Non-lethal weapon - Knowledge

133: 535: 1298: 809: 492:, the active ingredient in pepper spray, and is propelled by compressed gas using a paintball marker similar to those used for the sport but operating at a higher pressure. The impact of the capsule is immediately painful (a pepperball's shell is thicker than a standard paintball and is fired at a higher velocity), and it breaks open on impact, dispersing the capsaicin with similar effect to aerosol-delivered pepper spray. However, to be most effective, pepper spray must contact the eyes, nose, or mouth of the target; pepper spray on clothing or tougher skin has a much reduced effect. 547: 821: 1123:, which is stocked by hospitals and most ambulances. However, because the Russian authorities did not release any information regarding what type of agent was used, medical professionals were unaware that an opioid had been used during the rescue attempt and thus were unable to administer the antidote which could have saved most hostages. Approximately 700 hostages were rescued, while 130 died from exposure to the gas. All the terrorists were ultimately killed by Russian forces through some combination of gas exposure and gunfire. 499: 277: 1200: 511: 567: 1027: 4276: 523: 833: 616: 355: 36: 849: 952: 1562: 314:

firearms, truncheons or bayonets with less risk of loss of life or serious injury. Before the general availability of early military non-lethal weapons in the mid 1990s, war-fighters had few or no casualty-limiting options for the employment of scalable force and were continually at risk whenever lethal force was prohibited during sensitive missions.

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the same result: stop the enemy or suspected hostile in his tracks for examination or to prevent or limit incursions. Contemporary caltrops look something like large jacks from the childhood game. Placed in the path of oncoming wheeled or tracked vehicles, they are meant to foul wheels, destroy tires and tracks, and incapacitate vehicles.

1670:'non-lethal weapons' on the general population, the TECOM Technology Symposium in 1997 concluded on non-lethal weapons: "Determining the target effects on personnel is the greatest challenge to the testing community," primarily because "the potential of injury and death severely limits human tests." However, " 1647:. LRAD systems are used for long-range communications in a variety of applications including as a means of non-lethal, non-kinetic crowd control. Though they have been called "sonic weapons", LRADs are not inherently for military use. The round black devices on top of New York City police Hummers are LRADs. 1119:

used was a potent Fentanyl derivative (a synthetic opioid), it causes respiratory depression and ultimately respiratory failure if administered in high enough dosages. The central nervous system effects, such as anesthesia and respiratory depression could have been reversed by an opioid antagonist such as

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gunship to target threatening crowds or individuals on the ground. This is to give the gunship a non-lethal option so the crew has more engagement options. Due to the increasing number of engagements in populated areas, the Air Force is aiming to field a system within 10 years to have enough aircraft

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However, due to the difficulty of mass-producing them in the pre-modern age, they were rarely used except in the defense of limited areas or chokepoints, especially during sieges, where they were used to help seal breaches. Increasing ease of production still did not prevent these methods from slowly

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warfare for centuries. They are known to have been in use since Roman times and may have been used earlier: the concept was familiar to the 4th century BC Greeks, who used rocks, brush, nets and trees placed in the path of enemy conveyances on land or ensnarement devices hidden under water to achieve

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are commonly used in crowd and riot control, for dispersal or to prevent movement on a particular position. These water cannons are intended to disperse crowds with little risk of harm, but the pressure can still cause eye injuries or even death. Water-filled rounds for small arms are in experimental

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In 2004, author Jon Ronson cited an unclassified military report titled "Non-Lethal Weapons: Terms and References" 21 acoustic weapons were listed, in various stages of development, including the Infrasound ("Very low-frequency sound which can travel long distances and easily penetrate most buildings

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As different parts of the body differ in vulnerability, and because people vary in weight and fitness, any weapon powerful enough to incapacitate may be capable of killing under certain circumstances. Thus, "non-lethal force" does have some risk of causing death: in this context, "non-lethal" means

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but no lasting damage. The skin temperature of a person subjected to this weapon can jump to approximately 130 °F (54 °C) in as little as 2 seconds depending on the skin's starting temperature. The system is nonlethal (the penetration of the beam into human skin is only a few millimeters).

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around the world called for a concerted effort to develop weapons that were more life-conserving, environmentally friendly, and fiscally responsible than weapons available at that time. The U.S. Congress and other governments agreed and began an organized development of non-lethal weapons to provide

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or less-lethal launcher is a type of firearm that is used to fire "non-lethal" or "less-lethal" ammunition for the purpose of suppressing riots. Less-lethal launchers may be special purpose firearms designed for riot control use, or standard firearms, usually shotguns and grenade launchers, adapted

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variant dissolved in halothane gas) in an attempt to induce sleep in both hostages and terrorists. Many of the hostages and terrorists (including all of the suicide bombers) were anesthetized, but some terrorists donned gas masks and thus were able to avoid the effects of the gas. Because the agent

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Non-lethal weapons are intended to minimize injury or death. While people are occasionally seriously injured or killed by these weapons, fatalities are relatively infrequent. Causes of death from non-lethal weapons are varied and occasionally uncertain. Misplaced or ricocheting shots, pre-existing

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Notwithstanding their design intent, non-lethal weapons can still cause harm. This is particularly true with certain technologies that interact with appropriately vulnerable regions; an example is kinetic munitions on the head, neck, eyes, abdominal and urogenital regions of the body. As a result,

