545:
rely on non-state actors for protection and administration. More traditional methods of governance include local courts and clans, on the other end, non-traditional NSA groups govern as paramilitaries or rebel groups. The importance of this is that in the last 20 years non-state actors have acquired
502:
Non-state actors are fundamental agents in helping to achieve both national and international development goals, such as those around climate change. Actions by non-state actors contribute significantly towards filling the greenhouse gas emissions gap left by unambitious or poorly executed national
401:. Article 51 allows member states to pursue a preemptive self-defense if they know that an imminent attack is coming. Many issues still remain on the extent to which the potential victim state could retaliate against the armed NSA since most armed non-state actors often reside on the territory of a
369:
Armed non-state actors operate without state control and are involved in internal and trans-border conflicts. The activity of such groups in armed conflicts adds layers of complexity to traditional conflict management and resolution. The conflicts are often fought not only between non-state actors
514:(International Campaign to Ban Landmines) to the international prohibition on the use of landmines. ICBL is a global network of NGOs that has operated in over 90 countries since 1992. Its primary goal is to make a world free of
541:. While NSAs are incredibly useful in advancing international peace, monitoring human rights violations, and lobbying for socio-political issues like climate change, they also play a role in non-traditional governance. Many
479:, informal private sector associations, etc. The private sector, however, is considered only insofar as it is involved in non-profit activities (e.g. private sector associations, chambers of commerce, etc.)
389:’s decision to allow the self-defense principle to be applied against an NSA. After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the US and the UN debated whether the right of self-defense, as protected by the
546:
legal recognition due to their heavy involvement in the international order. Their growing presence as an alternative governmental presence also holds them accountable to international law.
193:, which are also usually corporations, report on the social and political situation in countries worldwide, and may therefore be highly influential as NSAs. Examples of such agencies are
491:. Formal international organizations may also rely on non-state actors, particularly NGOs in the form of implementing partners in the national context. An example is the contribution of
409:
had a significant impact in demonstrating that non-state actors may be held accountable to international law and may contend in the political and the military arenas, alongside states.
231:
organizations seeking to effect change in humanitarian, educational, ecological, healthcare, public policy, social, human rights, environmental, and other areas. Examples of NGOs are
780:
499:
by conceptualizing the
Housing and Property Directorate (now Kosovo Property Agency) within the framework of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo.
362:
but are loyal to the corporation's interests instead. NSAs challenge the nation-state's sovereignty over internal matters through advocacy for societal issues, such as
296:
Unincorporated associations, secret societies and civic organizations unknown to or unrecognized by the state or government may be considered non-state actors.
730:
289:
are ethnic or national communities that commonly seek to bring social and political change to their originating countries and their adoptive countries. The
236:
565:
299:
504:
589:
224:
176:(DAO)s, sometimes known as decentralized autonomous corporations (DACs), operate according to rules encoded as computer programs called
696:
776:
38:) is an individual or organization that has significant political influence but is not allied to any particular country or state.
961:
876:
850:
764:
714:
173:
108:
are individuals who command large wealth, and who often seek to influence national and international affairs. Examples are
960:
San-Akca, Belgin. "International
Support for Nonstate Armed Groups", New York: Oxford Bibliographies. September 28, 2016.
934:
San-Akca, Belgin. "States in
Disguise: Causes of State Support for Rebel Groups." New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
475:
and research institutes, the media and the private sector. Also included in this definition are informal groups such as
261:
are mass movements which become influential with size and longevity. Examples include the movements arising during the
375:
330:
may be considered non-state actors if they are active in movements or social causes active outside their own country.
433:. The agreement uses the term to refer to a wide range of nongovernmental development actors whose participation in
983:
370:
and states but also between multiple NSA groups. Interventions in such conflicts is particularly challenging since
17:
738:
523:
452:
386:
460:
434:
50:
220:
354:
experiences an erosion of power and sovereignty, and non-state actors are part of the cause. Facilitated by
967:
134:) and are recognized as such in law. They include very large businesses operating transnationally, such as
255:
or humanitarian aid workers involved with INGO missions abroad may also be considered as non-state actors.
