1408:(1936). Cogni claimed that a racial affinity existed between the Mediterranean and Nordic racial subtypes of the Aryan race, and he also claimed that the intermixing of Nordic Aryans and Mediterranean Aryans in Italy produced a superior synthesis of Aryan Italians. Cogni addressed the issue of the racial differences which existed between northern and southern Italians, declaring that southern Italians were mixed between Aryan and non-Aryan races. He claimed that this mixture was most likely caused by infiltrations by Asiatic peoples in Roman times and later Arab invasions. As such, Cogni viewed Southern Italian Mediterraneans as being polluted with orientalizing tendencies. He would later change his view and claim that Nordics and Southern Italians were closely related to each other, both racially and spiritually, and that the two ethnic groups were closely related to each other. He believed that Nordics and Italians were generally responsible for inventing what are considered the best features of European civilization. Initially Mussolini was not impressed with Cogni's work; however, Cogni's ideas entered into the official Fascist racial policy several years later.
683:
882:
481:(1887), he wrote, "In Latin malus ... could indicate the vulgar man as the dark one, especially as the black-haired one, as the pre-Aryan dweller of the Italian soil which distinguished itself most clearly through his colour from the blonds who became their masters, namely the Aryan conquering race." However, Nietzsche thought of these "blond beasts" not as a racial type, but as the ideal aristocratic personality, which can appear in any society: "the Roman, Arabic, German, and Japanese nobility, the Homeric heroes, the Scandinavian Vikings, are all alike in this need."
3212:. Original text in German: "Wer von uns ist reinrassisch? Selbst die, die äußerlich nordisch aussehen, sind vielleicht innerlich Bastarde. Das kann man nicht festlegen. Weil er blond und blauäugig ist, deshalb ist er noch kein reinrassischer Mensch. Er kann sogar innerlich feig und verkommen sein. Dann offenbart sich seine Bastardisierung irgendwo anders. Wir müssen uns vor einem Rassendünkel hüten. Rassendünkel würde genau so verheerend sein wie der Klassenhass.
2211:
Mediterranean race are well known, and this race, while inferior in bodily stamina to both the Nordic and the Alpine, is probably the superior of both, certainly of the
Alpines, in intellectual attainments." Grant accepts that Mediterraneans created Semitic and Egyptian cultures, but insisted that Greece was "invigorated" by Nordics, and that "Roman ideals of family life, loyalty and truth, point clearly to a Nordic rather than to a Mediterranean origin"
315:
262:
1374:, an ally of Italy, Mussolini became enraged and angrily denounced Nazism. Mussolini rebuked Nazism's Nordicism, claiming that the Nazis' belief in the existence of a common Nordic "Germanic race" was absurd, saying that "a Germanic race does not exist. ... We repeat. Does not exist. Scientists say so. Hitler says so." That Germans were not purely Nordic was indeed acknowledged by Nazi racial theorist Hans F. K. GĂĽnther in his book
1315:
1280:
of this order, the vitality of these men, because they will always be replaced; to create an order which will spread the idea of Nordic blood so far that we will attract all Nordic blood in the world, take away the blood from our adversaries, absorb it so that never again, looking at it from the viewpoint of grand policy, Nordic blood, in great quantities and to an extent worth mentioning, will fight against us.
539:(1901) that there was no evidence that the upper tiers of ancient societies were Nordic, insisting that historical and anthropological evidence contradicted such claims. Sergi argued that Mediterraneans constituted "the greatest race in the world", with a creative edge absent in the Nordic race. According to him, Mediterraneans were the creators of all the major ancient civilisations, from
2184:"All these are roads taken by Nordic tribes: by the Phrygians to Troy and Asia Minor; by the Nordic Hellenes to Greece; by the Nordic Italics (Romans) to Italy; by the Nordic Kelts to France and Spain. To these lands these tribes bring their Indo-European languages, and as the ruling class force them on to the subject, mainly Mediterranean, lower orders."
763:. All this is due to the fact that necessity is the mother of invention because those tribes that emigrated early to the north, and there gradually became white, had to develop all their intellectual powers and invent and perfect all the arts in their struggle with need, want and misery, which in their many forms were brought about by the climate.
1302:, the vice-president of the Italian Academy, who in 1921 said that Italy needed "a great revolution ..., a return to the genius of the noble Aryan race, which is after all our race, but that has been overcome by the Semitic civilisation and mentality". At least some of the stereotypes about Southern Italians were created by
1076:
In establishing a restrictive entry system for
Germany in 1925, Hitler wrote of his admiration for America's immigration laws: "The American Union categorically refuses the immigration of physically unhealthy elements, and simply excludes the immigration of certain races." German praise for America's
624:
agreed, stating "Biological laws tell us that certain divergent people will not mix or blend. The
Nordics propagate themselves successfully. With other races, the outcome shows deterioration on both sides." Grant argues that Nordics founded the United States and the English "language", and formed the
498:
Among all the disputes and uncertainties of the ethnographers about the races of Europe, one fact stands out clearly—namely, that we can distinguish a race of northerly distribution and origin, characterised physically by fair colour of hair and skin and eyes, by tall stature and dolichocephaly (i.e.
1464:
With the rise of Nazism many critics pointed to the flaws in the theory, repeating the arguments made by Sergi and others that the evidence of ancient Nordic achievement is thin when set against the civilizations of the
Mediterranean and elsewhere. The equation of Nordic and Aryan identity was also
1411:
In 1938, Mussolini started to fear that the
Mediterranean inferiority complex would return to Italian society if Italian Fascism did not recognize the Nordic heritage of Italians. Therefore, in the summer of 1938, the Fascist government officially recognized Italians as having a Nordic heritage and
1279:
The ultimate aim for those 11 years during which I have been the
Reichsfuehrer SS has been invariably the same: to create an order of good blood which is able to serve Germany; which unfailingly and without sparing itself can be made use of because the greatest losses can do no harm to the vitality
1215:
J. Kaup led a movement opposed to GĂĽnther. Kaup took the view that a German nation, all of whose citizens belonged to a "German race" in a populationist sense, offered a more convenient sociotechnical tool than GĂĽnther's concept of an ideal Nordic type to which only a very few
Germans could belong.
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that they claimed had been instilled into
Mediterraneans by the propagation of such theories by German and British Nordicists, who viewed Mediterranean peoples as racially degenerate, and thus, in their view, inferior. However, traditional Nordicist claims of Mediterraneans being degenerate due to
1352:
Italian
Fascism strongly rejected the common Nordicist conception of the Aryan race that idealized "pure" Aryans as having certain physical traits that were considered Nordic, such as fair skin, blond hair and light eyes- traits which most Italians do not have. The antipathy by Mussolini and other
1369:
In the early 1930s, in response to the Nazi Party's rise to power in
Germany, strong tensions which were caused by racial issues arose between the Fascists and the Nazis, because the Fascists did not agree with Hitler's emphasis on a Nordicist conception of the Aryan race. In 1934, after Austrian
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Who of us is racially pure? Even if somebody's appearance is Nordic he might be a bastard inside. That somebody is blond and blue-eyed does not mean that he is racially pure. He might even be a degenerate coward. Bastardization shows in different aspects. We have to be on our guard against racial
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The pessimism of Gobineau's message did not lend itself to political action because he did not believe that humanity could be saved from racial degeneration. However, writing in April 1939, Rowbotham declared: "So after nearly a hundred years, the fantastic pessimistic philosophy of the brilliant
550:
This argument was later repeated by C. G. Seligman, who wrote that "it must, I think, be recognised that the Mediterranean race has actually more achievement to its credit than any other". Even Carleton Coon insisted that among Greeks "the Nordic element is weak, as it probably has been since the
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as non-Nordic and therefore biologically inferior. Nordicism was controversial in Italy because of common Nordicist perceptions of Mediterranean people, and especially Southern Italians, being racially degenerate. The distinction between a superior Northern Italy and a degenerate and an inferior
804:
quite a small group which, under stress of rapidly changing conditions (climate, beasts of the chase) was exposed to exceptionally rigorous selection and was persistently inbred, thus acquiring the peculiar characteristics which persist today as the exclusive heritage of the Nordic race ...
