Jewish religious movements

5140: 5666: 4236: 5272: 5389:). It is theologically characterized by the selective acceptance of the Judaic faith (in some cases, such selective acceptance has historical circumstances), and the belief system of Black Judaism is significantly different from the belief system of the mainstream movements of Judaism. In addition, although Black Judaic communities adopt Judaic practices such as the celebration of Jewish holidays and the recital of Jewish prayers, some of them are generally not considered legitimate Jews by mainstream Jewish societies. 5457: 4064: 4843: 12775: 4538: 4717: 4666: 57: 51: 3884: 5474:, the 1922 American split from Conservative Judaism that views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization with focus on Jewish community. The central organization is "Reconstructing Judaism". Assessments of its impact range from being recognized as the 4th major stream of Judaism to described as a smaller movement. As noted, Reconstructionism is a smaller movement, but its ideas significantly impacted Jewish life in the America. 4774: 4334: 12789: 1066: 4733: 3796:, the supreme Jewish court. According to Josephus, the Sadducees differed from the Pharisees on a number of doctrinal grounds, notably rejecting ideas of life after death. They appear to have dominated the aristocracy and the temple, but their influence over the wider Jewish population was limited. The Essenes preached an ascetic way of life. The Zealots advocated armed rebellion against any foreign power such as 4175: 63: 5854:

or categorized in a religion that thrives on stereotypes. He has seen what the institutional branches of Judaism have to offer and believes that a better Judaism can be created." Such Jews might, out of necessity, affiliate with a synagogue associated with a particular movement, but their own personal Jewish ideology is often shaped by a variety of influences from more than one denomination.

4958: 3594:, especially in the language in which services are conducted, with the more traditional movements emphasizing Hebrew. The sharpest theological division occurs between traditional Orthodox and the greater number of non-Orthodox Jews adhering to other movements (or to none), such that the non-Orthodox are sometimes referred to collectively as the "liberal" or "progressive streams". 10763: 9580: 7396: 4362:("pious, holy ones"). His charismatic disciples attracted many followers among Ashkenazi Jews, and they also established numerous Hasidic groups across Europe. The Baal Shem Tov came at a time when the Jewish masses of Eastern Europe were reeling from the bewilderment and disappointment which were engendered in them by the two notorious Jewish 4824:

middle of the 20th century, the institutional division of North American Jewry between Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox movements still reflected immigrant origins. Reform Jews at that time were predominantly of German or western European origin, while both Conservative and Orthodox Judaism came primarily from eastern European countries.

4747:

the division between Reform and Orthodox Judaism, the Conservative movement tried to provide Jews seeking liberalization of Orthodox theology and practice, such as female rabbi ordination, with a more traditional and halakhically-based alternative to Reform Judaism. It has spread to Ashkenazi communities in Anglophone countries and Israel.

6233:"Messianic Judaism is a Protestant movement that emerged in the last half of the 20th century among believers who were ethnically Jewish but had adopted an Evangelical Christian faith… By the 1960s, a new effort to create a culturally Jewish Protestant Christianity emerged among individuals who began to call themselves Messianic Jews." 4785:) in Hebrew, is a denomination that intertwines the ethnoreligious identity and indigenous tradition within the broader Jewish community. Unlike other movements which may emphasize theological nuances, Communal Judaism places a substantial focus on the social and communal aspects of Jewish life, alongside personal spiritual practices. 4935:. The original founders of Reform Judaism in Germany rejected traditional prayers for the restoration of Jerusalem. The view among Reform Jews that Judaism was strictly a religion rather than a nation with cultural identity, and that Jews should be assimilated, loyal citizens of their host nations, led to a non-Zionist, and sometimes 3690:. Sects are traditionally defined as religious subgroups that have broken off from the main body, and this separation usually becomes irreparable over time. Within Judaism, individuals and families often switch affiliation, and individuals are free to marry one another, although the major denominations disagree on 5005:

between Jews and non-Jews. Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis have been most accepting of intermarried couples, with some rabbis willing to officiate in mixed religious ceremonies, although most insist that children in such families be raised strictly Jewish. Conservative rabbis are not permitted to

4746:

Judaism, originated in Germany in the 19th century on the ideological foundation of the Historical School studies, but became institutionalized in the United States, where it was to become the largest Jewish movement (however, in 1990 Reform Judaism already outpaced Conservatism by 3 percent). After

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than their Ashkenazi counterparts, but since these positions are based on rulings of Talmudic scholars as well as well-documented traditions that can be linked back to well-known codifiers of Jewish law, Ashkenazic and Hasidic Rabbis do not believe that these positions are incorrect, but rather that

5853:

Organizations such as these believe that the formal divisions that have arisen among the "denominations" in contemporary Jewish history are unnecessarily divisive, as well as religiously and intellectually simplistic. According to Rachel Rosenthal, "the post-denominational Jew refuses to be labeled

4810:

stands as a central tenet of Communal Judaism, emphasizing a deep ethnic heritage and historical relationship with the land. This connection is celebrated and remembered through the observance of holidays and commemorations that reflect on the Jewish people's historical experiences of dispersal and

4690:

with principles of Judaism as religion and not ethnicity, progressive revelation, historical-critical approach, the centrality of the Prophetic books, and superiority of ethical aspects to the ceremonial ones has become the main ideologist of the "Classical" Reform. Unlike traditional Judaism, the

4814:

Spiritually, Communal Judaism advocates for the integration of tradition into daily life, upholding a heart-centered approach to religious practice. While individual prayer is encouraged, the emphasis is placed on communal worship and support, reflecting the movement's overarching commitment to a

4823:

The particular forms of Judaism which are practiced by the different Jewish denominations have been shaped by the immigration of the Ashkenazi Jewish communities, once concentrated in eastern and central Europe, to western and mostly Anglophone countries (in particular, in North America). In the

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Practitioners are diverse, found globally with significant numbers in Israel and the United States, extending to European and Middle Eastern countries. This spread is reflective of the movement's inclusive approach to Jewish identity, welcoming those who align with its core values of maintaining

4489:

Late-18th-century Europe, and then the rest of the world, was swept by a group of intellectual, social and political movements that taken together were referred to as the Enlightenment. These movements promoted scientific thinking, free thought, and allowed people to question previously unshaken

4093:) are all Oriental Jewry. Some definitions of "Sephardic" also include Mizrahi, many of whom follow the same traditions of worship but have different ethno-cultural traditions. So far as it is peculiar to themselves and not shared with other Jewish groups such as the Ashkenazim (German rite). 5285:

of Nigeria who practice a form of Judaism are referred to as Igbo Jews. Judaism has been documented in parts of Nigeria since the precolonial period, from as early as the 1500s, but is not known to have been practiced in the Igbo region in precolonial times. Nowadays, up to 30,000 Igbos are

3787:

The main internal struggles during this era were between the Pharisees and the Sadducees, as well as the early Christians, and also the Essenes and Zealots. The Pharisees wanted to maintain the authority and traditions of classical Torah teachings and began the early teachings of the

9511:

Religion and Democracy: An Axchange of Experiences between East and West. The CESNUR 2003 International Conference organized by CESNUR, Center for Religious Studies and Research at Vilnius University, and New Religions Research and Information Center. Vilnius, Lithuania, April 9–12,

5020:

Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism by people who publicly profess another faith; practitioners of Crypto-Judaism are referred to as "crypto-Jews" (origin from Greek kryptos – κρυπτός, 'hidden'). Nowadays, in whole, Crypto-Judausm movements are a historical phenomenon.

