Personhood - Knowledge

530:, involves the four interrelated concepts of 1) The Individual Person, 2) Deliberate Action, 3) Reality and the Real World, and 4) Language or Verbal Behavior. All four concepts require full articulation for any one of them to be fully intelligible. More specifically, a Person is an individual whose history is, paradigmatically, a history of Deliberate Action in a Dramaturgical pattern. Deliberate Action is a form of behavior in which a person (a) engages in an Intentional Action, (b) is cognizant of that, and (c) has chosen to do that. A person is not always engaged in a deliberate action but has the eligibility to do so. A human being is an individual who is both a person and a specimen of Homo sapiens. Since persons are deliberate actors, they also employ hedonic, prudent, aesthetic and ethical reasons when selecting, choosing or deciding on a course of action. As part of our "social contract" we expect that the typical person can make use of all four of these motivational perspectives. Individual persons will weigh these motives in a manner that reflects their personal characteristics. That life is lived in a "dramaturgical" pattern is to say that people make sense, that their lives have patterns of significance. The paradigm case allows for nonhuman persons, potential persons, nascent persons, manufactured persons, former persons, "deficit case" persons, and "primitive" persons. By using a paradigm case methodology, different observers can point to where they agree and where they disagree about whether an entity qualifies as a person. 1137:'s two-tiered account distinguishes between basic sentience and the higher standard of self-consciousness which constitutes personhood. His approach has been criticized for accepting the personhood of some animals, but rejecting the personhood of people with disabilities such as dementia. It has also been given as an example of the limits of a capacities-based definition of personhood, in that they tend to be defined in ways that reinforce existing systems of power and privilege by preferring the capacities that are valued by those who write the definitions. A squirrel would value agility and balance in defining personhood; a tree might grant personhood on the basis of height and longevity, and a long-time academic, "a human being with a fully functioning cerebral cortex who resides in a social context where the workings of this part of the brain are particularly prized", would just as predictably value the qualities that benefited his own life and overlook the ones that had little relationship to his own life. 665:

the Personhood Alliance were once affiliates of National Right to Life. Organizations like Georgia Right to Life, Cleveland Right to Life, and Alaska Right to Life left National Right to Life and joined the Personhood Alliance after refusing to support National Right to Life's proposed legislation that included exceptions like the rape and incest exceptions. The Personhood Alliance describes itself as "a Christ-centered, biblically informed organization dedicated to the non-violent advancement of the recognition and protection of the God-given, inalienable right to life of all human beings as legal persons, at every stage of their biological development and in every circumstance."

1186:'s Ministry of Forests and Environment banned the importation or capture of cetaceans (whales and dolphins) for entertainment, exhibition, or interaction purposes, on the basis that "cetaceans in general are highly intelligent and sensitive" and that it "is morally unacceptable to keep them captive for entertainment." It noted that "various scientists" have argued they should be seen as "non-human persons" with commensurate rights, but did not take an official position on this, and indeed did not have the legal authority to do so. 1452: 36: 639: 366:. The term's literal means an existence as a "being-there" or "there-being." Heidegger writes that, "Dasein itself has a special distinctiveness as compared with other entities; it is ontically distinguished by the fact that, in its very Being, that Being is an issue for it." For Heidegger, the way in which Being is an issue for a person as Dasein is their future oriented caring. This distinguishes Dasein from function or performance criteria of personhood. 7208: 5925: 1638: 905: 4599: 1536: 217: 872:

Calvert argues that the 17th and 18th Century Quaker concept of Personhood applied to women, and the prevalence of Quakers in the population of several colonies, such as New Jersey and Pennsylvania, at the time that the original Constitution was drafted and ratified likely influenced the choice of the term "Person" for the Constitution instead of the term "Man", which was used in the

603:§8) to include "every infant member of the species homo sapiens who is born alive at any stage of development." That statute also states that "Nothing in this section shall be construed to affirm, deny, expand, or contract any legal status or legal right applicable to any member of the species homo sapiens at any point prior to being 'born alive' as defined in this section." 1438:. The law was challenged in federal court on constitutional grounds by Drewes Farms Partnership, with the state government of Ohio joining as an intervenor. The law was overturned due to the vagueness of at least three portions of the law, with the court also criticizing the applicability of the law to other Lake Erie-bordering jurisdictions' laws regarding the lake. 1946:. A person is a being who has a sense of self, has a notion of the future and the past, can hold values, make choices; in short, can adopt life-plans. At least, a person must be the kind of any who is in principle capable of all this, however damaged these capacities may be in practice." Charles Taylor, "The Concept of a Person", 343:, the problem with the naturalist view is that it depends solely on a "performance criterion" to determine what is an agent. Thus, other things (e.g. machines or animals) that exhibit "similarly complex adaptive behaviour" could not be distinguished from persons. Instead, Taylor proposes a significance-based view of personhood: 868:

original Constitution was ratified) had concepts of coverture and "head-and-master", which meant that women legally lost rights upon marriage, including rights to ownership of property and other rights of adult participation in the political economy; single women retained these rights, however, and voted in some jurisdictions.

729:, may not value our lives. …To support Roe vs. Wade is not merely to allow a medical procedure. It is to acknowledge that the government has the power to say who is a person and who is not. Who, then, is to limit the groups to whom it is applied? This is what makes "personhood" such an important public policy issue. 862:

disputed the conclusion of Reed v. Reed, arguing that women do not have equal protection under the 14th amendment as "persons" because the Constitution's use of the gender-neutral term "Person" means that the Constitution does not require discrimination on the basis of sex, but also does not prohibit

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Digital technologies have been argued to hold the potential to give rise to notions of posthumous personhood, where the digital remains of the dead are reanimated through artificial intelligence and allow the dead to maintain interactions with the living. If they were to closely resemble a person in

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Other commentators have noted that some of the ratifiers of the US Constitution (in 1787) also, in contemporaneous contexts, ratified state level Constitutions that saw women as Persons and required them to be treated as such, including granting women rights such as the right to vote. Professor Jane

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this or that, may also want to have (or not to have) certain desires and motives. They are capable of wanting to be different, in their preferences and purposes, from what they are. Many animals appear to have the capacity for what I shall call "first-order desires" or "desires of the first order,"

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counties approved personhood during the 2010 primary election with 75% in favor of a non-binding resolution declaring that the "right to life is vested in each human being from their earliest biological beginning until natural death". During the 2012 Republican primary a similar question was placed

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Currently, the personhood movement is led by the Personhood Alliance, a coalition of state and national personhood organizations headquartered in Washington DC. The Personhood Alliance was founded in 2014 and currently has 22 affiliated organizations. A significant number of the state affiliates of

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The life of each human being begins at conception ... Effective January 1, 1988, the laws of this state shall be interpreted and construed to acknowledge on behalf of the unborn child at every stage of development, all the rights, privileges, and immunities available to other persons, citizens, and

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A person is recognized by law as such, not because they are human, but because rights and duties are ascribed to them. The person is the legal subject or substance of which the rights and duties are attributes. An individual human being considered to be having such attributes is what lawyers call a

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The definition of Boethius as it stands can hardly be considered a satisfactory one. The words taken literally can be applied to the rational soul of man, and also the human nature of Christ. That St. Thomas accepts it is presumably due to the fact that he found it in possession, and recognized as

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disagree with this assertion. Balkin states that, at a minimum "the fourteenth amendment was intended to prohibit some forms of sex discrimination – discrimination in basic civil rights against single women." Many local marriage laws at the time the 14th Amendment was ratified (as well as when the

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understanding of personhood. Catechism 2270 reads: "Human life must be respected and protected absolutely from the moment of conception. From the first moment of his existence, a human being must be recognized as having the rights of a person – among which is the inviolable right of every innocent

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agrees, adding, "Nor is this a dispute about the state imposing a religious or philosophical view. After all, your life and mine are not protected because of some religious or philosophical belief that others are required to have about us. More accurately, the law protects us precisely in spite of

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were found to exist, under what circumstances would they be counted as "persons"? Do we have to consider any "willing and communicative (capable to register its own will) autonomous body" in the universe, no matter the species, an individual (a person)? Do they deserve equal rights with the human

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In March 2007 Georgia became the first state in the nation to introduce a legislative resolution to amend the state constitution to define and recognize the personhood of fetuses. The Georgia Catholic Conference and National Right to Life supported the effort. The resolution failed to attract the

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has suggested that the focus on the issue of personhood in abortion debates has often been a means for depriving women of their rights. She writes that "the legal double standard concerning the bodily integrity of pregnant and nonpregnant bodies, the construction of women as fetal incubators, the

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with a number of state-level affiliates, which describes itself as a nonprofit Christian ministry. and seeks to ban abortion. Personhood USA was co-founded by Cal Zastrow and Keith Mason in 2008 following the Colorado for Equal Rights campaign to enact a state constitutional personhood amendment.