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Grant used the theory as justification for immigration policies of the 1920s, arguing that the immigrants from certain areas of Europe, such as Italians and other Southern Europeans and Eastern Europeans, represented a lesser type of European and their numbers in the United States should not be
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GĂĽnther's work agreed with Grant's, and the German anthropologist frequently stated that the Germans were not a fully Nordic people.. Hitler himself was later to downplay the importance of Nordicism in public for this very reason.. The standard tripartite model placed most of the population of
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wrote (in a book which was banned in the Third Reich) that the fact that "birds can be taught to talk better than other animals is explained by the fact that their mouths are Nordic in structure". He further claimed that in humans, "the shape of the Nordic gum allows a superior movement of the
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is not a matter of either racial pride or of racial prejudice; it is a matter of love of country, of a true sentiment which is based upon knowledge and the lessons of history rather than upon the sentimentalism which is fostered by ignorance. If I were asked: What is the greatest danger which
1420:
who settled in the area of Italy after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, and he also claimed that the intermixing of Mediterranean Romans with the Germanic Lombards was the last significant act of racial mixing that occurred in Italy, because no racial mixing had occurred since then.
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threatens the American republic to-day? I would certainly reply: The gradual dying out among our people of those hereditary traits through which the principles of our religious, political and social foundations were laid down and their insidious replacement by traits of less noble character.
1208:. Ironically, in the first edition of his popular book, Grant classified the Germans as a primarily Nordic racial group, but in the second edition (published after the US had entered World War I), Grant re-classified the now enemy power as a nation which was dominated by "inferior" Alpines.
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His racist ideology, through rooted in social and political concerns and though claiming to explain the nature of society itself, could not on his own terms effect any transformation. But Gobineau unfortunately failed to realize the degree to which such a theory—whatever his own view of its
519:
Some Nordicists admitted that the Mediterranean race was superior to the Nordic in terms of artistic ability. However, the Nordic race was still considered superior on the basis that, although Mediterranean peoples were culturally sophisticated, it was the Nordics who were alleged to be the
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According to Madision Grant, "The Nordics are, all over the world, a race of soldiers, sailors, adventurers and explorers, but above all, of rulers, organisers and aristocrats in sharp contrast to the essentially peasant character of the Alpines ... The mental characteristics of the
1395:
By 1936, the tensions which existed between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany lessened, and relations between the two nations became more amicable. In 1936, Mussolini decided to launch a racial programme in Italy, and he was interested in the racial studies which were being conducted by
1366:(1939) subscribed to depigmentation theory that claimed that Nordic race's light-coloured skin was the result of depigmentation from their ancestors of the Mediterranean race. Mussolini refused to allow Italy to return again to this inferiority complex, initially rejecting Nordicism.
1358:
having a darker colour of skin than Nordics had long been rebuked in anthropology through the depigmentation theory that claimed that lighter skinned peoples had been dipigmented from a darker skin. This theory has since become a widely accepted view in anthropology. Anthropologist
366:, holding that Europeans ("Aryans") were an innately superior branch of humanity, responsible for most of its greatest achievements. Aryanism was derived from the idea that the original speakers of the Indo-European languages constituted a distinctive race or subrace of the larger
1219:
Nazi legislation which identified the ethnic and "racial" affinities of the Jews reflected the populationist concept of race. Discrimination was not limited to Jews who belonged to the "Oriental-Armenoid" race, it was directed against all members of the Jewish ethnic population.
1171:, who joined the Nazi Party in 1932, was praised as a pioneer in racial thinking, a shining light of Nordic theory. Most official Nazi comments on the Nordic race were based on GĂĽnther's works, and Alfred Rosenberg presented GĂĽnther with a medal for his work in anthropology.
1223:
By 1939, Hitler had abandoned Nordicist rhetoric in favor of the belief that the German people as a whole were united by distinct "spiritual" qualities. Nevertheless, Nazi eugenics policies continued to favor Nordics over Alpines and other racial groups, particularly during
503:
Nordicists claimed that Nordics had formed upper tiers of ancient civilisations, even in the Mediterranean civilisations of antiquity, which had declined once this dominant race had been assimilated. Thus they argued that ancient evidence suggested that leading Romans like
866:
Günther criticised the Völkish idea, stating that the Germans were not racially unified, but were actually one of the most racially diverse peoples in Europe. Despite this, many Völkists who merged Völkism and Nordicism, most notably the Nazis, embraced Günther's ideas.
1260:, which was responsible for "the numbers of strong and healthy children running around the area". Hitler went on to say that " shows that elite troops should really be sent wherever the composition of the people is poor, in order to improve it." Indeed, Hitler and
1306:, an Italian Jewish criminologist and anthropologist of Sephardic descent. For his controversial theories, Lombroso was expelled from the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology in 1882. The Lombrosian doctrine is currently considered pseudoscientific.
1087:, was continuous throughout the early 1930s. Nazi lawyers were advocates of the use of American models; race-based U.S. citizenship and anti-miscegenation laws directly inspired the Nazis' two principal Nuremberg Laws—the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law.
527:
was usually regarded as inferior to both the Nordic and Mediterranean races, making up the traditional peasant class of Europe while Nordics occupied the aristocracy and led the world in technology, and Mediterraneans were regarded as more imaginative.
1251:
had, in his view, improved the quality of the young people who he saw there in 1940, in a "Nordicizing process, the results of which are today incontestable". He also said he observed the same process at work in the area of his mountain home near
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of Indo-European origins challenged the Nordicist equation of Aryan and Nordic identity, since it placed the earliest Indo-European speakers around central Asia and/or far-eastern Europe (although according to the Kurgan hypothesis some
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wrote of a "Nordic-Atlantean" master race whose civilisation was “lost through inward corruption and betrayal”. According to Rosenberg, the Nordic race had evolved in a now-lost landmass off the coast of Europe (perhaps the mythical
636:
was signed into law by President Coolidge. This was designed to reduce the number of immigrants from Southern Europe, Southeast Europe, Eastern Europe and Russia, exclude Asian immigrants altogether, and favour immigration from
1239:, while the great racial currents were exercising their influence, our people received so varied a share of attributes, these latter blossomed to their full value only because of the presence of the Nordic racial nucleus.
784:
was "race suicide". In this book, Europeans who are not of Germanic origin but have Nordic characteristics such as blonde/red hair and blue/green/gray eyes, were considered to be a Nordic admixture and suitable for
1201:. Madison Grant's book was the first non-German book to be translated and published by the Nazi Reich press, and Grant proudly displayed to his friends a letter from Hitler claiming that the book was "his Bible."
1412:
it also recognized Italians as being of Nordic-Mediterranean descent. At a meeting of PNF members in June 1938, Mussolini stated that he was Nordic and he declared that the previous policy which focused on
499:
long shape of head), and mentally by great independence of character, individual initiative and tenacity of will. Many names have been used to denote this type, ... . It is also called the Nordic type.
1015:
impotence—might be capable of use and adaptation by others to affect society and history. His work would in time be plundered by racists with an interest in preaching explicitly reformatory doctrines.
751:, are found exclusively among the white races; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste or race is fairer in colour than the rest and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the
2533:
Hagemann, R. (2000). Pionier der genetik und zuchtungsforschung : seine wissenschaftlichen leistungen und ihre ausstrahlung auf genetik, biologie und zuchtungsforschung von heute. R. Kovar.
1010:
French diplomat is seized upon and twisted to the use of a mystic demagogue who finds in the idea of the pure Aryan an excuse for thrusting civilization dangerously near back to the Dark Ages."
1523:, the categorisation of peoples into "superior" and "inferior" groups fell even further out of political and scientific favour, eventually leading to the characterisation of such theories as
2751:
2309:
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Erwin Baur (1875–1933) – Pioner der Genetik und Züchtungsforschung: seine wissenschaftlichen Leistungen und ihre Ausstrahlung auf Genetik, Biologie und Züchtungsforschung von heute
381:(1855). Though Gobineau did not equate Nordic people with Aryans, he argued that Germanic people were the best modern representatives of the Aryan race. Adapting the comments of
551:
days of Homer ... It is my personal reaction to the living Greeks that their continuity with their ancestors of the ancient world is remarkable, rather than the opposite."
