2590:
Scandinavian language other than their native language, as well as the highest average score. Icelandic speakers, in contrast, have a poor command of
Norwegian and Swedish. They do somewhat better with Danish, as they are taught Danish in school (Icelandic is not mutually intelligible with Scandinavian languages, nor any language, not even Faroese, which is though closest). When speakers of Faroese and Icelandic were tested on how well they understood the three Continental Scandinavian languages, the test results were as follows (maximum score 10.0):
2993:
2059:
159:
2275:). Scandinavians are widely expected to understand some of the other spoken Scandinavian languages. There may be some difficulty particularly with elderly dialect speakers, however public radio and television presenters are often well understood by speakers of the other Scandinavian countries, although there are various regional differences of mutual intelligibility for understanding mainstream dialects of the languages between different parts of the three language areas.
1598:
4669:, p. 440: "the arrival of a Uralic population and language in Samiland means that there has been a period of at least 5000 years of uninterrupted linguistic and cultural development in Samiland. It is also possible, however, that the earlier inhabitants of the area also spoke a Uralic language: we do not know of any linguistic groups in the area other than the Uralic and Indo-Europeans (represented by the present Scandinavian languages)."
5353:
2921:
2006:
2410:
have the greatest difficulty in understanding other Nordic languages. The study, which focused mainly on native speakers under the age of 25, showed that the lowest ability to comprehend another language is demonstrated by youth in
Stockholm in regard to Danish, producing the lowest ability score in
2401:
The mutual intelligibility between the
Continental Scandinavian languages is asymmetrical. Various studies have shown Norwegian speakers to be the best in Scandinavia at understanding other languages within the language group. According to a study undertaken during 2002–2005 and funded by the Nordic
2282:
in 1523 due to conflicts with
Denmark, leaving two Scandinavian units: The union of Denmark–Norway (ruled from Copenhagen, Denmark) and Sweden (including present-day Finland). The two countries took different sides during several wars until 1814, when the Denmark-Norway unit was disestablished, and
2260:
However, Danish has developed a greater distance between the spoken and written versions of the language, so the differences between spoken
Norwegian and spoken Danish are somewhat more significant than the difference between their respective written forms. Written Danish is relatively close to the
2902:
has on several occasions referred to the (Germanic) languages spoken in
Scandinavia as the "Scandinavian language" (singular); for instance, the official newsletter of the Nordic Council is written in the "Scandinavian language". The creation of one unified written language has been considered as
1711:
In medieval times, speakers of all the
Scandinavian languages could understand one another to a significant degree, and it was often referred to as a single language, called the "Danish tongue" until the 13th century by some in Sweden and Iceland. In the 16th century, many Danes and Swedes still
2589:
Faroese speakers (of the
Insular Scandinavian languages group) are even better than the Norwegians at comprehending two or more languages within the Continental Scandinavian languages group, scoring high in both Danish (which they study at school) and Norwegian and having the highest score on a
2386:
are influencing the languages. A 2005 survey of words used by speakers of the
Scandinavian languages showed that the number of English loanwords used in the languages has doubled during the last 30 years and is now 1.2%. Icelandic has imported fewer English words than the other North Germanic
2434:
contribute to a better knowledge of spoken Danish and a better knowledge of the unique Danish words among the region's inhabitants. According to the study, youth in this region were able to understand the Danish language (slightly) better than the
Norwegian language. But they still could not
4693:, 14 November 2006. Samiskt Informationscentrum Sametinget: "The Scandinavian languages are Northern Germanic languages. Sami belongs to the Finno-Ugric language family. Finnish, Estonian, Livonian and Hungarian belong to the same language family and are consequently related to each other."
2890:
region, is sometimes considered normative. The influence of a standard Norwegian is nevertheless less so than in Denmark and Sweden, since the prestige dialect in Norway has moved geographically several times over the past 200 years. The organised formation of
1769:) is based on mutual intelligibility between the two groups and developed due to different influences, particularly the political union of Denmark and Norway (1536–1814) which led to significant Danish influence on central and eastern Norwegian dialects (
2379:, the Nynorsk project (which had as a goal to re-establish a written Norwegian language) would have been much harder to carry out if Norway had been in a union with Sweden instead of with Denmark, simply because the differences would have been smaller.
2862:". The differences in dialects within the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark can often be greater than the differences across the borders, but the political independence of these countries leads continental Scandinavian to be classified into
2438:
The results from the study of how well native youth in different Scandinavian cities did when tested on their knowledge of the other Continental Scandinavian languages are summarized in table format, reproduced below. The maximum score was 10.0:
4980:
4335:
Leinonen, Therese (2011), "Aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in Swedish dialects", Oslo Studies in Language 3 (2) Aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in Swedish dialects]", Oslo Studies in Language 3 (2); Dahl, Östen (2000),
4070:, considered as a separate language by many linguists. Traditionally regarded as a Swedish dialect, but by several criteria closer to West Scandinavian dialects, Elfdalian is a separate language by the standard of mutual intelligibility.
2435:
understand Danish as well as the Norwegians could, demonstrating once again the relative distance of Swedish from Danish. Youth in Copenhagen had a very poor command of Swedish, showing that the Øresund connection was mostly one-way.
1722:. Dialectal variation between west and east in Old Norse however was certainly present during the Middle Ages and three dialects had emerged: Old West Norse, Old East Norse and Old Gutnish. Old Icelandic was essentially identical to
1793:
is spoken by the majority in Finland. In inter-Nordic contexts, texts are today often presented in three versions: Finnish, Icelandic, and one of the three languages Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Another official language in the
4391:
In many aspects, Elfdalian, takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However, it shares some innovations with West Nordic, but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old
939:
This change probably affected West Germanic much earlier and then spread from there to North Germanic, but failed to reach East Germanic which had already split off by that time. This is confirmed by an intermediate stage
2853:
Given the aforementioned homogeneity, there exists some discussion on whether the continental group should be considered one or several languages. The Continental Scandinavian languages are often cited as proof of the
4593:
634:
Eventually, around the year 200 AD, speakers of the North Germanic branch became distinguishable from the other Germanic language speakers. The early development of this language branch is attested through
4055:
share many characteristics with both Trøndersk and with Norrländska mål. Due to this ambiguous position, it is contested whether Jamtlandic belongs to the West Scandinavian or the East Scandinavian group.
2319:
was kept in Swedish. Even though standard Swedish and Danish were moving apart, the dialects were not influenced that much. Thus Norwegian and Swedish remained similar in pronunciation, and words like
1159:
Under this view, the properties that the West Germanic languages have in common separate from the North Germanic languages are not inherited from a "Proto-West-Germanic" language, but rather spread by
4974:
4811:. Numbers are from Figure 4:11. "Grannspråksförståelse bland infödda skandinaver fördelade på ort", p. 65 and Figure 4:6. "Sammanlagt resultat på grannspråksundersökningen fördelat på område", p. 58.
2249:
share most of the Danish vocabulary and grammar, and was nearly identical to written Danish until the spelling reform of 1907. (For this reason, Bokmål and its unofficial, more conservative variant
5393:
377:. Besides being the only North Germanic language with official status in two separate sovereign states, Swedish is also the most spoken of the languages overall. 15% of the population in
2261:
other Continental Scandinavian languages, but the sound developments of spoken Danish include reduction and assimilation of consonants and vowels, as well as the prosodic feature called
1832:; laws and other official instruments for use in Denmark and Norway were written in Danish, and local administrators spoke Danish or Norwegian. German was the administrative language of
5098:
Dahl, Östen; Dahlberg, Ingrid; Delsing, Lars-Olof; Halvarsson, Herbert; Larsson, Gösta; Nyström, Gunnar; Olsson, Rut; Sapir, Yair; Steensland, Lars; Williams, Henrik (8 February 2007).
5032:
4641:
offers three versions: a section labeled "Íslenska" (Icelandic), a section labeled "Skandinavisk" (in either Danish, Norwegian or Swedish), and a section labeled "Suomi" (Finnish).
4109:
is more conservative than Bokmål (that is, closer to Danish) and is used to various extents by numerous people, especially in the cities and by the largest newspaper in Norway,
5138:
4590:
3716:
2411:
the survey. The greatest variation in results between participants within the same country was also demonstrated by the Swedish speakers in the study. Participants from
1753:
point of view, dividing them into an insular group (Icelandic and Faroese) and a continental group (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish). The division between Insular Nordic (
4949:
4804:
3414:
4506:
3551:
5052:
3296:
2375:). As a result, Nynorsk does not conform to the above east–west split model, since it shares a lot of features with Swedish. According to the Norwegian linguist
4289:
3279:
5205:
4132:
3681:
3581:
3501:
3352:
3133:
5972:
3765:
3564:
3461:
3228:
3082:
3262:
2882:, particularly in Denmark and Sweden. Even if the language policy of Norway has been more tolerant of rural dialectal variation in formal language, the
4750:
3664:
3522:
3245:
4707:
3619:
3379:
3315:
3598:
3055:
4089:. The Scando-Romani varieties in Sweden and Norway combine elements from the dialects of Western Sweden, Eastern Norway (Østlandet) and Trøndersk.
3643:
3484:
2665:
The North Germanic languages share many lexical, grammatical, phonological, and morphological similarities, to a more significant extent than the
2283:
made different international contacts. This led to different borrowings from foreign languages (Sweden had a francophone period), for example the
3174:
3116:
3800:
3444:
2859:
6347:
5425:
4375:
1692:
around 800. Of the modern Scandinavian languages, written Icelandic is closest to this ancient language. An additional language, known as
6145:
5029:
4244:
1712:
referred to North Germanic as a single language, which is stated in the introduction to the first Danish translation of the Bible and in
623:, so that some individual varieties are difficult to classify. Dialects with the features assigned to the northern group formed from the
5173:
4775:
4654:
2895:
out of western Norwegian dialects after Norway became independent from Denmark in 1814 intensified the politico-linguistic divisions.
2942:
2023:
1854:. During centuries of interaction, Finnish and Sami have imported many more loanwords from North Germanic languages than vice versa.
