467:, suggesting that two American affiliate chess organizations be permitted as members of FIDE, allowing two American teams, while other nations had only one, but his argument was dismissed. This approach by an individual to the FIDE President over a national team selection matter was unlikely to win any friends for Whitaker. While seemingly frivolous, questions over which players were best qualified to play on the team did lead American chess administrators to stage a qualifying tournament among Masters, to select the national team for the 1933 Olympiad. By that time, Whitaker was facing serious criminal charges (see below); he was never selected to future teams. American teams without Whitaker were able to claim the Olympiad team gold medals for 1931, 1933, 1935 and 1937, along with many individual medals. By 1939, the Western Chess Association and the National Chess Federation had merged into the
254:
536:
523:, which had been passed with the aim of preventing the transportation of stolen automobiles across state lines. It was "a nationwide plot to recover insurance on automobiles claimed to have been stolen and transported from one state to another." After exhausting more than three years of delays and appeals in 1925, Whitaker served two years in
569:, by claiming to be in contact with the kidnappers, and convinced her that they could arrange for the baby's safe return. Means intended to use Whitaker, who posed as a gangster, as the bagman to pick up her ransom money, but both were arrested and eventually convicted. What Whitaker was really convicted of was "attempted" extortion.
31:
458:
1931. Based on prior competitive results, and on the weak showings by
Phillips and Anderson on an otherwise well-performing American team (6th place) at Hamburg, Whitaker may have had a reasonable case. But it is likely that his criminal past (see below) was also a factor in the decision. He went so
624:
After his parole, and between his various prison terms, Whitaker became once again a tournament chess player, and for several years was one of the most active competitive players in
America and Europe. Games databases which compile competitive events indicate a 16-year gap for Whitaker from 1931 to
572:
Means, without
Whitaker's help, had earlier swindled Mrs. McLean out of $ 104,000, before enlisting Whitaker for a second con with a similar theme. Whitaker claimed that the Lindbergh kidnappers had refused $ 49,500 of the ransom money paid by Mrs. McLean because the serial numbers on the money had
754:
in 1965, based on his several strong tournament results from decades earlier. Certainly, his competitive results from
Atlantic City 1921 and Kalamazoo 1927, against strong fields, were at the IM level. It was far from unusual for FIDE to take many years to resolve similar situations for historical
734:
group retrospectively determines Master-level historical chess performances on a worldwide basis. The United States was among the first nations to implement a formalized national rating system, based on mathematical statistics methods, for chess performances, but this did not take place until the
387:
for international teams. Despite being in a terrible train wreck which killed nine people and severely injured his wife, he finished with a solid score of 9.5/14 in his first strong international event outside the U.S.; this tied for 4th-6th places, and won a prize. The tournament champion was
608:
He practiced several confidence schemes, among them impersonation and elaborate false arrest. His advanced education, high intelligence, command of foreign languages, expensive wardrobe, plentiful ready cash, skill at chess, and confident personal manner all aided in fooling many unsuspecting
184:
Whitaker's first really strong Master tournament was the 1913 New York
National round-robin; despite the event's name, it had no official national championship status, and indeed included several strong non-Americans. The tournament featured three of the world's top players in future
222:
Whitaker competed frequently and successfully in the
Western Open during his college years and afterwards; organized by the Western Chess Association, this was often the nation's strongest-field annually-staged tournament in that era. This tournament later became known as the
581:
in May 1932, two months after it had been kidnapped. Whitaker claimed in his 1933 trial in the capital, which became a national media frenzy, that he never got any of the money and, when asked what happened to the money, Whitaker replied, "I do not know and I wish I did."
585:
Means was sentenced to 15 years in prison for the initial successful swindle and attempted reprise, and died in prison. Whitaker was released after serving just 18 months, but was soon arrested again. During his life, he served time at several prisons, including
803:, with co-author Larry Parr, characterized Whitaker as a very strong tactical player, and he won many games this way against even the strongest players living in the U.S., from 1910 right up until the early 1950s. Whitaker named the 'Whitaker Gambit' in the
518:
Whitaker conspired with several of his own family members in an elaborate auto theft / insurance fraud scheme in the early 1920s. Whitaker, together with brother Roland and sisters
Dorothy and Hazel Whitaker, was arrested in November 1921 for violating the
249:
By 1918, he was one of the strongest players in the country, defeating former U.S. champion
Showalter in a match, by a score of +4 -1 =3. This was actually the second match between the two: Showalter had dominated their contest in 1916 by +6 -1 =0.