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Others, such as Colleen Carroll Campbell, say that the personhood movement is a natural progression of society in protecting the equal rights of all members of the human species. She writes, "The basic philosophical premise behind these amendments is eminently reasonable. And the alternative on

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What if personal identity is constituted in, and sustained through, our relations with others, such that were we to erase our relations with our significant others we would also erase the conditions of our self-intelligibility? As it turns out, this erasure... is precisely what is experimentally

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as a "non-human subject" in an unsuccessful habeas corpus case regarding the release of the orangutan from captivity at the Buenos Aires zoo. The status of the orangutan as a "non-human subject" needed to be clarified by the court. Court cases relevant to this orangutan were continuing in 2015.

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Philosopher Thomas I. White argues that the criteria for a person are: is alive, is aware, feels positive and negative sensations, has emotions, has a sense of self, (controls its own behaviour, recognises other persons and treats them appropriately, and has a variety of sophisticated cognitive

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who has the natural inherent capacity to give rise to human functions, whether or not those functions are ever attained. ...A human person who lacks the ability to think rationally (either because she is too young or she suffers from a disability) is still a human person because of her nature.

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Questions pertaining to the personhood of women and the personhood of fetuses have legal and ethical consequences for reproductive rights beyond abortion as well. For example, some fetal homicide laws have resulted in jail time for women suspected of drug use during a pregnancy that ended in a

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In philosophy, the word "person" may refer to various concepts. The concept of personhood is difficult to define in a way that is universally accepted, due to its historical and cultural variability and the controversies surrounding its use in some contexts. Capacities or attributes common to

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to their constitution that "acknowledges the right to life of the unborn and, with due regard to the equal right to life of the mother, guarantees in its laws to respect, and, as far as practicable, by its laws to defend and vindicate that right." This was repealed in 2018 by the

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of personhood have been scientifically studied. Typical questions addressed in social psychology are the accuracy of attribution, processes of perception and the formation of bias. Various other scientific and medical disciplines address the myriad of issues in the development of

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has advanced a seven-tiered account based on cognitive capacity and linguistic mastery. Amanda Stoel suggested that rights should be granted based on a scale of degrees of personhood, allowing entities currently denied any right to be recognized some rights, but not as many.

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argues that one person's right to bodily autonomy trumps another's right to life, and therefore abortion does not violate a fetus's right to life: Instead abortion should be understood as the pregnant women withdrawing her own body from use, which causes the fetus to die.

783:, ruled in April 2012 that the proposed amendment was unconstitutional under the federal Constitution and blocked inclusion of the referendum question on the ballot. In October 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal of the state Supreme Court's ruling. 347:

What is crucial about agents is that things matter to them. We thus cannot simply identify agents by a performance criterion, nor assimilate animals to machines... there are matters of significance for human beings which are peculiarly human, and have no analogue with

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bestowal of 'super-subject' status to the fetus, and the emergence of a father's-rights ideology" demonstrate "that the current terms of the abortion debate – as a contest between fetal claims to personhood and women's right to choose – are limited and misleading."

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ruled that frozen embryos were "extrauterine children" subject to the Wrongful Death of a Minor Act, based on protections for unborn children in the state constitution These protections were added in 2018 by ballot referendum, as Amendment 930 to the

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Processes through which personhood is recognized socially and legally vary cross-culturally, demonstrating that notions of personhood are not universal. Anthropologist Beth Conklin has shown how personhood is tied to social relations among the

661:(IVF), but would not lead to the practice being outlawed. Jonathan F. Will says that the personhood framework could produce significant restrictions on IVF to the extent that reproductive clinics find it impossible to provide the services. 1016:

them or assuming cognitive disability due to the existence of physical disability. The concept of disability as being worse than death can be seen as a denial of disabled people's personhood, such as when medical professionals suggest

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in both chambers required for it to be placed on the ballot. Georgia legislators have filed a personhood resolution every session since 2007. In May 2008 Georgia Right to Life hosted the first nationwide Personhood Symposium targeting

187:. In the 21st century, corporate personhood is an existing Western concept; granting non-human entities personhood, which has also been referred to a "personhood movement", can bridge Western and Indigenous legal systems. 3302: 594:

In general usage, a human being (i.e. natural person), though by statute term may include a firm, labor organizations, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, trustees, trustees in bankruptcy, or

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The criteria for being a person... are designed to capture those attributes which are the subject of our most humane concern with ourselves and the source of what we regard as most important and most problematical in our

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which are simply desires to do or not to do one thing or another. No animal other than man, however, appears to have the capacity for reflective self-evaluation that is manifested in the formation of second-order desires.

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and that legal attributes such as rights, powers, and duties followed the role. The same individuals as actors could play different roles, each with its own legal attributes, sometimes even in the same court appearance.

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The theoretical landscape of personhood theory has been altered recently by controversy in the bioethics community concerning an emerging community of scholars, researchers, and activists identifying with an explicitly

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in the majority opinion when he wrote: "If this suggestion of personhood is established, the appellant's case, of course, collapses, for the fetus' right to life would then be guaranteed specifically by the Amendment."

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of 2002 provides a legal structure that those born at any gestational stage that are either breathing, have heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation, or any voluntary muscle movement are living, individual human persons.

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Will, Jonathan F. (2013) "Beyond Abortion: Why the personhood movement implicates reproductive choice". American Journal of Law and Medicine. (Boston: American Society of Law and Medicine) 39 (4): 601–602.

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It is because an entity has an essence and falls within a natural kind that it can possess a unity of dispositions, capacities, parts and properties at a given time and can maintain identity through change.

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To a person therefore belongs a threefold incommunicability, expressed in notes (b), (c), and (d). The human soul belongs to the nature as a part of it, and is therefore not a person, even when existing

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In 2006, a 16-year-old girl was charged in Mississippi with murder for the still-birth of her daughter on the basis that the girl had smoked cocaine while pregnant. These charges were later dismissed.

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The Latin word persona was originally used to denote the mask worn by an actor. From this it was applied to the role he assumed, and, finally, to any character on the stage of life, to any individual.

1991: 718:, then the very concept of human rights loses meaning. And all of us – born and unborn, strong and weak, young and old – someday will find ourselves on the wrong end of that cruel measuring stick." 997:

Adults with cognitive disabilities are regularly denied rights generally granted to all adult persons such as the right to marry and consent to sex, and the right to vote. They may also lack legal

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Personhood proponents in Oklahoma sought to amend the state constitution to define personhood as beginning at conception. The state Supreme Court, citing the U.S. Supreme Court's 1992 decision in

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Schwartz, Wynn. (1982) The Problem of Other Possible Persons: Dolphins, Primates, and Aliens. in, Advances in Descriptive Psychology, vol 2, (eds: Davis & Mitchel), Greenwich, CT: JAI Press

1043:, and related subjects, consider that certain or even all animals should also be considered to be persons and thus granted legal personhood. Commonly named species in this context include the 2896: 1620:

system of hardware and software, are eventually created, what criteria would determine their personhood? Likewise, at what point would human-created biological life achieve personhood?