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Recognizing the need to limit the escalation of force, research and development of a range of non-lethal weapons has since been undertaken internationally by governments and weapons manufacturers to fill the need for such weapons. Some non-lethal weapons may provide more effective riot control than

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beams of 193 nm, and promises to immobilize living targets at a distance without contact. There is plan for an engine-disabling variation for use against the electronic ignitions of cars using a 248 nm laser. The lead inventor, Eric Herr, died in 2008 and the company appears to have been

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some analysts describe "non-lethal" as a misnomer and recommend defining them as "less-lethal", whereas other sources identify "non-lethal" as representing a goal of minimization of producing fatalities or permanent injuries while not literally requiring minimization to a zero probability thereof.

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Until the development of non-lethal weapons, police officers around the world had few if any non-lethal options for riot control. Common tactics used by police that were intended to be non-lethal or less lethal included a slowly advancing wall of men with batons, officers on horses trained to deal

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launcher and PepperBall commercial products. There is also the Variable Velocity Weapon Concept, for which a propulsion energy source may not yet have been clearly established and/or finalized. In any case, all of these technologies apply the same basic mechanism, which is to launch a mass at the

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During the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), interest in various other forms of less-than-lethal weapons for military and police use rose. Amongst other factors, the use of less-than-lethal weapons may be legal under international law and treaty in situations where weapons such as aerosol sprays or

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and shields, and led to new tactics for riot squads and other special-purpose teams. Officers could now stand up against violent rioters throwing dangerous projectiles without having to resort to lethal methods to quickly disperse the danger. Coupled with the introduction of effective non-lethal

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policy explicitly states that non-lethal weapons "shall not be required to have a zero probability of producing fatalities or permanent injuries." Although a Human Effects Advisory Panel was established in 1998 to provide independent assessment on human effects, data, and models for the use of

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where employment of lethal force is prohibited or undesirable, where rules of engagement require minimum casualties, or where policy restricts the use of conventional force. However, these weapons occasionally cause serious injuries or death due to allergic reactions, improper use and/or other

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Non-lethal weapons have a design intent to provide an effect to reliably elicit a degree of incapacitation but without the typically lethal or permanent lasting effects of conventional weapons. This design intent has often made them a weapon of choice for use by law enforcement during civil

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Vehicle stoppers include a wide range of methods and devices meant to disable a vessel or vehicle to prevent attack by an oncoming vessel or vehicle or to stop that vessel or vehicle for evaluation. Vessel and vehicle stoppers may include kinetic, chemical, or electromagnetic means.

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In 2011, the ADS was redesigned to make it smaller, more reliable, and able to be used on the move. The ADS II is being designed to operate from moving aircraft, as well as moving ground vehicles. The redesign does not address problems in different environmental conditions.

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According to the manufacturer's specifications, the systems weigh from 15 to 320 pounds (6.8 to 145.1 kg) and can emit sound in a 30°- 60° beam at 2.5 kHz. The manufacturer also produces systems for public address and mass notification use that broadcast 360°.

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In the past, military and police faced with undesirable escalation of conflict had few acceptable options. Military personnel guarding embassies often found themselves restricted to carrying unloaded weapons. National guards or policing forces charged with quelling

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Directed energy weapons are weapons that emit energy in an aimed direction without the means of a projectile. They are non-lethal and can immobilize people as well as machines (e.g. vehicles). Directed energy weapons include electromagnetic weapons, (including

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to storm the plane and take it over within 10 minutes while capturing two terrorists and killing Ali Taha, the leader of the terrorist group and his aide, while rescuing all passengers (three were wounded, and one died of her injuries several days later).

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suggested at least 113 pepper spray-related fatalities had occurred in the United States, all with aggravating factors such as intoxication, pre-existing health problems, or from the police use of airway-restrictive immobilizing holds that can cause

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protests, etc. Effect modalities vary by the technology being employed: kinetic projectiles function by blunt impact which actuate pain receptors to elicit a behavioral change, lights affect visual perception, acoustics affect hearing, etc.

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and vehicles ... biophysical effects are projected to be: nausea, loss of bowels, disorientation, vomiting, potential internal organ damage or death may occur. Superior to ultrasound...)", however no such effects had been achieved as of 2002.

1690:-inducing non-lethal weapons on humans have not been well understood or studied in any great details. Any such studies require explicit consent of all participants so as not to violate the UN Convention against torture and other cruelties. 1061:. Other serious injuries and fatalities have occurred from either tear gas itself or the projectiles it is delivered in, including the critical injury of veteran Scott Olsen from a tear gas canister during the 2011 Occupy Oakland protests. 3211:; July 9, 1996; Certified Current as of November 21, 2003; ASD(SO/LIC); SUBJECT: Policy for Non-Lethal Weapons; References: (a) Title 10, United States Code; (b) DoD Directive TS-3600.1, "Information Warfare (U)", December 21, 1992; PG. 3 3179: 3747: 1245:, where Chinese troops, often wearing only light shoes, were particularly vulnerable. In modern times, special caltrops are also sometimes used against wheeled vehicles with pneumatic tires. Some South American urban guerrillas as the 1284:

are incapacitant weapons used for subduing a person by administering electric shock aimed at disrupting superficial muscle functions. One type is a conductive energy device (CED), an electroshock gun popularly known by the brand name

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Several groups maintain there is great room for improvement in non-lethal weapons and procedures for their use. Claims for the relative safety of such weapons are usually contingent on their being used "properly". For example, the

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developed during the 1960s were supposed to be fired at the ground and hit the target only after ricochet, and other non-lethal bullets are designed to be fired at the lower body; they can be lethal if fired directly at the head.