573:
been published. Therefore, he demanded replacement money from her, in the amount of $ 35,000, in exchange for which he promised to return the original $ 49,500, plus the baby. She did not pay the second amount; that was when the
551:'s infant child kidnapped from his New Jersey estate. Whitaker, out on bail after a Florida arrest for a scheme similar to his earlier auto fraud conviction, fled that jurisdiction and headed north, to conspire with former
403:(30th Western), Whitaker defeated the eventual champion, Chicago Master Herman Hahlbohm, but trailed him by half a point with 7.5/10, tied 2nd-4th. Whitaker tied for the title in 1930 at Chicago (31st Western) with
216:. Whitaker was outclassed by those five more experienced players, but held his own with everyone else, to finish with 5.5/13, tied 8-9th. This caliber of result clearly shows he was a strong Master by this time.
811:
of White's e-pawn for open lines; he played this successfully. Whitaker essayed a classical style, with a strong preference for symmetrical defenses with the Black pieces; he never seriously adopted the
277:. A pre-arranged time limit of three hours for the game found it still unfinished after 25 moves, with Whitaker having a slight advantage, and Capablanca adjudicated the position as a win for Whitaker.
297:
tournament series. Whitaker finished with 8/11, only half a point behind winner
Janowski, and ahead of Marshall, both of whom he defeated head-to-head. This was arguably his peak lifetime performance.
499:
by travelling around the country, staying ahead of recruiting notices, before finally reporting as the war wound down in
November 1918, then being discharged after one day, for defective vision.
683:
Whitaker also served as a chess organizer and tournament director during this period, to supplement his income; for example, he organized and directed the 1959 Eastern States Open tournament in
131:
Whitaker was a member of the Franklin Mercantile Chess Club in Philadelphia, the nation's second-oldest chess club, and represented Franklin in team matches. This club was named in honor of
360:, who was already Master strength, and who later became one of the world's top players. Based on this result, with 6.5/8 -- Whitaker was declared champion of the NCF, a predecessor of the
135:, a Philadelphia chess enthusiast and one of the most prominent Americans of the 18th century. During Whitaker's early chess years, the Franklin club featured the strong veteran Master
787:
in which his friend and co-author Glenn Hartleb was killed, but Whitaker still continued to compete actively in chess until shortly before his death in 1975 at the age of 85, in
165:; Lasker won that match. While not of competitive significance, these achievements by Whitaker boosted his confidence and spurred his further development as a rising talent.
434:
Whitaker became embroiled in a dispute with chess administrators during the early 1930s. He believed he should have been selected into the American team for the
304:, but did not show up. He had been arrested and criminally charged in November 1921 (see below), and this was the likely reason for cancellation of the match.
410:
In 1930, Whitaker represented Washington, D.C. against London in a transatlantic radio match, losing a spectacular tactical game to former British champion
1014:
chessgames.com, games collection of Norman Whitaker, see Whitaker vs. Humphreys, 1909; chessmetrics.com, the Norman Whitaker career results file; Hilbert.
352:
In 1927, following release from prison, he won a nine-player invitational round-robin event, which was the first National Chess Federation Congress, in
100:
player. Norman attended high school there, graduating in 1908, and was involved in many extra-curricular school activities. Whitaker graduated from the
868:
Samuel Reshevsky vs Norman Whitaker, National Chess Federation Congress, Kalamazoo 1927, Queen's Gambit Declined, Cambridge Springs Defense, D52, 0-1
718:(himself a strong Master chess player), who designed first the American and then the worldwide rating systems for competitive chess, gave Whitaker a
559:, who had been a bagman for bribes during the corrupt Harding administration. The two concocted a scheme to swindle a wealthy but gullible heiress,
1458:
88:, and grew up in an upper middle class, socially prominent family. His father, Dr. Herbert Whitaker, was a respected mathematics teacher with a
219:
Whitaker challenged Marshall in early 1914 to a match for the U.S. title, held by Marshall, but the two could not agree on financial terms.