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or theism and deism. Religiously speaking, the degree of personhood granted to a deity (along with their universal centrality to a given religion) may be seen to have an impact on the

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Some medical organizations have described the potential effects of personhood legislation as potentially harmful to patients and the practice of medicine, particularly in the cases of

199:, Brazil. Bruce Knauft's studies of the Gebusi people of Papua New Guinea depict a context in which individuals become persons incrementally, again through social relations. Likewise, 770:

also failed to gain approval with around 58% of voters disapproving. In an interview after the referendum, Mason ascribed the failure of the initiative to a political campaign run by

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What is crucial morally is the being of a person, not his or her functioning. A human person does not come into existence when human function arises, but rather, a human person is an

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approved a constitution to recognize that nature "...has the right to exist, persist, maintain and regenerate its vital cycles, structure, functions and its processes in evolution."

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since the 1870s. In 2012, an agreement to grant legal personhood to the river was signed between the New Zealand government and the Whanganui River Māori Trust. One guardian from

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According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, many US States have their own definition of personhood which expands upon the federal definition of personhood, and

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is a path of life and a divine field; not exhibiting personhood of itself, but "if well-nourished", is supposedly beneficial towards persons and the components of personhood.

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In the summer of 2008 a citizen initiated amendment was proposed for the Colorado constitution. Three attempts to enact the from-fertilization definition of personhood into

3191: 1716:, thus having an indirect impact on the formation of an individual's personality. The non-centrality of the kami allow an individual to take an ambivalent stance towards 4283: 1171:

parliament included restrictions on the use of 'non-human hominids' in research or teaching when passing the Animal Welfare Act (1999). In 2007, the parliament of the

4172: 1209:, had to provide a legally sufficient reason for their imprisonment. This view was rejected and the writ was reversed by the officiating judge shortly thereafter. 4061: 2662: 855: 841: 6284: 1999: 942: 574: 4258: 3079: 4404: 2904: 4037: 1144: 3562: 1786:, which often incorporated a small megaphone. The word was transformed from its theater use into a term with strict technical theological meaning by 742:

activists. This symposium was instrumental in spawning the group Personhood USA and the various state personhood efforts that followed. Voters in 46

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refined the word to mean "an individual substance of a rational nature." This can be re-stated as "that which possesses an intellect and a will."

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such discrimination, adding "Nobody ever thought that that's what it meant. Nobody ever voted for that." Many others, including law professor

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Coklin, Beth A.; Morgan, Lynn M. (1996). "Babies, Bodies, and the Production of Personhood in North America and a Native Amazonian Society".

1938:"Where it is more than simply a synonym for 'human being', 'person' figures primarily in moral and legal discourse. A person is a being with 486:, a far more philosophically sophisticated meditation on personal identity than is found in most of the contemporary literature on the topic. 3442: 2935: 4674: 4449: 3262: 1143:

has offered a Paradigm Case Formulation of Persons as a format allowing judges to identify qualities of personhood in different entities.

7012: 6887: 1410:, sometimes translated as "an integrated, living whole". Efforts to grant it special legal protection have been pursued by the Whanganui 147:

Personhood continues to be a topic of international debate and has been questioned critically during the abolition of human and nonhuman

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with the result being that abortion, as well as forms of birth control that act to deprive the human embryo of necessary sustenance in

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In 2015, for the first time, two chimpanzees, Hercules and Leo, were thought to be "legal persons", having been granted a writ of

299:, a philosopher of the early 6th century CE, gives the definition of "person" as "an individual substance of a rational nature" (" 7004: 6942: 1842:-- it must form a complete nature; that which is a part, either actually or "aptitudinally" does not satisfy the definition; (c) 608: 7272: 6984: 6315: 5961: 5737: 4107: 4208: 3388: 2199:

Charles Taylor, "The Concept of a Person", Philosophical Papers. Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, 98–102

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Charles Taylor, "The Concept of a Person", Philosophical Papers. Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, 97–114

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School of Law, a collection of writings that summarizes his work to date and makes the case for non-human animals as persons.

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A political movement in the United States seeks to define the beginning of human personhood as starting from the moment of

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Pollock, First Book of Jurispr. 110. Gray, Nature and Sources of Law, ch. II. Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Edition, p 1300

5727: 1087:, and intricate social rules. The idea of extending personhood to all animals has the support of legal scholars such as 519:

would still be considered persons. Some animal rights groups have also championed recognition for animals as "persons".

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offer – which severs humanity from personhood – is fraught with peril. If being human is not enough to entitle one to

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over time; and is therefore capable of framing representations about the world, formulating plans and acting on them.

7134: 7017: 6860: 5553: 3931: 2510: 1899: 1677: 1572: 985: 629:, personhood is the status of a human being having individual human rights. The term was used by Justice Blackmun in 259: 80: 17: 4193: 3210: 2619: 6882: 5589: 4385: 4131: 3424: 2526:

White, Michael J.; Li, Yan (1991). "Second-Language Fluency and Person Perception in China and the United States".

1341: 1163:. A decade later, Germany guaranteed rights to animals in a 2002 amendment to its constitution, becoming the first 424:, "What philosophers have lately come to accept as analysis of the concept of a person is not actually analysis of 4173:"First Time in World History Judge Recognizes Two Chimpanzees as Legal Persons, Grants them Writ of Habeas Corpus" 1806:. Christianity is thus the first philosophical system to use the word "person" in its modern sense. Subsequently, 5609: 5548: 4878: 4038:"Animal Welfare Act 1999 No 142 (as at 08 September 2018), Public Act 2 Interpretation – New Zealand Legislation" 3587: 3316: 657:, could become illegal. Supporters of the movement also state that it would have some effect on the practice of 6872: 5803: 5472: 3118: 3076: 2131: 1659: 809: 237:

Various concepts of personhood are listed in no particular order with no overarching structure or organization.

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Since the new millennium, treating parts of nature like waterways as persons has become increasingly popular.

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Those who become disabled later in life often experience a change in how they are perceived, including others

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Finally, in 2019, Sandra was granted nonhuman personhood and freed from captivity to a Florida sanctuary.

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passed joint resolutions. The goal is to protect it long-term given its appeal for energy producers like

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Consequently, it makes sense to speak of a human being’s lack if and only if she is an actual person.

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residents of this state, unborn children have protectable interests in life, health, and well-being.

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courses are (as of 2008) taught in 92 out of 180 law schools in the United States. On May 9, 2008,

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on the ballot statewide and passed with a super-majority (66%) of the vote in 158 of 159 counties.

62: 3479: 1823:, i.e., a substance, complete, subsisting per se, existing apart from others (III, Q. xvi, a. 12, 1815:

the traditional definition. He explains it in terms that practically constitute a new definition.

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According to other sources, which also admit that the origin of the term is not completely clear,

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Speculatively, there are several other likely categories of beings where personhood is at issue.

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became the first river in Canada to be granted legal personhood, after the local municipality of

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The legal definition of persons may include or exclude children depending on the context. The US

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as legal persons. The judges cited Whanganui river in New Zealand as precedent for the action.

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Wang, Violet. “The Right to Sexuality.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 4 June 2019, .