1152:
to explain the existence of some features in the West Germanic languages stimulated the development of an alternative, the so-called
615:
and North Germanic. Their exact relation is difficult to determine from the sparse evidence of runic inscriptions, and they remained
1738:. The Old East Norse dialect was spoken in Denmark, Sweden, settlements in Russia, England, and Danish settlements in Normandy. The
4200:
5107:
4682:
5130:
5004:
4909:
4314:
4822:
Nabospråksforståelse i Skandinavia. En undersøkelse om gjensidig forståelse av tale- og skriftspråk i Danmark, Norge og Sverige
1988:
1114:
languages, divided into four main dialects: North Germanic, and the three groups conventionally called "West Germanic", namely
370:
5225:
1846:
form an unrelated group that has coexisted with the North Germanic language group in Scandinavia since prehistory. Sami, like
5288:
4873:
4534:
1822:
1718:
628:
5383:
5357:
4953:
4801:
5962:
2985:. Divisions between subfamilies of North Germanic are rarely precisely defined: Most form continuous clines, with adjacent
5275:
2210:), along with various dialects and varieties. The two branches are derived from the western and eastern dialect groups of
1825:, and likewise, Danish is the primary language of the North Schleswig Germans. Both minority groups are highly bilingual.
4503:
1726:, and together they formed the Old West Norse dialect of Old Norse and were also spoken in settlements in Faroe Islands,
6874:
4344:, pp. 117–119; Lars-Erik Edlund "Språklig variation i tid och rum" in Dahl, Östen & Edlund, Lars-Erik, eds. (2010),
5049:
4513:. Published online by Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Version 1 – November 2003. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
7370:
5394:
Scandinavian loans in Old and Middle English, and their legacy in the dialects of England and modern standard English
5334:
5082:
4666:
4625:
4487:
4427:
4365:"On the origins of the Elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and Germanic etymology"
4260:
2968:
2299:
was kept in Danish. Norwegians, who spoke (and still speak) the Norwegian dialects derived from Old Norse, would say
2045:
4286:
2950:
5418:
5075:
National, Regional and Minority Languages in Europe: Contributions to the Annual Conference 2009 of Efnil in Dublin
4219:
4086:
3976:
3575:
5202:
17:
5398:
5369:
5317:
Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde
2303:
or similar. The written language of Denmark-Norway however, was based on the dialect of Copenhagen and thus had
2946:
2027:
275:
1401:, following the loss of word-final short vowels (which are still present in the earliest runic inscriptions).
7241:
2907:. However, there is a slight chance of "some uniformization of spelling" between Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
2396:
4742:
4103:
Norwegian has two official written norms, Bokmål and Nynorsk. In addition, there are some unofficial norms.
7271:
6441:
6403:
6388:
4147:
5715:
4703:
4638:
4600:. Nordic Journal of Linguistics (2005), 28: 223–245 Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
1585:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1536:
1532:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1484:
1474:
1449:
1445:
1398:
1375:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1297:
1180:
1176:
1110:
Some have argued that after East Germanic broke off from the group, the remaining Germanic languages, the
945:
933:
929:
744:
668:
362:
where cross-border communication in native languages is very common, particularly between the latter two.
7251:
7111:
6461:
6420:
6410:
5411:
5312:
4098:
2904:
537:
5322:
Rowe, Charley. The problematic Holtzmann's Law in Germanic. (Indogermanische Forschungen Bd. 108, 2003).
2227:
1821:, and German is a recognized minority language in this region. German is the primary language among the
944:, clearly attested in late runic East Norse at a time when West Germanic had long merged the sound with
5627:
1803:
240:
5375:
4798:
Håller språket ihop Norden? En forskningsrapport om ungdomars förståelse av danska, svenska och norska
2245:. Because of the long political union between Norway and Denmark, moderate and conservative Norwegian
6968:
4066:
dialect, today has an official orthography and is, because of a lack of mutual intelligibility with
2222:. The continental Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Norwegian and Danish) were heavily influenced by
7246:
7200:
7195:
6592:
6451:
6342:
6337:
4177:
4142:
2931:
2669:
do. These lexical, grammatical, and morphological similarities can be outlined in the table below.
1134:
925:
652:
3805:
7185:
7129:
7124:
7044:
6717:
6667:
5967:
5785:
5541:
5469:
5457:
4172:
4167:
3556:
2935:
2666:
2016:
1818:
1163:
among the Germanic languages spoken in central Europe, not reaching those spoken in Scandinavia.
1123:
624:
612:
608:
385:
343:
308:
304:
300:
74:
7307:
7027:
6425:
5338:
4242:
Nordiske sprog i fortid og nutid. Sproglighed og sprogforskelle, sprogfamilier og sprogslægtskab
7190:
6672:
6638:
6256:
6072:
5932:
5772:
5667:
4921:
4364:
4073:
Traveller Danish, Rodi, and Swedish Romani are varieties of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish with
3871:
3301:
1749:
Yet, by 1600, another classification of the North Germanic language branches had arisen from a
1664:
period, the North Germanic languages developed into an East Scandinavian branch, consisting of
616:
458:
423:
50:
5246:
4900:
4480:
The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages
4241:
2233:
Another way of classifying the languages – focusing on mutual intelligibility rather than the
1300:
with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel and the following consonant, if present.
7348:
7312:
6580:
6573:
6525:
6295:
6266:
6235:
6198:
6123:
5880:
5793:
5654:
5616:
5070:
4419:
4152:
4082:
2272:
2182:
In historical linguistics, the North Germanic family tree is divided into two main branches,
1141:
388:, consisting of languages like English, Dutch, and German to the south, and does not include
6813:
5688:
4524:
3751:
3586:
3357:
3284:
2878:
is, in other words, politically shaped. This is also because of the strong influence of the
7317:
7297:
7266:
7139:
6999:
6745:
6563:
6155:
5982:
5944:
5939:
5813:
5760:
5518:
5169:
5161:
4834:
4651:
4576:
4137:
3998:
3914:
3686:
3233:
3072:
2419:(Skåne), demonstrated a better understanding of Danish than Swedish speakers to the north.
1799:
1119:
514:
98:
6973:
5388:
3150:
546:(written) (disputed between East and West Scandinavian due to its descendance from Danish)
490:
8:
7256:
6492:
6446:
6380:
6133:
5780:
5693:
5491:
5277:
Utkast till ortografi över skånska språket med morfologi och ordlista. Första. revisionen
4913:
4207:. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International
4052:
3669:
2327:
survived in some of the Swedish dialects. Nynorsk incorporates much of these words, like
6803:
6648:
5895:
4197:
3729:
3267:
739:
The raising of to (and word-finally to ). The original vowel remained when nasalised *
7302:
7226:
7154:
7144:
7099:
6861:
6788:
6685:
6530:
6505:
6500:
6393:
6221:
6106:
5927:
5705:
5700:
5679:
5640:
5444:
5434:
5368:
5099:
4887:
3906:
3898:
3847:
3698:
3320:
3033:
3022:
2996:
Germanic languages division including West and East Scandinavian languages and dialects
2863:
2195:
2187:
2090:
2072:
1920:
1907:
1837:
1829:
1681:
1673:
1652:
1184:
1111:
582:
533:
328:
324:
296:
218:
186:
79:
6456:
4679:
4661:
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Paris.
3569:
3527:
149:
7276:
7075:
6991:
6984:
6939:
6883:
6643:
6633:
6616:
6611:
6515:
6277:
6077:
6038:
6018:
5856:
5748:
5730:
5582:
5330:
5284:
5078:
4917:
4895:
4891:
4879:
4869:
4838:
4778:. The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
4662:
4621:
4530:
4483:
4443:
4423:
4406:
4341:
4306:
4256:
3940:
3770:
3016:
2879:
2223:
2141:
1786:
1601:
The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century:
485:
418:
351:
268:
115:
110:
5008:
3721:
3624:
3506:
3466:
3138:
3060:
2431:
2427:
1616:
1607:
7231:
7022:
6956:
6912:
6907:
6867:
6856:
6848:
6653:
6621:
6568:
6557:
6470:
6179:
6118:
5908:
5890:
5725:
5486:
5478:
5222:
4861:
4849:
4282:
4067:
3922:
3902:
3603:
3516:
3179:
3011:
2883:
2867:
2267:
in Danish, developments which have not occurred in the other languages (though the
2207:
2191:
2132:
2100:
2081:
1946:
1933:
1871:
1851:
1847:
1814:
1795:
1790:
1677:
1669:
1160:
620:
577:
505:
480:
453:
393:
389:
369:
speak a Scandinavian language as their native language, including an approximately
366:
332:
320:
209:
195:
120:
7068:
1684:
and, thirdly, an Old Gutnish branch. Norwegian settlers brought Old West Norse to
7261:
7221:
7054:
6961:
6944:
6929:
6924:
6917:
6626:
6535:
6520:
6475:
6327:
6290:
6282:
6261:
6248:
6228:
6214:
5977:
5954:
5885:
5875:
5867:
5647:
5309:
Outlined Scanian orthography including morphology and word index. First revision.
5229:
5209:
5056:
5036:
4984:
4808:
4686:
4658:
4597:
4510:
4293:
4248:
4223:
4204:
4157:
4074:
3863:
3832:
3206:
3121:
3049:
2875:
2871:
2203:
2175:
2170:
2110:
1890:
1665:
918:
500:
463:
434:
413:
316:
177:
69:
62:
4277:
Holmberg, Anders and Christer Platzack (2005). "The Scandinavian languages". In
3489:
3449:
3384:
2992:
2886:
often referred to as "Eastern Urban Norwegian", spoken mainly in and around the
1499:-onset and length remained, but the diphthong simplified resulting in variously
560:
7342:
7236:
7216:
7168:
7060:
6934:
6604:
6371:
6310:
6089:
6046:
6003:
5920:
5915:
5804:
5754:
5605:
5556:
5511:
5504:
5294:
4845:
4411:
3837:
3827:
3733:
3455:
3202:
3164:
3087:
3006:
2899:
2874:
in the popular mind as well as among most linguists. The generally agreed upon
2150:
2123:
2058:
1883:
1843:
1774:
1643:
1441:
1260:
441:
4934:
Stockholm's youth understand 55% of spoken Norwegian and 34% of spoken Danish.
4883:
4450:, in «Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung», 86/1, 1972, pp. 104–110.
3332:
3307:
1563:
1554:
7364:
7292:
7134:
6890:
6841:
6658:
6597:
6510:
6415:
6353:
6300:
6184:
6111:
4865:
4123:(High Norwegian) is similar to Nynorsk and is used by a very small minority.