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and ricocheting shots off of the ground. In the mid-20th century, with the integration of fire-control systems into major cities, police found that high-pressure fire hoses could be effective in dispersing a crowd (the use of

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Between the years of 1987–1990, after a three-year field study by the FBI's Firearms Training Unit; In 1990, the use of oleoresin capsicum was approved and used by the FBI, the first official law enforcement agency to do so.

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to on 21 January 2009. The PHASR rifle, a low-intensity laser, is not prohibited under this regulation, as the blinding effect is intended to be temporary. It also uses a two-wavelength laser. The PHASR was tested at

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and stability operations. Non-lethal weapons may also be used to channelize a battlefield, control the movement of civilian populations, or to limit civilian access to restricted areas (as they were utilized by the

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In the United States, the University of Texas-Austin Institute for Advanced Technology (IAT) conducts basic research to advance electrodynamics and hypervelocity physics related to electromagnetic weapons.

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and is said to work over distances of up to 2 km. It weighs about 230 kg and will probably be mounted on vehicles. The weight could become lighter as laser production technology improves.

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factors; for this reason the term "less-lethal" has been preferred by some organizations as it describes the risks of death more accurately than the term "non-lethal", which some have argued is a

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Pepper spray is one non-lethal weapon alleged to have been misused by American police. In two incidents in California in 1997, police swabbed pepper spray directly into the eyes of protesters.

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to riot control use with appropriate ammunition. The ammunition is most commonly found in 12 gauge (18.5 mm/.729 inch) shotguns and 37mm (1.46 inch) or 40mm (1.57 inch) grenade launchers.

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with policing situations, or a charge into a riot using the flats of sabers. Other reasonably successful approaches included shotguns with lower-powered cartridges, "salt shells", using

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recommends against maximal prone restraint techniques following pepper spray application, and they caution that anyone sprayed should be monitored to ensure effective breathing.

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In June 2010, in Kenya, a stun grenade was used to draw attention, and then a real grenade along with an explosive package were used, killing many people. In April, during the

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Police officers on patrol were traditionally armed with batons or pistols or both, and non-lethal methods of subduing an attacker centered on hand-fighting techniques such as

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rounds) are less lethal than conventional metal bullets, and are also propelled at lower speed by using less propellant. "Bean bag" type bullets are sometimes referred to as

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for crowd control. It is a form of mist sprayed from a water cannon, which leaves a terrible odor of rot or sewage on whatever it touches, and does not wash off easily.

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In 2003, a US military review reported that the electromagnetic radiation produced by PEPs had been shown to cause pain and temporary paralysis in animal experiments.

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Although generally considered "non-lethal weapons", electromagnetic weapons do pose health threats to humans. In fact, "non-lethal weapons can sometimes be deadly."

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Michigan State Police Training Manual 2012 (pp. 68-70): same effective definition for "Less-lethal weapons" as what DoDD 3000.03 (2013) has for "Non-lethal weapons"

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medical conditions, inadequate user training, repetitive applications and intentional misuse have been implicated in different cases where death has occurred.

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at crowds. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Non-lethality Policy Review Group at U.S. Global Strategy Council in Washington and other independent

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intended to temporarily blind or disorient its target with intense directed radiation. Targets can include sensors or human vision. Dazzlers emit

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HSV Technologies, Inc. (named for its founders, Herr, Schlesinger and Vernon; not to be confused with Holden Special Vehicles), formerly of

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were also commonly used to scare and disperse rioters and apprehend individuals. In the 1980s the development of high-tensile plastics like

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Centre for Conflict Resolution, Department of Peace Studies, Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project (BNLWRP), Research Report No. 8

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Inside the Pentagon; Cebrowski calls for cultural changes; DEFENSE OFFICIALS URGE COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR PRECISION ATTACKS; April 3, 2003

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in Virginia states that: "The relevant (electromagnetic weapon) technology is well within the grasp of some countries and transnational

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United States Special Operations Command FY 2010 plans included starting developmental work on a counter UAV pulsed energy projectile.

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of 1980. And weapons that go beyond non-lethal intentions and cause "superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering" could violate the

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In the late 1990s and early 2000s (decade), police began to adopt a new pepper spray delivery system based on the equipment used in

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Exploiting Technical Opportunities to Capture Advanced Capabilities for Our Soldiers; Army AL&T; 2007 Oct-Dec; Dr. Reed Skaggs

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NON-LETHAL WEAPONS: SETTING OUR PHASERS ON STUN? Potential Strategic Blessings and Curses of Non-Lethal Weapons on the Battlefield

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Demonstration of the use of a Taser gun on US military personnel. The device was originally developed for use by civilian police.

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Initially developed for military use, non-military products are becoming available for use in law enforcement and security.