858:
After an early exchange of Queens, Whitaker positionally outplays the U.S. champion, converting his advantage with fine endgame technique.
364:(USCF). However, despite winning this title, Whitaker was not even invited to participate in the championship the following year, held at
1468:
1280:
1453:
488:
312:
Whitaker was a regular challenger for top places in the Western Open, held annually in the midwest, south, or far west. In 1921, at
1473:
524:
764:
magazine listed his rating as 2142. A threshold rating of 2200 indicates National Master playing standard in the United States.
1483:
1005:
chessgames.com, the Norman Whitaker games collection; see Emanuel Lasker vs. Whitaker, 1907; and Capablanca vs. Whitaker, 1909.
1347:
17:
1443:
862:
Dawid Janowski vs Norman Whitaker, 8th American Chess Congress, Atlantic City 1921, Colle System, Harwitz Defence, A40, 0-1
1478:
1463:
552:
447:
293:. This series of nine tournaments, staged at irregular intervals between 1857 and 1923, was the forerunner to the modern
1448:
864:
The former World Championship finalist gets his favorite bishop pair, but Whitaker's precise defense proves too much.
758:
In his later years, he was usually listed by the USCF as a Master Emeritus, but in January 1972 (when he was age 81),
172:, which he represented successfully in intercollegiate team play, Whitaker also represented the United States against
1383:
1365:
1299:
1109:
898:
601:
Whitaker was skillful at resetting car odometers with a screwdriver. He supplemented his income with this and other
294:
1046:
chessgames.com, the Norman Whitaker games collection; see 'phonybenoni' file of tournament crosstables at that url
850:
Norman Whitaker vs Jackson Showalter, Western Open, Excelsior 1915, Ruy Lopez, Steinitz Defense Deferred, C79, 1-0
1438:
1433:
874:
Isaac Kashdan vs Norman Whitaker, U.S. Open, Fort Worth 1951, Queen's Gambit Declined, Orthodox Defense, D60, 0-1
856:
Norman Whitaker vs Frank Marshall, 8th American Chess Congress, Atlantic City 1921, Ruy Lopez, Exchange, C68, 1-0
661:
574:
1175:
olimpbase.org, final group standings for Prague 1931, Folkestone 1933, Warsaw 1935 and Stockholm 1937 Olympiads
468:
411:
361:
644:
Whitaker played four more U.S. Opens, with very respectable results; by this era, the event was run under the
587:
197:
162:
158:
224:
169:
101:
93:
1398:
876:
Kashdan commits a couple of subtle middlegame errors which are exploited in dashing style by Whitaker.
956:
634:
365:
176:
in two transatlantic cable university challenge matches, winning his 1909 game and drawing in 1910.
612:
During his life, Whitaker was convicted of several additional serious offenses, including sending
1408:
645:
630:
383:, against the champions of 15 other nations. Also being staged at the same time and site was the
301:
290:
143:
813:
777:
677:
380:
253:
125:
1403:
543:
In March and April 1932, Whitaker gained what eventually became national notoriety during the
368:; this situation indicates conflict with chess administrators, likely over his criminal past.
124:
Whitaker was taught to play chess at the age of 14 by his father and learned more by watching
1376:
The Bobby Fischer I Knew And Other Stories -- Stormin ' Norman: Caissa's Conman; pp. 262-274.
626:
443:
109:
1428:
1423:
788:
747:
730:
gives him a peak rating of 2568 in 1928, and shows him as No. 25 in the world in 1918. The
711:
544:
393:
341:
321:
231:
189:
186:
154:
147:
105:
73:
45:
8:
1080:
chessgames.com, games collection of Norman Whitaker; see Whitaker vs. Edward Lasker, 1920
833:
739:
in 1970, while formalized international titles for chess performances were introduced by
565:
560:
535:
419:
353:
136:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
1185:
1154:
olimpbase.org, Hamburg 1930 Olympiad final group crosstable, U.S. team detailed results
821:
451:
435:
384:
376:
629:
in his return. However, he qualified through a strong preliminary event into the 1948
414:. This game was later selected for the classic, highly regarded 1952 best games book:
1379:
1361:
1343:
1295:
1105:
894:
773:
719:
699:
578:
548:
329:
235:
132:
633:, his first. In the finals, Whitaker could only manage to finish 16th out of 20, in
1032:
870:
The teenaged Reshevsky is gradually outplayed by the far more experienced Whitaker.