3692:
3478:
3429:
3419:
3027:
2621:
1899:
1723:
1693:
1689:
954:
656:
249:
228:
4839:"Ideology Against Language: The Current Situation in South Slavic Countries"
3144:
2315:
in Norwegian Bokmål) was borrowed into Danish and Norwegian, whereas native
1708:
had settled there around 800, but this language became extinct around 1700.
1514:("I"), which could occur both stressed and unstressed, appears varyingly as
7161:
6585:
6549:
6482:
6305:
6128:
6101:
6084:
6028:
5987:
5569:
5548:
5364:
4613:
3952:
3539:
3076:
3043:
2387:
languages, despite the fact that it is the country that uses English most.
2279:
2234:
1713:
570:
470:
158:
6808:
3158:
3110:
3106:
1789:
in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, whereas the non-Germanic
555:
135:
6978:
6951:
6769:
6677:
6359:
6320:
5903:
5598:
5562:
5497:
4609:
4263:, Nordic Council of Ministers' Secretariat, Copenhagen 2004. (In Danish).
4112:
4078:
4018:
3843:
3390:
3369:
2284:
2215:
1739:
1731:
1634:
1625:
1488:
446:
355:
6823:
4216:
4119:
4010:
3957:
3592:
3512:
3474:
3363:
3342:
3290:
3250:
3154:
2732:
Het was een vochtige, grauwe zomerdag eind juni./aan het einde van juni.
2271:
corresponds to the changes in pitch in Norwegian and Swedish, which are
6818:
6798:
6163:
5833:
5534:
3755:
3630:
3198:
2488:
2423:
2407:
2160:
2030: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1153:
1149:
1127:
936:, with presumably a rhotic fricative of some kind as an earlier stage.
565:
4226:. Network for Scandinavian Dialect Syntax. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
4105:
3928:
3867:
7004:
6752:
6398:
6315:
6096:
6051:
6023:
5849:
5403:
4905:
4857:
4730:
How many languages do we need?: the economics of linguistic diversity
4637:
The Nordic Council's/Nordic Council of Ministers' political magazine
4348:
Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien, p. 9
4059:
4006:
3964:
3877:
3648:
3404:
3373:
3239:
3093:
3038:
3001:
2982:
2528:
2403:
2376:
2211:
1958:
1807:
1661:
648:
519:
475:
378:
279:
261:
143:
129:
6828:
4650:
Sammallahti, Pekka, 1990. "The Sámi Language: Past and Present". In
4460:
Kuhn, Hans (1955–1956). "Zur Gliederung der germanischen Sprachen".
4285:
and Richard S. Kayne. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
3273:
2920:
2696:
It wie in stribbelige/fochtige, graue simmerdei oan de ein fan Juny.
2246:
2005:
1828:
Traditionally, Danish and German were the two official languages of
1770:
1597:
1366:
1233:
1209:
1081:
1037:
885:
824:
715:
607:
The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups:
543:
6793:
6141:
5133:[Elfdalian – its own language or an outstanding dialect?].
3945:
3933:
3851:
3790:
3675:
3533:
3425:
3218:
2855:
2383:
1833:
1735:
1701:
1171:
Some innovations are not found in West and East Germanic, such as:
272:
257:
5352:
3702:
3654:
3256:
2508:
2468:
2412:
1574:
followed in the next syllable. This followed vowel breaking, with
358:. Danish, Norwegian and Swedish are close enough to form a strong
6834:
6430:
6332:
5059:. Språkrådet, Norway. (In Norwegian). Retrieved 13 November 2007.
4027:
4023:
4002:
3985:
3981:
3969:
3881:
3855:
3794:
3781:
3777:
3759:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3637:
3408:
3336:
3326:
2986:
2892:
2744:
Es war ein feuchter, grauer Sommertag Ende Juni / im späten Juni.
2640:
2254:
2219:
2062:
The present-day distribution of the Germanic languages in Europe:
1743:
1727:
1705:
1685:
1492:
590:
549:
374:
3609:
3066:
2263:
1547:
1478:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1419:
1287:
1245:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1003:
997:
991:
891:
864:
830:
789:
762:
721:
694:
6137:
5005:"The Scandinavian Languages: Their Histories and Relationships"
4162:
3859:
3495:
3222:
3168:
2548:
2416:
2323:
were able to survive in some of the Norwegian dialects whereas
1750:
1697:
1655:
with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility
879:
709:
253:
2905:
failure to agree upon a common standardized language in Norway
2708:
Dat weer/was een vuchtige, griese Summerdag an't Enn vun Juni.
6055:
5097:
4856:. Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe. London:
3185:
3127:
2989:
being mutually intelligible and the most separated ones not.
2792:
Det var ein fuktig, grå sommardag/sumardag i slutten av juni.
1189:
Occurred also in East Germanic, but with a different outcome.
636:
5164:[Elfdalian – Language or dialect? (Masters thesis)]
350:
appears in studies of the modern standard languages and the
5102:[Elfdalian is a language – not a Swedish dialect].
4591:"Variation in subject case marking in Insular Scandinavian"
3706:
3543:
3346:
2887:
2720:
Dit was 'n vogtige, grou somer dag aan die einde van Junie.
2568:
2257:
West Scandinavian via the west–east division shown above.)
1672:; and, secondly, a West Scandinavian branch, consisting of
404:
The modern languages and their dialects in this group are:
4589:
Jónsson, Jóhannes Gísli and Thórhallur Eythórsson (2004).
602:
315:, a direct translation of the most common term used among
5384:
Middle Low German influence on the Scandinavian languages
4462:
Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur
647:
The North Germanic group is characterized by a number of
5162:"Das Älvdalische – Sprache oder Dialekt? (Diplomarbeit)"
5131:"Älvdalska – eget språk eller värsting bland dialekter?"
4824:. Nordisk utredningsserie 13. Nordiska rådet, Stockholm.
4544:
2422:
Access to Danish television and radio, direct trains to
5264:
4796:
Delsing, Lars-Olof and Katarina Lundin Åkesson (2005).
4009:(which is considered a separate language from Swedish,
1427:
This also affected stressed syllables: Proto-Germanic *
392:
to the east, which belongs to the completely unrelated
2840:
De var en fuktur, graar summadag ei släutait av jäuni.
1817:
in southwestern Denmark, German is also spoken by the
5341:, also available in the other Scandinavian languages.
2430:
and a larger number of cross-border commuters in the
642:
4556:
4198:
Language Family Trees Indo-European, Germanic, North
2686:
It was a humid, grey summer day at the end of June.
2780:
Det var en fuktig, grå sommerdag i slutten av juni.
5201:. Conference paper, 18–19 juni 2004. Available in
5100:"Älvdalskan är ett språk – inte en svensk dialekt"
4522:
4405:
4133:Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish
2816:Tað var ein rakur, gráur summardagur síðst í juni.
2756:Det var en fuktig, grå sommardag i slutet av juni.
2694:
2415:, located in the southernmost Swedish province of
1487:at an early stage. This diphthong is preserved in
1068:fixed form with declension on the second part: ON
5379:. Vol. XXI (9th ed.). pp. 366–374.
4704:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
2237:model – posits Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish as
1510:This affected only stressed syllables. The word *
7362:
2981:All North Germanic languages are descended from
2828:Eð war ien fuktun, grå såmårdag i slutę åv juni.
2706:
2363:) whereas Bokmål has retained the Danish forms (
2253:are sometimes considered East Scandinavian, and
399:
311:. The language group is also referred to as the
5203:pdf format at Uppsala University online archive
5091:
4944:
4942:
4110:
2826:
2802:
2718:
2397:Germanic languages § Vocabulary comparison
1526:(stressed, with breaking) throughout Old Norse.
1521:
1515:
1432:
1413:
1387:
1356:
1316:
1281:
1275:
1221:
1197:
1075:
1069:
1031:
977:
870:
818:
776:
700:
264:in what is now Scotland until the 19th century.
4523:Lindström, Fredrik; Lindström, Henrik (2012).
4046:
2768:Det var en fugtig, grå sommerdag sidst i juni.
5419:
5248:Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia: A New Edition
4092:
2860:A language is a dialect with an army and navy
2838:
2814:
2790:
2754:
1987:* The figure includes 450,000 members of the
4939:
4854:Languages and Nationalism Instead of Empires
4372:Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics
2778:
2766:
2742:
1239:
1227:
1203:
1043:
1021:
1015:
1009:
905:
844:
795:
727:
282:until their demise in the late 15th century.
5071:"The National Minority Languages in Sweden"
5062:
2949:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2730:
856:'of a gift' > late Northwest Germanic *
384:This language branch is separated from the
359:
5426:
5412:
4990:s language of publication is described as
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4346:Sveriges nationalatlas. Språken i Sverige.
4273:
4271:
4269:
4062:(Älvdalen speech), generally considered a
3917:(generally considered a Norwegian dialect)
3850:along with former East Danish dialects in
2804:Það var rakur, grár sumardagur í lok júní.
1166:
5255:
5050:Jemtsk og trøndersk – to nære slektningar
4899:
4516:
4459:
4358:
4356:
4354:
2969:Learn how and when to remove this message
2390:
2295:(from Middle Low German), whereas native
2046:Learn how and when to remove this message
295:make up one of the three branches of the
4770:
4768:
4743:"Nynorsk – noe for svensker? – Uniforum"
2991:
2057:
1746:and in various settlements in the East.
1596:
1063:etc., with declension of the first part;
809:'tongue' > late Northwest Germanic *
5273:
4950:"Nordens språk – med rötter och fötter"
4781:
4728:Victor Ginsburgh, Shlomo Weber (2011).
4526:Svitjods undergång och Sveriges födelse
4498:
4496:
4403:
4266:
3157:) (Wide linguistic similarity with the
2174:Dots indicate a few of the areas where
603:Distinction from East and West Germanic
365:Approximately 20 million people in the
14:
7363:
5433:
5363:
5068:
4833:
4397:
4351:
4236:
4234:
4232:
2848:
1989:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
7097:
6711:
5455:
5407:
5244:
5179:from the original on 17 February 2020
4765:
4753:from the original on 25 February 2021
4550:
4317:from the original on 21 February 2022
4196:Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005.
1823:Danish minority of Southern Schleswig
1719:A Description of the Northern Peoples
1566:, which rounded stressed vowels when
629:Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe
5327:Nordens sprog – med rødder og fødder
5159:
5141:from the original on 7 December 2017
5128:
4924:from the original on 10 January 2024
4776:Norden this week – Monday 01.17.2005
4732:, Princeton University Press. p. 42.