824:, linked by common blood. While Volkism was popular mainly among Germany's lower classes and offered a romanticised version of ethnic nationalism, Nordicism attracted German
625:
ruling classes of ancient Greece and Rome. An analysis performed by Grant alleges that Northwestern Europeans are less criminal than Southern and Eastern Europeans (see also
1449:(1934) argued that the most dynamic civilisations have arisen from racially mixed cultures. This required the abandonment of Grant's gradations of "white" in favour of the "
1400:. Cogni was a Nordicist, but he did not equate Nordic identity with Germanic identity as was commonly done by German Nordicists. Cogni traveled to Germany, was impressed by
2521:
Erwin Baur (1875–1933) – Pioneer of research into genetics and breeding: his scientific achievements and their influence on today's genetics, biology and breeding research
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would be replaced with a focus on Aryanism. In July 1938, Mussolini declared that Italians had a strong Nordic heritage, particularly through the heritage of the Germanic
942:
theory to argue that social traits were innate, claiming that there was a racial nature associated with certain general traits such as inventiveness or criminal behavior.
1527:. The tripartite subdivision of "Caucasians" into Nordic, Alpine and Mediterranean groups persisted among some scientists into the 1960s, notably in Carleton Coon's book
1204:
The Nazi state used such ideas about the differences between European races as justifications for their various discriminatory and coercive policies which culminated in
620:
as examples of Nordics). Admixture was "race suicide" and unless eugenic policies were enacted, the Nordic race would be supplanted by inferior races. Future president
805:
Philological, archaeological and anthropological researches combine to indicate that the primal home of the Indo-Germanic languages must have been in Northern Europe.
1516:'s fascist government racial theories were not prominent. Mussolini stated, "Nothing will ever make me believe that biologically pure races can be shown to exist."
3554:
2700:
2994:
1069:
1268:– a racial elite chosen on the basis of "pure" Nordic qualities – as the basis for the racial "regeneration" of Europe following the final victory of Nazism.
3352:
1380:(1922) ("Racial Science of the German People"), where GĂĽnther recognized the Germans as being composed of five Aryan racial subtypes: Nordic, Mediterranean,
1342:; however, in response to pro-Nordicist Nazism's rising influence, Mussolini promoted Aryanism and argued that Italians have a Nordic-Mediterranean heritage.
968:
3541:
1538:
were heavily criticising Nordicism. In 1961 Gregor called it a "philosophy of despair", on the grounds that its obsession with purity doomed it to ultimate
1404:, and sought to implement his own version of these racial theories in Italy. On 11 September 1936, Cogni sent Mussolini a copy of his newly published book
1257:
3707:
Anne Maxwell. Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870–1940. Eastbourne, England; Portland, Oregon: Sussex Academic Press, 2008, 2010. p. 150.
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in 1935, which forbade sexual relations and marriages between Germans and Jews, and later additionally forbidding Slavs and Romani. The Nazis used the
468:, in which he argued that the "dolichocephalic-blond" people were natural leaders, destined to rule over more brachycephalic (short-skulled) people.
1143:. Like Grant and others, Rosenberg argued that the entrepreneurial energy of the Nordics had "degenerated" when they mixed with "inferior" peoples.
2755:
3633:
1586:, if used at all. While the term is still present in English, which has retained it in some contexts as a translation of the traditional Latin
475:
also referred in his writings to "blond beasts": lion-like amoral adventurers who were supposed to be the progenitors of creative cultures. In
3783:
1256:, which he described as having, when he first came there, a mongrel population, the quality of which was much improved by the presence of his
3812:
1272:
79:
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1235:
I shall have no peace of mind until I have planted a seed of Nordic blood wherever the population stands in need of regeneration. If at the
1063:(1922). An advocate of the U.S. immigration laws that favored Northern Europeans, Stoddard wrote primarily on the alleged dangers posed by "
809:
They went on to argue that "the original Indo-Germanic civilisation" was carried by Nordic migrants to India, and that the physiognomies of
4071:
674:
jokingly rhapsodized the "Nordic man" in a poem and essay in which he satirised the stereotypes of Nordics, Alpines and Mediterraneans.
3579:
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to Ripley's categories. He used the term "Ostic" instead of "Alpine". He focused on the races' supposedly distinct mental attributes.
396:
By the 1880s, a number of linguists and anthropologists argued that the Aryans themselves had originated somewhere in northern Europe.
351:
by referring to a set of physical characteristics: the concurrence of somewhat wavy hair, light eyes, reddish skin, tall stature and a
2047:
4062:
1159:. In some cases, the "Nordic" concept became an almost abstract ideal rather than a mere racial categorization. In 1933 for example,
441:. It was Huxley who also concluded that the Melanochroi, whom he described as "dark whites", are of a mixture of the Xanthochroi and
93:
3223:
1582:, has fallen out of favour amongst German-speaking scholars, and is restricted to a somewhat ironical usage similar to the archaic
996:
or Germanic race. Gobineau's theories, which attracted a strong following in Germany and later attracted a strong following in the
2214:
179:
3066:
1429:
Even before the rise of Nazism, Grant's concept of "race" lost some favour in the US in the polarising political climate after
3022:
2075:
On the genealogy of morals : a polemic : by way of clarification and supplement to my last book, Beyond good and evil
816:
By this time, Germany was well-accustomed to theories of race and racial superiority due to the long-standing influence of the
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increased. Grant and others urged this as well as the complete restriction of non-Europeans, such as the Chinese and Japanese.
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3975:
3880:
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732:, because of the tough landscape in which Nordic peoples evolved. This had ensured that weaker individuals had not survived.
3129:
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who regarded themselves to have Nordic racial heritage considered themselves a civilised people while negatively regarding
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theory, they argued that the "Nordic" qualities of initiative and will-power identified by earlier writers had arisen from
3302:
3542:
http://www.corriere.it/cultura/09_aprile_28/stella_lombroso_catalogo_assurdita_8bd638b2-33c2-11de-8558-00144f02aabc.shtml
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but Rosenberg did not use the term "master race". He used the term "Herrenvolk" (i. e., ruling people) twice in his book
456:(1888), which argued that the original Aryans could be identified by their blond hair and other Nordic features, such as
1135:), migrated through northern Europe and expanded further south to Iran and India where it founded the Aryan cultures of
3842:
3617:
3474:
2956:' description of the English in "The Truth about Kitchener". ("The Myth of the Twentieth Century") – pp. 26, 660 – 1930
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1247:, Hitler described how the presence of German and English soldiers in the combat areas which he had served in during
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301:
103:
3282:"The Racial Analysis of Human Populations in Relation to Their Ethnogenesis". Andrzej Wiercinski; Tadeusz Bielicki,
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1105:(published 1925–1926); he regarded it as scientific proof of the racial basis of civilisation. The Nazi ideologist
911:("Aryanism") were developed in the 19th century, maintaining the belief that white people were members of an Aryan "
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By the early 19th century, Nordicism was attached to emerging theories of racial hierarchy. The German philosopher
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2701:"Close-up of Richard Jenne, the last child killed by the head nurse at the Kaufbeuren-Irsee euthanasia facility"
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Seligman, C.G. (1924). "Presidential Address. Anthropology and Psychology: A Study of Some Points of Contact".
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in France on racial degeneracy caused by racial intermixing, which he argued had destroyed the "purity" of the
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and of Aryanism. He viewed the Nordic racial subtype as the apex of the racial hierarchy within the Aryan race.
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720:, which insisted on the innate superiority of the Nordic race. Adapting the arguments of German philosopher
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1441:. By the 1930s, criticism of the Nordicist model was growing in Britain and America. The British historian
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innovators and the conquerors, having an adventurous spirit that the spirit of no other race could match.
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Gerald R. Gems. Sport and the Shaping of Italian American Identity. Syracuse University Press, 2013. P57.
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In Germany the influence of Nordicism remained powerful – it became known there as "Nordischer Gedanke" (
88:
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which was superior to all other races, including other Aryans (Indo-Europeans), he used the racial term
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By the early 20th century, the concept of a "masterly" Nordic race had become familiar enough that the
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Grant argued the Nordic race had been responsible for most of humanity's great achievements (he lists
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eventually migrate into Central and Northern Europe and become the ancestors of the Nordic peoples.)