817:
602:
480:
357:
262:
69:
1145:
chessgames.com, games collection of Norman Whitaker; see Whitaker vs. Thomas, 1930
837:
653:
512:
270:
65:
68:, and served several terms in prison. His most infamous criminal escapade was a
924:
829:
804:
684:
638:
464:
423:
324:(23rd Western), he placed clear second with 9/11, half a point behind champion
201:
150:
30:
687:. He also travelled in 1956 with the New Jersey-based Log Cabin Chess Club to
1417:
952:
800:
692:
595:
484:
404:
333:
325:
317:
286:
274:
243:
209:
57:
825:
746:
After more than ten years of campaigning, Whitaker was finally awarded the
731:
727:
669:
594:. They had a falling-out in 1936 when Capone refused to join in Whitaker's
556:
213:
85:
816:
style, developed from 1920 by leading players from his generation such as
139:, a lawyer by profession and an experienced chess organizer and promoter.
673:
496:
772:
The last years of his life were spent driving around the country in his
1311:
760:
657:
340:
1924 (25th Western), he tied 2nd-4th with 11.5/16, but a young Mexican
113:
1358:
Shady Side: The Life and Crimes of Norman Tweed Whitaker, Chess Master
1292:
Shady Side: The Life and Crimes of Norman Tweed Whitaker, Chess Master
1102:
Shady Side: The Life and Times of Norman Tweed Whitaker, Chess Master
907:, by Norman T. Whitaker, December 1969, Chess Life, pp. 502–504.
715:
665:
649:
591:
530:
508:
400:
372:
313:
300:
Whitaker was then scheduled to play a match against Marshall for the
89:
61:
42:
784:
613:
520:
389:
959:, Hypermodern Press, San Francisco, 2000, pp. 262 and 266; Hilbert
1136:
Hilbert; chessgames.com, phonybenoni tournament crosstables files
439:
337:
266:
239:
173:
273:
long-distance chess match. He faced the very experienced master
808:
492:
455:
205:
53:
1409:
http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_jd/jd_shady_side.html
852:
A flashy tactical brilliancy against the former U.S. champion.
641:, and most of the competitors were far younger than Whitaker.
60:, and a chess author. He was convicted of several crimes, was
996:
chessgames.com, the Norman Whitaker games collection; Hilbert
783:
In 1961, he was involved in a serious automobile accident in
698:
Whitaker drew a match against the elderly German Grandmaster
227:. During this era, it was an elite round-robin format event.
97:
49:
893:(English) by Norman T. Whitaker and Glenn E. Hartleb, 1960,
668:
1953, he scored 7.5/12 for a tied 43-55th; the champion was
616:
through the mail, and sexual molestation of a minor (1950).
751:
740:
736:
688:
502:
460:
193:
1088:
1086:
652:
1948, he scored 6/12 for a tied 34th-41st; the winner was
637:; he was in his late fifties by this time. The winner was
289:, he placed clear second, and top American, in the Eighth
1023:
chessmetrics.com, the Norman Whitaker career results file
691:, playing first board for the team, ahead of 13-year-old
577:
was finally called in. The baby was found dead by father
347:
1083:
230:
His major results from this period: 16th Western Open,
887:
365 Ausgewählte Endspiele: Eines Für Jeden Tag Im Jahr
735:
1940s. International chess ratings were introduced by
705:
676:
1954, he scored 7.5/12 for a tied 17-23rd; Evans and
1271:
chessgames.com, the Norman Whitaker games collection
269:
in what is believed to have been the first American
1294:, by John Samuel Hilbert, Cassia publishers, 2000,
776:, playing in weaker-field chess tournaments in the
79:
1162:
1160:
891:365 Selected Endings: One For Each Day of the Year
531:Lindbergh case, return to prison, criminal schemes
371:In 1928, while on his honeymoon, Whitaker went to
1224:
1222:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1104:, by John Samuel Hilbert, 2000, Caissa Editions,
927:; American Mathematical Society genealogy project
157:. Lasker was in Philadelphia to play part of his
1415:
935:
933:
142:Whitaker in his teens won high-quality games in
96:, while his mother was well known as a champion
1157:
807:for the sequence 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Be3, with a
1219:
1114:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
726:. This represents a very strong Master level.