661:
Between Two Epochs: What’s Ahead for
America, the World, and Global Politics in the Twenty-First Century
900:
510:
Another example that shows the importance of non-state actors in peace-building is the contribution of
385:
Additionally, armed non-state actors have recently been held accountable to international law with the
343:
ended has been one of the factors leading to the Cobweb
Paradigm in international politics. Under this
248:
123:
801:
921:
519:
42:
937:
Sobelman, Daniel. "Four Years After the
Withdrawal from Lebanon: Refining the Rules of the Game",
706:
570:
530:(Mine Ban Treaty) in 1997, and its contribution was recognized and praised as it was awarded the
495:(Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions), to the protection of land and property (HLP) rights in
418:
358:, NSAs challenge nation-state borders and sovereignty claims. MNCs are not always sympathetic to
348:
313:
86:
597:
228:
962:
http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0185.xml
617:
240:
135:
970:—Article on terrorists as NSAs, see section titled "Non-State Actors (NSAs): Who Are They?"
542:
488:
194:
955:. The Max Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
8:
842:
515:
258:
252:
70:
41:
The interests, structure, and influence of NSAs vary widely. For example, among NSAs are
830:
894:
327:
303:
268:
244:
214:
673:
455:
is open to all kind of actors, such as community-based organisations, women's groups,
882:
872:
846:
760:
710:
531:
422:
371:
359:
286:
131:
838:
702:
590:"non-state actor | Definition of non-state actor in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
560:
487:
Non-state actors can aid in opinion building in international affairs, such as the
206:
105:
101:
Some common and influential classes of NSAs are listed here in alphabetical order:
66:
402:
271:
commonly engage in political affairs at an international level. For example, the
177:
674:"The Impact of Non-State Actors on World Politics: A Challenge to Nation States"
426:
276:
181:
143:
109:
74:
526:. ICBL's efforts led the international community to urge states to ratify the
437:
is now formally recognized. According to
Article 6, non-state actors include:
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886:
555:
527:
430:
355:
139:
344:
472:
464:
456:
406:
379:
363:
351:
307:
90:
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civil society in all its diversity, according to national characteristics;
187:
is an example of a DAO which has grown to become economically influential.
468:
321:
280:
262:
210:
119:
58:
759:
K. Hassine, Regularizing
Property Rights in Kosovo and Elsewhere, 2010,
538:
476:
394:
390:
232:
190:
82:
62:
946:
Reshaping World
Politics: NGOs, the Internet, and Global Civil Society
522:
to become an ardent advocate. Together, they brought the issue to the
444:
economic and social partners, including trade union organisations and;
929:
Activists beyond
Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics
918:
Strategic Foreign Assistance: Civil Society in International Security
518:. Their passionate advertising appealing for global cooperation drew
405:, which thus may also endure a retaliatory or preemptive attack. The
113:
871:. Peters, Anne, 1964-. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2009.
382:
purposes were written primarily in the context of the nation-state.
163:
398:
340:
78:
283:, which is a religious group as well as a violent non-state actor.
272:
202:
184:
159:
155:
127:
781:
Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP)
618:
The Decentralized Autonomous Organization and Governance Issues.
27:
Influential individual or group independent of state governments
496:
290:
167:
151:
147:
777:"Coordinating climate action: From the national to the local"
492:
54:
279:, operate offices at the United Nations. Another example is
511:
317:
623:: Social Science Research Network (SSRN). 5 December 2017.
802:"Timeline of the international campaign to ban landmines"
397:, was applicable to armed non-state actors, in this case
334:
198:
633:
948:. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2001.
316:(VNSA)s are armed groups, including groups such as
809:The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)
737:. European Commission. 10 May 2012. Archived from
975:
339:The proliferation of non-state actors since the
698:Iraq and the Use of Force in International Law
663:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.
566:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
412:
831:"Extralegal Groups in Post-Conflict Liberia"
621:Regulation of Financial Institutions Journal
505:Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
417:The term Non State Actors is widely used in
225:international non-governmental organizations
655:
653:
463:(NGOs), religious organizations, farmers'
968:"Non-State Actors and Their Significance"
931:. London: Cornell University Press, 1998.
707:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199595303.003.0005
650:
429:(EU) and African, Caribbean and Pacific
927:Keck, Margaret E. and Kathryn Sikkink.
320:or criminal organizations, for example
14:
976:
694:
335:Effects on the Westphalian state model
174:Decentralized autonomous organizations
130:authorized to act as single entities (
828:
634:"QUNO | Quaker United Nations Office"
537:Non-state actors also have a role in
868:Non-state actors as standard setters
24:
910:
843:10.1093/oso/9780199673346.001.0001
287:Transnational diaspora communities
25:
995:
731:"Overview, The Cotonou Agreement"
300:Unrepresented nations and peoples
916:Chickering, Lawrence A., et al.