4493:
4453:
4418:. Oxford University Press. pp.
4381:from the original on 6 February 2016
4253:Nordens sprog – med rødder og fødder
2947:adding citations to reliable sources
2914:
2028:adding citations to reliable sources
1999:
5988:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
5199:Elfdalian, the Vernacular of Övdaln
5110:from the original on 25 August 2012
4362:
4229:
3866:) as well as the southern parts of
2402:Cultural Fund, Swedish speakers in
1520:(unstressed, with no breaking) and
169:Continental Scandinavian languages:
24:
7347:Languages between parentheses are
6712:
4710:from the original on 2 August 2018
747:, and was then later lowered to .
643:Features shared with West Germanic
381:speak Danish as a first language.
25:
7382:
5345:
4620:. Oxford University Press, 2006,
1995:
1902:, European Union, Nordic Council
1882:Sweden, Finland, European Union,
1806:), the sole official language of
1785:The North Germanic languages are
754:'gift' > Northwest Germanic *
663:The retraction of Proto-Germanic
27:Languages of the Nordic countries
5399:Most similar languages to Danish
5351:
5265:Kristiansen, Tore m.fl. (1996),
4618:The Changing Languages of Europe
4279:The Comparative Syntax Handbook,
4087:Norwegian and Swedish Travellers
3977:Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia
2919:
2579:
2559:
2536:
2516:
2493:
2473:
2214:respectively. There was also an
2004:
1765:) and Continental Scandinavian (
1535:(see "year" above), and also of
686:'year' > Northwest Germanic *
157:
5245:Adams, Charles Kendall (1895).
5215:
5191:
5153:
5122:
5042:
5023:
4997:
4968:
4827:
4814:
4735:
4722:
4696:
4678:Inez Svonni Fjällström (2006).
4672:
4652:Arctic Languages: An Awakening.
4644:
4631:
4603:
4583:
4472:
4313:(in Danish). 21 February 2021.
2241:, and Faroese and Icelandic as
2218:branch spoken on the island of
2163:(partially national boundaries)
2153:(partially national boundaries)
2113:(partially national boundaries)
2103:(partially national boundaries)
2093:(partially national boundaries)
2015:needs additional citations for
1780:
1734:, and Norwegian settlements in
1495:. In other Norse dialects, the
7351:of the language on their left.
5370:"Scandinavian Languages"
5077:. Peter Lang. pp. 87–92.
4774:"Urban misunderstandings". In
4436:
4329:
4299:
4210:
4190:
2910:
2307:. On the other hand, the word
1850:, is part of the group of the
1592:
13:
1:
7242:Germanic substrate hypothesis
7098:
5251:. D. Appleton, A. J. Johnson.
5129:Dahl, Östen (December 2008).
5030:Finlandssvensk som hovedspråk
4307:"Sprog og politik i Grønland"
4251:. Moderne nordiske sprog. In
4183:
2660:
957:pronoun ancestral to English
400:Modern languages and dialects
164:North Germanic-speaking lands
7272:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
5963:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
5073:. In Gerhard Stickel (ed.).
4680:"A language with deep roots"
4374:. University of Copenhagen.
4287:Excerpt at Durham University
4148:Gender in Danish and Swedish
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2482:
2479:
2476:
1307:("night", accusative) > *
1220:("faithful") > Old Norse
7:
7252:High German consonant shift
4482:. Walter de Gruyter, 2005,
4478:Bandle, Oskar (ed.)(2005).
4448:Indo-European ē in Germanic
4416:The World's Major Languages
4338:Språkets enhet och mångfald
4217:Scandinavian Dialect Syntax
4126:
4099:Norwegian language conflict
4047:Classification difficulties
3870:, now generally considered
3789:Telemark-Numedal dialects (
3752:Hallingdal-Valdres dialects
2903:highly unlikely, given the
2200:East Scandinavian languages
2184:West Scandinavian languages
1397:General loss of word-final
1232:, but > Old High German
1208:, but > Old High German
10:
7387:
5790:Westlauwers–Terschellings
5443:According to contemporary
5325:Iben Stampe Sletten red.,
5238:
4529:. Albert Bonniers Förlag.
4096:
4093:Written norms of Norwegian
4081:known collectively as the
2394:
1196:("of two") > Old Norse
619:to some degree during the
597:
7334:
7285:
7209:
7178:
7110:
7106:
7093:
7042:
7015:
6969:Southern Schleswig Danish
6900:
6781:
6737:
6728:
6724:
6707:
6548:
6491:
6379:
6370:
6275:
6247:
6206:
6197:
6172:
6154:
6065:
6037:
6011:
6002:
5953:
5866:
5841:
5832:
5771:
5666:
5615:
5590:
5581:
5477:
5468:
5464:
5451:
5441:
5256:Jervelund, Anita (2007),
5106:(in Swedish). Stockholm.
4404:Hawkins, John A. (1987).
2291:'window' was replaced by
852:Proto-Germanic gen. sg. *
201:Insular Nordic languages:
156:
142:
128:
104:
94:
70:Linguistic classification
68:
56:
46:
39:
34:
7371:North Germanic languages
7247:West Germanic gemination
7201:Ancient Belgian language
7196:Germanic parent language
7140:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
6262:Austrian Standard German
5456:
5319:, Strasbourg: Hünenburg.
4866:10.4324/9781003034025-11
4178:South Germanic languages
4143:Low Franconian languages
3415:Valle-Setesdalsk dialect
2239:Continental Scandinavian
2065:North Germanic languages
1477:was also affected (also
1270:("I/(s)he bound") > *
1259:Word-final devoicing of
1135:Low Franconian languages
655:innovations shared with
571:North Norwegian dialects
340:North Germanic languages
293:North Germanic languages
5389:Scandinavian-only words
5376:Encyclopædia Britannica
5160:Zach, Kristine (2013).
5048:Dalen, Arnold (2005).
5035:12 October 2017 at the
4691:Sápmi: Language history
4292:3 December 2007 at the
4247:4 November 2011 at the
4222:12 January 2012 at the
4173:West Germanic languages
4168:East Germanic languages
2839:
2827:
2707:
2667:West Germanic languages
2406:and Danish speakers in
2116:West Germanic languages
1915:Norway, Nordic Council
1819:North Schleswig Germans
1553:
1548:
1522:
1516:
1491:and survives in modern
1479:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1433:
1420:
1418:, but > Old English
1414:
1388:
1367:
1357:
1317:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1246:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1175:Sharpening of geminate
1167:North Germanic features
1124:Anglo-Frisian languages
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
978:
953:The development of the
906:
892:
886:
880:
871:
865:
845:
831:
825:
819:
796:
790:
777:
763:
728:
722:
716:
710:
701:
695:
625:Proto-Germanic language
566:West Norwegian dialects
561:East Norwegian dialects
386:West Germanic languages
344:comparative linguistics
309:East Germanic languages
305:West Germanic languages
301:Indo-European languages
7308:Preterite-present verb
7191:Proto-Germanic grammar
7145:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
6257:German Standard German
5933:East Frisian Low Saxon
5358:Scandinavian languages
4685:5 October 2007 at the
4509:15 August 2004 at the
4203:3 October 2012 at the
4111:
3872:South Swedish dialects
2997:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2695:
2391:Mutual intelligibility
2273:pitch-accent languages
2179:
1877:
1742:dialect was spoken in
1657:
1617:Old East Norse dialect
1608:Old West Norse dialect
1539:before a round vowel.
1240:
1133:Weser–Rhine Germanic (
1051:Runic Norse: nom. sg.
497:East Swedish dialects
459:South Swedish dialects
394:Uralic language family
360:mutual intelligibility
348:Scandinavian languages
51:North Germanic peoples
7313:Grammatischer Wechsel
6296:Namibian Black German
6267:Swiss Standard German
6236:Early New High German
5794:Mainland West Frisian
5655:Harlingerland Frisian
5069:Ekberg, Lena (2010).
5055:18 March 2007 at the
5039:(in Norwegian bokmål)
4153:High German languages
4117:. On the other hand,
4085:. They are spoken by
4083:Scandoromani language
3561:(Mid-east districts)
2995:
2311:'begin' (now written
2226:during the period of
2061:
1986:
1600:
1365:> Old High German
1142:High German languages
976:'this, that' (cf. ON
714:> Old High German
617:mutually intelligible
335:scholars and people.
299:—a sub-family of the
7318:Indo-European ablaut
7298:Germanic strong verb
7267:Germanic spirant law
6404:Southeast Limburgish
5900:Gelders-Overijssels
5529:Irish Middle English
5519:Early Modern English
5228:9 March 2016 at the
5208:22 July 2011 at the
5197:Sapir, Yair (2004).
5170:University of Vienna
5011:on 19 September 2021
4983:9 April 2014 at the
4860:. pp. 167–179.
4657:21 July 2018 at the
4577:Nationalencyklopedin
4407:"Germanic languages"
4138:Ingvaeonic languages
3915:Urban East Norwegian
3730:Gudbrandsdal dialect
3726:(Midland districts)
3552:Midtøstland dialects
3471:(Lowland districts)
3391:Midhordland district
2943:improve this section
2243:Insular Scandinavian
2024:improve this article
1581:being u-umlauted to
1546:> North Germanic
1470:(see "gift" above).
1311:> (by u-umlaut) *
1274:> Old West Norse
1120:Ingvaeonic languages
1118:North Sea Germanic (
515:Dalecarlian language
7286:Synchronic features
7257:Germanic a-mutation
7210:Diachronic features
6560:in the broad sense
6493:East Central German
6447:Lorraine Franconian
6421:Transylvanian Saxon
6381:West Central German
6156:East Low Franconian
6066:West Low Franconian
5274:Lucazin, M (2010),
4807:14 May 2011 at the
4747:www.uniforum.uio.no
4553:, pp. 336–338.
4240:Torp, Arne (2004).