4263:) who are neither Ashkenazi nor Sephardi. These are exclusively descendants of the ancient Roman Jewish community, not including later Ashkenazic and Sephardic migrants to Italy. They practice traditional Orthodox Judaism. The liturgy is served according to a special 4131:

by non-Sephardic Jews, and are primarily run according to the Orthodox tradition, even though many of the congregants may not keep a level of observance on par with traditional Orthodox belief. For example, many congregants will drive to the synagogue on the

5248:

were imbued with the works of the contemporary leaders of the Karaites in Crimea. While the members of several Karaite congregations were registered as Turks, some of them retained Jewish customs. In the 1990s, many Karaites emigrated to Israel, under the

5586:, located between the Conservative and Modern Orthodox. While most scholars consider "Union for Traditional Judaism" (formerly Union for Traditional Conservative Judaism) as a new movement, some attribute it to the right wing of Conservative Judaism. 3694:. It is not unusual for clergy and Jewish educators trained in one of the liberal denominations to serve in another, and left with no choice, many small Jewish communities combine elements of several movements to achieve a viable level of membership. 5794:(AJRCA) is a transdenominational seminary based in Los Angeles, California. It draws faculty and leadership from all denominations of Judaism. It has programs for rabbis, cantors, chaplains, community leadership and Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE); 5727:

organisations, which consider themselves to be "trans-denominational" or "post-denominational". The term "trans-denominational" also applied to describe new movements located on the religious continuum between some major streams, as an instance,

3965:

Although there are numerous Jewish ethnic communities, there are several that are large enough to be considered predominant. Generally, they do not constitute separate religious branches within Judaism, but rather separate cultural traditions

5187:. Until the middle of the 20th century, the Beta Israel of Ethiopia were the only modern Jewish group which practiced a monastic tradition which the monks adhered to by living in monasteries which were separated from the Jewish villages. 3633:

as a label for different groups and ideologies within Judaism, arguing that the notion of denomination has a specifically Christian resonance that does not translate easily into the Jewish context. However, in recent years the

4549:

Orthodox Jews generally see themselves as practicing normative Judaism, rather than belonging to a particular movement. Within Orthodox Judaism, there is a spectrum of communities and practices, ranging from ultra-Orthodox

5654:

A controversial ultra-Orthodox group with a Jewish burqa-style covering of a woman's entire body, including a veil covering the face. Also known as the "Taliban Women" and the "Taliban Mothers" (נשות הטאליבן).

4157:

Unlike the predominantly Ashkenazic Reform, and Reconstructionist denominations, Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews who are not observant generally believe that Orthodox Judaism's interpretation and legislation of

4698:

In the United States, at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the Reform movement became the first in terms of numbers, ahead of Conservative Judaism. In contrast, Israeli Reform is smaller one.

5396:, in eastern Uganda and in Israel, is devout in keeping western halakha, especially as led by the Reform and Conservative movements, with whom most Abayudaya community members in Uganda affiliate. 5236:, the Crimean Karaite leaders persuaded the Russian rulers to exempt Karaites from the anti-Semitic regulations which were imposed upon Jews. These Karaites were recognized as non-Jews during the 3617:). Normatively, Judaism excludes from its composition certain groups that may name or consider themselves ethnic Jews but hold key beliefs in sharp contradiction, for example, modern or ancient 5167:, a religion which is generally recognized as a non-Rabbinic form of Judaism (in Israel, they practice a mixture of Haymanot and Rabbinic Judaism). To the Beta Israel, the holiest book is the 4796:. This practice is designed to foster a sense of community and spiritual reflection, particularly on Shabbat where the use of technology is often set aside to maintain a contemplative state. 4803:, the set of Jewish dietary laws, with a focus on traditional observance. This includes abstaining from pork and shellfish and not mixing meat with dairy products, as outlined in the Torah. 3523:

infusion, among other influences. For statistical and practical purposes, the distinctions there are based upon a person's attitude to religion. Most Jewish Israelis classify themselves as "

4679:

Reform Judaism, also known as Liberal (the "Liberal" label can refer only to the British branch) or Progressive Judaism, originally began in Germany, the Netherlands and the United States

4124:

or other Asian or African backgrounds (Mizrahi Jews), whether or not they have any historic link to Spain, although some prefer to distinguish between Sephardim proper and Mizraḥi Jews.

10317: 5746:

is the number of small egalitarian experimental spiritual groups (first in 1960 in California) for prayer as autonomous alternatives to Jewish movements. Most notable of them is the

4792:

In terms of religious observance, adherents commonly engage in the lighting of Shabbat candles, recitation of Kiddush, and the enjoyment of communal meals replete with traditional

3683:, and such. Sometimes, as an option, only three main currents of Judaism (Orthodox, Conservative and Reform) are named traditions, and divisions within them are called movements. 4206:("translation"). Most non-Yemenite synagogues have a specified person called a Baal Koreh, who reads from the Torah scroll when congregants are called to the Torah scroll for an 4520:

At the same time, the notion "traditional Judaism" includes the Orthodox with Conservative or solely the Orthodox Jews or exclusively pre-Hasidic pre-modern forms of Orthodoxy.

