287:Russia 265:Europe 187:Russia 163:Finnic 151:Baltic 143:Sweden 131:Russes 111: 104: 102: 95: 93: 86: 84: 77: 75: 68: 66: 12893:Genoa 12871:First 12642:Women 12587:Sport 12582:Opera 12577:Music 12572:Media 12547:Dance 12520:Kazka 12387:Delta 11844:Goths 11673:Opera 11626:Music 11489:Women 11390:LGBTQ 11308:Crime 11242:Waste 10761:Urals 10739:Lakes 10324:Index 10283:Media 10273:Music 9833:Neuri 9662:Women 9622:Music 9577:Domes 9567:Dance 9454:Milan 9135:Wolin 9125:Truso 9100:Reric 9035:Birka 8880:Runes 8860:Thing 8855:Félag 8845:Thegn 8835:Clans 8807:Galdr 8802:Völva 8787:Gothi 8777:Hörgr 8752:Seiðr 8617:Norns 8575:Elves 8543:Vanir 8291:Merya 8286:Slavs 8155:Dvina 8070:Norse 7923:' 7876:' 7795:[ 7743:5 May 7728:Brill 7648:' 7461:' 7118:truba 7113:' 7111:remen 7090:' 7072:krest 7067:' 7065:korol 7053:doska 7048:' 7034:bočka 7029:' 7013:' 6999:bukva 6995:čužoj 6990:' 6980:chleb 6972:stupa 6955:' 6948:' 6946:lečit 6941:' 6939:kusit 6934:' 6932:kupit 6928:kotel 6912:šolom 6908:cholm 6904:chlev 6887:' 6885:knjaz 6738:Runor 6629:' 6587:(PDF) 6572:(PDF) 6526:' 6089:' 5396:p. 31 5303:, p. 5278:warta 5264:tǔlkǔ 5260:tulkʀ 5252:tulka 5240:stolǔ 5236:stóll 5202:Læsiʀ 5194:læðia 5179:Griky 5064:E.g. 4986:(PDF) 4979:(PDF) 4598:JSTOR 4507:' 4112:, p. 4094:, p. 4076:, p. 4006:, p. 3937:, p. 3722:Greek 3714:Rusyn 3702:Роусь 3680:Notes 3650:' 3645:' 3640:' 3620:' 3602:' 3585:' 3554:Austr 3543:' 3535:' 3507:' 3500:' 3395:' 3310:Veliž 3236:Sven' 3175:silki 3145:skala 3140:' 3115:' 3103:griði 3099:gridi 3094:' 3073:' 3057:Birka 3034:' 3025:stjag 2992:knout 2943:' 2908:' 2890:' 2886:' 2851:' 2847:' 2816:' 2812:' 2799:runes 2784:' 2772:' 2765:' 2736:Hákon 2724:' 2716:Asgut 2706:from 2690:Rural 2684:Slovo 2666:, in 2664:Slovo 2662:, or 2647:Bojan 2625:' 2556:Helga 2546:Helgi 2533:from 2517:from 2511:Þórðr 2509:from 2487:Fastr 2471:Jakun 2467:Hákon 2447:' 2443:Ivarr 2435:Hákon 2380:Þórðr 2365:Hákon 2359:Helga 2326:' 2318:' 2296:Urban 2290:' 2285:' 2261:' 2242:' 2212:Freyr 2200:Veles 2196:Perun 2188:' 2168:' 2134:Rusii 2099:' 2095:' 2071:' 2023:' 1962:лляти 1733:' 1713:' 1709:' 1701:' 1676:a run 1656:Greek 1642:(the 1624:Eifor 1582:' 1512:' 1501:' 1496:' 1492:' 1485:' 1481:' 1465:' 1446:' 1440:' 1410:' 1406:of a 1343:Rurik 1335:' 1329:, in 1321:, at 1315:' 1270:Slavs 1266:Chuds 1258:' 1250:' 1239:' 1229:' 1223:' 1219:' 1215:' 1199:' 1182:' 1119:well. 1050:' 1042:gramr 987:, as 985:' 974:Volga 938:, as 935:tǔrgǔ 930:' 926:' 921:garðr 894:garðr 877:' 872:' 866:Durin 839:' 825:' 791:Austr 763:' 758:' 751:' 703:' 698:' 679:' 663:' 638:' 633:' 604:, in 594:' 562:Volga 550:rothz 543:form 525:róþs- 387:rōþs- 383:thing 354:Rōþin 338:rōþer 325:' 309:' 250:rōþer 230:thing 183:' 126:' 12898:Pisa 12500:Wine 12485:Arts 12418:LGBT 12398:and 12390:cron 12385:and 12191:Flag 11906:Sich 11661:Flag 