4053:Jamtlandic dialects
3887:Northern Jutlandic
3631:Opplandene district
3297:Sunndalsøra dialect
3161:dialects in Norway)
2849:Language boundaries
2787:Norwegian (Nynorsk)
2382:Currently, English
2228:Hanseatic expansion
1804:Eskimo–Aleut family
1626:Old Gutnish dialect
1562:The development of
1122:, ancestral to the
917:The development of
346:, whereas the term
7303:Germanic weak verb
7112:Language subgroups
6462:Pennsylvania Dutch
6411:Moselle Franconian
6389:Central Franconian
6222:Middle High German
5973:Central Pomeranian
5928:Northern Low Saxon
5641:Wangerooge Frisian
5435:Germanic languages
4820:Maurud, Ø (1976).
4596:4 May 2016 at the
4444:Cercignani, Fausto
4311:Forenede Nationers
3907:Southern Schleswig
3899:Southern Jutlandic
3766:Hallingdal dialect
3699:Särna-Idre dialect
3636:Hedmark dialects (
3576:Ringerike district
3565:Ringerike dialects
2998:
2880:standard languages
2775:Norwegian (Bokmål)
2180:
1838:Duchy of Schleswig
1787:national languages
1658:
1653:Germanic languages
1286:, but Old English
1112:Northwest Germanic
297:Germanic languages
271:was spoken in the
7358:
7357:
7343:extinct languages
7330:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7277:Great Vowel Shift
7089:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7038:
7037:
6884:Greenlandic Norse
6703:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6634:Southern Bavarian
6617:Northern Bavarian
6593:Highest Alemannic
6544:
6543:
6278:standard variants
6193:
6192:
6039:Standard variants
5998:
5997:
5857:Middle Low German
5828:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5628:Saterland Frisian
5356:Works related to
5313:Maurer, Friedrich
5290:978-91-977265-2-8
4875:978-0-367-47191-0
4850:Kamusella, Tomasz
4536:978-91-0-013451-8
4342:Studentlitteratur
4255:. Nord 2004:010,
4011:Älvdalen locality
3941:Norrland dialects
3828:East Scandinavian
3676:Hadeland district
3534:Grenland district
3519:in retrospective)
3515:) (Influenced by
3513:Bohuslän province
3475:Vikværsk dialects
3462:Flatbygd dialects
3370:Stavanger dialect
3280:Nordmøre dialects
3229:Haugesund dialect
3155:Jämtland province
3151:Jämtland dialects
3083:Helgeland dialect
3017:Greenlandic Norse
3007:West Scandinavian
2979:
2978:
2971:
2846:
2845:
2658:
2657:
2587:
2586:
2224:Middle Low German
2056:
2055:
2048:
1983:
1982:
1280:, Old East Norse
1148:Inability of the
1048:'lo!, behold!');
800:(vowel lowering).
529:West Scandinavian
491:Jämtland dialects
486:Norrland dialects
481:Svealand dialects
419:Jutlandic dialect
409:East Scandinavian
352:dialect continuum
289:
288:
269:Greenlandic Norse
241:Greenlandic Norse
116:West Scandinavian
111:East Scandinavian
16:(Redirected from
7378:
7135:Elbe (Irminonic)
7108:
7107:
7095:
7094:
7023:Mainland Gutnish
6913:Swedish dialects
6875:Middle Icelandic
6849:Middle Norwegian
6738:Historical forms
6735:
6734:
6726:
6725:
6709:
6708:
6668:South Franconian
6654:Hutterite German
6622:Central Bavarian
6442:Rhine Franconian
6377:
6376:
6207:Historical forms
6204:
6203:
6119:Surinamese Dutch
6012:Historical forms
6009:
6008:
5842:Historical forms
5839:
5838:
5591:Historical forms
5588:
5587:
5475:
5474:
5466:
5465:
5453:
5452:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5405:
5404:
5380:
5372:
5355:
5339:available online
5308:
5307:
5305:
5300:on 8 August 2011
5299:
5293:, archived from
5282:
5269:
5260:
5252:
5232:
5223:Traveller Danish
5219:
5213:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5178:
5167:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5066:
5060:
5046:
5040:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5007:. Archived from
5001:
4995:
4989:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4952:. Archived from
4946:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4903:
4843:
4835:Kordić, Snježana
4831:
4825:
4818:
4812:
4794:
4779:
4772:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4739:
4733:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4700:
4694:
4676:
4670:
4648:
4642:
4635:
4629:
4607:
4601:
4587:
4581:
4572:Omkring 800–1100
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4520:
4514:
4500:
4491:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4457:
4451:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4409:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4380:
4369:
4360:
4349:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4303:
4297:
4283:Guglielmo Cinque
4275:
4264:
4238:
4227:
4214:
4208:
4194:
4116:
3903:Southern Jutland
3809:
3782:Valdres district
3774:
3725:
3717:Midland dialects
3690:
3682:Østerdal dialect
3673:
3665:Hadeland dialect
3652:
3628:
3607:
3590:
3582:Hønefoss dialect
3573:
3560:
3531:
3523:Grenland dialect
3510:
3502:Bohuslän dialect
3493:
3470:
3453:
3423:
3388:
3361:
3353:Sunnmøre dialect
3324:
3305:
3288:
3271:
3254:
3237:
3183:
3142:
3134:Härjedal dialect
3125:
3091:
3064:
3047:
2974:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2923:
2915:
2884:prestige dialect
2842:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2672:
2671:
2593:
2592:
2442:
2441:
2278:Sweden left the
2168:
2158:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2051:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2008:
2000:
1866:Official Status
1857:
1856:
1852:Uralic languages
1815:Southern Jutland
1796:Nordic countries
1730:, Scotland, the
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1551:
1542:Proto-Germanic *
1538:
1534:
1531:Loss of initial
1525:
1519:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1436:
1423:
1417:
1404:Proto-Germanic *
1400:
1391:
1378:Proto-Germanic *
1377:
1370:
1360:
1343:Proto-Germanic *
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1303:Proto-Germanic *
1299:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1266:Proto-Germanic *
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1192:Proto-Germanic *
1182:
1178:
1161:language contact
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1026:n.) + proximal *
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
981:
947:
935:
931:
909:
895:
889:
883:
874:
868:
863:North Germanic *
848:
834:
828:
822:
805:Proto-Germanic *
799:
793:
780:
766:
761:North Germanic *
750:Proto-Germanic *
746:
743:and when before
731:
725:
719:
713:
704:
698:
693:North Germanic *
682:Proto-Germanic *
670:
621:Migration Period
556:Trønder dialects
506:Estonian Swedish
476:Gotland dialects
367:Nordic countries
313:Nordic languages
307:and the extinct
303:—along with the
237:
225:
216:
207:
193:
184:
175:
161:
152:
138:
32:
31:
21:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7354:
7322:
7281:
7262:Germanic umlaut
7227:Holtzmann's law
7205:
7174:
7102:
7081:
7034:
7011:
6945:South Jutlandic
6930:Danish dialects
6896:
6777:
6720:
6691:
6673:East Franconian
6627:Viennese German
6540:
6521:Silesian German
6487:
6476:Central Hessian
6366:
6291:Namibian German
6280:
6271:
6249:Standard German
6243:
6229:New High German
6215:Old High German
6189:
6168:
6150:
6061:
6033:
5994:
5978:East Pomeranian
5968:Brandenburgisch
5955:East Low German
5949:
5876:Dutch Low Saxon
5868:West Low German
5862:
5820:
5786:Schiermonnikoog
5767:
5662:
5648:Wursten Frisian
5611:
5577:
5460:
5447:
5437:
5432:
5348:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5280:
5267:Dansk Sproglære
5258:Sådan Staver Vi
5241:
5236:
5235:
5230:Wayback Machine
5220:
5216:
5210:Wayback Machine
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5165:
5158:
5154:
5144:
5142:
5127:
5123:
5113:
5111:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5067:
5063:
5057:Wayback Machine
5047:
5043:
5037:Wayback Machine
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4987:
4985:Wayback Machine
4973:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4956:on 6 March 2016
4948:
4947:
4940:
4932:. p. 169:
4927:
4925:
4876:
4846:Nomachi, Motoki
4841:
4832:
4828:
4819:
4815:
4809:Wayback Machine
4800:. Available in
4795:
4782:
4773:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4687:Wayback Machine
4677:
4673:
4659:Wayback Machine
4649:
4645:
4636:
4632:
4608:
4604:
4598:Wayback Machine
4588:
4584:
4561:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4521:
4517:
4511:Wayback Machine
4501:
4494:
4477:
4473:
4458:
4454:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4402:
4398:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4367:
4363:Kroonen, Guus.
4361:
4352:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4294:Wayback Machine
4276:
4267:
4249:Wayback Machine
4239:
4230:
4224:Wayback Machine
4215:
4211:
4205:Wayback Machine
4195:
4191:
4186:
4158:Scanian dialect
4129:
4101:
4095:
4049:
3880:(or Jutish, in
3864:Scanian dialect
3803:
3778:Valdris dialect
3768:
3719:
3684:
3667:
3646:
3622:
3620:Oppland dialect
3601:
3584:
3567:
3554:
3525:
3504:
3487:
3464:
3447:
3417:
3405:Arendal dialect
3382:
3380:Strilar dialect
3355:
3333:Sandnes dialect
3318:
3316:Romsdal dialect
3299:
3282:
3265:
3248:
3231:
3207:Southern Norway
3177:
3136:
3119:
3085:
3073:Brønnøy dialect
3058:
3050:Northern Norway
3041:
2975:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2940:
2924:
2913:
2876:language border
2851:
2663:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2399:
2393:
2176:multilingualism
2173:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2052:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2021:
2009:
1998:
1991:
1783:
1696:, developed on
1656:
1648:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1552:> Old Norse
1483:), shifting to
1431:> Old Norse
1412:> Old Norse
1386:> Old Norse
1355:> Old Norse
1347:("sore") > *
1315:> Old Norse
1296:Loss of medial
1261:stop consonants
1216:Proto-Germanic
1185:Holtzmann's law
1169:
1140:Elbe Germanic (
1030:'here' (cf. ON
878:West Germanic *
784:West Germanic *
708:West Germanic *
699:> Old Norse
671:, also written
645:
605:
600:
501:Finland Swedish
435:South Jutlandic
424:North Jutlandic
402:
285:
245:
235:
233:
223:
221:
214:
212:
205:
198:
191:
189:
182:
180:
173:
166:
148:
134:
63:Northern Europe
58:
41:
28:
23:
22:
18:Nordic language
15:
12:
11:
5:
7384:
7374:
7373:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7345:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7213:
7211:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7186:Proto-Germanic
7182:
7180:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7165:
7158:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7127:
7122:
7116:
7114:
7104:
7103:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7061:Crimean Gothic
7050:
7048:
7040:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7025:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7008:
7007:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6937:
6935:Insular Danish
6932:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6918:Rinkebysvenska
6915:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6871:
6859:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6766:
6764:Old East Norse
6761:
6759:Old West Norse
6749:
6741:
6739:
6732:
6722:
6721:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6670:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6639:South Tyrolean
6631:
6630:
6629:
6619:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6581:High Alemannic
6578:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6554:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6497:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6449:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6423:
6418:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6385:
6383:
6374:
6372:Central German
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6330:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6313:
6311:Barossa German
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6253:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6225:
6218:
6210:
6208:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6090:French Flemish
6082:
6081:
6080:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6006:
6004:Low Franconian
6000:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5959:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5872:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5853:
5845:
5843:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5805:Westereendersk
5799:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5736:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5683:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5621:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5606:Middle Frisian
5602:
5594:
5592:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5566:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5512:Modern English
5508:
5505:Middle English
5501:
5494:
5483:
5481:
5472:
5462:
5461:
5449:
5448:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5361:
5347:
5346:External links
5344:
5343:
5342:
5323:
5320:
5310:
5289:
5271:
5262:
5253:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5214:
5190:
5152:
5137:(in Swedish).