17:
3791:
1853:
3987:"Book Review: Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case Against Brown v. Board of Education"
3208:, Published by the German Labour Front, Printed by Buch- und Tiefdruck GmbH, 1935. Dr. Robert Ley:
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Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts: Eine Wertung der seelischgeistigen Gestaltungskämpfe unserer Zeit
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to refer to fair-skinned Europeans, as opposed to darker Mediterranean people, whom Huxley called
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855:), published 1922, GĂĽnther identified five principal European races instead of three, adding the
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272:
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3479:. Vol. 4. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. 1946. pp. 553–572. Archived from
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2022:
2016:
1392:, while asserting that the Nordics were the highest in a racial hierarchy of the five subtypes.
780:, that the Nordic race had been responsible for most of humanity's great achievements, and that
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3522:
Napoleone Colajanni, Ire e spropositi di Cesare Lombroso, Filippo Tropea editore, Catania, 1890
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1002:, emphasized the existence of an irreconcilable polarity between Aryan or Germanic peoples and
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and could be identified by the distinctive Nordic characteristics of light hair and blue eyes.
223:
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Italian Fascists to Nordicism was over the existence of what they viewed as the Mediterranean
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In Italy, the influence of Nordicism had a divisive effect in which the influence resulted in
1228:, when decisions were being made about the incorporation of conquered peoples into the Reich.
1840:
1693:
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1032:'s chief racial theorist, oversaw the construction of a human racial "ladder" that justified
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920:
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Alexander, Charles (1962). "Prophet of American Racism: Madison Grant and the Nordic Myth".
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3400:. Detwiler, Donald S., ed. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Kreiger Publishing Company. p. 37.
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of converting the inferiority complex, at least temporarily, into a feeling of superiority.
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1349:'s stance towards Nordicism changed from initially being hostile to later being favorable.
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about Nordicism was highly influential among racial thinking and government policy making.
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The Races of Europe: Construction of National Identities in the Social Sciences, 1839-1939
1453:"—which was embraced by white supremacists and black leaders alike. Among the latter were
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and of the Nazi Party organisation, discussed racial purity and the Nordic race in 1935:
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8:
3670:
Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration
3393:
3227:
2970:
2389:
1489:
1481:
1354:
1334:
1178:
971:, at the time there were 26,000 right-wing extremists living in Germany, including 6,000
736:
721:
661:
472:
428:
183:
159:
112:
1167:
Alongside such extreme views, a more mainstream Nordic theory became institutionalized.
4086:
3913:
3627:
3265:
2894:
2885:
2865:
2806:
Drummond, Elizabeth (2005). "Schemann, Ludwig (1852–1938)". In Levy, Richard S. (ed.).
2788:
2584:
2523:] (in German). Munich: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV.
2281:
2218:
1997:
1884:
1497:
1371:
1156:
983:
437:
374:
219:
74:
332:
4042:
4016:
3971:
3876:
3613:
3573:
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3186:
3047:
2921:
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2607:
2576:
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2332:
2288:
2089:
2079:
2026:
2001:
1807:
1780:
1753:
1726:
1699:
1657:
1652:
1617:
1558:
1524:
1442:
1330:
834:, one of Fischer's students, first defined "Nordic thought" in his programmatic book
729:
617:
461:
359:
241:
98:
3964:
Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education
967:
According to the 2012 annual report of Germany's interior intelligence service, the
3905:
3257:
3039:
3018:
2990:
2966:
2857:
2568:
1987:
1876:
1513:
1458:
1438:
1413:
1389:
1359:
1339:
1318:
1290:
1261:
1236:
1127:
1106:
1056:
1025:
856:
793:
666:
162:
nations that were associated with this supposed race influenced the United States'
84:
4013:
Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant
2658:(Paperback). Poland Under Nazi Occupation (1st ed.) (Polonia Pub. House). p. 219.
2255:
987:
3133:
2949:
2675:
2353:
1933:
1828:
1672:
1662:
1535:
1501:
1346:
1303:
900:
876:
825:
621:
442:
397:
352:
324:
171:
120:
1910:
460:(long skull). The argument was given extra impetus by the French anthropologist
158:. The notion of the superiority of the "Nordic race" and the superiority of the
2654:
Gumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz; Robert, Edward (translator) (1961).
1591:
1550:
1299:
1294:
1198:
1136:
1003:
951:
935:
671:
626:
532:
513:
485:
457:
405:
367:
340:
175:
139:
116:
1954:
4080:
3609:
Alle origini dell'antropologia italiana: Giustiniano Nicolucci e il suo tempo
3509:
Graham Bradshaw, Tom Bishop, Alexander C. Y. Huang, and Jonathan Gil Harris.
3051:
3043:
2914:
Father of Racist Ideology: The Social and Political Thought of Count Gobineau
2580:
2464:
2427:
2093:
1454:
1450:
1253:
1205:
1190:
1160:
961:
947:
781:
771:
748:
709:
654:
638:
584:
401:
245:
147:
124:
64:
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3480:
1186:
arrogance. Racial arrogance would be as devastating as hatred among classes.
3435:
3409:
1637:
1543:
1520:
1397:
1381:
1225:
928:
916:
896:
885:
860:
613:
544:
531:
Opponents of Nordicism rejected these arguments. The anti-Nordicist writer
488:
390:
386:
344:
233:
195:
107:(1899). The ideology became popular in the late-19th and 20th centuries in
3093:
Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law
3003:] (in German). Munich: Hoheneichen-Verlag. p. 214. Archived from
2792:
2073:
954:
through compulsory sterilization of sick individuals and extermination of
2721:
1469:
1430:
1385:
1248:
1041:
1037:
993:
956:
912:
756:
650:
540:
524:
421:
207:
57:
49:
2898:
1955:"On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind"
1164:
tongue, which is the reason why Nordic talking and singing are richer".
389:
writers, he argued that "pure" Northerners regenerated Europe after the
4035:
The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund
3296:
2869:
2663:
2588:
2480:
2468:
2460:
1667:
1574:
1477:
1314:
1194:
1174:
1101:
1083:
1029:
960:("subhumans"): Jews, Slavs, and Romani, which eventually culminated in
904:
889:
713:
705:
417:
363:
314:
286: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
228:
203:
199:
3917:
3329:"Nazi Program to breed Master race, Lebensborn Children Break Silence"
3269:
1888:
1512:
nationalists took it up in Italy, but even after the establishment of
590:
The Passing of the Great Race, or the Racial Basis of European History
3967:
2476:
1627:
1612:
1539:
972:
760:
725:
187:
135:
128:
31:
3156:
2861:
2572:
1975:
1973:
934:
To preserve the Aryan race or Nordic race, the Nazis introduced the
261:
3909:
3261:
2952:
described them as fair skinned and blue eyed) and secondly quoting
2811:
2808:
Antisemitism A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution
2643:
The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution
1992:
1880:
1599:
1509:
1424:
1417:
1140:
1132:
1123:
1053:
908:
820:, with its philosophy that Germans constituted a unique people, or
768:
744:
581:
237:
215:
41:
3353:"Opening Statement of the Prosecution in the Einsatzgruppen Trial"
3067:"American laws against 'coloreds' influenced Nazi racial planners"
986:, a French racial theorist and aristocrat, blamed the fall of the
693:
racial theorist who helped to popularise Nordicism in his country.
580:
In the United States, the primary spokesman for Nordicism was the
202:
claimed that the Nordic race was the most superior branch of the "
2945:
2752:"Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz – Verfassungsschutzbericht 2012"
2334:
The Conquest of a Continent, or the Expansion of Races in America
1493:
1197:
were also appointed to senior positions overseeing the policy of
1064:
838:(1927). He became the most influential German in this field; his
797:
752:
690:
646:
642:
605:
413:
409:
382:
343:
initially proposed "nordique" (simply meaning "northern") as an "
328:
166:(which effectively banned or severely limited the immigration of
143:
3105:
3157:"Der genealogische Verein "Roland" in Dresden im Dritten Reich"
2446:
Grundlagen der menschlichen Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene
2375:
Grundlagen der menschlichen Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene
943:
609:
561:
onservation of that race which has given us the true spirit of
191:
151:
2645:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. p. 5.