4162:

is appropriate, and true to the original philosophy of Judaism. That being said, Sephardic and Mizrachi rabbis tend to hold different, and generally more lenient, positions on

10950: 5764:-led Jewish worship and study community that has developed independently of established denominational and synagogue structures and combines halakha with egalitarianism; 4931:

through human means alone was contrary to God's plan. Non-Zionists believed that Jews should integrate into the countries in which they lived, rather than moving to the

3990:—one for the Ashkenazic, another for the Sephardic with Mizrahi Jews. The remaining 5% of Jews are divided among a wide array of small groups (such as various groups of 2115: 4029:

and on ideas about the importance and role of Jewish observance. Due to the geographical distribution and the geopolitical entities affected by the Enlightenment, this

4968:

A few of the fringe groups of the anti-Zionists, with marginal ideology, does not recognize the legitimacy of the Israeli state. Among them are both the Orthodox (the

4427:

In the late 18th century, there was a serious schism between Hasidic and non-Hasidic Jews. European traditionalist Jews who rejected the Hasidic movement were dubbed

8063: 7986: 7812: 7198: 7111: 10956: 10177: 4120:

and those who left in the following few centuries. In religious parlance, and by many in modern Israel, the term is used in a broader sense to include all Jews of

5139: 3800:. All were at violent logger-heads with each other, leading to the confusion and disunity that ended with the destruction of the Second Temple and the sacking of 7360: 5578:

The term is occasionally applied to describe either individuals or new congregations, especially congregations which were established in the US in 1984 by rabbi

10517: 2693: 5644:). The movement declarates liberal, or inclusive Orthodoxy with women's ordination, full accepting LGBT members, and reducing stringent rules for conversion. 4509:, adapting Jewish practice to the new conditions of an increasingly urbanized and secular community. Staunch opponents of the Reform movement became known as 3570:

on various issues (as do those of other Jewish communities). These issues include the level of observance, the methodology for interpreting and understanding

4142:, while discreetly entering the synagogue so as not to offend more observant congregants. However, not all Sephardim are Orthodox; among the pioneers of the 2348: 2043: 9800: 5911:, the final reward of the righteous. The modern Noahide movement was founded in the 1990s by Orthodox rabbis from Israel (mainly tied Hasidic and Zionist). 5028:

rabbi Jacques Cukierkorn is one of the leaders of the outreach to the descendants of those Crypto-Jews who wish to renew their ties with the Jewish people.

3710:, and sometimes not. Some of the movements sometimes cooperate by uniting with one another in community federations and in campus organizations such as the 4630:—the strict observance of the Jewish Law in an active social life—in 1851, he become the rabbi of first Orthodox separatist group from Reform community of 5665: 4695:. There are transformations from the purism of "Classical" European to the "New Reform" in America with reincorporation some traditional Jewish elements. 4505:

In response to the challenges of integrating Jewish life with Enlightenment values, German Jews in the early 19th century began to develop the concept of

4405:

is a term which refers to trends of interest in the teachings of Kabbalah and Hasidism which are expressed by members of other existing Jewish movements.

2235: 5552:—the first Renewal community—later was established the ambrella organisation "ALEPH: the Alliance for Jewish Renewal". Its syncretism includes Kabbalah, 4987:

In addition, according to some contemporary scholars, Religious Zionism stands at least outside of Rabbinic Judaism or ever shoots off Judaism as such.

4686:

as a reaction to modernity, stresses assimilation and integration with society and a personal interpretation of the Torah. The German rabbi and scholar

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text. Karaite Jews accept only the Tanakh as divinely inspired, not recognizing the authority that Rabbinites ascribe to basic rabbinic works like the

3443: 1207: 12279: 7437: 3697: 3567: 2230: 7537:

A treasury of Sephardic laws and customs: the ritual practices of Syrian, Moroccan, Judeo-Spanish and Spanish and Portuguese Jews of North America

5568:

worship style. Renewal congregations tend to be inclusive on the subject of who is a Jew and had avoided affiliation with any Jewish communities.

5442:

in personal healing and spiritual growth. The Society of Jewish Science in New York is the institutional arm of the movement regularly publishing

5006:

officiate in such marriages, but are supportive of couples when the non-Jewish partner wishes to convert to Judaism and raise children as Jewish.

12669: 2478: 6346: 4919:

Before the creation of the State of Israel or the Holocaust, Zionism was rejected by most ultra-Orthodox and Reform Jews. Ultra-Orthodox Jewish

10992: 11352: 5001:

Among the most striking differences between the Jewish movements in the 21st century is their response to pressures of assimilation, such as

2732: 10373: 4378:. Hasidic Judaism eventually became the way of life for many Jews in Eastern Europe. The Hasidim are organized into independent "courts" or 10307: 4789:

communal traditions and customs without the stringent adherence to rabbinical interpretations that some other denominations might require.

5800:(AJR) is a transdenominational seminary in Yonkers, NY, that trains rabbis and cantors and also offers Master's Program in Jewish Studies; 12629: 9637: 8306: 8104: 7957: 7853: 6169: 1717: 1680: 9656: 11147: 10805: 9682: 7669:"Between 'Ashkenazi' and Sepharad: An Early Modern German Rabbinic Response to Religious Pluralism in the Spanish-Portuguese Community" 17: 8037: 6204: 6017: 9743: 5895:. Nowadays, however, it is specifically used to refer to those "Righteous Gentiles" who observe the Seven Laws of Noah. According to 4121: 2656: 7277:

An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus

11176: 8378: 8068: 7991: 7817: 7203: 7116: 5791: 5224:. They were probably Jewish by origin, but due to political pressure and other reasons, many of them began to claim that they were 2679: 9260: 12675: 4473:). Since then, all of the Hasidic Jewish groups have been theologically subsumed into mainstream Orthodox Judaism, particularly, 4033:

revolution essentially affected only the Ashkenazi community; however, because of the predominance of the Ashkenazi community in

4010:

into surrounding non-Jewish cultures or surrounding Jewish cultures. Additionally, special ethnoreligious divisions are also the

3833: 2029: 9777: 9766: 11775: 11229: 10553: 10261: 10054: 9954: 7648: 6330:

Tabory, Ephraim (2004). "The Israel Reform and Conservative Movements and the Marker for the Liberal Judaism". In Rebhum, Uzi;

5797: 5683:

and western Christian beliefs. It is not regarded as Judaism by the major movements of Judaism, and it is considered a form of

5438:. Jewish Science sees God as a force or energy penetrating the reality of the Universe and emphasis is placed upon the role of 3825: 3436: 2606: 2541: 2423: 11770: 10918: 10453: 10290: 9726: 9562: 9533:[From Judaism to Tengrism. Once again about the spiritual quest of the contemporary Krymchaks and Crimean Karaites]. 9434: 9213: 8873: 8588: 8284: 7741: 7499: 7464: 7285: 7175: 7008: 6980: 6953: 6918: 6811: 6596: 6392: 1727: 582: 10493: 7055:

Profiles in American Judaism: the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist traditions in historical perspective

4618:. Orthodox Jews who were sympathetic to the Haskalah formed what became known as modern/neo-Orthodox Jews. The German rabbi 4235: 2165: 940: 11679: 8566: 5781: 12815: 11790: 11785: 11209: 10727: 10187: 6199: 5526:

for the return of secular youth to the bosom of Orthodox Judaism. The movement has no organisational agenda and promotes