5135:Språktidningen
5121:
5090:
5083:
5061:
5041:
5022:
4996:
4967:
4938:
4874:
4826:
4813:
4780:
4764:
4734:
4721:
4695:
4671:
4643:
4630:
4602:
4582:
4564:Nordiska språk
4555:
4543:
4535:
4515:
4492:
4471:
4452:
4435:
4428:
4412:Bernard Comrie
4396:
4350:
4328:
4298:
4265:
4228:
4209:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4128:
4125:
4094:
4091:
4077:vocabulary or
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4016:
4015:
4014:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3992:other dialects
3989:
3973:
3961:
3949:
3937:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3893:West Jutlandic
3891:
3890:East Jutlandic
3875:
3841:
3838:Insular Danish
3825:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3817:other dialects
3814:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3749:
3734:Gudbrandsdalen
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3693:Viken district
3679:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3644:Solung dialect
3617:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3596:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3520:
3499:
3485:Andebu dialect
3479:Viken district
3456:Eastern Norway
3442:
3441:
3440:
3438:other dialects
3435:
3434:
3433:
3412:
3409:Arendal region
3396:
3395:
3394:
3377:
3367:
3350:
3340:
3330:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3277:
3263:Karmøy dialect
3260:
3257:Jæren district
3243:
3226:
3219:Bergen dialect
3196:
3195:
3194:
3192:other dialects
3189:
3172:
3165:Meldal dialect
3162:
3148:
3131:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3100:other dialects
3097:
3080:
3070:
3031:
3025:
3020:
3014:
2977:
2976:
2927:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2900:Nordic Council
2850:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2432:Øresund Region
2428:Øresund Bridge
2392:
2389:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2012:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1996:Classification
1994:
1993:
1992:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1941:Faroe Islands
1939:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:Nordic Council
1880:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1844:Sami languages
1830:Denmark–Norway
1782:
1779:
1775:Dano-Norwegian
1647:
1644:Crimean Gothic
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1508:
1473:The diphthong
1442:Vowel breaking
1439:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1374:With original
1372:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1244:, Old English
1214:
1190:
1168:
1165:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1066:
1065:
1064:
951:
950:
949:
922:
915:
914:
913:
912:
911:
876:
850:
803:
802:
801:
782:
737:
736:
735:
734:
733:
720:, Old English
706:
644:
641:
639:inscriptions.
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
594:
587:
586:
585:
580:
575:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
547:
526:
525:
524:
523:
522:
512:
511:
510:
509:
508:
503:
495:
494:
493:
483:
478:
473:
468:
467:
466:
451:
450:
449:
444:
442:Insular Danish
439:
438:
437:
432:
431:West Jutlandic
429:
428:East Jutlandic
426:
401:
398:
287:
286:
284:
283:
265:
252:was spoken in
234:
222:
213:
204:
190:
181:
172:
162:
154:
153:
146:
140:
139:
132:
126:
125:
124:
123:
118:
113:
106:
102:
101:
96:
95:Proto-language
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
85:North Germanic
72:
66:
65:
60:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
37:
36:
35:North Germanic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7383:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7350:
7346:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7293:Germanic verb
7291:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7232:Sievers's law
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:Reconstructed
7177:
7171:
7170:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7096:
7092:
7078:
7077:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7014:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6998:
6994:
6993:
6992:Middle Danish
6989:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6868:Old Icelandic
6865:
6864:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6842:Old Norwegian
6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6660:
6659:Gottscheerish
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6598:Walser German
6596:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6564:Low Alemannic
6562:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6526:High Prussian
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6511:Erzgebirgisch
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6484:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6416:Luxembourgish
6414:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6354:Klezmer-loshn
6351:
6349:
6348:Scots Yiddish
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6246:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6186:
6185:Meuse-Rhenish
6183:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6112:Kleverlandish
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6073:Central Dutch
6071:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5881:Stellingwarfs
5879:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5815:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:Wood Frisian
5800:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5668:North Frisian
5665:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5470:Anglo-Frisian
5467:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5436:
5429:
5424:
5422:
5417:
5415:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5371:
5366:
5365:Noreen, Adolf
5362:
5360:at Wikisource
5359:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5340:
5336:
5335:92-893-1041-3
5332:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5279:
5278:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5218:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5175:
5171:
5168:(in German).
5163:
5156:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5086:
5084:9783631603659
5080:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5045:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5026:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4994:(in Swedish)
4993:
4992:skandinaviska
4986:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4971:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4935:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4823:
4817:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4731:
4725:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4675:
4668:
4667:92-3-102661-5
4664:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4647:
4640:
4639:Analys Norden
4634:
4627:
4626:0-19-929734-7
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4586:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4570:, subsection
4569:
4565:
4559:
4552:
4547:
4538:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4519:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4489:
4488:3-11-017149-X
4485:
4481:
4475:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4431:
4429:0-19-520521-9
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4400:
4393:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4262:
4261:92-893-1041-3
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4005:), including
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3818:
3815:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3656:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3491:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:Sogn district
3344:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3252:
3247:
3246:Jærsk dialect
3244:
3241:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3176:
3175:Tydal dialect
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3118:
3117:Fosen dialect
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2973:
2970:
2962:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2928:This section
2926:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2623:
2622:Faroe Islands
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:of Norwegian
2611:Comprehension
2610:
2606:Comprehension
2605:
2601:Comprehension
2600:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:of Norwegian
2458:Comprehension
2457:
2453:Comprehension
2452:
2448:Comprehension
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:(cf. Swedish
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2172:
2162:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2117:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2050:
2047:
2039:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2013:This section
2011:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1900:Faroe Islands
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:Old Norwegian
1721:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:Faroe Islands
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1599:
1584:
1577:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1452:except after
1443:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:according to
1174:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
989:
985:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:
960:
956:
955:demonstrative
952:
943:
938:
937:
927:
923:
920:
916:
908:
904:) vs. Gothic
903:
899:
894:
888:
882:
877:
873:
867:
862:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:) vs. Gothic
842:
838:
833:
827:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
798:
792:
787:
783:
779:
774:
770:
765:
760:
759:
757:
753:
749:
748:
742:
738:
730:
724:
718:
712:
707:
703:
697:
692:
691:
689:
685:
681:
680:
678:
674:
666:
662:
661:
660:
658:
657:West Germanic
654:
653:morphological
650:
640:
638:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
593:
592:
588:
584:
581:
579:
576:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
541:
539:
535:
532:
531:
530:
527:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
496:
492:
489:
488:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
471:Göta dialects
469:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
456:
455:
452:
448:
445:
443:
440:
436:
433:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
411:
410:
407:
406:
405:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
281:
277:
274:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:
244:
242:
232:
230:
220:
211:
203:
202:
197:
188:
179:
171:
170:
165:
160:
155:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:Indo-European
73:
71:
67:
64:
61:
55:
52:
49:
45:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7338:
7222:Verner's law
7167:
7162:Gotho-Nordic
7160:
7153:
7119:
7074:
7067:
7059:
7053:
7043:
7028:Fårö Gutnish
6990:
6983:
6889:
6882:
6873:
6866:
6847:
6840:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6751:
6744:
6729:
6713:
6684:
6586:Swiss German
6550:Upper German
6483:Amana German
6457:Volga German
6426:Hunsrückisch
6352:
6306:Unserdeutsch
6301:Berlinerisch
6234:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6173:Cover groups
6129:Mohawk Dutch
6124:Jersey Dutch
6102:East Flemish
6085:West Flemish
6029:Middle Dutch
5983:Low Prussian
5855:
5848:
5814:Terschelling
5798:Clay Frisian
5773:West Frisian
5761:Wiedingharde
5753:
5741:
5701:Heligolandic
5678:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5634:
5617:East Frisian
5604:
5597:
5570:Middle Scots
5568:
5561:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5528:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5374:
5326:
5316:
5302:, retrieved
5295:the original
5276:
5266:
5257:
5247:
5217:
5198:
5193:
5181:. Retrieved
5155:
5143:. Retrieved
5134:
5124:
5112:. Retrieved
5103:
5093:
5074:
5064:
5044:
5025:
5013:. Retrieved
5009:the original
4999:
4991:
4976:Hello Norden
4975:
4970:
4958:. Retrieved
4954:the original
4933:
4926:. Retrieved
4853:
4829:
4821:
4816:
4797:
4755:. Retrieved
4746:
4737:
4729:
4724:
4712:. Retrieved
4698:
4690:
4674:
4646:
4633:
4617:
4614:Tania Kuteva
4610:Heine, Bernd
4605:
4585:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4546:
4525:
4518:
4502:Lund, Jørn.