11549:Wine 11529:Arts 10594:LGBT 10478:Army 10091:List 10028:LGBT 9105:Ribe 9070:Kaup 8994:Saga 8912:Ergi 8840:Jarl 8762:Yule 8747:Blót 8538:Æsir 8533:Gods 8523:and 8281:Rus' 7960:ISBN 7941:link 7862:link 7816:ISBN 7773:2021 7760:ISBN 7745:2013 7732:ISBN 7695:ISBN 7624:ISBN 7598:2014 7585:ISBN 7555:ISBN 7379:2021 7348:2021 7330:ISBN 7307:2021 7289:ISBN 7107:post 7099:plug 7095:pila 7080:myto 7061:klej 7057:izba 7019:skut 6968:polk 6964:osel 6953:lest 6892:skot 6881:duma 6877:glaz 6845:2021 6678:ISBN 6657:2021 6639:ISBN 6595:2021 6554:2021 6536:ISBN 6440:2022 6411:2022 6382:2022 6350:2022 6332:ISBN 6294:ISBN 6265:ISBN 6242:2021 6224:ISBN 6189:2022 6171:ISBN 6150:2022 6117:2021 6099:ISBN 6072:2022 6037:ISBN 6018:2022 5981:ISBN 5962:2021 5944:ISBN 5896:2016 5878:ISBN 5857:2021 5839:ISBN 5815:2016 5797:ISBN 5765:ISBN 5529:ISBN 5506:2021 5488:ISBN 5449:ISBN 5390:ISBN 5308:Torg 5189:kaša 5147:2021 5052:2021 4994:2021 4955:2021 4937:ISBN 4904:2021 4886:ISBN 4853:2021 4835:ISBN 4814:2021 4796:ISBN 4775:2021 4757:ISBN 4733:2021 4715:ISBN 4694:2021 4676:ISBN 4653:2021 4635:ISBN 4614:2021 4590:ISSN 4553:2021 4535:ISBN 4476:2021 4458:ISBN 4392:2021 4374:ISBN 4353:2021 4335:ISBN 4314:2021 4296:ISBN 4275:2021 4257:ISBN 4221:ISBN 4200:roðʀ 4154:2021 4136:ISBN 4096:654f 4056:2021 4042:Русь 4011:Rodd 4008:650f 3991:2021 3816:ISBN 3789:ISBN 3762:ISBN 3732:Rhos 3672:and 3660:The 3429:and 3279:and 3267:and 3259:and 3170:šelk 3149:skál 3134:pund 3124:lárr 3120:lári 3091:grid 3086:gulf 3061:birk 3007:šelk 3004:"), 2994:"), 2987:knut 2823:rune 2638:and 2591:and 2589:Gleb 2507:Turd 2491:Fost 2485:and 2475:Akun 2473:and 2463:Uleb 2459:Oleb 2426:slav 2417:Gleb 2354:Olga 2348:and 2216:Odin 2210:and 2208:Thor 2198:and 2043:Rhos 1666:and 1652:Rhos 1618:The 1608:and 1572:(or 1536:Itil 1415:Arab 1375:Kiev 1367:Dyri 1288:and 1278:Ves' 1141:The 1052:are 1017:grim 979:The 941:torg 903:and 864:and 781:The 737:and 692:The 687:Rusʹ 558:Rusa 545:roðz 537:róðr 533:Rusʹ 531:and 519:and 509:róðr 454:róðr 448:for 406:and 396:Rusʹ 393:and 346:róðr 297:and 289:and 282:Rusʹ 254:róðr 252:and 189:and 122:The 12238:Law 10921:Law 9547:Art 8907:Nīþ 8830:Law 8612:Dís 8015:Rūs 8005:', 7903:doi 7265:doi 7231:doi 7103:pop 7076:luk 7042:buk 6988:car 6937:, - 6896:tyn 6328:ISD 5761:164 5609:', 5580:doi 5305:991 5129:doi 5125:7–8 5078:in 4582:doi 4491:In 4419:doi 4215:in 4114:339 4078:654 3939:668 3694:Rus 3648:Rus 3643:Rus 3163:, " 3138:Rus 3129:pud 3112:lar 2904:"A 2548:as 2527:Pr- 2523:Fr- 2501:or 2489:as 2481:as 2469:as 2461:or 2288:Rus 2128:to 2109:). 2089:of 2053:as 1969:lać 1660:Ῥώς 1524:Rūs 1455:Rūs 1444:Rus 1408:Rus 1385:). 1227:Rus 1211:971 1207:945 1203:911 999:in 995:of 870:Rus 819:by 761:Rus 631:Rus 553:). 511:or 446:roþ 434:lag 343:OWN 334:OEN 323:Rus 307:Rus 303:Rōs 246:the 124:Rus 13265:: 12934:, 12930:, 12926:, 8782:Vé 7958:. 