4202:

are the only communities who maintain the tradition of reading the Torah in the synagogue in both Hebrew and the Aramaic

2433: 2250: 2240: 1480: 985: 12602: 11479: 5829: 5767: 5712:

Already in the 1980s, 20–30 percent of members of the largest American Jewish communities, such as of New York City or

4477:, but cultural differences persist. In the 19th century, the Lithuanian spirituality was mainly incorporated into the 2829: 2779: 2744: 2438: 2303: 2170: 6432:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. pp. xix–xx notes the "newfound popularity" of the term "denomination". 6401: 11630: 11484: 10894: 10660: 10507: 10487: 10423: 10230: 10122: 10092: 10020: 9910: 9852: 9631: 9392: 9359: 9331: 9299: 9251: 9171: 9141: 9098: 9064: 8995: 8842: 8806: 8716: 8683: 8651: 8623: 8546: 8508: 8449: 8343: 8247: 8187: 8082: 8005: 7932: 7831: 7792: 7571: 7544: 7315: 7252: 7217: 7130: 7035: 6888: 6850: 6752: 6711: 6667: 6629: 6521: 6437: 6307: 6269: 5825: 4105: 3429: 2521: 2483: 2458: 2378: 2363: 2210: 2150: 2105: 1096: 9825: 5907:, but they are required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah in order to be assured that they will have a place in the 12825: 11539: 11447: 7064: 6557:. Understanding American Judaism: Toward the Description of a Modern Religion, vol. 2. New York: KTAV Publ. House. 5720:

found that the two thirds of respondents said they felt no connection to any denomination, or declined to respond.

5679:

Made up of followers who seek to combine parts of Rabbinic Judaism with a belief in Jesus as the Messiah and other

2814: 2796: 2702: 2596: 2448: 2443: 2368: 2333: 2200: 12704: 11898: 9790: 5980: 5833: 5160: 5134: 4221:, a religious political party in Israel, represents the interests of the Orthodox/Haredi Sephardim and Mizrahim. 3850:

Most streams of modern Judaism developed from the Pharisaic movement, which became known as Rabbinic Judaism (in

3606: 3332: 3231: 2786: 2769: 2722: 2621: 2531: 2468: 2418: 2398: 2393: 2313: 2287: 2262: 2140: 2130: 2120: 2100: 2095: 5690:. People who had become Messianic Jews as, in fact, Christians were not therefore eligible for Aliyah under the 11580: 11140: 6789: 6740: 6562: 6492: 5497: 5488:

worldwide movement that emphasizes Jewish culture and history as the sources of Jewish identity. Originated in

5262: 5200: 4513:. Later, members of the Reform movement who felt that it was moving away from tradition too quickly formed the 2805: 2791: 2759: 2739: 2707: 2651: 2626: 2601: 2581: 2571: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2526: 2516: 2511: 2488: 2403: 2388: 2308: 2267: 2220: 2215: 2135: 2080: 10962: 5704:—a description of the return of secular Jews to religious Judaism and involved with all the Jewish movements. 12681: 12002: 11030: 5985: 5785: 5733: 5583: 4101: 3991: 3871:

and the destruction of the Second Temple the other movements disappeared from the historical record, yet the

3226: 2764: 2749: 2712: 2674: 2646: 2636: 2631: 2616: 2611: 2591: 2576: 2561: 2536: 2502: 2473: 2373: 2358: 2282: 2272: 2190: 2160: 2085: 2071: 10339: 9283: 12744: 12612: 12607: 11795: 11780: 11544: 11499: 11244: 7358:

Sela, Shulamit (1994). "The Head of the Rabbanite, Karaite and Samaritan Jews: On the History of a Title".

5807: 5618:, follows a strict version of halakha, including its own unique practices such as lengthy prayer sessions, 5404:, also the first chief rabbi of Uganda, and since 2016 a Member of Uganda Parliament, is a graduate of the 4981: 3813: 3614: 2834: 2754: 2717: 2641: 2586: 2453: 2428: 2353: 2328: 2318: 2257: 2180: 2175: 2155: 2145: 2125: 2110: 2003: 1707: 1471: 1466: 958: 10583: 12709: 12694: 11575: 11435: 10940: 9180: 8672: 7848: 5523: 5515: 4082: 2824: 2819: 2774: 2727: 2413: 2383: 2343: 2338: 2195: 1501: 383: 7691: 6510: 5416:

in 2008. In June 2016, Rabbi Shlomo Riskin led a Beit Din that performed an Orthodox conversion for the

4375: 4300:. They are also distinct from the Ashkenazim and Sephardim. But, nowadays, few synagogues still use the 12663: 12557: 12102: 11810: 11743: 11304: 11194: 7431: 7413: 6012: 5717: 5405: 5400:, the spiritual leader of the Abayudaya and Rosh Yeshiva, first native-born black rabbi in sub-Saharan 4913: 4151: 3986:

compose the greatest part of the rest, with about 20% of the world's Jewish population. Israel has two

3719: 3298: 3143: 2245: 1441: 1431: 1167: 169: 10160:

The Union for Traditional Judaism: A Case Study of Contemporary Challenges to a New Religious Movement

9480: 7336: 12820: 12779: 12719: 12617: 12597: 12467: 12392: 12252: 12119: 11805: 11765: 11133: 9986: 7591: 6135: 5943: 5751: 5522:(where opened the House of Love and Prayer), then in Israel, by a musician, Lubavich's Hasidic rabbi 5450: 4902: 4890:("Nationalist Haredim") refers to the Haredi-oriented variety of Religious Zionism. Another mode is 4692: 4646: 4379: 4328: 4074: 4068: 4050: 3636: 3502: 3412: 3105: 2956: 2897: 1788: 189: 132: 4645:

In Israel, Orthodox Judaism occupies a privileged position: solely an Orthodox rabbi may become the

12699: 12530: 11829: 11704: 10989: 10344: 9531:"От иудаизма к тенгрианству. Ещё раз о духовных поисках современных крымчаков и крымских караимов»" 9530: 8227: 6588:

20th Century Jewish Religious Thought: Original Essays on Critical Concepts, Movements, and Beliefs

5990: 5837: 5541: 4969: 4363: 4147: 3829: 3707: 3115: 3095: 2205: 1685: 1226: 1050: 948: 671: 11079: 10801: 9978: 5381:

A type of Judaism that is predominantly practiced in African communities, both inside and outside

4253:

A relatively small but influential ethnoreligious group in the intellectual circles of Israel are