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Fiocchi 12-gauge rubber buckshot: containing 15, 8.3 mm, .58 gram rubber pellets, with a muzzle velocity of 790 fps.

659: 79: 2890:"Joint Intermediate Force Capabilities Office > About > Frequently Asked Questions > Active Denial System FAQs" 2889: 2845: 4320: 3903: 3372:

Field Manual No. 19-15 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 25 November 1985 FM 19-15 CIVIL DISTURBANCES

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of 1977." Safety and evaluation of the physical and psychological effects of the long-term or repetitive uses of the

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Scott, Steven H. (January 1997). Alexander, John B.; Spencer, Debra D.; Schmit, Steve; Steele, Basil J. (eds.).

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groups", and further states that U.S. hardware is susceptible to microwave and other directed-energy weapons.

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by private citizens. However, these weapons were developed for non-lethal resolution of one-on-one conflicts.

68: 3530: 3250: 2202: 2125:"Death, injury and disability from kinetic impact projectiles in crowd-control settings: a systematic review" 1620: 1601: 1107: 1967: 251:

in 1995). Similar weapons, tactics, techniques and procedures are employed by police forces domestically in

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Vancouver Police Department officers in anti-riot gear and armed with tear gas grenade launchers confront

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in 1995 with some success, but as a result various complications in its field use were also discovered.

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Long range acoustic device mounted on police vehicle, 2004 Republican National Convention, New York City

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Suitable materials and tools to create electromagnetic weapons are commonly available. "The threat of

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pulse which, upon contact with the target, ablates the surface and creates a small amount of exploding

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and baton use. In the 1980s and 1990s officers began deploying non-lethal personal sidearms such as

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Less Than Lethal Weapons, UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards for Formed Police Units 1st edition 2015

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that target the central nervous system and cause neurophysiological disorders" may violate the

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Haar, Rohini J; Iacopino, Vincent; Ranadive, Nikhil; Dandu, Madhavi; Weiser, Sheri D (2017).

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Eva D. Blaylock (Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate Public Affairs).

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Non-lethal weapons may be used by conventional military in a range of missions across the

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to send messages and warning tones over longer distances or at higher volume than normal

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laser pulses. The plasma (produced by the early part of the pulse) explodes because its

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available with non-lethal systems. The aircraft will apparently use the ADS II version.

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Several nations developed blinding laser weapons and they were allegedly used during

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called them "miguelitos" and used these as a tactic to avoid pursuit after ambushes.

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Exploiting Technical Opportunities to Capture Advanced Capabilities for Our Soldiers

488:. A specialized paintball, called a "pepperball", is filled with liquid or powdered 4279: 4218: 4183: 4173: 4106: 4061: 4056: 4021: 3515: 3384: 2610: 2505: 2495: 2246:"PepperBall® | Non Lethal Weapons | Less Lethal | Police Non Lethal" 2144: 2136: 1780: 1702:

condemned these actions, and claimed that they were likely a violation of the 1984

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developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory's Directed Energy Directorate, U.S.

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In February 2011, stun grenades were seen used by Egyptian police against rioters.

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Weapon intended to be less likely to kill a living target than conventional weapons

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produce strong odours that cause people to leave the affected area. In 2008, the

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The Sunshine Project, 'Non-Lethal' Incapacitating (Bio)Chemical Weapons (website)

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designed to have a disorienting effect when used during combat or interrogation.

929:. In these latter two cases, the demonstrations were dispersed with no injuries. 771: 302: 223: 2221:"Study Says Rubber Bullets Too Dangerous For Civil Crowd Control, from AP, 2002" 2140: 276: 4223: 4178: 4168: 4128: 3326:

Council on Foreign Relations Independent Task Force Report on Nonlethal Weapons

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United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement

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Weapons of Mass Protection, Air Force Journal article on Nonlethal Weapons.

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Caltrops are still sometimes used in modern conflicts, such as during the

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Area denial weapons work by either incapacitating or deterring the enemy.

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was killed in Los Angeles in 1970 by an errant CS gas canister during the

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against demonstrators, and in September they were used by Greek police in

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Less-Lethal.org - Non Lethal and Less Lethal Law Enforcement Technologies

2558: 2534:"Oakland Police Critically Injure Iraq War Veteran During Occupy Protest" 1644: 1523: 1427: 1409: 1393: 1370: 1222: 1166: 1161: 1026: 879:, and grenades designed to release chemical irritants (described below). 2642:

Bunker, Robert J.; USAF Institute for National Security Studies (1997).

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A psychochemical weapon considered by the Warsaw Pact: a research note.

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has remained an effective non-lethal tactic to disperse riots). Trained

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revealed its development of a less-than-lethal energy weapon called the

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against humans, when they are intended to cause no long-term damage to

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Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate Non-Lethal Weapons Reference Book

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Weapons designed to cause permanent blindness are banned by the 1995

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is oleoresin capsicum (OC), an acrid irritant chemical derived from

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was created. The weapons in this book are currently in development.

35: 3857: 3298:. 10 December 2000. Archived from the original on 10 December 2000. 2846:"DVIDS - News - New Marine Corps non-lethal weapon heats things up" 2386:

Edwards, Steven M.; Granfield, John; Onnen, Jamie (February 1997).