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returned full control over regulation of abortion to the states. The concurring decision of

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The personhood of women also has consequences for the ethics of abortion. For example, in "

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Black's Law Dictionary, 5th edition, citing the National Labor Relations Act, section 2(1)

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and after slavery was abolished, black men continued to fight for personhood by claiming,

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defines a "person" as being a conscious, thinking being, which knows that it is a person (

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brain's thought patterns, memories and other attributes could be transposed into a device

922: 370: 329: 278: 160: 4473:

Meese, James; Nansen, Bjorn; Kohn, Tamara; Arnold, Michael; Gibbs, Martin (2015-10-02).

4259:"In Canadian first, Quebec whitewater river declared legal 'person' with its own rights" 6726: 6708: 6703: 6691: 6525: 6344: 6324: 6294: 6076: 6048: 5900: 5670: 5650: 5619: 5543: 5533: 5498: 5493: 5457: 5437: 5427: 5412: 5407: 5387: 5357: 5327: 5317: 5249: 5224: 5219: 5149: 5124: 5109: 5104: 5058: 5053: 5013: 4988: 4923: 4910: 4838: 4798: 4783: 4512: 3738: 3725: 3690: 3671: 3096: 2600: 2543: 2249: 2053: 2037: 1968: 1502:, even if a person changed so much as to no longer be considered a member of the human 1190: 1116: 1096: 973: 805: 771: 600: 3274: 3169: 6731: 6649: 6386: 6339: 6277: 6106: 5928: 5788: 5655: 5614: 5604: 5452: 5377: 5347: 5239: 5204: 5189: 5154: 5139: 5119: 4993: 4983: 4968: 4928: 4893: 4617: 4563: 4516: 4504: 3885: 3779: 3730: 3712: 3675: 3663: 3595: 3541: 2681: 2547: 2506: 2357: 2315: 2269: 2127: 2102: 2045: 1919: 1739: 1112: 930: 696: 680:

Proponents of the movement regard personhood as an attempt to directly challenge the

539: 472: 468: 428:

concept at all." He suggests that the concept of a person is intimately connected to

227: 1469: 54: 7175: 7049: 6949: 6779: 6587: 6477: 6428: 6401: 6154: 6149: 6002: 5823: 5680: 5579: 5508: 5174: 5144: 5048: 4963: 4828: 4553: 4543: 4494: 4486: 3769: 3742: 3720: 3702: 3655: 3425:"Justice Scalia: Women Don't Have Constitutional Protection Against Discrimination" 2535: 2397:

P.G Ossorio, The Behavior Of Persons, Ann Arbor: Descriptive Psychology Press, 2013

2307: 2261: 2033: 2029: 1755: 1301: 1256: 1218: 1172: 998: 845: 512: 387:

Francis Beckwith, "Abortion, Bioethics, and Personhood: A Philosophical Reflection"

359: 133: 4548: 4531: 4490: 2747: 1834:, we have a definition comprising the five notes that go to make up a person: (a) 1434:

passed the "Lake Erie Bill of Rights" (LEBOR), which granted personhood rights to

1280:, that corporations have the same rights as natural persons to enforce contracts. 766:, a 2011 initiative to amend the state constitution by referendum in the state of 362:

developed his understanding of the distinctive kind of being which a person is as

6920: 6612: 6423: 6169: 6159: 5860: 4888: 4808: 4773: 4669: 3821:"Personhood Redefined: Animal Rights Strategy Gets at the Essence of Being Human" 3083: 1889: 1473: 1430:

has been granted personhood by the Yurok Tribe. Also in February 2019, voters in

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Other theorists attempt to demarcate between degrees of personhood. For example,

1088: 1013: 949: 700: 626: 417: 200: 192: 141: 58: 4474: 2807: 1942:, or a bearer of rights. But underlying the moral status, as its condition, are 1403: 373:, who argues that it is rather the underlying personal unity of the individual: 6877: 6821: 6660: 6617: 6545: 6289: 6260: 6185: 6139: 6081: 6038: 4883: 4308: 3850: 3406: 3263:

A Stillborn Child, A Charge of Murder and the Disputed Case Law on ‘Fetal Harm’

2212:/ Translated by John Macquarrie & Edward Robinson. London: S.C.M., 1962. 32 1617: 1519: 1164: 1092: 934: 859: 688: 673: 587: 500: 421: 400: 282: 129: 4235:"Quebec's Magpie River becomes first in Canada to be granted legal personhood" 3707: 3659: 2640: 2311: 7226: 6718: 6515: 6304: 6174: 6164: 6122: 6096: 6091: 6028: 5988: 5828: 4803: 4748: 4567: 4508: 3716: 3667: 3599: 2539: 2161: 2049: 2041: 1713: 1495: 1427: 1202: 1140: 1040: 739: 734: 650: 527: 333: 164: 3077:

http://www.joniandfriends.org/help-and-resources/other-resources/personhood/

2885:, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 2003, 71–97. 2295: 1783: 599:

In Federal law, the concept of legal personhood is formalized by statute (1

491:

Nikolas Kompridis, "Technology's Challenge to Democracy: What of the Human?"

6751: 6678: 6457: 6447: 6366: 6116: 6023: 5973: 5838: 5833: 5747: 5709: 4768: 4681: 4108:"Campaigns | Dolphin + Whale Project | International Marine Mammal Project" 3783: 3734: 3514: 3317:"Alabama Supreme Court rules frozen embryos are 'children' under state law" 2441: 2361: 2319: 2273: 1762:, when it became apparent that different individuals could assume the same 1759: 1431: 1361: 1325: 1260: 1252: 1134: 1005:. In many countries, including the US, psychiatric illness can be cited to 1002: 850: 808:

cited Christian theology to support the decision, raising complaints about

721: 715: 504: 496: 393: 369:

Others also dispute functional criteria of personhood, such as philosopher

310: 274: 156: 125: 1451: 625:

is a concept long debated by religion and philosophy. With respect to the

6915: 6746: 6736: 6686: 6668: 6579: 6540: 6334: 6245: 6228: 5843: 4284:"Colombian Supreme Court Recognizes Rights of the Amazon River Ecosystem" 2265: 1705:

spirituality (thus avoiding fully declared non-spirituality) because the

1507: 1379: 1248: 1168: 960: 864: 858:

grants equal protection to all "persons". In 2011, Supreme Court Justice

767: 706: 638: 631: 113: 4558: 2208:

Heidegger, Martin. "The Ontological Priority of the Question of Being."

378: 196: 6761: 6101: 4499: 4430:"Hello! My Name Is…Erie? Personhood for the Great Lakes | LawSci Forum" 3689:

Agmon, Maayan; Sa’ar, Amalia; Araten-Bergman, Tal (15 September 2016).

2982:"lifeissues.net | Mississippi Personhood Amendment Should be Supported" 2381:

Harry G. Frankfurt, "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person",

1914: 1787: 1721: 1710: 1662: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1594: 1345: 1264: 1226: 1176: 1127: 1100: 1056: 1018: 755: 726: 322: 318: 101: 3863:"Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason", Val Plumwood 2058: 1522:? Would the patient still be considered a person after the operation? 1467:, as Most sentences are questions; should be rewritten as statements.. 844:

guaranteed women in the right to vote, it was not until 1971 that the

203:

has also examined the construction of personhood in Papua New Guinea.

6807: 6802: 6769: 6741: 6629: 6624: 6560: 6535: 6482: 6396: 6111: 6043: 2832: 2124:

To Sing With Pigs Is Human: The Concept of Person in Papua New Guinea

1435: 1418:

and one from the Whanganui are responsible for protecting the river.