128:, one of the world's very best, play in 1905.
1267:
1265:
1207:Hilbert, p. 121; Denker and Parr, pp. 265-268
930:
724:The Rating of Chess Players, Past and Present
495:attorney. He avoided military service during
1189:, February 26, 1922; Denker and Parr, p. 266
925:http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=36252
316:(22nd Western), he placed fourth with 8/11;
1399:Official FBI Story about Norman T. Whitaker
1049:
1262:
1037:, March and June 1914 issues, p. 51 and 76
949:The Bobby Fischer I Knew And Other Stories
483:by 1916. He worked for several years as a
179:
1062:chessgames / phonybenoni games collection
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
489:United States Patent and Trademark Office
1404:The Chess Games of Norman Tweed Whitaker
1337:
1238:
660:1951, he scored 8/12 for a tied 9-13th;
534:
503:Criminal involvement, conviction, prison
252:
200:, and former world title match finalist
108:in German Literature. He graduated from
29:
1459:Georgetown University Law Center alumni
1355:
767:
755:chess champions from around the world.
722:of 2420 in his authoritative 1978 work
625:1947; he played the 1947 U.S. Open, at
525:United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth
196:(who won the event), American champion
14:
1416:
1373:
962:
843:
474:
375:to represent the United States in the
348:Represents U.S. in international chess
41:(April 9, 1890 – May 20, 1975) was an
1216:Hilbert; Denker and Parr, pp. 265-268
648:format, with much larger fields. At
590:, where he befriended the notorious
429:
307:
119:
1340:The Even More Complete Chess Addict
1324:Denker and Parr, p. 263 and 273-274
619:
553:United States Department of Justice
280:
24:
1469:American people convicted of fraud
1338:Fox, Mike; James, Richard (1993),
905:Sixty-five Years in American Chess
706:Recognized as International Master
539:Norman T. Whitaker, mug shot, 1932
234:1915–8.5/10, second place, winner
25:
1495:
1454:University of Pennsylvania alumni
1392:
242:1916–13.5/19, tied 4-5th, winner
1259:Hilbert; Denker and Parr, p. 269
840:. He was strong in the endgame.
794:
295:United States Chess Championship
80:Early life, family and education
1318:
1304:
1285:
1274:
1253:
1244:
1231:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1178:
1169:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1095:
1074:
1065:
1040:
780:that he could potentially win.
575:Federal Bureau of Investigation
479:Whitaker was practicing law in
257:Whitaker with John H. Smythe Jr
1474:American confidence tricksters
1026:
1017:
1008:
999:
990:
942:
918:
469:United States Chess Federation
412:Sir George Thomas, 7th Baronet
362:United States Chess Federation
261:In 1920, Whitaker represented
13:
1:
1484:20th-century American lawyers
1356:Hilbert, John Samuel (2000),
1331:
588:Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
336:(24th Western) with 9/11. At
208:, along with the very strong
159:World Chess Championship 1907
225:U.S. Open Chess Championship
7:
1444:Chess International Masters
1198:Denker and Parr, p. 265-268
880:
695:, who was on second board.
598:, but reconciled later on.
459:far as to directly contact
27:American lawyer and con man
10:
1500:
1479:20th-century chess players
1464:Disbarred American lawyers
1250:Denker and Parr, p.262-268
547:, which saw famed aviator
377:Amateur World Championship
320:won with 9.5. In 1922, at
170:University of Pennsylvania
153:and future world champion
102:University of Pennsylvania
94:University of Pennsylvania
1449:Lawyers from Philadelphia
635:South Fallsburg, New York
416:500 Master Games of Chess
366:Bradley Beach, New Jersey
332:for the title in 1923 at
1127:Denker and Parr, p. 266.