7954:. 7937:}} 7933:{{ 7899:10 7897:. 7858:}} 7854:{{ 7814:. 7810:. 7730:. 7656:52 7654:. 7622:. 7618:. 7608:; 7365:. 7338:. 7324:. 7297:. 7218:^ 7164:^ 7116:, 7109:, 7105:, 7101:, 7097:, 7093:, 7086:, 7082:, 7078:, 7074:, 7070:, 7063:, 7059:, 7055:, 7051:, 7044:, 7040:, 7036:, 7032:, 7025:: 7021:. 7017:, 7015:/g 7009:, 7005:, 7001:, 6993:, 6986:, 6982:, 6978:, 6974:, 6970:, 6966:, 6962:, 6958:, 6951:, 6944:, 6930:, 6926:, 6922:, 6918:: 6914:. 6910:, 6906:, 6902:, 6898:, 6894:, 6890:, 6883:, 6879:, 6875:: 6835:. 6799:^ 6781:^ 6752:^ 6716:^ 6700:^ 6686:. 6647:. 6597:. 6580:55 6578:. 6574:. 6544:. 6372:. 6368:. 6340:. 6330:. 6326:. 6232:. 6179:. 6140:. 6136:. 6125:^ 6107:. 6004:. 5952:. 5886:. 5847:. 5817:. 5805:. 5763:. 5755:. 5715:^ 5591:^ 5563:^ 5537:. 5523:. 5496:. 5447:, 5220:(* 5196:(* 5166:(* 5155:^ 5137:. 5123:. 5119:. 5074:, 4981:. 4957:. 4945:. 4894:. 4843:. 4804:. 4765:. 4723:. 4684:. 4643:. 4604:. 4596:. 4588:. 4578:13 4576:. 4572:. 4543:. 4529:. 4466:. 4413:. 4409:. 4382:. 4343:. 4304:. 4265:. 4144:. 4064:^ 4046:. 4029:^ 3981:. 3948:^ 3921:^ 3857:^ 3830:^ 3712:, 3708:, 3704:; 3700:: 3604:. 3529:, 3525:, 3521:, 3517:, 3470:. 3448:-s 3445:, 3391:, 3387:, 3383:, 3379:, 3375:, 3359:, 3341:, 3337:, 3333:, 3329:, 3299:, 3295:, 3289:, 3275:, 3173:(* 3122:, 3105:, 3097:, 3076:, 3069:, 3000:(" 2990:(" 2682:, 2554:, 2477:, 2465:, 2437:, 2251:, 2077:. 1923:— 1895:— 1863:— 1843:— 1743:/ 1691:, 1682:. 1658:: 1634:). 1487:. 1471:, 1365:: 1357:: 1337:. 1305:, 1205:, 1194:. 1172:, 1157:. 976:. 769:. 578:, 379:th 360:. 305:. 242:th 226:th 12938:) 12922:( 12709:e 12702:t 12695:v 11802:e 11795:t 11788:v 10932:) 10928:( 10912:) 10908:( 10897:) 10893:( 10379:e 10372:t 10365:v 10030:) 10026:( 9805:e 9798:t 9791:v 9182:e 9175:t 9168:v 8340:e 8333:t 8326:v 8157:- 8081:- 8048:e 8041:t 8034:v 8021:. 8017:/ 7979:) 7975:( 7968:. 7943:) 7909:. 7905:: 7864:) 7824:. 7775:. 7747:. 7703:. 7632:. 7600:. 7563:. 7381:. 7350:. 7309:. 7271:. 7267:: 7237:. 7233:: 7120:. 6847:. 6747:. 6659:. 6631:" 6556:. 6442:. 6413:. 6384:. 6352:. 6302:. 6273:. 6244:. 6191:. 6152:. 6119:. 6074:. 6045:. 6020:. 5989:. 5964:. 5898:. 5859:. 5773:. 5725:. 5586:. 5582:: 5544:. 5508:. 5280:( 5270:( 5262:( 5254:( 5246:( 5238:( 5228:( 5212:( 5204:( 5186:( 5176:( 5149:. 5131:: 5105:. 5090:. 5054:. 4996:. 4906:. 4855:. 4816:. 4777:. 4735:. 4696:. 4655:. 4616:. 4584:: 4555:. 4478:. 4427:. 4421:: 4415:2 4394:. 4355:. 4316:. 4277:. 4156:. 4058:. 4040:" 3993:. 3916:. 3852:. 3824:. 3797:. 3770:. 3729:: 3183:( 3159:( 3147:( 3059:/ 2961:( 2945:( 2839:f 2827:X 2825:( 2821:g 2801:( 2797:f 2746:( 2674:( 2503:t 2499:z 2495:d 2419:( 2356:( 2312:. 2174:( 2105:( 1882:/ 1654:( 1630:( 1526:/ 1260:/ 547:( 452:/ 375:þ 341:( 328:/ 275:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.