4479:
4474:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4447:
4438:
4415:
4399:
4390:
4383:. Retrieved
4371:
4345:
4337:
4331:
4319:. Retrieved
4310:
4301:
4278:
4252:
4212:
4192:
4118:
4104:
4102:
4072:
4063:
4058:
4050:
3991:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3927:
3816:
3599:Ådal dialect
3540:Oslo dialect
3437:
3399:
3343:Sogn dialect
3214:(Vestlandet)
3213:
3191:
3099:
3056:Bodø dialect
2980:
2965:
2956:
2941:Please help
2929:
2897:
2852:
2691:West Frisian
2664:
2588:
2437:
2421:
2400:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2280:Kalmar Union
2277:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2235:tree-of-life
2232:
2199:
2183:
2181:
2115:
2064:
2042:
2033:
2022:Please help
2017:verification
2014:
1975:
1970:
1842:
1827:
1812:
1784:
1781:Demographics
1767:Skandinavisk
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1717:
1714:Olaus Magnus
1710:
1659:
1651: Other
1582:
1575:
1543:
1511:
1428:
1409:
1405:
1383:
1379:
1362:
1361:, but > *
1352:
1348:
1344:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1271:
1267:
1251:
1217:
1193:
1170:
1158:
1147:
1109:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1027:
987:
983:
973:
969:
965:
958:
941:
901:
897:
896:(unstressed
857:
853:
840:
836:
835:(unstressed
814:
810:
806:
785:
772:
768:
755:
751:
740:
687:
683:
676:
672:
664:
649:phonological
646:
633:
627:in the late
606:
589:
528:
408:
403:
383:
364:
347:
339:
337:
312:
292:
290:
239:
227:
200:
199:
168:
167:
163:
105:Subdivisions
84:
59:distribution
42:Scandinavian
29:
7237:Kluge's law
7217:Grimm's law
7000:Dalecarlian
6979:Perkerdansk
6952:East Danish
6770:Old Gutnish
6746:Proto-Norse
6686:Langobardic
6678:Vogtlandian
6506:Upper Saxon
6360:Lachoudisch
6321:Lotegorisch
6199:High German
5945:Westphalian
5940:Eastphalian
5904:Achterhooks
5781:Hindeloopen
5716:Bökingharde
5685:Föhr–Amrum
5599:Old Frisian
5563:Early Scots
5498:Old English
5104:Aftonbladet
4321:21 February
4113:Aftenposten
4079:Para-Romani
4019:Old Gutnish
3999:Dalecarlian
3844:East Danish
3804: [
3769: [
3720: [
3685: [
3668: [
3647: [
3623: [
3602: [
3585: [
3568: [
3555: [
3526: [
3505: [
3488: [
3465: [
3448: [
3418: [
3400:(Sørlandet)
3383: [
3356: [
3319: [
3308:Sunndalsøra
3300: [
3283: [
3266: [
3249: [
3232: [
3178: [
3137: [
3120: [
3086: [
3059: [
3042: [
2911:Family tree
2608:of Swedish
2455:of Swedish
2285:Old Swedish
2216:Old Gutnish
2036:August 2010
1800:Greenlandic
1740:Old Gutnish
1732:Isle of Man
1635:Old English
1593:Middle Ages
1489:Old Gutnish
794:vs. Gothic
726:vs. Gothic
447:East Danish
371:5% minority
356:Scandinavia
342:is used in
276:settlements
99:Proto-Norse
7069:Burgundian
6985:Old Danish
6974:Gøtudanskt
6957:Bornholmsk
6819:Vestlandsk
6799:Kebabnorsk
6536:Halcnovian
6501:Thuringian
6164:Limburgish
6134:Stadsfries
6107:Brabantian
5834:Low German
5680:Eiderstedt
5535:Fingallian
5304:21 January
5183:24 January
4978:newsletter
4928:21 January
4884:1390118985
4802:pdf format
4566:, section
4551:Adams 1895
4385:27 January
4184:References
4097:See also:
3848:Bornholmsk
3801:Bø dialect
3756:Hallingdal
3740:and Upper
3199:Vestlandsk
3145:Härjedalen
2661:Vocabulary
2603:of Danish
2491:, Denmark
2489:Copenhagen
2471:, Denmark
2450:of Danish
2424:Copenhagen
2408:Copenhagen
2395:See also:
2178:is common.
2161:Low German
1976:20,251,500
1660:After the
1250:, English
1154:wave model
1150:tree model
1128:Low German
964:Germanic *
767:> with
57:Geographic
7349:varieties
7341:indicate
7155:Northwest
7100:Philology
7005:Elfdalian
6940:Jutlandic
6862:Icelandic
6837:(written)
6831:(written)
6809:Trøndersk
6789:Norwegian
6753:Old Norse
6574:Coloniero
6558:Alemannic
6531:Wymysorys
6399:Colognian
6394:Ripuarian
6316:Rotwelsch
6146:Midslands
6097:Zeelandic
6078:Hollandic
6052:Afrikaans
6024:Old Dutch
5850:Old Saxon
5749:Karrharde
5731:Goesharde
5712:Mainland
5445:philology
4918:171014403
4910:125229577
4906:COBISS.SR
4892:259576119
4858:Routledge
4340:., Lund:
4060:Elfdalian
4007:Elfdalian
3965:Gotlandic
3878:Jutlandic
3445:Østlandsk
3374:Stavanger
3240:Haugesund
3159:Trøndersk
3111:Trøndelag
3107:Trøndersk
3094:Helgeland
3039:Nordnorsk
3034:Norwegian
3030:(extinct)
3023:Icelandic
3019:(extinct)
3002:Old Norse
2983:Old Norse
2930:does not
2864:Norwegian
2823:Elfdalian
2799:Icelandic
2715:Afrikaans
2703:Low Saxon
2678:Sentence
2571:, Norway
2551:, Norway
2531:, Sweden
2529:Stockholm
2511:, Sweden
2426:over the
2404:Stockholm
2384:loanwords
2377:Arne Torp
2335:, Danish
2212:Old Norse
2196:Icelandic
2188:Norwegian
2091:Norwegian
2073:Icelandic
1959:Elfdalian
1921:Icelandic
1912:5,000,000
1908:Norwegian
1898:Denmark,
1895:5,600,000
1876:9,200,000
1863:Speakers
1860:Language
1808:Greenland
1763:øynordisk
1755:önordiska
1751:syntactic
1682:Icelandic
1674:Norwegian
1662:Old Norse
1336:(but not
1238:, German
1226:, Gothic
1202:, Gothic
1042:, Gothic
1008:; Gothic
926:rhotacism
884:> OHG
771:-umlaut *
583:Icelandic
552:(written)
534:Norwegian
520:Elfdalian
379:Greenland
338:The term
329:Norwegian
325:Icelandic
280:Greenland
262:Caithness
219:Icelandic
187:Norwegian
144:Glottolog
130:ISO 639-5
47:Ethnicity
7365:Category
7076:Vandalic
7019:Gutnish
6824:Vikværsk
6804:Sognamål
6794:Bergensk
6644:Cimbrian
6612:Bavarian
6569:Alsatian
6516:Lusatian
6452:Palatine
6142:Amelands
6019:Frankish
5909:Sallaans
5891:Gronings
5742:Southern
5735:Northern
5726:Halligen
5675:Insular
5492:dialects
5367:(1886).
5329:, 2005,
5315:(1942),
5226:Archived
5206:Archived
5174:Archived
5139:Archived
5108:Archived
5053:Archived
5033:Archived
5015:20 April
4981:Archived
4960:20 April
4922:Archived
4852:(eds.).
4837:(2024).
4805:Archived
4757:16 March
4751:Archived
4708:Archived
4683:Archived
4655:Archived
4616:(2006).
4594:Archived
4568:Historia
4562:Article
4541:, p. 259
4507:Archived
4504:Language
4442:But see
4392:Swedish.
4376:Archived
4315:Archived
4290:Archived
4245:Archived
4220:Archived
4201:Archived
4127:See also
4120:Høgnorsk
3958:Götaland
3946:Norrland
3934:Svealand
3852:Blekinge
3791:Telemark
3593:Hønefoss
3426:Setesdal
3364:Sunnmøre
3291:Nordmøre
2987:dialects
2959:May 2014
2856:aphorism
2675:Language
2616:Average
2598:Country
2463:Average
2343:(cf. Sw
2301:vindauga
1928:Iceland
1836:and the
1834:Holstein
1802:(in the
1759:ønordisk
1736:Normandy
1702:Shetland
1688:and the
1564:u-umlaut
1218:*triwwiz
1080:m., OHG
919:i-umlaut
869:> ON
817:> ON
788:> OE
775:> ON
538:disputed
267:Extinct
258:Shetland
248:Extinct
150:nort3160
80:Germanic
7339:Italics
6962:Scanian
6908:Swedish
6857:Faroese
6835:Nynorsk
6814:Valdris
6649:Mòcheno
6605:Swabian
6471:Hessian
6431:Hunsrik
6343:Western
6338:Eastern
6333:Yiddish
6283:creoles
6180:Bergish
5896:Drèents
5886:Tweants
5738:Central
5720:Mooring
5583:Frisian
5542:Kildare
5487:English
5239:Sources
5221:LLOW –
5114:7 March
4901:4680766
4580:(1994).
4468:: 1–47.
4414:(ed.).
4106:Riksmål
4068:Swedish
4064:Sveamål
4036:Fårömål
4028:Gotland
4024:Gutnish
4003:Dalarna
3986:Estonia
3982:Finland
3970:Gotland
3953:Götamål
3929:Sveamål
3923:Swedish
3882:Jutland
3868:Småland
3856:Halland
3795:Numedal
3760:Valdres
3746:Hedmark
3742:Folldal
3738:Oppland
3638:Hedmark
3517:Swedish
3424:(Upper
3337:Sandnes
3327:Romsdal
3203:Western
3077:Brønnøy
3012:Faroese
2951:removed
2936:sources
2893:Nynorsk
2868:Swedish
2835:Gutnish
2811:Faroese
2751:Swedish
2683:English
2641:Iceland
2365:begynne
2337:begynde
2325:vindöga
2313:begynne
2309:begynde
2293:fönster
2289:vindöga
2255:Nynorsk
2251:Riksmål
2220:Gotland
2208:Swedish
2192:Faroese
2142:Frisian
2133:English
2101:Swedish
2082:Faroese
1947:Gutnish
1934:Faroese
1925:358,000
1872:Swedish
1848:Finnish
1791:Finnish
1744:Gotland
1728:Ireland
1706:Vikings
1686:Iceland
1678:Faroese
1670:Swedish
1493:Gutnish
1406:bindaną
1332:before
1229:triggws
1205:twaddjē
1199:tveggja
1194:twajjǫ̂
1086:m., OE
1061:þeim-si
1059:, dat.