1071:Denker and Parr, p. 271.
911:
356:, ahead of the teenaged
144:simultaneous exhibitions
34:Norman T. Whitaker, 1969
1374:Denker, Arnold (1995),
1228:Denker and Parr, p. 268
1092:Denker and Parr, p. 263
1034:American Chess Bulletin
939:Denker and Parr, p. 262
646:Swiss-system tournament
302:U.S. Chess Championship
291:American Chess Congress
180:Reaches Master strength
1439:American chess writers
1434:American chess players
778:Southern United States
678:Arturo Pomar Salamanca
540:
507:However, Whitaker was
446:(0.5/2 at Hamburg) or
381:round-robin tournament
258:
126:Harry Nelson Pillsbury
35:
1378:, Hypermodern Press,
1315:, January 1972, p. 66
710:Physics Professor at
627:Corpus Christi, Texas
538:
444:Harold Meyer Phillips
256:
238:; 17th Western Open,
110:Georgetown University
84:Whitaker was born in
39:Norman Tweed Whitaker
33:
18:Norman Tweed Whitaker
1239:Fox & James 1993
789:Phenix City, Alabama
768:Later life and death
748:International Master
712:Marquette University
545:Lindbergh kidnapping
450:(6/17)), or for the
448:James Allan Anderson
394:World Chess Champion
342:Carlos Torre Repetto
232:Excelsior, Minnesota
190:Jose Raul Capablanca
187:World Chess Champion
168:While attending the
155:Jose Raul Capablanca
148:World Chess Champion
74:Lindbergh kidnapping
46:International Master
1360:, Caissa Editions,
1342:, Faber and Faber,
844:Notable chess games
834:Savielly Tartakower
566:The Washington Post
561:Evalyn Walsh McLean
475:Professional career
420:Savielly Tartakower
396:seven years later.
354:Kalamazoo, Michigan
344:dominated with 14.
137:Walter Penn Shipley
1186:The New York Times
822:Alexander Alekhine
680:shared the title.
563:, co-publisher of
541:
452:4th Chess Olympiad
436:3rd Chess Olympiad
385:2nd Chess Olympiad
259:
36:
1349:978-0-571-17040-1
774:Volkswagen Beetle
700:Friedrich Samisch
672:. And finally at
631:U.S. Championship
603:confidence tricks
579:Charles Lindbergh
549:Charles Lindbergh
511:in 1924 from the
442:1930 (instead of
430:Selection dispute
330:Stasch Mlotkowski
308:Wins Western Open
236:Jackson Showalter
133:Benjamin Franklin
120:Chess involvement
106:Bachelor's degree
16:(Redirected from
1491:
1388:
1370:
1352:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1302:
1289:
1283:
1281:Chessmetrics.com
1278:
1272:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1112:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
994:
988:
985:
960:
946:
940:
937:
928:
922:
818:Aron Nimzowitsch
620:Returns to chess
481:Washington, D.C.
358:Samuel Reshevsky
281:Peak performance
263:Washington, D.C.