796:
ideas. According to the authors, the Nordic race arose in the
3739:
3737:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3606:
Francesco Fedele; Alberto Baldi (1988). Guida Editori (ed.).
3605:
998:
743:
The highest civilization and culture, apart from the ancient
601:
509:
155:
2972:
The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under Man
1061:
The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under-man
400:
proposed that the Aryans originated in the vast Rokitno, or
3675:
3226:. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Archived from
2883:
Rowbotham, Arnold (1939). "Gobineau and the Aryan Terror".
2848:
Fortier, Paul (Autumn 1967). "Gobineau and German Racism".
907:
in Germany during the early 20th century. These notions of
505:
167:
3734:
3710:
3540:
Gian Antonio Stella, Corriere della Sera, 28 aprile 2009,
3300:
2217:. p. art 2, ch. 11; part 2, chapter 5. Archived from
1722:
Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview
1231:
In 1942, Hitler made the following statement in private:
660:
The spread of these ideas also affected popular culture.
150:, "Teutonicism" in Germany, and "Frankisism" in Northern
3672:. Boca Raton, Florida: Universal Publishers, 2008. p. 8.
3224:"Eugenics – Breeding a Better Citizenry Through Science"
420:
who popularised the idea that the Aryans had emerged in
1265:
63:. Some notable and influential Nordicist works include
3023:"Toward a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism"
2838:: Volume 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2006. p. 62.
2680:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
2443:
2372:
1974:
Vacher de Lapouge (trans Clossen, C), Georges (1899).
1070:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
899:
promulgated Nordicism based on the idea of a superior
138:
is superior to all others was originally embraced as "
3896:
Snowdon, Frank M (1940). "Race Propaganda in Italy".
3038:(2). Translated by Marella & Jon Morris: 25–55 .
2728:, Chapter VI, first section (London, 1991, rev. 2001)
2018:
Nietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism
969:
Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution
915:" that was superior to other races, particularly the
664:
invokes Grant's ideas through a character in part of
393:
declined due to racial "dilution" of its leadership.
182:, and it was also present in other countries outside
3185:. US: Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. p. 281.
3108:"Racism: elimination of human beings of minor value"
3206:
Tatsachen – Die Leipziger DAF-Tagung 2.-6.Dez. 1935
1557:mentioning a "Nordid Race". The development of the
1019:
3531:Francesca Chirico, Linkiesta 11 novembre 2012, rif
3132:. Florida International University. Archived from
2280:
2078:. Douglas Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
792:This argument derived from earlier eugenicist and
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3017:
2989:
2965:
2417:(4th ed.). C. Scribner's sons. p. xxxi.
242:six million Jews and eleven million other victims
4078:
1425:Post-Nazi re-evaluation and decline of Nordicism
232:, 'living space'—was the immediate catalyst for
3760:. London; New York: Routledge, 2002. pp. 59–60.
2771:Infected Christianity: A Study of Modern Racism
2666:. Retrieved March 12, 2014. at Wayback machine.
2459:
1826:
1594:), it should not be translated into German as "
1338:Initially, Mussolini was a strong proponent of
1036:, by promoting the Nordic theory that regarded
4001:Der Nordische Gedanke in Deutschland 1920–1940
3640:
3408:; originally published as the introduction to
2241:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
1867:Gregor, A James (1961). "Nordicism Revisted".
1772:
1718:
1692:Sharma, Ram Nath; Sharma, Rajendra K. (1997).
1298:Southern Italy was promoted by the Neapolitan
739:attributed cultural primacy to the white race:
704:This phrase, coined by the German eugenicists
3286:, Vol. 3, No. 1. (February 1962), pp. 2+9-46.
3210:Fatherland, Race, Discipline and Love of Life
3106:Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies.
3095:. Princeton University Press. pp. 37–43.
2629:Nazi Culture:The Nordic Race as an Ideal Type
80:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
3659:. London; New York: Routledge, 2001. p. 188.
3414:Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquarter
2557:Field, Geoffrey G. (1977). "Nordic Racism".
2388:
1820:
1691:
919:, who were described as the "Semitic race",
408:, now covering much of the southern part of
4068:critique of the Nordic doctrine (full text)
3747:. London; New York: Routledge, 2002. p. 61.
3731:. London; New York: Routledge, 2002. p. 60.
3698:. London; New York: Routledge, 2002. p. 45.
2021:. US: University of Chicago Press. p.
1976:"Old and New Aspects of the Aryan Question"
1766:
1719:Smedley, Audrey; Smedley, Brian D. (2012).
1155:, the Nordic theory became the norm within
1067:" peoples to white civilization, and wrote
3701:
3632:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3301:Gumkowski, Janusz; Kazimierz Leszczynski.
3299:program sought to extend the Nordic race.
3099:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2450:, Volume II, p. 249. see: Lutzhöft 1971:15
1598:" except when referring to the historical
1572:The original German term used by Ripley, "
379:Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
3326:
3247:
2882:
2703:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2631:. New York: Schocken Books. p. 1799.
2421:
2379:, Volume II, p. 273 see: Lutzhöft 1971:15
2354:"Talking (and singing) of the Nordic Man"
2188:"The Racial Elements of European History"
2106:
2071:
2045:
1991:
1212:Hitler's Germany in the Alpine category.
836:Der Nordische Gedanke unter den Deutschen
653:, while also permitting immigration from
302:Learn how and when to remove this message
94:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
3681:Melville Jacobs, Bernhard Joseph Stern.
3511:The Shakespearean International Yearbook
2836:World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia
2805:
2514:
2444:Baur, E.; Fischer, E; Lenz, F. (1923) .
2373:Baur, E.; Fischer, E; Lenz, F. (1923) .
2307:
2238:
2206:
2204:
2014:
1313:
978:
880:
681:
313:
4072:"Nordicism revisited, by A James Gregor
3961:
3895:
3870:
3771:Mussolini: The Rise and Fall of Il Duce
3596:, Editori Laterza, Bari 2010, pp. 92–93
3476:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV
3458:
3398:Hitler: The Man and the Military Leader
3090:
3084:
2911:
2847:
2626:
2545:
2483:. London: Allen and Unwin. p. 191.
2283:The Color of Race in America, 1900–1940
2185:
1745:
1578:", which is translated into English as
339:The Russian-born French anthropologist
180:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
14:
4079:
4029:
3930:
3578:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3396:(1978) "The Anatomy of a Dictator" in
2768:
2741:. University of Michigan Press. 2006.
2601:
2275:
2190:. Methuen. p. chapter 8, part one
1866:
1739:
1712:
888:was a proponent of the concept of the
347:" (a term that he coined). He defined
4010:
3875:. London: Routledge. pp. 81–83.
3840:
3180:
2693:
2606:. New York: Macmillan. p. 1799.
2556:
2495:Human heredity: Principles and issues
2410:
2330:
2212:
2201:
2072:Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (2008).
1799:
1685:
1488:No race has suffered so much from an
1370:Nazis killed the Austrian Chancellor
3429:
2434:. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
2253:
1793:
1309:
929:associated with "cultural sterility"
840:Short Ethnology of the German People
284:adding citations to reliable sources
255:
3513:. Ashgate Publishing, 2011. p. 203.
3127:
3064:
2337:. Charles Scribner's Sons. p.
1549:As late as 1977 the Swedish author
1480:Germanic nationalism arose from an
1090:
1034:Hitler's racial and ethnic policies
842:(1929) was very widely circulated.
27:Ideology of "Nordic race" supremacy
24:
3955:
3773:. Palgrave MacMillan, 2008. p. 86.
3685:. Barnes & Noble, 1963. p. 57.
3552:Duccio Canestrini, dicembre 2009,
2834:Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul.
2682:. Oxford University Press. p. 30.
2351:
1952:
1931:
1773:Van den Berghe, Pierre L. (1987).