12652: 12641: 12235: 12156: 11861: 11760: 11699: 11585: 11558: 10785: 10365: 10162:(PhD thesis). Waltham, Mass.: Department of Near Eastern and Jewish Studies, Brandeis University. 9602: 9454: 7422: 6164: 6082: 6007: 5958: 5953: 5842: 5637: 5409: 5375: 5115: 4559: 4301: 4211: 3959: 3817: 3715: 3700:

are varied; they are sometimes marked by interdenominational cooperation outside of the realm of

3256: 3246: 3211: 3090: 3080: 2863: 2034: 1976: 1810: 1489: 1446: 1161: 199: 99: 9166:. Translated by Michael Swirsky and Jonathan Chipman. Chicago, Mi: University of Chicago Press. 5908: 5770:(IFR), a non-denominational rabbinical organization for rabbis of all movements and backgrounds; 12688: 12658: 11721: 10087:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 4868–74. 9716: 9133: 8179: 6693: 6370: 6290:

Tabory, Ephraim (2004) . "Reform and Conservative Judaism in Israel". In Goldscheider, Calvin;

5948: 5880: 5321: 4635: 3967: 3741: 3512: 3471:

from ancient times. Today in the west, the most prominent divisions are between traditionalist

3460: 3375: 3110: 3024: 2090: 1642: 1261: 1231: 1040: 676: 10648: 10473: 10112: 10002: 9621: 9593: 9420: 9233: 9161: 9115: 8605: 8528: 8416:

Conflict in Social Context: The Resurgence of Orthodox Judaism in Frankfurt am Main, 1838–1877

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is regarded as a Modern Orthodoxy founder, while the father of neo-Orthodoxy was German rabbi

12714: 12635: 12417: 12124: 12007: 11748: 11738: 11731: 11716: 11602: 10909: 10396: 9778:

http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215331079553&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull

9083:

Aran, Gideon (2004) . "From Religious Zionism to Zionist Religion". In Goldscheider, Calvin;

9046: 8579: 8490: 8275: 7884: 7732: 6870: 6802: 5975: 5904: 5716:, rejected a denominational label. And "Israeli Democracy Index" commissioned in 2013 by the 5701: 5694:. "Scholars are divided as to whether to call Messianic Judaism a Christian or Jewish Sect." 5040: 4905:

also supports Zionism and "the modern state of Israel plays a central role in its ideology."

4627: 4623: 4563: 4555: 4293: 4003: 3731: 3266: 3261: 3206: 2994: 1909: 1637: 1624: 1519: 1236: 1089: 1045: 963: 10776: 10218: 9678: 9652: 9319: 8830: 8235: 7780: 6335: 6295: 5343:

and later, most of them married other Jews. Their descendants included Israeli Jews such as

12749: 12739: 12242: 11214: 10689: 8678:. Lincoln, Na; Philadelphia, Pa: University of Nebraska Press; Jewish Publication Society. 8099: 6736: 6582: 6101: 5413: 5271: 5002: 4996: 4898: 4869: 4711: 4514: 4022: 3575: 3492: 3337: 3289: 3029: 2887: 1700: 1565: 1554: 1512: 1020: 953: 108: 10117:. Religion in North America. Bloomington, In: Indiana University Press. pp. 233–239. 9823:

The Committee To Save Ugandan Jewry - A First Hand Account of The History of the Abayudaya

9021:

The Centrality of Sacrifices as an Answer to Reform in the Thought of Zvi Hirsch Kalischer

5155:(House of Israel), also known as Ethiopian Jews, are a Jewish community that developed in 8: 12397: 12365: 12291: 12200: 12146: 11753: 11553: 11287: 11252: 10694: 9208:. Orthodox Forum Series. New York: Michael Scharf Publ. Trust, Yeshiva University Press. 8301: 7952: 5892: 5579: 5431: 4837: 4726: 4619: 4491: 4007: 3958:

This article is about Jewish religious and ethno-religious movements. For ethnicity, see

3777: 3390: 3085: 1763: 1630: 1533: 1526: 1456: 1344: 1219: 975: 666: 439: 275: 10602: 6466: 4954:, there is a de facto recognition of Israel, but only as a secular non-religious state. 12729: 12724: 12535: 12257: 12134: 12129: 12114: 12084: 12037: 11960: 11866: 11726: 11299: 11204: 11171: 10852: 10623: 10512: 10279: 9959: 7680: 7377: 7238: 6554:

The Sectors of American Judaism: Reform, Orthodoxy, Conservatism, and Reconstructionism

6125: 6087: 5884: 5757: 5724: 5504: 5478: 5439: 5163:. Most of the Beta Israel emigrated to Israel in the late 20th century. They practiced 4873: 4754: 4654: 4650: 4345: 4195: 4058: 4034: 3931: 3583: 3241: 3191: 3138: 3133: 3047: 2917: 2185: 2014: 1773: 1693: 1547: 1113: 1035: 365: 179: 142: 34: 12012: 11888: 6969:

Lazerwitz, Bernard Melvin; Winter, J. Alan; Dashefsky, Arnold; Tabory, Ephram (1998).

5636:

in the late 1990s in US, with its own schools for religious ordination, both for men (

3914:

as a divine authority nor the rabbinic procedures used to interpret Jewish scripture.

12513: 12444: 12326: 12311: 12094: 11965: 11930: 11219: 10914: 10913:. Vol. 1–22 (2nd rev. ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Macmillan Reference USA. 10890: 10856: 10732: 10656: 10549: 10483: 10449: 10419: 10286: 10257: 10226: 10118: 10088: 10050: 10016: 9906: 9848: 9722: 9627: 9558: 9430: 9398: 9388: 9365: 9355: 9327: 9295: 9247: 9209: 9203: 9167: 9137: 9094: 9060: 9001: 8991: 8869: 8838: 8802: 8712: 8679: 8647: 8619: 8584: 8570: 8542: 8504: 8445: 8420: 8339: 8280: 8266: 8243: 8183: 8157: 8078: 8001: 7928: 7827: 7788: 7737: 7723: 7644: 7630: 7567: 7540: 7495: 7460: 7381: 7311: 7281: 7248: 7213: 7171: 7126: 7060: 7053: 7031: 7004: 6976: 6949: 6914: 6884: 6846: 6807: 6793: 6748: 6707: 6663: 6625: 6592: 6558: 6517: 6488: 6433: 6388: 6303: 6265: 6063: 6045: 5774: 5659: 5648: 5619: 5565: 5540:

Partly syncretistic movement founded in the mid-1970s by ex-Lubavich's Hasidic rabbi

5435: 4859: 4758: 4631: 4613: 4571: 4523:

Over time, three main movements emerged (Orthodox, Reform and Conservative Judaism).