70:confidence trick
21:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1414:
1413:
1395:
1386:
1368:
1350:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1305:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:Denker and Parr
1165:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1115:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
963:
947:
943:
938:
931:
923:
919:
914:
883:
846:
838:Efim Bogolyubov
797:
770:
708:
654:Weaver W. Adams
622:
533:
513:practice of law
505:
477:
432:
350:
328:. He tied with
310:
283:
271:shortwave radio
182:
122:
82:
66:practice of law
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1393:External links
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1371:
1366:
1353:
1348:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1303:
1284:
1273:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1230:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1177:
1168:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1113:
1094:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1048:
1039:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
961:
941:
929:
916:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
902:
882:
879:
878:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
845:
842:
830:Ernst Grunfeld
805:French Defense
796:
793:
769:
766:
707:
704:
685:Washington, DC
639:Herman Steiner
621:
618:
532:
529:
504:
501:
476:
473:
465:Alexander Rueb
431:
428:
424:Julius du Mont
349:
346:
309:
306:
282:
279:
202:Dawid Janowski
198:Frank Marshall
181:
178:
163:Frank Marshall
161:match against
151:Emanuel Lasker
121:
118:
81:
78:
72:involving the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1496:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1385:1-886040-18-4
1381:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1367:0-939433-57-5
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1300:0-939433-57-5
1297:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1111:
1110:0-939433-57-5
1107:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
958:
954:
953:Arnold Denker
950:
945:
936:
934:
926:
921:
917:
906:
903:
900:
899:0-923891-84-6
896:
892:
888:
885:
884:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
847:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
806:
802:
801:Arnold Denker
795:Playing style
792:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
765:
763:
762:
756:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
703:
701:
696:
694:
693:Bobby Fischer
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
617:
615:
610:
606:
604:
599:
597:
596:prison strike
593:
589:
583:
580:
576:
570:
568:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
537:
528:
526:
522:
516:
514:
510:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:civil servant
482:
472:
470:
466:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
405:Samuel Factor
402:
397:
395:
392:, who became
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
345:
343:
339:
335:
334:San Francisco
331:
327:
326:Samuel Factor
323:
319:
318:Edward Lasker
315:
305:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
287:Atlantic City
278:
276:
275:Edward Lasker
272:
268:
264:
255:
251:
247:
245:
244:Edward Lasker
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
220:
217:
215:
211:
210:Charles Jaffe
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:
177:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
129:
127:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:civil servant
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
32:
19:
1375:
1357:
1339:
1320:
1310:
1306:
1291:
1287:
1276:
1255:
1246:
1233:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1101:
1097:
1076:
1067:
1042:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
948:
944:
920:
904:
890:
886:
826:Richard Reti
799:Grandmaster
798:
782:
771:
759:
757:
745:
732:Chessmetrics
728:Chessmetrics
723:
709:
697:
682:
670:Donald Byrne
643:
623:
611:
607:
600:
584:
571:
564:
557:Gaston Means
542:
517:
506:
478:
433:
415:
409:
407:with 6.5/8.
398:
370:
351:
311:
299:
285:In 1921, at
284:
260:
248:
229:
221:
218:
214:Oscar Chajes
183:
167:
141:
130:
123:
86:Philadelphia
83:
38:
37:
1429:1975 deaths
1424:1890 births
814:hypermodern
674:New Orleans
662:Larry Evans
497:World War I
399:In 1929 at
1418:Categories
1332:References
1312:Chess Life
957:Larry Parr
889:(Deutsch)
761:Chess Life
658:Fort Worth
463:President
322:Louisville
114:law degree
750:title by
743:in 1950.
716:Arpad Elo
702:in 1960.
666:Milwaukee
650:Baltimore
609:victims.
592:Al Capone
509:disbarred
401:St. Louis
373:The Hague
314:Cleveland
92:from the
90:doctorate
76:in 1932.
64:from the
62:disbarred
881:Writings
785:Arkansas
664:won. At
614:morphine
521:Dyer Act
487:for the
390:Max Euwe
265:against
146:against
43:American
1241::24–25)
987:Hilbert
491:, as a
440:Hamburg
338:Detroit
267:Chicago
240:Chicago
192:, from
174:England
112:with a
104:with a
1382:
1364:
1346:
1298:
1108:
897:
836:, and
809:gambit
720:rating
714:, Dr.
555:Agent
493:patent
456:Prague
206:France
54:lawyer
951:, by
912:Notes
656:. At
418:, by
98:whist
50:chess
1380:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1106:ISBN
955:and
895:ISBN
752:FIDE
741:FIDE
737:FIDE
689:Cuba
461:FIDE
422:and
379:, a
212:and
194:Cuba
56:, a
52:, a
204:of
48:of
1420::
1264:^
1221:^
1159:^
1116:^
1085:^
1051:^
964:^
932:^
832:,
828:,
824:,
820:,
791:.
605:.
527:.
515:.
471:.
454:,
438:,
426:.
246:.
116:.
1237:(
901:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)