1698:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
1126:as a race of Nordic supermen, and
431:agreed with him, coining the term
97:(1899); and, to a lesser extent,
25:
4103:
4056:
3819:. August 13, 1934. Archived from
3221:
3183:New Foundations of Racial Science
3154:
3130:"The Occult and Nazism Redefined"
3001:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
2656:Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe
2258:. p. Chapter XII, Section 14
1980:The American Journal of Sociology
1803:Critical Approaches to Literature
1590:(most notably the aforementioned
1461:, at least in his later thought.
1116:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
870:
448:This distinction was repeated by
4064:The Racial Basis of Civilization
3873:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
3758:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
3745:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
3729:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
3696:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
3657:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
2739:Cultural Locations of Disability
2287:. US: Harvard University Press.
1377:Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes
1020:Influence from the United States
848:Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes
554:
335:as an example of the Nordic type
260:
83:(1853); the various writings of
3924:
3889:
3864:
3834:
3805:
3776:
3763:
3750:
3688:
3662:
3599:
3586:
3546:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3503:
3494:
3467:
3452:
3423:
3387:
3374:
3345:
3327:Crossland, David (2006-11-07).
3320:
3289:
3276:
3241:
3215:
3199:
3174:
3148:
3121:
3058:
3011:
2983:
2959:
2934:
2905:
2876:
2841:
2828:
2799:
2775:McGill-Queen's University Press
2762:
2744:
2731:
2715:
2669:
2648:
2635:
2620:
2604:Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
2595:
2560:Journal of the History of Ideas
2536:
2527:
2508:
2487:
2453:
2437:
2404:
2382:
2366:
2345:
2324:
2301:
2269:
2247:
2232:
2215:"The Passing of the Great Race"
2178:
2157:
2136:
2115:
2100:
2065:
2039:
2008:
1967:
1946:
1903:"Deniker, J., The Races of Man"
1555:The Races and Peoples of Europe
1534:Already race academics such as
1273:SS-Leibstandarte "Adolf Hitler"
1081:, previously found in Hitler's
535:argued in his influential book
271:needs additional citations for
186:and the United States, such as
4007:Stuttgart. Ernst Klett Verlag.
3303:"Poland under Nazi Occupation"
2737:Snyder, S. & D. Mitchell.
2111:. US: Arno Press. p. 159.
1925:
1895:
1860:
716:, appeared in their 1921 work
13:
1:
3999:Hans Jürgen Lutzhöft (1971):
3813:"Anthropologists on Aryanism"
2432:The Passing of the Great Race
2414:The Passing of the Great Race
2400:. p. Vol. 2, Section 92.
2046:Nietzsche, Friedrich (1887).
1679:
1122:Nazi racial theories saw the
777:The Passing of the Great Race
251:
70:The Passing of the Great Race
4039:University of Illinois Press
3382:Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–44
2912:Biddiss, Michael D. (1970).
2627:GĂĽnther, Hans F. K. (1981).
2186:GĂĽnther, Hans F. K. (1927).
2048:"On the Genealogy of Morals"
1153:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
946:ideals were combined with a
853:Race-Lore of the German Volk
813:"disclose a Nordic origin".
373:Its principal proponent was
7:
4011:Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009).
2918:Littlehampton Book Services
2107:McDougall, William (1973).
1605:
1271:Addressing officers of the
1146:
494:, writing in 1920, stated:
214:). The full application of
134:The belief that the Nordic
89:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
10:
4108:
4015:. Univ. of Vermont Press.
3461:Heinrich Himmler's Camelot
3430:Hale, Christopher (2003).
3091:Whitman, James Q. (2017).
2726:Hitler: A Profile in Power
2144:"Pluatarch, Life of Sulla"
1623:Basking in reflected glory
1328:
1325:Italian fascism and racism
1322:
874:
724:(1788-1860) and others to
677:
516:were blond or red-haired.
478:On the Genealogy of Morals
29:
3962:Jackson, John P. (2005).
3843:"The Spread of Hitlerism"
3357:Nuremberg Trial Documents
3110:. University of Minnesota
2944:, first referring to the
2515:Hagemann, Rudolf (1999).
2308:Coolidge, Calvin (1921).
2243:. 54. January – June: 30.
2165:"Pluatarch, Life of Cato"
2123:"Suetonius, Life of Nero"
1746:McManon, Richard (2016).
774:argued in his 1916 book,
358:In the mid-19th century,
3931:Gregor, A James (1961).
3459:Russell, Stuart (1999).
3044:10.1163/1569206041551663
2396:Parerga and Paralipomena
2310:"Whose Country is This?"
2015:Detwiler, Bruce (1990).
1827:Paulist Fathers (1927).
1284:
1113:s arguments in his book
1099:shortly before he wrote
909:Aryan racial superiority
759:, and the rulers of the
362:developed the theory of
244:in what is now known as
236:and led directly to the
109:Germanic-speaking Europe
30:Not to be confused with
3871:Gilette, Aaron (2001).
2977:Charles Scribner's Sons
2954:Victor Wallace Germains
2411:Grant, Madison (1921).
2331:Grant, Madison (1933).
2254:Coon, Carleton (1939).
2213:Grant, Madison (1916).
689:(1891–1968), prominent
634:Immigration Act of 1924
412:and the north-west of
164:Immigration Act of 1924
46:historical race concept
3612:. Napoli. p. 66.
3031:Historical Materialism
2850:Comparative Literature
2602:Snyder, Louis (1981).
1848:Cite journal requires
1506:
1343:
1282:
1241:
1237:time of the migrations
1188:
1017:
893:
807:
765:
694:
573:Henry Fairfield Osborn
568:
537:The Mediterranean Race
501:
336:
238:industrial mass murder
3933:"Nordicism revisited"
3769:Christopher Hibbert.
3594:Il razzismo in Europa
3463:. Kressman-Backmayer.
3071:www.timesofisrael.com
2810:. Santa Barbara, CA:
2769:Davies, Alan (1988).
2277:Guterl, Matthew Pratt
2256:"The Races of Europe"
1776:The Ethnic Phenomenon
1725:. Avalon Publishing.
1633:Know-Nothing movement
1486:
1329:Further information:
1317:
1277:
1258:SS Bodyguard Regiment
1233:
1183:
1012:
979:Influence from France
940:Mendelian inheritance
884:
875:Further information:
802:
741:
685:
559:
496:
317:
160:Northwestern European
3841:Fodor, M.W. (1936).
3823:on November 25, 2010
3683:General anthropology
3394:Schramm, Percy Ernst
3380:Trevor-Roper, Hugh,
3284:Current Anthropology
3181:Gauch, Hans (1934).
3007:on November 4, 2012.
2493:Cumming, M. (2013).
2390:Schopenhauer, Arthur
1934:"The Aryan Question"
1800:Tyson, Lois (2018).
1648:Nazi racial theories
1643:Martial races theory
1564:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1402:Nazi racial theories
1079:institutional racism
320:Meyers Blitz-Lexikon
280:improve this article
206:" and constituted a
198:. By the 1930s, the
4066:by Frank H. Hankins
3991:History Cooperative
3418:Hitler's Table Talk
3384:, 1973 ed., p. 475
2641:Henry Friedlander.
2448:. MĂĽnchen: Lehmann.
2377:. MĂĽnchen: Lehmann.
1529:The Origin of Races
1490:inferiority complex
1482:inferiority complex
1465:widely criticized.
1364:The races of Europe
1355:inferiority complex
1335:Italian racial laws
1264:planned to use the
1179:German Labour Front
811:upper-caste Indians
737:Arthur Schopenhauer
722:Arthur Schopenhauer
662:F. Scott Fitzgerald
473:Friedrich Nietzsche
429:Thomas Henry Huxley
184:Northwestern Europe
113:Northwestern Europe
104:The Races of Europe
4031:Tucker, William H.
3438:. pp. 74–87.
3136:on 2 December 2001
2920:Ltd. p. 260.
2886:The Sewanee Review
2777:. pp. 57–58.
2758:on March 21, 2015.