1194: 938: 450:

Harry G. Frankfurt, "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person"

429: 326: 314: 109: 4335:"Ganges and Yamuna rivers granted same legal rights as human beings" 3774: 3757: 3538:

Quaker Constitutionalism and the Political Thought of John Dickinson

3245:"U.S. Supreme Court declines to review Oklahoma personhood decision" 2339:|first=J. P.|title=James Rachels and the Active Euthanasia Debate 2= 1992:"This Canadian river is now legally a person. It's not the only one" 1637: 896:

miscarriage, like one Alabama woman who was sentenced to ten years.

798:, and gained relevance when the 2022 U.S. Supreme Court decision in 6816: 6788: 6774: 6641: 6607: 6565: 6550: 6510: 6255: 5848: 4823: 4763: 4640: 4132:"Dolphins gain unprecedented protection in India | DW | 24.05.2013" 2464:, Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, January 10, 2010; Midgley, Mary. 1807: 1747: 1064: 1048: 1036: 759: 669: 522:

Another approach to personhood, Paradigm Case Formulation, used in

296: 172: 168: 152: 3211:"Personhood USA Blames Planned Parenthood For Loss in Mississippi" 2595: 2593: 1701:

Many generally non-religious Japanese people maintain a degree of

1109:

Animals as Persons: Essays on the Abolition of Animal Exploitation

396:

and moral belief referred to as the substance view of personhood.

6812: 6797: 6793: 6555: 6505: 6497: 6487: 6391: 6379: 6238: 6134: 6128: 3588:"A Radical New Ploy to Destroy Roe v. Wade—Which Just Might Work" 2641:"Numerous flaws in 'personhood' movement, says family law expert" 2224:"Abortion, Bioethics, and Personhood: A Philosophical Reflection" 1803: 1734: 1717: 1511: 1510:

replaced before one loses their personhood? also in the case for

1503: 1367: 1297: 1076: 1060: 1052: 926: 915: 904: 516: 148: 121: 3646:

Kittay, Eva Feder (2008). "At the Margins of Moral Personhood".

3407:"Timeline of Personhood Rights and Powers, by Jan Edwards et al" 758:

have failed. Following two attempts to enact similar changes in

6784: 6597: 6530: 6470: 6465: 6272: 5939: 4598: 2590: 1799: 1754:. Its meaning in the latter Roman period changed to indicate a 1702: 1691: 1624:

its interaction with others, they could be considered persons.

1387: 1383: 1122:

Those who oppose personhood for non-human animals are known as

1080: 911: 854:

that the law cannot discriminate between the sexes because the

412:

J. P Moreland, "James Rachels and the Active Euthanasia Debate"

363: 290: 286: 176: 137: 97: 2774:"Toughest U.S. Abortion Law Nears Passage in Mississippi Vote" 2697: 612:

declined to overturn the state of Missouri's law stating that

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Rights from Wrongs: A Secular Theory of the Origins of Rights

3443:"Supreme Court Justice Scalia Takes On Women's Rights - TIME" 2620:"'Personhood' Anti-Abortion Movement Gains National Momentum" 1515: 1183: 837: 668:

A precursor to the Personhood Alliance was Personhood USA, a

45:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

4475:"Posthumous personhood and the affordances of digital media" 3563:"Moral and Philosophical Arguments Against Fetal Personhood" 2869:"Doctors call Mississippi "personhood" initiative dangerous" 1247:

are legally considered persons. In many jurisdictions, some

6602: 6144: 4609: 4584:. Crestwood: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997, pp. 27–49 3192:"Anti-abortion 'personhood' amendment fails in Mississippi" 2765: 2408:"Technology's Challenge to Democracy: What of the Human?", 2028:(4). American Anthropological Association, Wiley: 657–694. 1846:--the person exists in itself and for itself; he or she is 1763: 1706: 1068: 3226:"Group requests personhood appeal from U.S. Supreme Court" 2883:

Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body

2500: 1821:

substantia, completa, per se subsistens, separata ab aliia

392:

This belief in the underlying unity of an individual is a

3654:(2–3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 137–156. 3202: 2808:"Personhood USA Launches Petition Drive To Ban Abortions" 2611: 1695: 1411: 1240: 1072: 1044: 941:

in the United States became citizens. In 1870, under the

285:, a notion of the past and future, and the possession of 105: 4582:

Being As Communion: Studies in Personhood and the Church

3688: 3275:

Judge dismisses Rennie Gibbs' depraved heart murder case

3170:"Mississippi voters reject life at conception amendment" 2296:"The explanatory power of the substance view of persons" 1858:, which has no existence apart from the individual; (e) 1724:

and understandings of personhood by mortal individuals.

1035:

Some philosophers and those involved in animal welfare,

3804: 3639: 2784: 1267:, in selected jurisdictions. This is known as legal or 840:

has important legal consequences. Although in 1920 the

511:

abilities. While many of White's criteria are somewhat

4361:"Agreement entitles Whanganui River to legal identity" 4232: 4194:"Judge reverses 'human rights' status for chimpanzees" 2643:. Washington University in St. Louis. November 7, 2011 4472: 3143:"Colorado Definition of Person, Initiative 48 (2008)" 2724:"Georgia Right to Life Forms National Pro-Life Group" 1608:

Ethics of artificial intelligence § Robot rights

590:". According to Black's Law Dictionary, a person is: 575:

Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

3932:"MINDS THAT MATTER: SEVEN DEGREES OF MORAL STANDING" 3285:"Sanctity of Unborn life", Article I, §36.06 of the 2793:"Mississippi voters reject anti-abortion initiative" 2150:

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, 97–114.

2099:

The Gebusi: Lives Transformed in a Rainforest World

3977:"Germany guarantees animal rights in constitution" 3097:"Georgia Voters Say 'YES' to Personhood Amendment" 1961: 1601: 1514:If people are considered persons because of their 100:. Defining personhood is a controversial topic in 4309:"Ecuador Adopts Rights of Nature in Constitution" 3164: 3162: 2660: 2170:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company 1746:, with the same meaning, and that from the Greek 1378:In 2017, a court in the northern Indian state of 1352:granted the Amazon river ecosystem legal rights. 140:, protections, privileges, responsibilities, and 7224: 4156:"Justices, 5–4, Reject Corporate Spending Limit" 3953:"THE MEME OF ALTRUISM AND DEGREES OF PERSONHOOD" 3297: 2462:Fellow Champions Dolphins as “Non-Human Persons” 2343:"James Rachels and the Active Euthanasia Debate" 1963:"Justices, 5–4, Reject Corporate Spending Limit" 1950:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, 97. 4405:"Lake Erie now has legal rights, just like you" 2477:, Ann Arbor: Descriptive Psychology Press, 2013 2439: 1709:are not as central to the Shinto religion as a 3503:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. 1776. 3358:. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops 3159: 2895:Campbell, Colleen Carroll (November 2, 2011). 2771: 2350:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 1782:, with an obvious link to the above-mentioned 972:The legal definition of "person" has excluded 436:according to first- and second-order desires: 5955: 4625: 3208: 2790: 2617: 1126:or human supremacists, and more pejoratively 542:and other disciplines, phenomena such as the 440:Besides wanting and choosing and being moved 420:writes that, in reference to a definition by 43:The examples and perspective in this article 6859: 6639: 4358: 3790: 2019: 1189:In 2014, a hybrid, zoo-born orangutan named 801:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 687:decision, thus filling a legal void left by 206: 4084: 3971: 3969: 3585: 3333: 3189: 2229:. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary 2146:Charles Taylor, "The Concept of a Person", 2126:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 1989: 5962: 5948: 4632: 4618: 3823:. Association of American Medical Colleges 3796: 3695:International Journal for Equity in Health 3461:"Let's Put It in Writing: Women Are Equal" 3336:"Opinion: Alabama ushers in the theocracy" 3242: 1506:. For example, how much of a human can be 503:). She also wrote that the law can create 480:dramatized in the “science fiction” film, 4557: 4547: 4498: 4386:"Tribe Gives Personhood To Klamath River" 4251: 3929: 3773: 3724: 3706: 2846:"Catholics and the Personhood Initiative" 2528:Journal of Language and Social Psychology 2057: 1678:Learn how and when to remove this message 1573:Learn how and when to remove this message 1283: 568:In 1983, the people of Ireland added the 475:, or interpersonal, basis to personhood: 353:Charles Taylor, "The Concept of a Person" 260:Learn how and when to remove this message 81:Learn how and when to remove this message 6847: 4313:Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature 4017: 3966: 3904: 3243:Hoberbrock, Barbara (October 30, 2012). 3223: 2894: 2866: 2340: 2293: 2254:The Journal of Medicine & Philosophy 903: 836:In the United States, the personhood of 725:the beliefs of others who, in their own 637: 4529: 3881:Dementia: Living in the Memories of God 3877: 3805:Darwin, Meet Dershowitz (Winter 2002). 3560: 3535: 2525: 2501:Schneider; Hastdorf; Ellsworth (1979). 2121: 1402:of New Zealand is revered by the local 1274:In 1819, the US Supreme Court ruled in 609:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services 432:, and describes the structure of human 14: 7225: 4530:Hurtado, Joshua Hurtado (2021-01-25). 4402: 3960:Journal of Personal Cyberconsciousness 3758:"Comfort Care as Denial of Personhood" 3645: 3477: 2926:Pavone, Fr. Frank (November 2, 2011). 2925: 2721: 2661:Michelle Goldberg (October 24, 2011). 2159: 2153: 2096: 1959: 1798:), in order to distinguish the three " 1525: 325:, the term may designate any human or 301:Naturæ rationalis individua substantia 273:definitions of personhood can include 6846: 6203: 5943: 4613: 4233:Chloe Rose Stuart-Ulin (2021-02-24). 4206: 4175:. Nonhuman Rights Project. 2015-04-20 3950: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3755: 3586:Zuylen-Wood, Simon van (2011-09-02). 2881:Susan Bordo, "Are Mothers Persons?", 2487: 2485: 2483: 2393: 2391: 2294:Beckwith, Francis (January 1, 2004). 2247: 2101:(3 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 1976:from the original on 24 January 2010. 1007:imprison an adult without due process 937:. In 1868, under the 14th Amendment, 876:and in the contemporaneously drafted 483:Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind 4794:Libertarian perspectives on abortion 4378: 4226: 4078: 3962:. Terasem Movement, Inc. p. 35. 3813: 3445:. September 23, 2010. Archived from 2897:"Personhood begins when life begins" 2805: 2385:, Vol. 68, No.1 (Jan 14, 1971), 5–7. 2221: 1985: 1983: 1660:adding citations to reliable sources 1631: 1529: 1445: 1024: 914:used during the campaign to abolish 210: 29: 4869:Societal attitudes towards abortion 4789:Legalized abortion and crime effect 4359:Shuttleworth, Kate (Aug 30, 2012). 4020:"German animals given legal rights" 3561:Hammers, Camels With (2014-06-13). 2772:Esmé E. Deprez (November 4, 2011). 2430:. Basil Blackwell, 1985, pp. 52–62. 1774:could be related to the Latin verb 1690:In China's religious philosophy of 1021:to non-suicidal disabled patients. 967: 945:, black men got the right to vote. 642:Personhood protest in front of the 108:and is closely tied with legal and 24: 6205: 6204: 4819:Misinformation related to abortion 4729:Beginning of pregnancy controversy 3998:"Germany guarantees animal rights" 3898: 3866: 3356:"Article 5, The Fifth Commandment" 3099:(Press release). ChristianNewsWire 3094: 3054:"SR 420 2013-2014 Regular Session" 3030:"SR 153 2011-2012 Regular Session" 3006:"SR 328 2009-2010 Regular Session" 2958:"HR 536 2007-2008 Regular Session" 2843: 2791:Rich Phillips (November 9, 2011). 2601:"Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)" 2480: 2388: 1545:tone or style may not reflect the 1441: 1421: 25: 7284: 4734:Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis 4591: 4427: 3334:Ruth Marcus (February 20, 2024). 3224:Krehbiel, Randy (July 31, 2012). 2503:Person Perception. Second Edition 1980: 1960:Liptak, Adam (January 21, 2010). 1900:Ethics of artificial intelligence 1151:In 1992, Switzerland amended its 986:Born-Alive Infants Protection Act 7207: 7206: 5969: 5924: 5923: 4597: 4574: 4523: 4466: 4442: 4421: 4396: 4352: 4332: 4326: 4301: 4276: 4200: 4186: 4165: 4148: 3501:Constitution of New Jersey, 1776 3478:Balkin, Jack (January 4, 2011). 3123:results.enr.clarityelections.com 2440:Thomas I. White (June 2, 2010). 1862:--excludes all non-intellectual 1636: 1555:guide to writing better articles 1534: 1450: 1342:Constitutional Court of Colombia 1085:apparent intelligence, sentience 580: 215: 34: 4879:Termination for medical reasons 4124: 4100: 4054: 4030: 4018:Connolly, Kate (22 June 2002). 4011: 3990: 3944: 3923: 3884:. SCM Press. pp. 128–129. 3857: 3835: 3756:Peace, William J. (July 2012). 3749: 3682: 3630: 3620:"Pub.L. 107-207, 116 Stat. 926" 3612: 3579: 3554: 3529: 3507: 3493: 3471: 3453: 3435: 3417: 3399: 3381: 3370: 3348: 3327: 3309: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3236: 3217: 3183: 3135: 3111: 3088: 3070: 3046: 3022: 2998: 2974: 2950: 2919: 2888: 2875: 2860: 2837: 2825: 2799: 2740: 2722:Wirthe, Michelle (2014-06-17). 2715: 2690: 2673: 2654: 2633: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2519: 2494: 2467: 2455: 2433: 2417: 2400: 2375: 2333: 2287: 2241: 2215: 2202: 2193: 2148:Philosophical Papers. Volume 1. 1948:Philosophical Papers. Volume 1. 1854:--this excludes the universal, 1838:-- this excludes accident; (b) 1758:of a theatrical performance or 1727: 1647:needs additional citations for 1602:Artificial intelligence or life 1212: 6848: 3979:. Associated Press. 2002-05-18 3540:. Cambridge University Press. 2806:Moon, Patti (March 15, 2012). 2248:Nobis, Nathan (May 19, 2011). 2184: 2140: 2115: 2090: 2034:10.1525/eth.1996.24.4.02a00040 2013: 1953: 1932: 1393: 810:separation of church and state 13: 1: 7273:Concepts in social philosophy 4724:Beginning of human personhood 4549:10.1080/13576275.2021.1878349 4491:10.1080/13576275.2015.1083724 4207:Vidal, John (10 April 2011). 4087:"Going ape over human rights" 3905:Schwartz, Wynn (2013-06-30). 3648:Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 2867:Rob Mank (November 4, 2011). 2812:News Channel 13, ABC Colorado 1925: 1738:is probably derived from the 1300:passed a law recognizing the 1277:Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1205:. This meant their detainer, 623:beginning of human personhood 185:beginning of human personhood 4834:Paternal rights and abortion 4639: 4403:Samuel, Sigal (2019-02-26). 