859:
829:Cheng, Christine (2018-06-21).
822:
794:
524:United Nations General Assembly
387:United Nations Security Council
769:
753:
723:
688:
666:
626:
611:
582:
461:non-governmental organisations
435:ACP-EU development cooperation
221:Non-governmental organizations
51:non-governmental organizations
13:
1:
594:Oxford Dictionaries | English
576:
71:people's liberation movements
941:, Vol. 7 No. 2, August 2004.
374:and the norms governing the
191:International media agencies
7:
701:. Oxford University Press.
695:Weller, Marc (2010-09-02).
549:
451:In practice, it means that
10:
1000:
413:Example: Cotonou Agreement
124:multinational corporations
835:Oxford Scholarship Online
421:, particularly under the
922:Hoover Institution Press
520:Diana, Princess of Wales
516:anti-personnel landmines
482:
477:grassroots organizations
314:Violent non-state actors
96:
87:violent non-state actors
43:non-profit organizations
984:International relations
571:Violent non-state actor
419:development cooperation
899:: CS1 maint: others (
237:Red Cross/Red Crescent
223:(NGOs), which include
735:The Cotonou Agreement
659:Rochester, Martin J.
366:and the environment.
277:historic peace church
241:Amnesty International
227:(INGOs), are usually
136:The Coca-Cola Company
939:Strategic Assessment
489:Human Rights Council
378:for intervention or
253:Goodwill ambassadors
741:on 14 February 2014
447:the private sector.
91:paramilitary forces
63:media organizations
944:Warkentin, Craig.
534:in the same year.
503:climate policies,
360:national interests
347:, the traditional
304:indigenous peoples
259:People's movements
245:Human Rights Watch
132:legally as persons
878:978-0-511-63551-9
852:978-0-19-967334-6
765:978-3-86553-340-1
716:978-0-19-959530-3
676:. Muhittin Ataman
532:Nobel Peace Prize
423:Cotonou Agreement
372:international law
106:Business magnates
67:business magnates
16:(Redirected from
991:
953:Non-State Actors
951:Wagner, Markus.
905:
904:
898:
890:
863:
857:
856:
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820:
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605:
596:. Archived from
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561:Transnationalism
291:Israeli diaspora
269:Religious groups
122:, which include
79:religious groups
21:
18:Non-state actors
999:
998:
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600:on July 6, 2018
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403:sovereign state
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182:crypto-currency
178:smart contracts
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32:non-state actor
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23:
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12:
11:
5:
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543:fragile states
484:
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459:associations,
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448:
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427:European Union
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411:
336:
333:
332:
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328:World citizens
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293:is an example.
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266:
256:
218:
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171:
144:General Motors
117:
110:Warren Buffett
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556:Civil society
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547:
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533:
529:
528:Ottawa Treaty
525:
521:
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513:
508:
506:
500:
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494:
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453:participation
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443:
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431:ACP countries
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420:
410:
408:
404:
400:
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356:globalization
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329:
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312:
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302:include many
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920:. Stanford:
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638:www.quno.org
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598:the original
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473:universities
469:trade unions
465:cooperatives
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380:peacekeeping
376:use of force
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364:human rights
352:nation-state
338:
322:drug cartels
308:Fourth World
126:(MNCs), are
120:Corporations
100:
83:aid agencies
75:lobby groups
59:corporations
47:labor unions
40:
35:
31:
29:
349:Westphalian
281:the Taliban
263:Arab Spring
211:RIA Novosti
814:15 January
680:12 October
643:2018-01-18
604:2018-07-06
577:References
539:governance
395:Article 51
391:UN Charter
310:societies.
233:Greenpeace
140:McDonald's
895:cite book
887:667016755
507:(INDCs).
229:nonprofit
128:companies
114:Elon Musk
978:Category
786:15 March
550:See also
399:Al-Qaeda
345:paradigm
341:Cold War
265:of 2011.
89:such as
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745:11 June
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160:Samsung
156:Renault
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180:. The
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164:Nestlé
152:Huawei
148:Adidas
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805:(PDF)
493:COHRE
483:Roles
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901:link
883:OCLC
873:ISBN
847:ISBN
816:2020
788:2016
761:ISBN
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512:ICBL
318:ISIS
306:and
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