1055:, gen.
990:n.; OE
860:whence
758:whence
690:whence
598:History
591:Gutnish
578:Faroese
550:Nynorsk
464:Scanian
454:Swedish
390:Finnish
375:Finland
333:Swedish
321:Faroese
210:Faroese
196:Swedish
121:Gutnish
7055:Gothic
6925:Danish
6829:Bokmål
6328:Yenish
6138:Bildts
5921:Veluws
5916:Urkers
5755:Strand
5479:Anglic
5333:
5287:
5145:16 May
5081:
4916:
4914:COBISS
4908:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4872:
4665:
4624:
4533:
4486:
4426:
4259:
4163:Svorsk
4075:Romani
4033:Laumål
3840:(Ømål)
3833:Danish
3496:Andebu
3398:South
3274:Karmøy
3223:Bergen
3169:Meldal
2872:Danish
2870:, and
2763:Danish
2739:German
2549:Bergen
2417:Scania
2359:, Dan
2357:vatten
2351:) and
2347:, Dan
2305:vindue
2297:vindue
2247:Bokmål
2204:Danish
2198:) and
2171:German
2169:
2167:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2111:Danish
2109:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2071:
2069:
1938:90,000
1891:Danish
1771:Bokmål
1704:after
1698:Orkney
1666:Danish
1649:
1642:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1544:wulfaz
1421:bindan
1410:bindan
1408:> *
1382:> *
1380:gaizaz
1351:> *
1345:sairaz
1247:trīewe
1235:triuwi
1223:tryggr
1211:zweiio
1057:þes-si
1036:, OHG
872:gjafar
866:gjavaz
858:gebāz,
823:, OHG
813:> *
544:Bokmål
414:Danish
331:, and
317:Danish
254:Orkney
238:
236:
226:
224:
217:
215:
208:
206:
194:
192:
185:
183:
178:Danish
176:
174:
40:Nordic
7169:South
7120:North
6730:North
6714:North
6056:Kaaps
6047:Dutch
5694:Amrum
5635:Weser
5557:Scots
5298:(PDF)
5281:(PDF)
5177:(PDF)
5166:(PDF)
4988:'
4888:S2CID
4844:. In
4842:(PDF)
4714:2 May
4574:, in
4420:68–76
4410:. In
4379:(PDF)
4368:(PDF)
3860:Skåne
3808:]
3773:]
3724:]
3703:Särna
3689:]
3672:]
3655:Solør
3651:]
3627:]
3606:]
3589:]
3572:]
3559:]
3530:]
3509:]
3492:]
3469:]
3452:]
3430:Valle
3422:]
3387:]
3360:]
3323:]
3304:]
3287:]
3270:]
3253:]
3236:]
3212:West
3186:Tydal
3182:]
3141:]
3128:Fosen
3124:]
3090:]
3063:]
3046:]
2727:Dutch
2654:4.19
2651:3.40
2648:3.34
2645:5.36
2635:7.01
2632:7.00
2629:5.75
2626:8.28
2596:Area/
2583:6.85
2577:7.12
2574:6.57
2563:6.32
2557:6.15
2554:6.50
2543:4.51
2540:5.56
2534:3.46
2523:5.02
2520:4.97
2514:5.08
2509:Malmö
2503:3.87
2500:4.13
2497:3.60
2483:4.21
2480:4.68
2477:3.74
2469:Århus
2445:City
2413:Malmö
2345:vecka
2333:börja
2329:byrja
2321:børja
2317:börja
2287:word
2151:Dutch
2124:Scots
1971:Total
1963:3,500
1951:5,000
1505:/joː/
1501:/juː/
1485:/jɒu/
1415:binda
1389:geirr
1384:geizz
1363:seira
1349:sāraz
1328:>
1326:/ɑi̯/
1313:nǭttu
1309:nāttu
1305:nahtų
1137:) and
1083:these
1077:þessi
1053:sa-si
907:gibōs
900:>
893:giefe
890:, OE
854:gebōz
846:tuggō
839:>
832:tunge
829:, OE
826:zunga
820:tunga
815:tunga
811:tungā
807:tungǭ
791:giefu
773:gjǫvu
764:gjavu
756:geƀu,
688:jārą,
675:) to
637:runic
273:Norse
7130:West
7125:East
7045:East
6901:East
6891:Norn
6782:West
6718:East
6716:and
6281:and
6276:Non-
5706:Sylt
5689:Föhr
5624:Ems
5549:Yola
5458:West
5331:ISBN
5306:2011
5285:ISBN
5185:2017
5147:2013
5116:2013
5079:ISBN
5017:2012
4962:2012
4930:2024
4896:SSRN
4880:OCLC
4870:ISBN
4759:2021
4716:2022
4663:ISBN
4622:ISBN
4612:and
4531:ISBN
4484:ISBN
4424:ISBN
4387:2016
4323:2022
4281:eds
4257:ISBN
4051:The
3984:and
3905:and
3901:(in
3858:and
3793:and
3707:Idre
3705:and
3610:Ådal
3544:Oslo
3205:and
3067:Bodø
3028:Norn
2934:any
2932:cite
2898:The
2888:Oslo
2569:Oslo
2373:vann
2361:vand
2355:(Sw
2353:vatn
2341:veke
2269:stød
2264:stød
2206:and
2194:and
1700:and
1694:Norn
1680:and
1668:and
1586:/jɒ/
1579:/jɑ/
1555:ulfr
1549:ulfz
1475:/eu/
1450:/jɑ/
1358:sárr
1353:sārz
1330:/ɑː/
1318:nótt
1289:band
1283:bant
1277:batt
1272:bant
1268:band
1252:true
1241:treu
1181:/ww/
1179:and
1177:/jj/
1126:and
1098:f.,
1095:þēos
1092:m.,
1023:þata
1020:f.,
1014:m.,
986:f.,
982:m.,
959:this
924:The
887:geba
881:geba
797:giba
786:gebu
778:gjǫf
752:gebō
723:ġēar
711:jāra
684:jērą
669:/ɛː/
651:and
613:East
609:West
291:The
260:and
250:Norn
229:Norn
4862:doi
2945:by
2369:uke
2349:uge
2339:),
2026:by
1813:In
1798:is
1777:).
1773:or
1572:/w/
1570:or
1568:/u/
1537:/w/
1533:/j/
1523:jak
1503:or
1497:/j/
1464:or
1448:to
1446:/e/
1444:of
1399:/n/
1376:/z/
1368:sēr
1338:/z/
1334:/r/
1298:/h/
1101:þis
1089:þes
1071:sjá
1045:sai
1005:þæt
999:sēo
988:þat
974:þat
946:/r/
934:/r/
932:to
930:/z/
928:of
745:/z/
729:jēr
717:jār
696:āra
373:in
354:of
278:of
243:(†)
231:(†)
136:gmq
7367::
5373:.
5337:,
5283:,
5172:.
4941:^
4920:.
4912:.
4904:.
4894:.
4886:.
4878:.
4868:.
4848:;
4783:^
4767:^
4749:.
4745:.
4706:.
4495:^
4466:86
4464:.
4446:,
4422:.
4389:.
4370:.
4353:^
4309:.
4268:^
4231:^
4030:)
3884:)
3854:,
3806:no
3797:)
3771:no
3762:)
3758:,
3744:,
3736:,
3722:no
3695:)
3687:no
3670:no
3649:no
3640:)
3633:)
3625:no
3604:no
3587:no
3578:)
3570:no
3557:no
3528:no
3507:sv
3490:no
3481:)
3467:no
3458:)
3450:no
3428:,
3420:no
3385:no
3358:no
3321:no
3302:no
3293:)
3285:no
3268:no
3251:no
3234:no
3209:)
3180:no
3139:sv
3122:no
3113:)
3088:no
3061:no
3052:)
3044:no
2866:,
2580:—
2560:—
2537:—
2517:—
2494:—
2474:—
2371:,
2367:,
2230:.
2190:,
1840:.
1810:.
1716:'
1676:,
1583:jǫ
1576:ja
1517:ek
1512:ek
1458:,
1429:in
1340:)
1263:.
1156:.
1144:).
1130:),
1104:n.
1074:,
1039:sē
1033:si
1028:si
1017:so
1011:sa
1002:,
996:,
993:se
984:sú
979:sá
972:,
970:sō
968:,
966:sa
961:.
702:ár
679:.
659::
631:.
611:,
540:)
396:.
327:,
323:,
319:,
256:,
7064:)
7058:(
6144:/
6140:/
6136:/
6058:)
6054:(
5427:e
5420:t
5413:v
5270:.
5261:.
5212:.
5187:.
5149:.
5118:.
5087:.
5019:.
4964:.
4864::
4761:.
4718:.
4689:.
4628:.
4539:.
4490:.
4432:.
4325:.
4296:.
4026:(
4013:)
4001:(
3988:)
3980:(
3972:)
3968:(
3960:)
3956:(
3948:)
3944:(
3936:)
3932:(
3909:)
3874:)
3862:(
3846:(
3784:)
3780:(
3754:(
3748:)
3732:(
3709:)
3701:(
3691:(
3678:)
3674:(
3657:)
3653:(
3629:(
3612:)
3608:(
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3542:(
3536:)
3532:(
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3498:)
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3454:(
3432:)
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3407:(
3393:)
3389:(
3376:)
3372:(
3366:)
3362:(
3349:)
3345:(
3339:)
3335:(
3329:)
3325:(
3310:)
3306:(
3289:(
3276:)
3272:(
3259:)
3255:(
3242:)
3238:(
3225:)
3221:(
3201:(
3188:)
3184:(
3171:)
3167:(
3153:(
3147:)
3143:(
3130:)
3126:(
3109:(
3096:)
3092:(
3079:)
3075:(
3069:)
3065:(
3048:(
2972:)
2966:(
2961:)
2957:(
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2939:.
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2202:(
2186:(
2049:)
2043:(
2038:)
2034:(
2020:.
1878:*
1761:/
1757:/
1588:.
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1480:l
1467:l
1461:r
1455:w
1434:í
1424:.
1392:.
1371:.
1254:.
948:.
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921:.
910:.
902:e
898:a
875:,
849:.
841:e
837:a
781:,
769:u
741:ǭ
732:.
705:,
677:ā
673:ǣ
667:(
665:ē
536:(
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