3878:Swinton, John (2017-01-31). 3515:"New Jersey Women's History" 3273:The Dispatch, 3 April 2014: 3209:Laura Bassett (2011-11-09). 2618:Laura Bassett (2011-11-08). 1905:Natural person in French law 1344:granted legal rights to the 796:Alabama Constitution of 1901 7: 4759:Ethical aspects of abortion 3261:ProPublica, 18 March 2014: 2663:"Will Mississippi Ban IVF?" 1996:National Geographic Society 1883: 1627: 1463:to comply with Knowledge's 1335: 1322:Innu Council of Ekuanitshit 1239:In statutory and corporate 1193:was termed by the court in 992: 979: 933:, but not elsewhere in the 878:French Constitution of 1791 874:Declaration of Independence 780:Planned Parenthood v. Casey 644:United States Supreme Court 533: 235:. The specific problem is: 124:. According to law, only a 57:, discuss the issue on the 10: 7289: 6054:Weberian (three-component) 4719:Abortion and mental health 4239:Canada's National Observer 4085:Thomas Rose (2007-08-02). 3930:Friedland, Julian (2004). 3377:Equal Protection for Women 3190:Aaron Blake (2011-11-08). 2928:"Taking 'personhood' back" 1990:Chloe Berge (2022-04-15). 1605: 1359: 1355: 1291: 1216: 1028: 929:was unsupported by law in 899: 814: 563: 7202: 7143: 7035: 7003: 6970: 6896: 6868: 6855: 6842: 6760: 6717: 6677: 6659: 6578: 6496: 6456: 6365: 6358: 6313: 6216: 6212: 6199: 6062: 6016: 6012: 5983: 5919: 5869: 5781: 5708: 5633: 5562: 5481: 5248: 5072: 4909: 4902: 4711: 4698:Abortion-rights movements 4690: 4647: 3847:Animal Legal Defense Fund 3797:Dershowitz, Alan (2004). 3708:10.1186/s12939-016-0437-2 3660:10.1007/s11673-008-9102-9 2424:"Persons and non-persons" 2383:The Journal of Philosophy 2312:10.1080/13803600490489861 2122:Goodale, Jane C. (1995). 1588: 1498:position, which supports 1350:Supreme Court of Colombia 1330:Innergex Renewable Energy 1307: 1105:Columbia University Press 952:became famous for asking 558: 471:, there might also be an 332:who possesses continuous 207:Philosophical definitions 96:is the status of being a 7176:Pre-industrial East Asia 4959:Central African Republic 4744:Abortion under communism 3624:frwebgate.access.gpo.gov 3480:"Scalia on Sex Equality" 2540:10.1177/0261927X91102002 2426:, in Peter Singer (ed), 2341:Moreland, J. P. (1988). 2160:Geddes, Leonard (1911). 1895:Environmental personhood 1614:artificial intelligences 1476:may contain suggestions. 1461:may need to be rewritten 1373: 1155:to recognize animals as 831: 791:Supreme Court of Alabama 752:U.S. state constitutions 27:Status of being a person 6224:Administrative detainee 5794:Dilation and evacuation 5743:Conscientious objection 5728:History of abortion law 4754:Crisis pregnancy center 4703:Anti-abortion movements 4454:nationalaglawcenter.org 3287:Constitution of Alabama 3119:"GA - Election Results" 2475:The Behavior of Persons 515:, some animals such as 179:, and in debates about 6640: 5799:Dilation and curettage 5763:Late-term restrictions 5283:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4859:Sex-selective abortion 4739:Anti-abortion violence 4365:The New Zealand Herald 4209:"Sunday 10 April 2011" 4154:For corporations, see 3951:Stoel, Amanda (2012). 3762:Hastings Center Report 3536:Calvert, Jane (2009). 3517:. Alice Paul Institute 3172:. BBC. 9 November 2011 2097:Knauft, Bruce (2012). 1940:a certain moral status 1881: 1312:In February 2021, the 1284:Environmental entities 1235:Foundation (nonprofit) 1207:Stony Brook University 918: 789:In February 2024, the 689:Justice Harry Blackmun 659:in-vitro fertilization 646: 619: 597: 524:descriptive psychology 494: 465: 453: 415: 403:clarifies this point: 390: 356: 7181:Pre-industrial Europe 5856:Self-induced abortion 4854:Self-induced abortion 4779:Genetics and abortion 4675:Philosophical aspects 4580:Met. John Zizioulas, 4392:. September 29, 2019. 3911:Lessons in Psychology 3807:The Animals' Advocate 3301:(February 16, 2024). 2907:on September 18, 2012 2834:Retrieved 2014-11-02. 2428:In Defense of Animals 2222:Beckwith, Francis J. 2167:Catholic Encyclopedia 1876:Catholic Encyclopedia 1812: 1500:morphological freedom 1314:Magpie River (Quebec) 1231:Voluntary association 1167:member to do so. The 1124:human exceptionalists 1041:the rights of animals 907: 889:Judith Jarvis Thomson 885:A Defense of Abortion 823:has advanced a human 641: 614: 592: 538:As an application of 477: 454: 438: 405: 375: 345: 7038: or countries 6849:By country or region 6087:Class discrimination 5819:Menstrual extraction 5768:Parental involvement 5230:United Arab Emirates 4844:Prenatal development 4606:at Wikimedia Commons 4162:, December 21, 2014. 4112:savedolphins.eii.org 3843:"Animal law courses" 3323:. February 20, 2024. 3321:The Associated Press 1830:If to this be added 1819:signifies, he says, 1817:Individua substantia 1656:improve this article 1269:corporate personhood 1223:Corporate personhood 1031:Great ape personhood 242:improve this section 231:to meet Knowledge's 181:corporate personhood 63:create a new article 55:improve this article 6570:Vanniar (Chieftain) 5829:Abortifacient drugs 5549:Trinidad and Tobago 4864:Sidewalk counseling 4849:Reproductive rights 4814:Minors and abortion 4066:legislation.govt.nz 4042:legislation.govt.nz 3937:Between the Species 3567:Camels With Hammers 3341:The Washington Post 2938:on February 5, 2013 2932:The Washington Post 2901:The Washington Post 2831:Pro-Life Profiles, 2752:Personhood Alliance 2702:Personhood Alliance 2698:"Map of Affiliates" 2406:Nikolas Kompridis, 2300:Christian Bioethics 1910:Nonperson treatment 1526:Hypothetical beings 1518:, then what if the 1083:, because of their 976:in some countries. 722:Father Frank Pavone 371:Francis J. Beckwith 161:reproductive rights 151:, in debates about 7151:18th-century Spain 7005:Standard of living 6709:Upper middle class 6704:Lower middle class 6295:Political prisoner 6077:Chattering classes 6049:Spoon class theory 5723:Constitutional law 5514:Dominican Republic 4839:Post-abortion care 4799:Limit of viability 4784:Late-term abortion 3801:. pp. 198–99. 3431:. January 3, 2011. 3213:. Huffington Post. 3082:2014-03-01 at the 2986:www.lifeissues.net 2754:. 20 November 2018 2704:. 12 November 2018 2505:. Addison Wesley. 2266:10.1093/jmp/jhr015 1969:The New York Times 1944:certain capacities 1860:rationalis naturae 1856:substantia secunda 1832:rationalis naturae 1616:, intelligent and 1117:Rutgers University 1097:Harvard Law School 974:indigenous peoples 919: 806:Justice Tom Parker 772:Planned Parenthood 685:U.S. Supreme Court 647: 462:Harry G. Frankfurt 7253:Legal terminology 7220: 7219: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7031: 7030: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6732:Lumpenproletariat 6234:illegal immigrant 6195: 6194: 6107:Classless society 5937: 5936: 5789:Vacuum aspiration 5704: 5703: 4602:Media related to 4000:. CNN. 2002-06-21 3891:978-0-334-04964-7 3626:. August 5, 2002. 3547:978-0-521-88436-5 2622:. Huffington Post 2580:"Policy Research" 2002:on April 15, 2022 1920:Valladolid debate 1852:separata ab aliis 1844:per se subsistens 1688: 1687: 1680: 1583: 1582: 1575: 1549:used on Knowledge 1547:encyclopedic tone 1491: 1490: 1465:quality standards 1257:juridical persons 1245:social constructs 1113:Gary L. Francione 1025:Non-human animals 931:England and Wales 540:social psychology 526:and developed by 469:Nikolas Kompridis 306:According to the 270: 269: 262: 233:quality standards 224:This section may 91: 90: 83: 65:, as appropriate. 18:Non-human animals 16:(Redirected from 7280: 7210: 7209: 7037: 6938:Mexican-American 6866: 6865: 6857: 6856: 6844: 6843: 6645: 6588:Business magnate 6478:Knowledge worker 6363: 6362: 6251:dual or multiple 6214: 6213: 6201: 6200: 6155:Social exclusion 6150:Social cleansing 6064: 6014: 6013: 6003:Economic classes 5964: 5957: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5927: 5926: 5824:Medical abortion 5758:Informed consent 5748:Fetal protection 5600:Papua New Guinea 5590:Marshall Islands 4907: 4906: 4829:One-child policy 4634: 4627: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4601: 4585: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4561: 4551: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4502: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4263:Montreal CTVnews 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4196:. 21 April 2015. 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4169: 4163: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3875: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3849:. 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Archived from 1987: 1978: 1977: 1965: 1957: 1951: 1936: 1879: 1792:Adversus Praxean 1780:sounding through 1683: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1640: 1632: 1578: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1557:for suggestions. 1553:See Knowledge's 1538: 1537: 1530: 1486: 1483: 1477: 1454: 1446: 1302:rights of nature 1219:Juridical person 1173:Balearic Islands 1145:Julian Friedland 968:Original peoples 955:Ain't I a Woman? 