1498:National Socialism
1447:A Study of History
1372:Engelbert Dollfuss
1344:
1275:, Himmler stated:
1177:, the head of the
1169:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
1095:Adolf Hitler read
1052:from the title of
984:Arthur de Gobineau
894:
832:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
695:
687:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
375:Arthur de Gobineau
337:
226:in the pursuit of
220:invasion of Poland
216:this belief system
75:Arthur de Gobineau
4092:Scientific racism
4048:978-0-252-07463-9
4022:978-1-58465-715-6
3977:978-0-8147-4271-6
3882:978-0-415-25292-8
3445:978-0-593-04952-5
3432:Himmler's Crusade
3222:Marks, Jonathan.
3192:978-1-56924-917-8
3019:Losurdo, Domenico
2991:Rosenberg, Alfred
2967:Stoddard, Lothrop
2821:978-1-85109-439-4
2688:978-0-19-280436-5
2613:978-1-56924-917-8
2352:Belloc, Hilaire.
2314:Good Housekeeping
2294:978-0-674-01012-3
2085:978-0-19-953708-2
2032:978-0-226-14354-5
1658:White nationalism
1653:The Race Question
1618:Aryan certificate
1525:scientific racism
1443:Arnold J. Toynbee
1331:Manifesto of Race
1310:Fascist Nordicism
1295:Southern Italians
1291:Northern Italians
828:and eugenicists.
818:Völkisch movement
761:South Sea Islands
730:natural selection
618:Leonardo da Vinci
587:. His 1916 book,
492:William McDougall
462:Vacher de Lapouge
360:scientific racism
312:
311:
304:
176:Eastern Europeans
99:William Z. Ripley
16:(Redirected from
4099:
4052:
4026:
4006:
3994:
3984:Lay summary in:
3981:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3849:. Archived from
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3790:. Archived from
3780:
3774:
3767:
3761:
3756:Aaron Gillette.
3754:
3748:
3743:Aaron Gillette.
3741:
3732:
3727:Aaron Gillette.
3725:
3708:
3705:
3699:
3694:Aaron Gillette.
3692:
3686:
3679:
3673:
3666:
3660:
3655:Aaron Gillette.
3653:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3623:
3603:
3597:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3557:. Archived from
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3427:
3421:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3359:. Archived from
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3305:. Archived from
3293:
3287:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3219:
3213:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3155:Weiss, Volkmar.
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3128:Mizrach, Steve.
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3027:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2963:
2957:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2754:. Archived from
2748:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2697:
2691:
2673:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2554:
2543:
2542:Lutzhöft 1971:15
2540:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2512:
2506:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2435:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2286:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2050:. Archived from
2043:
2037:
2036:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1953:Huxley, Thomas.
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1932:Huxley, Thomas.
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1909:. Archived from
1899:
1893:
1892:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1829:"Catholic World"
1824:
1818:
1817:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1689:
1514:Benito Mussolini
1459:W. E. B. Du Bois
1457:, and, in part,
1439:Great Depression
1433:, including the
1414:Mediterraneanism
1360:Carleton S. Coon
1340:Mediterraneanism
1319:Benito Mussolini
1128:Alfred Rosenberg
1107:Alfred Rosenberg
1091:Later influences
1057:Lothrop Stoddard
1026:Alfred Rosenberg
948:eugenics program
857:East Baltic race
794:Social Darwinist
667:The Great Gatsby
576:
471:The philosopher
307:
300:
296:
293:
287:
264:
256:
224:further conquest
178:) and the later
123:, as well as in
85:Lothrop Stoddard
44:which views the
21:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4077:
4076:
4059:
4049:
4023:
4004:
3985:
3978:
3958:
3956:Further reading
3953:
3944:
3942:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3869:
3865:
3856:
3854:
3839:
3835:
3826:
3824:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3797:
3795:
3784:"W.E.B. Dubois"
3782:
3781:
3777:
3768:
3764:
3755:
3751:
3742:
3735:
3726:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3693:
3689:
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3676:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3641:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3604:
3600:
3591:
3587:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3555:"Archived copy"
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3139:
3137:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3065:Lebovic, Matt.
3063:
3059:
3025:
3016:
3012:
2988:
2984:
2964:
2960:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2910:
2906:
2881:
2877:
2862:10.2307/1769493
2846:
2842:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2814:. p. 640.
2804:
2800:
2785:
2767:
2763:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2676:Peter Longerich
2674:
2670:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2600:
2596:
2573:10.2307/2708681
2555:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2513:
2509:
2492:
2488:
2458:
2454:
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2422:
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2147:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2105:
2101:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2013:
2009:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1901:
1900:
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1837:
1825:
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1814:
1798:
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1787:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:Renordification
1663:White supremacy
1608:
1536:A. James Gregor
1435:Great Migration
1427:
1347:Italian Fascism
1337:
1327:
1312:
1304:Cesare Lombroso
1287:
1149:
1111:Human Heredity'
1093:
1022:
981:
950:that aimed for
901:Germanic people
879:
877:Nazism and race
873:
826:anthropologists
680:
622:Calvin Coolidge
578:
575:, July 13, 1916
570:
557:
398:Theodor Poesche
353:dolichocephalic
333:Karl von MĂĽller
308:
297:
291:
288:
277:
265:
254:
121:Northern Europe
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4105:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4058:
4057:External links
4055:
4054:
4053:
4047:
4027:
4021:
4008:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3976:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3923:
3910:10.2307/272514
3904:(2): 103–111.
3888:
3881:
3863:
3833:
3804:
3775:
3762:
3749:
3733:
3709:
3700:
3687:
3674:
3668:Alan W. Ertl.
3661:
3639:
3619:978-8870429503
3618:
3598:
3585:
3545:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3502:
3493:
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3319:
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3262:10.2307/274146
3240:
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3198:
3191:
3173:
3161:www.v-weiss.de
3147:
3120:
3098:
3083:
3057:
3010:
2982:
2958:
2933:
2927:978-0297000853
2926:
2904:
2875:
2840:
2827:
2820:
2798:
2784:978-0773506510
2783:
2761:
2743:
2730:
2714:
2692:
2668:
2647:
2634:
2619:
2612:
2594:
2567:(3): 523–540.
2544:
2535:
2526:
2507:
2486:
2473:Human Heredity
2465:Fischer, Eugen
2452:
2436:
2428:Grant, Madison
2420:
2403:
2381:
2365:
2344:
2323:
2300:
2293:
2268:
2246:
2231:
2200:
2177:
2156:
2135:
2114:
2109:The Group Mind
2099:
2084:
2064:
2038:
2031:
2007:
1993:10.1086/210895
1986:(3): 329–346.
1966:
1945:
1924:
1894:
1881:10.2307/273538
1875:(4): 352–360.
1859:
1850:|journal=
1819:
1813:978-1351049894
1812:
1792:
1786:978-0275927097
1785:
1765:
1759:978-1137318466
1758:
1738:
1732:978-0813345543
1731:
1711:
1705:978-8171566730
1704:
1683:
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1678:
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1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1592:Teutonic Order
1551:Bertil Lundman
1500:was a kind of
1476:, argued that
1426:
1423:
1323:Main article:
1311:
1308:
1300:Carlo Formichi
1286:
1283:
1199:Racial Hygiene
1157:German culture
1148:
1145:
1137:Zoroastrianism
1109:also repeated
1097:Human Heredity
1092:
1089:
1021:
1018:
1004:Jewish culture
980:
977:
952:racial hygiene
936:Nuremberg Laws
872:
871:Nazi Nordicism
869:
718:Human Heredity
699:Nordic thought
679:
676:
672:Hilaire Belloc
627:Race and crime
558:
556:
553:
533:Giuseppe Sergi
458:dolichocephaly
454:The Aryan Race
450:Charles Morris
427:The biologist
406:Russian Empire
404:, then in the
368:Caucasian race
341:Joseph Deniker
310:
309:
268:
266:
259:
253:
250:
140:Anglo-Saxonism
117:Central Europe
26:
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4018:
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3979:
3973:
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3927:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3853:on 2007-07-15
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3822:
3818:
3817:Time Magazine
3814:
3808:
3794:on 2004-06-28
3793:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3772:
3766:
3759:
3753:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3724:
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3714:
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3691:
3684:
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3665:
3658:
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3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3635:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3602:
3595:
3592:G. L. Mosse,
3589:
3581:
3575:
3561:on 2017-01-03
3560:
3556:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3528:
3519:
3512:
3506:
3497:
3483:on 2007-08-17
3482:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3410:Picker, Henry
3407:
3406:0-89874-962-X
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3363:on 2007-04-17
3362:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3309:on 2012-05-27
3308:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3230:on 2007-07-03
3229:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3087:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3026:(PDF, 0.2 MB)
3024:
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3014:
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2998:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2951:
2948:(saying that
2947:
2943:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2887:
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2780:
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2772:
2765:
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2504:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2376:
2369:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2235:
2221:on 2007-06-08
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2054:on 2007-06-07
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2024:
2020:
2019:
2011:
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1994:
1989:
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1455:Marcus Garvey
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1209:
1207:
1206:The Holocaust
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:Eugen Fischer
1187:
1182:
1180:
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1172:
1170:
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1162:
1161:Hermann Gauch
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989:ancien régime
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957:Untermenschen
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269:This section
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246:the Holocaust
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3481:the original
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3307:the original
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2219:the original
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2138:
2127:. Retrieved
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2067:
2056:. Retrieved
2052:the original
2041:
2017:
2010:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1958:. Retrieved
1948:
1937:. Retrieved
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1906:
1897:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1841:cite journal
1832:
1822:
1802:
1795:
1779:. ABC-CLIO.