4499: 4470: 4128: 4097: 4054: 4038: 3875:

probably kept on existing in a non-organized form for at least several more decades.

3868: 3821: 3805: 3579: 3524: 3385: 3327: 3307: 3124: 2684: 2323: 1783: 1654: 1584: 1461: 1374: 1241: 458: 253: 161: 8389: 7539:(Rev. ed.). Hoboken, NJ; New York: KTAV Publ. House; Yeshiva University Press. 7331: 5344: 12579: 12547: 12508: 12479: 12462: 12412: 12213: 12022: 11955: 11908: 11856: 11824: 11815: 11800: 11674: 11649: 11625: 11509: 11440: 11357: 11224: 10844: 10469: 10439: 10036: 10012: 9813:

The Abayuday:Judaism Emerging, A Spiritual Journey Into Africa, by Menachem Kuchar.

9589: 9243: 9123: 8667: 8615: 8562: 8524: 8169: 8045: 7881: 7369: 7271: 6836: 6817: 6758: 6703: 6615: 6257: 6058: 5927: 5920: 5817: 5680: 5673: 5527: 5313: 5210: 5196: 4973: 4532: 4510: 4297: 4154:. A part of the European Sephardim were also linked with the Judaic modernization. 3845: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3618: 3546: 3484: 3472: 3355: 3236: 3196: 3160: 2858: 2408: 1919: 1675: 1579: 1494: 1384: 1176: 1082: 744: 643: 379: 340: 325: 81: 56: 9905:. Judaism in Cold War America, 1945–1990, vol. 7. New York; London: Garland Publ. 8825:(2003) . "Conservative Judaism: The Struggle between Ideology and Popularity". In 8646:. Judaism in Cold War America, 1945–1990, vol. 6. New York; London: Garland Publ. 7452: 7139: 7085: 7025: 5456: 4777:

Members of the DC Minyan light candles in celebration of the Festival of Hanukkah.

3515:, variation is moderately similar, differing from the west in having roots in the 12489: 12484: 12296: 12223: 12056: 12027: 11950: 11940: 11903: 11878: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11669: 11664: 11654: 11639: 11430: 11347: 11314: 11272: 11262: 10996: 10711: 10543: 10539: 10477: 10443: 10251: 10247: 10219: 10044: 10040: 10006: 9974: 9842: 9829: 9552: 9506: 9502: 9424: 9320: 9237: 9199: 9127: 9119: 9116:"Jewish Zionist Fundamentalism: The Bloc of the Faithful in Israel (Gush Emunim)" 9088: 9054: 8863: 8831: 8796: 8706: 8702: 8609: 8536: 8498: 8439: 8414: 8374: 8236: 8173: 8165: 7781: 7776: 7638: 7634: 7561: 7489: 7409: 7405: 7305: 7275: 7242: 7165: 6970: 6948:. Studies of Israeli Society, 7 (Reprint ed.). London; New York: Routledge. 6943: 6935: 6908: 6904: 6878: 6866: 6840: 6697: 6657: 6653: 6619: 6586: 6578: 6552: 6460: 6456: 6382: 6336: 6331: 6296: 6179: 6152: 5938: 5872: 5813: 5615: 5590: 5471: 5317: 5217: 5213: 5111: 4944: 4591: 4447: 4418: 4341: 4324: 4313: 4109: 4063: 4026: 3927: 3903: 3899: 3851: 3598: 3591: 3317: 3276: 3271: 3251: 3173: 3167: 3100: 3052: 2892: 2873: 2024: 1753: 1665: 1648: 1192: 980: 888: 782: 335: 127: 92: 9451:"Are American Jews the New Secret Jews? Interview with Rabbi Jacques Cukierkorn" 8419:. Contributions to the Study of Religion, 13. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 5739:

A variety of new Jewish organisations are emerging that lack such affiliations:

12793: 12768: 12589: 12496: 12454: 12434: 12422: 12402: 12316: 12306: 12274: 12267: 12247: 12218: 12190: 12185: 12151: 12061: 11985: 11975: 11913: 11711: 11659: 11570: 11565: 11327: 11322: 11257: 11186: 10883: 10780: 10772: 10584:"Poll: 7.1 Percent of Israeli Jews Define Themselves as Reform or Conservative" 9767:"Over 250 Africans convert to Judaism in Uganda", Jerusalem Post, July 16, 2008 9597: 9475: 8331: 8279:. Vol. 12 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 1486–93. 8153: 8122: 7927:. Johns Hopkins Jewish studies. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press. 7736:. Vol. 18 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 419–420. 7417: 6975:. SUNY series in American Jewish Society in the 1990s. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 6645: 6423: 6214: 6209: 6194: 6184: 6174: 6130: 6113: 6092: 6038: 5932: 5803: 5747: 5723:

The very idea of Jewish denominationalism is contested by some Jews and Jewish

5626: 5545: 5534: 5424: 5397: 5340: 5329: 5309: 5233: 5225: 5180: 5176: 5025: 5015: 4932: 4924: 4891: 4847: 4807: 4750: 4721: 4687: 4674: 4639: 4567: 4551: 4506: 4478: 4474: 4462: 4394:, a blend of Ashkenazi and Sephardi liturgies, based on the innovations of the 4280: 4264: 4230: 4207: 4143: 4113: 4015: 3975: 3935: 3711: 3691: 3558: 3506: 3488: 3478: 3417: 3216: 3071: 2951: 2930: 2907: 2902: 2880: 2868: 2463: 1944: 1878: 1843: 1821: 1758: 1596: 1574: 1436: 1415: 1391: 1157: 1139: 1070: 844: 639: 528: 434: 330: 206: 194: 137: 120: 87: 9450: 7373: 4842: 4761:, is similar to the more traditional branch of American Conservative Judaism. 4127:

Sephardic and Mizrachi Jewish synagogues are generally considered Orthodox or

12809: 12562: 12407: 12334: 12141: 12075: 12048: 11997: 11945: 11918: 11893: 11883: 11644: 11590: 11524: 11504: 11494: 11489: 11462: 11408: 11337: 11282: 10935: 10878: 10848: 10767: 10214: 10194: 9898: 9844:

From Christian Science to Jewish Science: Spiritual Healing and American Jews

9822: 9584: 9402: 9315: 9287: 9084: 9050: 8826: 8822: 8639: 8532: 8494: 8424: 8231: 7772: 7664: 7400: 7301: 7161: 6996: 6939: 6874: 6548: 6387:(2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 385–387. 6291: 6189: 6073: 6000: 5995: 5780:

There are several seminaries which are not controlled by a denomination (see

5691: 5684: 5519: 5460: 5417: 5386: 5368: 5250: 5241: 5094: 4977: 4961: 4940: 4542: 4390: 4367: 4349: 4187: 4090: 4078: 3979: 3769: 3737: 3587: 3520: 3365: 3360: 2566: 2493: 2019: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1848: 1826: 1778: 1540: 1379: 1284: 1246: 1197: 896: 811: 320: 220: 184: 50: 9429:(2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 195–96. 9369: 8379:"Two Neo-Orthodox Responses to Secularization. Part I: Samson Raphael Hirch" 4923:

believed that the return to Israel could only happen with the coming of the

4179: 3501:) originating in 19th century Europe, and other smaller ones, including the 12542: 12339: 12301: 12262: 11851: 11595: 11534: 11514: 11474: 11457: 11425: 11413: 11374: 11292: 11267: 10904: 10860: 10835: 10828:"The Children of Noah: Has Messianic Zionism Created a New World Religion?" 9617: 9548: 9416: 9005: 8859: 8792: 8574: 8270: 8059: 7982: 7948: 7920: 7808: 7727: 7485: 7457:

An Introduction to Karaite Judaism: History, Theology, Practice and Culture

7194: 7107: 6797: 6785: 6512:

Modern Jewish Religious Movements: A History of Emancipation and Abjustment

6378: 5845:

aimed at community professionals with significant knowledge and experience.

5687: 5553: 5549: 5493: 5348: 5336: 5184: 5089: 5074: 5069: 5064: 4936: 4928: 4402: 4254: 4199: 4086: 4011: 3983: 3939: 3395: 3221: 3062: 3057: 3015: 2968: 2062: 1929: 1914: 1873: 1838: 1451: 1293: 1030: 1025: 970: 849: 754: 714: 661: 615: 419: 228: 10827: 9023:. Working Papers in Yiddish and East European Studies, vol. 15. New York: 8044:(2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Macmillan Reference USA – via 7404: 6355:, Ch. 18 "Americans in the Israeli Reform and Conservative Denominations". 4868:) combines Zionism and Orthodox Judaism, based on the teachings of rabbis 4634:. In addition, the "Centrist" Orthodoxy was represented by American rabbi 12552: 12067: 11992: 11970: 11873: 11467: 11396: 11391: 11379: 11369: 10771: 10482:. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Facts On File. p. 373. 10182: 10108: 10073: 9136:, 1. Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 265–344. 8182:, 1. Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 197–264. 7563:

Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewry: From the Golden Age of Spain to Modern Times

5900: 5729: 5601: 5572: 5511: 5282: 5152: 5126: 4920: 4398: 4371: 3995: 3987: 3744:

were divided into several movements, sometimes warring among themselves:

3714:. Jewish religious denominations are distinct from, but often linked to, 3610: 3602: 3380: 3322: 2987: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1853: 656: 113: 10766: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 9583: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 8868:(2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 533. 8357: 8355: 7684: 7494:(2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 166. 7399: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 5891:

has been applied to all non-Jews because Jews believe that they are the

4002:

branch of Judaism), some of which are nearing extinction as a result of

3509:

movements which emerged later in the 20th century in the United States.

62: 12646: 12353: 11935: 11529: 11277: 11199: 9347: 9326:. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press. pp. 309–322. 9093:(Reprint ed.). Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ. pp. 259–282. 8336:

Rabbi Esriel Hildesheimer and the creation of a modern Jewish orthodoxy

6302:(Reprint ed.). Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ. pp. 240–258. 5301: 5295: 4574:). Orthodox Jews who opposed the Haskalah became known as Haredi Jews ( 4537: 4441: 4030: 3911: 3860: 3516: 3038: 2052: 1981: 1939: 1768: 1748: 1307: 1214: 1134: 901: 651: 444: 239: 9059:(Reprint ed.). Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ. pp. 94–113. 8338:. Judaic studies series. Tuscaloosa, Al: University of Alabama Press. 8162:"Religious Fundamentalism and Religious Jews: The Case of the Haredim" 6883:. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press. pp. 85–116. 5600:

Judaism" worldwide organisation established in 1984 by American rabbi

4716: 4665: 12567: 12032: 11923: 11834: 11452: 11386: 10508:"Israeli Court Rules Jews for Jesus Cannot Automatically Be Citizens" 10416:

Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism

8503:(Reprint ed.). Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ. pp. 83–93. 8352: 8023:

The Musar Movement: Its History, Leading Personalities, and Doctrines

6068: 6026: 5868: 5863: 5633: 5608: 5485: 5393: 5325: 5275: 5266: 4916:, as part of the divine plan to bring or speed up the messianic era. 4599: 4436: 4430: 4422: 4296:

is the oldest Jewish community in Europe, whom name is refers to the

4018:. Both groups are considered distinct from Ashkenazim and Sephardim. 3895: 3872: 3801: 3793: 3749: 3745: 3201: 3186: 2276: 2224: 1986: 1934: 1924: 1605: 1601: 1591: 1506: 1266: 869: 568: 414: 391: 11403: 10709:

Mendelsohn, Martha (August 22, 2002). "High School Without Labels".

10225:(Reprint ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. pp. 354–370. 10077: 8837:(Reprint ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. pp. 334–353. 8541:(Reprint ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. pp. 291–310. 8458: 8242:(Reprint ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. pp. 311–333. 8196: 7668: 5084: 4773: 1954: 12286: 12228: 12173: 12168: 11839: 11125: 11057: 10114:

American Post-Judaism: Identity and Renewal in a Postethnic Society

8988:

Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology

6147: 6050: 5743: 5464: 5434:, Jewish Science was founded as a counterweight Jewish movement to 5312:

in the late 18th century. The majority of the Subbotniks practiced

5305: 5245: 5164: 5156: 5130: 5079: 5045: 4947:, opposition to Zionism largely disappeared within Reform Judaism. 4495: 4395: 4333: 4191: 3999: 3907: 3640:

has adopted "denomination", as have many scholars and theologians.

3538: 3370: 2980: 2912: 1743: 1251: 1202: 926: 911: 874: 864: 859: 724: 610: 563: 549: 406: 355: 174: 147: 10984: 9791:"Rabbi From Tiny Ugandan Jewish Community Wins Seat in Parliament" 8025:. Vol. 1. Translated by Leonard Oschry. Tel Aviv: Orly Press. 7925:

The Faith of the Mithnagdim: Rabbinic Responses to Hasidic Rapture

6621:

Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism

5253:. The largest Karaite community has since then resided in Israel. 4815:

life lived in close connection with one's community and heritage.