925:determined that 923:Somersett's Case 846:US Supreme Court 828:being to life." 570:Eighth Amendment 492: 463: 451: 413: 388: 360:Martin Heidegger 354: 313:tradition, from 293:, among others. 265: 258: 254: 251: 245: 219: 218: 211: 134:juridical person 86: 79: 75: 72: 66: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7248:Equality rights 7238:Abortion debate 7223: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7190: 7139: 7027: 6999: 6966: 6950:Underprivileged 6892: 6851: 6850: 6826: 6756: 6713: 6673: 6655: 6574: 6492: 6452: 6354: 6309: 6208: 6207: 6191: 6170:Social position 6160:Social mobility 6058: 6008: 5979: 5978: 5968: 5938: 5933: 5915: 5865: 5861:Unsafe abortion 5777: 5773:Spousal consent 5733:Laws by country 5700: 5629: 5610:Solomon Islands 5558: 5477: 5403:North Macedonia 5244: 5195:Northern Cyprus 5068: 4898: 4889:Unsafe abortion 4774:Forced abortion 4707: 4686: 4670:Abortion debate 4643: 4638: 4594: 4589: 4588: 4579: 4575: 4528: 4524: 4471: 4467: 4458: 4456: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4434: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4413: 4411: 4401: 4397: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4333:Safi, Michael. 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4291: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4268: 4266: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4205: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4178: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4153: 4149: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4116: 4114: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4092: 4090: 4083: 4079: 4070: 4068: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4016: 4012: 4003: 4001: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3980: 3975: 3974: 3967: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3928: 3924: 3915: 3913: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3876: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3809:. 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Goodale 142:legal liability 87: 76: 70: 67: 52: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7286: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7258:Legal concepts 7255: 7250: 7245: 7243:Egalitarianism 7240: 7235: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7171:Ottoman Empire 7168: 7163: 7158: 7156:Ancient Greece 7153: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7130:United Kingdom 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7041: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7023:Home-ownership 7020: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6902: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6878:American Dream 6875: 6869: 6863: 6853: 6852: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6791: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6766: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 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Moreland 384: 350: 341:Charles Taylor 283:self-awareness 268: 267: 223: 221: 214: 208: 205: 177:ethical theory 89: 88: 49:of the subject 47:worldwide view 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7285: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7268:Transhumanism 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7213: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7135:United States 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7036:Other regions 7034: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6917: 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6459: 6455: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6300:Socioeconomic 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6175:Social stigma 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6165:Social orphan 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6124: 6123:Nouveau riche 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6097:Class traitor 6095: 6093: 6092:Class society 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6029:Gilbert model 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5965: 5960: 5958: 5953: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5930: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5753:Six-week bans 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634:South America 5632: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5554:United States 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482:North America 5480: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5363:Liechtenstein 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 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CatholiCity 2847: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2787: 2779: 2778:Bloomberg.com 2775: 2768: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2642: 2636: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2534:(2): 99–113. 2533: 2529: 2522: 2514: 2512:0-201-06768-4 2508: 2504: 2497: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2476: 2470: 2463: 2458: 2443: 2436: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2413: 2411: 2403: 2394: 2392: 2384: 2378: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2336: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2225: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2196: 2187: 2180: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2156: 2149: 2143: 2135: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2110: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2085: 2076:|format= 2069: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1986: 1984: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1956: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1790:in his work, 1789: 1785: 1781: 1778:, literally: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1682: 1679: 1671: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1645:This section 1643: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1599: 1596: 1586: 1577: 1574: 1566: 1563:February 2024 1556: 1550: 1548: 1541: 1532: 1531: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496:transhumanist 1485: 1482:February 2024 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1459:This section 1457: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428:Klamath River 1426:In 2019, the 1422:United States 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1363: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1340:In 2016, the 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1289: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261:legal persons 1258: 1254: 1253:organizations 1250: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1203:habeas corpus 1199: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1141:Wynn Schwartz 1138: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1111:by Professor 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1014:infantilizing 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 990: 987: 977: 975: 965: 964: 962: 957: 956: 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 917: 913: 910: 906: 897: 893: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 869: 866: 861: 857: 853: 852: 847: 843: 839: 829: 826: 822: 812: 811: 807: 803: 802: 797: 792: 787: 784: 782: 781: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 745: 741: 740:anti-abortion 736: 730: 728: 723: 719: 717: 711: 708: 704: 702: 698: 693: 690: 686: 683: 678: 675: 671: 666: 662: 660: 656: 652: 651:fertilization 645: 640: 636: 634: 633: 628: 624: 618: 613: 611: 610: 604: 602: 596: 591: 589: 581:United States 578: 576: 571: 556: 554: 549: 545: 541: 531: 529: 528:Peter Ossorio 525: 520: 518: 514: 508: 506: 502: 498: 487: 485: 484: 476: 474: 470: 467:According to 458: 446: 443: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 408: 404: 402: 397: 395: 383: 380: 374: 372: 367: 365: 361: 349: 344: 342: 339:According to 337: 335: 334:consciousness 331: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 264: 261: 253: 243: 238: 234: 230: 229: 222: 213: 212: 204: 202: 198: 194: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 167:activism, in 166: 165:animal rights 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 85: 82: 74: 71:December 2012 64: 60: 56: 50: 48: 41: 32: 31: 19: 7263:Human rights 7186:Soviet Union 7161:Ancient Rome 7018:Homelessness 6943:Upper Middle 6815: / 6796: / 6787: / 6752:Working poor 6648: 6635:Robber baron 6458:Intellectual 6448:Royal family 6412:Ancient Rome 6266:second-class 6184: 6127: 6126: / 6121: 6117:High society 6024:Elite theory 6001: 5994: 5987: 5974:Social class 5884:Christianity 5839:Mifepristone 5834:Methotrexate 5814:Instillation 5738:Buffer zones 5210:Saudi Arabia 5039:South Africa 5034:Sierra Leone 4939:Burkina Faso 4809:Men's rights 4769:Fetal rights 4682:Abortion law 4581: 4576: 4559:10138/353467 4539: 4535: 4525: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4457:. 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