2197: 1503: 1439: 1435: 1262: 1230: 1226: 1144:, are less often used riot control agents. Other irritants include 1120: 1115: 1039: 442:

and offensive-odor canisters, and non-lethal impact rounds such as

439: 212: 1269:

In the United States, the term riot gun more commonly refers to a

746:, a target. The rounds rely on the transfer of kinetic energy and 516:

Swedish police in riot gear, carrying an extended telescopic baton

4241: 4213: 4208: 4123: 1759: 1110:, Russian special forces used an unidentified gas (thought to be 1091: 454: 294: 248: 191: 2474:

Rothenberg, C.; Achanta, S.; Svendsen, E. R.; Jordt, S. (2016).

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Security Systems and Nonlethal Technologies for Law Enforcement

1992:

and Heidi Toffler, Little, Brown (1993), Chapter 15, p.125–136.

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A Taser X26 making an electrical arc between its two electrodes

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US Special Forces pursuing AC-130-based 'active denial system'

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12-gauge beanbag rounds and exposed bean bag round projectile

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PERSONNEL HALTING and STIMULATION RESPONSE (PHaSR) Fact Sheet

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or disorientation and therefore falls outside this protocol.

1515: 1397: 1373: 1286: 922: 783: 466: 430: 298: 263:, where the terminology of "less-than-lethal" is often used. 187: 3240:

Non-Lethal Weaponry: From Tactical to Strategic Applications

1377:

dissolved, with their website defunct as of September 2017.

3365: 2980: 2476:"Tear gas: An epidemiological and mechanistic reassessment" 1948:"Taser and the Myth of Non-Lethal Weaponry – The Intercept" 1687: 1506:

or invisible light against various electronic sensors, and

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Simple rows or clusters of sharpened sticks (also known as

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are also used to launch less-lethal rounds, including the

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In 1972, stun grenades were used to capture the hijacked

3144: 2448:. ACLU of Southern California. June 1995. Archived from 2342:"Health Impacts of Crowd-Control Weapons: Water Cannons" 3267:

USA: Police use of pepper spray - tantamount to torture

2783: 1812: 1238:

falling out of favor from the late Middle Ages onward.

2930: 2443:"Pepper Spray Update: More Fatalities, More Questions" 1365:

magazine article "Beyond the Rubber Bullet". It is an

2385: 898:

A stun grenade was apparently used by members of the

854:

Launcher, projectile, 64 mm, riot control, M234

2977:"Police to experiment with blinding 'Dazer Laser'?" 2670:"Pulses immobilize cars with RF Safe-Stop from e2v" 2204:

DOD Directive 3000.3: Policy for Non-Lethal Weapons

640:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2797: 1442:absorb the energy of the later part of the pulse. 3366:US Deptment of Defense Non-Lethal Weapons Program 310:a range of options between talking and shooting. 4292: 3308:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2974: 2918: 1897:"There's No Such Thing as a 'Non-Lethal' Weapon" 1875:"Use of force, firearms and less lethal weapons" 1571:personnel halting and stimulation response rifle 955:Water cannon during a German demonstration, 2001 3117: 2820:"Vehicle-Mounted Active Denial System (V-MADS)" 2812: 1714:Loren Thompson, chief operating officer of the 867:come in several less-lethal varieties, such as 3261: 3259: 2755:"HPEM Active Denial System disabling vehicles" 2587:"Sticky foam as a less-than-lethal technology" 1305:officer stands ready with a sonic weapon, the 3392: 3360:International Association of Chiefs of Police 2637: 2635: 1626: 1481:is experimenting with mounting an ADS on the 1415:The pulsed energy projectile is intended for 1007:International Association of Chiefs of Police 2265:"Army Looks to Turn Toy Into Next-Gen Rifle" 2171: 2135:(12). British Medical Association: e018154. 910:at the beginning of the IDF storming of the 778:(both kinetic and tear gas projectiles) and 3256: 2948: 1396:. It involves the emission of an invisible 1380: 3399: 3385: 2863: 2632: 2480:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1676:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 1654: 1292: 3331:usmilitary.about.com (Non-lethal weapons) 3230:; presented to: NDIANon-Lethal Defense IV 3067: 2772: 2509: 2499: 2148: 2001: 1704:United Nations Convention Against Torture 1614: 1014:. The Southern California chapter of the 700:Learn how and when to remove this message 395:Learn how and when to remove this message 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 2951:"US cops and military to get laser guns" 2281: 2262: 1560: 1296: 1198: 1126: 1025: 950: 886:, allowing the Israeli forces headed by 275: 131: 3123: 2871:"Ray gun, sci-fi staple, meets reality" 2645:Nonlethal Weapons: Terms and References 1451: 1388:or (PEP) is a technology of non-lethal 1276: 967:were in development but was abandoned. 780:rubber bullets with electroshock effect 14: 4293: 3098: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2020: 1918:"No such thing as a non-lethal weapon" 1313:protest on November 17, 2011 near the 970: 136:An instruction on oleoresin capsicum ( 3380: 3130:. Captain Peter Corbett. p. 65. 2906: 2838: 2737:"Tupamaros. De las armas a las urnas" 2584: 2551: 2415: 2174:"Non-lethal technologies—an overview" 1709: 552:Exploded tear gas canister in the air 3221:Human Effects Advisory Panel Program 2191: 1479:Air Force Special Operations Command 1350: 1038:The use of chemical weapons such as 638:adding citations to reliable sources 609: 561: 377:adding citations to reliable sources 348: 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 3194:Air University Research Template: " 3007:New technology 'dazzles' aggressors 2915:– Strategypage.com, October 3, 2012 2705: 2366:"New Israeli weapon kicks up stink" 2199:United States Department of Defense 2172:Lewer, Nick; Davison, Neil (2005). 2165: 2116: 1667:United States Department of Defense 1392:currently under development by the 935: 802:target that interacts kinetically. 750:to accomplish this incapacitation. 477:gases defined as chemical are not. 180:less likely to kill a living target 24: 3207:Department of Defense; DIRECTIVE; 2939:- Strategypage.com, 10 August 2015 2826:from the original on March 5, 2008 2720:", Reid, Robert W., originally in 1589:Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons 1545:Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons 25: 4352: 3319: 3020:"United Nations Office at Geneva" 2975:Chris Matyszczyk (23 July 2010). 1211: 1064: 293:or similar club-like weapons, or 4275: 4274: 2927:- Flightglobal.com, 29 July 2015 2806:"Pulsed Energy Projectile (PEP)" 2803: 2416:Allen, Terry J. (May 29, 2000). 1078:are psychoactive drugs, such as 847: 831: 819: 807: 614: 565: 545: 533: 521: 509: 497: 353: 34: 3351:Time - Beyond the rubber bullet 3288: 3277: 3233: 3214: 3201: 3188: 3169: 3092: 3049: 3034: 3012: 2999: 2968: 2942: 2882: 2747: 2729: 2680: 2662: 2578: 2526: 2467: 2435: 2409: 2397:. National Institute of Justice 2379: 2358: 2334: 2282:Jeffries, Stuart (2015-11-11). 2275: 2256: 2238: 2213: 2102: 2080: 2055: 2014: 1995: 1968:Nonlethality: A Global Strategy 1765:New physical principles weapons 1194: 989: 793:. More recently, high-velocity 625:needs additional citations for 364:needs additional citations for 45:needs additional citations for 2913:Death Ray Turns Warm And Fuzzy 2263:Hambling, David (2008-07-23). 2002:Shachtman, Noah (2007-04-06). 1979: 1961: 1950:. Theintercept.com. 2015-12-01 1940: 1910: 1889: 1867: 1848: 1803: 1528:diode-pumped solid-state laser 1180: 1155: 1016:American Civil Liberties Union 842:ring airfoil projectile rounds 245:1st Marine Expeditionary Force 142:Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune 13: 1: 3251:Pennsylvania State University 3099:Sheets, Tess (25 June 2020). 2688:"Savelec project - Home Page" 1729:proliferation is very real." 1602:Air Force Research Laboratory 1412:causing a painful sensation. 1108:Moscow theater hostage crisis 859: 733: 2599:Sandia National Laboratories 2388:"Evaluation of Pepper Spray" 1424:Mission Research Corporation 1422:The system was developed by 1229:have been a feature of anti- 1101: 605: 7: 3689:National Revolutionary Army 3406: 2949:Mark Harris (27 May 2009). 2561:Substance Use & Misuse, 2141:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018154 1899:. Vice.com. 21 October 2014 1877:. College of Policing. 