1775:
1768:
1752:. Springer.
1748:
1741:
1721:
1714:
1695:Anthropology
1694:
1687:
1638:Ku Klux Klan
1595:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1554:
1548:
1544:isolationism
1533:
1528:
1521:World War II
1518:
1507:
1487:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1446:
1428:
1410:
1405:
1398:Giulio Cogni
1394:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1362:in his work
1351:
1345:
1288:
1278:
1270:
1245:"table talk"
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:World War II
1222:
1218:
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1068:
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1008:
997:
988:
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955:
933:
897:Nazi Germany
895:
886:Adolf Hitler
865:
861:Dinaric race
852:
846:
844:
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835:
830:
821:
815:
808:
803:
791:
787:Aryanization
775:
766:
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717:
703:
698:
696:
665:
659:
631:
614:Michelangelo
599:
595:
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536:
530:
522:
518:
502:
497:
489:psychologist
483:
476:
470:
465:
464:in his book
453:
452:in his book
447:
443:Australioids
436:
432:
426:
395:
391:Roman Empire
378:
372:
357:
348:
345:ethnic group
338:
318:
298:
292:January 2021
289:
278:Please help
273:verification
270:
234:World War II
227:
211:
196:South Africa
170:, and other
133:
102:
92:
78:
68:
61:racial group
37:
36:
4005:(in German)
3333:Der Spiegel
2722:Ian Kershaw
2469:Lenz, Fritz
2461:Baur, Erwin
2320:(2): 13–14.
1907:nordish.net
1502:Coué method
1492:as has the
1470:M. W. Fodor
1431:World War I
1406:Il Razzismo
1390:East Baltic
1249:World War I
1050:Untermensch
1042:master race
927:, who they
913:master race
651:Scandinavia
563:Americanism
541:Mesopotamia
525:Alpine race
438:Melanochroi
433:Xanthochroi
422:Scandinavia
208:master race
50:Nordic race
4081:Categories
3945:2007-07-19
3857:2007-07-19
3847:The Nation
3827:2007-07-19
3798:2007-07-19
3565:2016-11-30
3487:2007-07-19
3367:2007-07-20
3338:2007-07-20
3313:2007-07-19
3297:Lebensborn
3234:2007-07-19
3166:22 October
3114:2007-07-27
2893:(2): 165.
2856:(4): 348.
2793:j.ctt80fx5
2664:B0006BXJZ6
2503:1133106870
2481:Cedar Paul
2359:2007-07-19
2262:2007-07-18
2225:2007-07-18
2194:2007-07-18
2171:2008-05-14
2167:. May 2008
2150:2008-05-14
2146:. May 2008
2129:2008-05-14
2125:. May 2008
2058:2007-07-18
1960:2007-07-16
1939:2007-07-16
1917:22 October
1680:References
1668:Wotansvolk
1596:Teutonisch
1588:Teutonicus
1575:Theodiscus
1478:racialized
1474:The Nation
1195:Fritz Lenz
1175:Robert Ley
1124:Atlanteans
1102:Mein Kampf
1084:Mein Kampf
1030:Nazi Party
905:Aryan race
890:Aryan race
769:eugenicist
714:Fritz Lenz
706:Erwin Baur
582:eugenicist
418:Karl Penka
385:and other
252:Background
229:Lebensraum
212:Herrenvolk
204:Aryan race
54:endangered
4087:Nordicism
3968:NYU Press
3628:cite book
3052:1465-4466
2581:1086-3222
2094:228195164
2002:222440526
1628:Borealism
1613:Apartheid
1540:pessimism
1073:in 1920.
973:neo-Nazis
782:admixture
749:Egyptians
726:Darwinian
331:war hero
188:Australia
136:phenotype
129:Australia
38:Nordicism
32:Nordicity
18:Nordicist
4033:(2007).
3574:cite web
3140:16 April
3076:July 30,
3021:(2004).
2993:(1930).
2969:(1922).
2946:Amorites
2942:The Myth
2899:27535529
2812:ABC-CLIO
2707:July 29,
2678:(2010).
2475:. trans
2471:(1931).
2430:(1916).
2392:(1851).
2279:(2004).
1606:See also
1600:Teutones
1580:Teutonic
1531:(1962).
1468:In 1936
1437:and the
1418:Lombards
1147:Timeline
1141:Hinduism
1133:Atlantis
1119:(1930).
1054:Klansman
1040:as the "
800:, from:
753:Brahmins
364:Aryanism
349:nordique
327:) shows
172:Southern
146:and the
73:(1916);
67:'s book
58:superior
52:" as an
48:of the "
42:ideology
3788:Encarta
3412:(1963)
2870:1769493
2589:2708681
1584:teutsch
1510:Lombard
1382:Dinaric
1262:Himmler
1243:In his
1065:colored
1038:Nordics
925:Gypsies
845:In his
798:ice age
678:Germany
647:Germany
643:Ireland
606:Raphael
486:British
466:L’Aryen
414:Ukraine
410:Belarus
383:Tacitus
377:in his
355:skull.
144:England
4045:
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3974:
3940:Phylon
3918:272514
3916:
3898:Phylon
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3270:274146
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3250:Phylon
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1869:Phylon
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1519:After
1494:German
1386:Alpine
1028:, the
994:Nordic
923:, and
755:, the
745:Hindus
691:German
670:, and
616:, and
610:Titian
329:German
194:, and
192:Canada
152:France
119:, and
40:is an
3936:(PDF)
3914:JSTOR
3266:JSTOR
2999:[
2950:Sayce
2895:JSTOR
2866:JSTOR
2789:JSTOR
2585:JSTOR
2519:[
1998:S2CID
1885:JSTOR
1508:Some
1285:Italy
1151:With
1044:," a
999:Reich
921:Slavs
757:Incas
602:Dante
510:Sulla
387:Roman
218:—the
200:Nazis
156:Italy
142:" in
4043:ISBN
4017:ISBN
3972:ISBN
3877:ISBN
3634:link
3614:ISBN
3580:link
3440:ISBN
3402:ISBN
3295:The
3187:ISBN
3168:2017
3142:2015
3078:2022
3048:ISSN
2922:ISBN
2816:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2709:2011
2684:ISBN
2660:ASIN
2608:ISBN
2577:ISSN
2499:ISBN
2479:and
2477:Eden
2289:ISBN
2090:OCLC
2080:ISBN
2027:ISBN
1919:2017
1854:help
1808:ISBN
1781:ISBN
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1727:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1542:and
1388:and
1333:and
1193:and
1139:and
1046:race
944:Nazi
917:Jews
859:and
822:Volk
767:The
747:and
712:and
649:and
632:The
545:Rome
523:The
514:Cato
512:and
506:Nero
222:and
174:and
168:Jews
154:and
127:and
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3906:doi
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