2020 1732: 1605:Directed Energy Directorate 1514:. The emitters are usually 1256: 1216: 1021: 869:"flashbang" (stun) grenades 271: 222:. They may also be used by 10: 4357: 4326:Law enforcement techniques 3501:War of the Triple Alliance 3127:A Modern Plague of Pirates 2024:The Men Who Stare at Goats 1633:Long Range Acoustic Device 1627:Long Range Acoustic Device 1591:, which the United States 1518:, making what is termed a 1489: 1319: 1184: 1159: 1130: 1068: 939: 744:incapacitate, but not kill 557: 319:United States Marine Corps 266: 4321:Law enforcement equipment 4270: 4234: 4004: 3957: 3856: 3698: 3652: 3529: 3521:Pre-20th century firearms 3461: 3423: 3414: 2418:"Tear Gas: Chemical Cops" 2320:Christian Science Monitor 2090:National Defense Magazine 2004:"Pain Ray Injures Airman" 1693: 1463:The ADS is a non-lethal, 1406:electromagnetic radiation 1386:Pulsed energy projectiles 994:The active ingredient in 965:Electrified water cannons 919:2010 Kyrgyzstani uprising 344: 3909:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 3899:South African Border War 3681:Second Sino-Japanese War 1797: 1777:(hand-to-hand technique) 1740:Demoralization (warfare) 1532:electromagnetic spectrum 1432:deuterium fluoride laser 1390:directed energy weaponry 1381:Pulsed energy projectile 1225:), and the use of small 946: 776:ring airfoil projectiles 438:chemical agents such as 206:situations to limit the 160:less-than-lethal weapons 3889:Portuguese Colonial War 3124:Corbett, Peter (2009). 2625:. 1997SPIE.2934...96S. 2575:accessed: 27. 11. 2009. 1672:directed energy weapons 1655:Safety and legal status 1637:acoustic hailing device 1598:Kirtland Air Force Base 1573:(PHASR) is a prototype 1293:Directed energy weapons 1175:Operation United Shield 1005:A 1998 estimate by the 259:, refugee control, and 4336:Paramilitary equipment 4306:Anti-personnel weapons 4257:Civilian gun ownership 2937:AC-130J Gets A Ray Gun 1830:. 2015. Archived from 1615:Blinding laser weapons 1566: 1500:directed-energy weapon 1465:directed-energy weapon 1430:). It uses a chemical 1322:Directed-energy weapon 1317: 1204: 1076:Psychochemical weapons 1071:Psychochemical weapons 1035: 980:Israeli Defence Forces 956: 742:which are designed to 738:Non-lethal rounds are 289:were able to use only 281: 208:escalation of conflict 144: 4316:Incapacitating agents 3934:Nicaraguan Revolution 3884:Araguaia Guerilla War 3453:Early thermal weapons 3272:Amnesty International 2879:, September 24, 2004. 2718:Weaponry: The Caltrop 2455:on September 29, 2011 1700:Amnesty International 1585:Department of Defense 1564: 1530:, DPSS) areas of the 1357:San Diego, California 1337:particle beam weapons 1300: 1202: 1131:Further information: 1127:Other chemical agents 1029: 954: 940:Further information: 791:flexible baton rounds 540:Pepper spray training 448:flexible baton rounds 279: 172:pain-inducing weapons 135: 3939:Salvadoran Civil War 3506:Spanish–American War 3481:American Indian Wars 2983:.com. Archived from 2029:Simon & Schuster 2021:Ronson, Jon (2005). 1727:electromagnetic bomb 1458:active denial system 1452:Active denial system 1282:Electroshock weapons 1277:Electroshock weapons 1173:in the peacekeeping 1133:Incapacitating agent 1046:) and pepper spray ( 942:Incapacitating agent 906:soldiers during the 634:improve this article 463:electroshock weapons 373:improve this article 323:Active Denial System 255:, prisoner control, 184:conventional weapons 54:improve this article 4311:Area denial weapons 3992:Russo-Ukrainian War 3929:Dominican Civil War 3904:Cambodian Civil War 3865:First Indochina War 3105:orlandosentinel.com 2822:. Global Security. 2607:1997SPIE.2934...96S 2538:The Huffington Post 2492:2016NYASA1378...96R 2112:. 27 December 2011. 1716:Lexington Institute 1556:temporary blindness 1547:. The dazzler is a 1261:In current usage a 1187:Area denial weapons 1096:3-Methylamphetamine 1012:positional asphyxia 971:Scent-based weapons 756:soft polymer rounds 754:, rubber buckshot, 649:"Non-lethal weapon" 156:less-lethal weapons 69:"Non-lethal weapon" 4331:Military equipment 4301:Non-lethal weapons 3982:Russo-Georgian War 3924:Lebanese Civil War 3894:Rhodesian Bush War 3511:Mexican Revolution 3496:American Civil War 3486:War of the Pacific 3476:Napoleonic Warfare 3274:, 4 November 1997. 3245:2003-12-23 at the 3226:2004-11-14 at the 3182:2011-07-22 at the 2987:on 25 October 2012 2571:2011-07-21 at the 2501:10.1111/nyas.13141 2316:"Global News Blog" 1973:2012-03-05 at the 1745:Electronic warfare 1710:Terrorism concerns 1684:Geneva Conventions 1567: 1554:intended to cause 1483:AC-130J Ghostrider 1318: 1315:New York City Hall 1311:Occupy Wall Street 1205: 1036: 957: 908:Gaza flotilla raid 892:Benjamin Netanyahu 748:blunt force trauma 577:. You can help by 282: 168:compliance weapons 164:non-deadly weapons 148:Non-lethal weapons 145: 18:Non-lethal weapons 4288: 4287: 4000: 3999: 3944:Soviet–Afghan War 3919:Laotian Civil War 3667:Spanish Civil War 3137:978-0-9562107-0-8 2894:jnlwp.defense.gov 2615:10.1117/12.265402 2395:Research in Brief 2181:Disarmament Forum 2098:on July 19, 2010. 1928:(2489): 3. 2005. 1791:Tranquillizer gun 1755:LED Incapacitator 1467:developed by the 1434:device producing 1351:Ultraviolet laser 1171:U.S. Marine Corps 1169:was tried by the 884:Sabena Flight 571 710: 709: 702: 684: 595: 594: 461:, and eventually 405: 404: 397: 301:charges, or fire 232:occupation forces 152:nonlethal weapons 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 4348: 4278: 4277: 4154:Mass destruction 4062:Blunt instrument 3987:Syrian Civil War 3421: 3420: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3358:. Hosted by the 3314: 3313: 3307: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3263: 3254: 3237: 3231: 3218: 3212: 3205: 3199: 3192: 3186: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3154:. Archived from 3148: 3142: 3141: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3077:. Archived from 3071: 3065: 3064: 3053: 3047: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3016: 3010: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2886: 2880: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2782:. Archived from 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2757:. Archived from 2751: 2745: 2744: 2733: 2727: 2723:Military History 2714: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2699: 2690:. Archived from 2684: 2678: 2677: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2601:: SPIE: 96–103. 2582: 2576: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2513: 2503: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2454: 2447: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2392: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2352: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2223:. Archived from 2217: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2201:(July 9, 1996), 2195: 2189: 2188: 2178: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2152: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2094:. Archived from 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2065:. Archived from 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1999: 1993: 1986:War and Anti-War 1983: 1977: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1829: 1819: 1810: 1807: 1781:R.I.P. cartridge 1641:LRAD Corporation 1112:3-methylfentanyl 1106:During the 2002 936:Gases and sprays 873:"sting" grenades 851: 835: 823: 811: 705: 698: 694: 691: 685: 683: 642: 618: 610: 590: 587: 569: 562: 549: 537: 525: 513: 501: 400: 393: 389: 386: 380: 357: 349: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4266: 4262:Science fiction 4230: 4102:Directed-energy 3996: 3972:Afghanistan War 3953: 3852: 3694: 3654:Interwar period 3648: 3549:Austria-Hungary 3525: 3457: 3410: 3405: 3322: 3317: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3278: 3264: 3257: 3247:Wayback Machine 3238: 3234: 3228:Wayback Machine 3219: 3215: 3206: 3202: 3193: 3189: 3184:Wayback Machine 3174: 3170: 3161: 3159: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3122: 3118: 3109: 3107: 3097: 3093: 3084: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3039: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2802: 2798: 2789: 2787: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2764: 2762: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2640: 2633: 2583: 2579: 2573:Wayback Machine 2556: 2552: 2543: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2390: 2384: 2380: 2371: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2350: 2348: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2298: 2280: 2276: 2261: 2257: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2230: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2196: 2192: 2176: 2170: 2166: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2072: 2070: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2019: 2015: 2000: 1996: 1984: 1980: 1975:Wayback Machine 1966: 1962: 1953: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1775:Peroneal strike 1770:Pain compliance 1735: 1712: 1696: 1657: 1629: 1617: 1492: 1454: 1383: 1353: 1324: 1295: 1279: 1259: 1219: 1214: 1197: 1189: 1183: 1164: 1158: 1135: 1129: 1104: 1073: 1067: 1024: 992: 973: 949: 944: 938: 862: 855: 852: 843: 836: 827: 824: 815: 812: 772:sponge grenades 764:plastic bullets 736: 706: 695: 689: 686: 643: 641: 631: 619: 608: 591: 585: 582: 575:needs expansion 560: 553: 550: 541: 538: 529: 526: 517: 514: 505: 502: 446:and "bean bag" 433:revolutionized 410:bean-bag rounds 401: 390: 384: 381: 370: 358: 347: 303:live ammunition 274: 269: 230:forces, and by 224:military police 220:force continuum 178:intended to be 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4354: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4037:Anti-personnel 4034: 4032:Anti-ballistic 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4008: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3833:United Kingdom 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3748:Czechoslovakia 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3704: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3678: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3634:United Kingdom 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3429: 3427: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3363: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3320:External links 3318: 3316: 3315: 3287: 3276: 3255: 3232: 3213: 3200: 3187: 3168: 3143: 3136: 3116: 3091: 3066: 3048: 3033: 3011: 2998: 2967: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2881: 2862: 2837: 2811: 2796: 2771: 2746: 2728: 2704: 2679: 2661: 2654: 2631: 2577: 2557:Rózsa L 2009. 2550: 2525: 2466: 2434: 2422:In These Times 2408: 2378: 2357: 2333: 2322:. June 2, 2010 2307: 2274: 2255: 2250:pepperball.com 2237: 2212: 2190: 2164: 2115: 2101: 2079: 2054: 2041: 2013: 1994: 1978: 1960: 1939: 1909: 1888: 1866: 1847: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1711: 1708: 1695: 1692: 1656: 1653: 1628: 1625: 1621:War in Donbass 1616: 1613: 1600:, part of the 1542:United Nations 1526:) or green (a 1491: 1488: 1453: 1450: 1426:(now owned by 1382: 1379: 1352: 1349: 1345:plasma weapons 1320:Main article: 1294: 1291: 1278: 1275: 1258: 1255: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1212:Anti-personnel 1210: 1196: 1193: 1185:Main article: 1182: 1179: 1160:Main article: 1157: 1154: 1138:Blister agents 1128: 1125: 1103: 1100: 1069:Main article: 1066: 1065:Psychochemical 1063: 1023: 1020: 1000:cayenne pepper 991: 988: 972: 969: 948: 945: 937: 934: 890:and including 861: 858: 857: 856: 853: 846: 844: 837: 830: 828: 825: 818: 816: 813: 806: 795:paintball guns 768:beanbag rounds 752:Rubber bullets 740:firearm rounds 735: 732: 727:rubber bullets 708: 707: 622: 620: 613: 607: 604: 593: 592: 572: 570: 559: 556: 555: 554: 551: 544: 542: 539: 532: 530: 527: 520: 518: 515: 508: 506: 503: 496: 444:rubber bullets 435:personal armor 403: 402: 361: 359: 352: 346: 343: 273: 270: 268: 265: 228:United Nations 150:, also called 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4353: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4281: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 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