12501: 12385: 12380: 12370: 12358: 12178: 12163: 12107: 12042: 12017: 11980: 11844: 11519: 11418: 11342: 11234: 11160: 11120: 11062: 10588: 10312: 9795: 7167:

Beyond Sectarianism: The Realignment of American Orthodox Judaism

5963: 5896: 5641: 5597: 5561: 5489: 5333: 5229: 5099: 5050: 4855: 4138: 4133: 4117: 3947: 3757: 3753: 3702: 3571: 3464: 3346: 3312: 3181: 2975: 1964: 1959: 1831: 1722: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1358: 1353: 1330: 1312: 1187: 1182: 1172: 1150: 1125: 1010: 916: 834: 739: 729: 684: 544: 539: 510: 498: 466: 345: 312: 296: 291: 281: 244: 42: 10281:

Kabbalah and the spiritual quest: the Kabbalah Centre in America

6910:

The New American Judaism: How Jews Practice Their Religion Today

6842:

The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities

5604:, that popularizes Jewish mysticism among a universal audience. 4957: 4732: 4653:; and only Orthodox synagogues have the right to conduct Jewish 4382:, each dynasty is headed by its own hereditary spiritual leader- 4174: 3930:, started in the early 9th century when non-rabbinic sages like 3883: 12572: 12439: 12375: 10836:

Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions

9866: 9864: 9515: 7003:. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Melton Institute. 5970: 5557: 5401: 5382: 5237: 5221: 5035: 4951: 4879: 4583: 4466: 4240: 4203: 3971: 3943: 3864: 3789: 3781: 3530: 3006: 3001: 2961: 2946: 2057: 1949: 1369: 1335: 1321: 1256: 1015: 906: 854: 839: 829: 824: 797: 792: 775: 749: 734: 719: 694: 689: 605: 558: 533: 515: 429: 424: 401: 360: 350: 286: 263: 258: 10669: 10200: 9881: 9879: 8922:

The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand to New York

8909:

To Be a Jew: A Guide to Jewish Observance in Contemporary Life

8128: 6968: 6706:, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. pp. xiii–xxii. 4388:. Unlike other Ashkenazim, most Hasidim use some variation of 12523: 12518: 12472: 12427: 12348: 12343: 11607: 11362: 11332: 10963:

Jewing Movements - How Jewish movements will and have evolved

9626:. Detroit, Mi: Wayne State University Press. pp. 358–9. 9227: 9225: 9047:"The Rise and Reception of Zionism in the Nineteenth Century" 8749: 8725: 8708:

Jews in the Center: Conservative Synagogues and Their Members

8583:. Vol. 17 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. 7001:

Jewish Denominations — Addressing the Challenges of Modernity

6806:. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. 5761: 5713: 5669: 5172: 5055: 4939:, stance. After events of the 20th century, most importantly 4439:

became the centre of this opposition under the leadership of

4384: 3888: 3809: 3687: 1969: 1398: 1302: 1271: 921: 819: 768: 761: 625: 620: 600: 595: 590: 505: 493: 488: 483: 476: 471: 396: 268: 234: 10563: 10308:"Lev Tahor: Pure as the driven snow, or hearts of darkness?" 9861: 9650: 9623:

Holy Dissent: Jewish and Christian Mystics in Eastern Europe

9246:, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. pp. 416–418. 8618:, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. pp. 419–422. 7711:

The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa In Modern Times

7515: 7513: 7511: 5786:

Rabbi § Seminaries unaffiliated with main denominations

5614:

A Haredi sect formed in the 1980s by Israeli-Canadian rabbi

3934:

and their followers took the rejection of the Oral Torah by

3910:—contrasts with Rabbinic Judaism and does not recognize the 12622: 11156: 9876: 9385:

A Place In The Tent: Intermarriage And Conservative Judaism

9024: 8903: 8901: 8761: 8737: 8711:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 68. 8311: 8109: 7962: 7901: 7858: 7750: 7709:

Simon, Reeva; Laskier, Michael; Reguer, Sara, eds. (2002).

6410:, pp. 33–62, Ch. 3 "Demensions of Jewish Religiosity". 5144: 4827: 4218: 4146:

movement in the 1820s there was the Sephardic congregation

4041:

worldwide, the effects have been significant for all Jews.

3797: 3597:

Other divisions of Judaism in the world reflect being more

3590:). Across these movements, there are marked differences in 3468: 1121: 1005: 520: 11035: 10881:; Avery-Peck, Alan J.; Green, William Scott, eds. (1999). 9903:

Conserving Conservative Judaism: Reconstructionist Judaism

9269:, Ch. 10 "Religious Kibbutzim: Judaism and Modernization". 9222: 8388:(19). Translated by Yohanan Eldad: 107–117. Archived from 8208: 8134: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 5622:

between teenagers, and head-to-toe coverings for females.

5556:, Reconstructionist Judaism, Western Buddhist meditation, 11091: 10979: 9934: 8773: 7713:. New York: Columbia University Press, s.v. Ch. 8 and 21. 7508: 7073: 6591:. Philadelphia, Pa: JPS: The Jewish Publication Society. 6338:

Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns

5707: 4108:. They may be divided into the families that left in the 4096:

Sephardim are primarily the descendants of Jews from the

10957:

Jewish World Today. Overview: State of the Denominations

9318:(1991). "Judaism outside of Rabbinic Judaism: Zionism". 8961:

Jewish Spirituality: A Brief Introduction for Christians

8898: 7608: 7450: 7361:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental & African Studies

5564:, feminism, liberalism, and so on, tends to embrace the 5430:

Formed in the early 20th century by Alfred G. Moses and

4445:(Elijah ben Solomon Zalman), which adopted the epithets 3686:

The Jewish groups themselves reject characterization as

11001: 10015:, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. p. 221. 9205:

Religious Zionism Post Disengagement: Future Directions

8887: 8885: 8470: 7880: 6676: 5544:

and rooted in the counterculture of the 1960s and the

5364:

Additionally, a number of smaller groups have emerged:

5171:(a word which means the "law"), and it consists of the 4279:) and it has similarities with the nusach of the Greek 4210:. In the Yemenite tradition, each person called to the 11108: 11052: 11040: 11018: 10877: 9928:

The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture

9926:

Alpert, Rebecca (2011). "Judaism, Reconstructionist".

8974:

Everyday Holiness: The Jewish Spiritual Path of Mussar

5822:

Other smaller, less traditional institutions include:

3953: 11096: 10974: 10889:. Vol. 1–3. Leiden; New York: Brill; Continuum. 10687: 10138: 10136: 10134: 9588: 9554:

The Black Jews of Africa: History, Religion, Identity

8488: 6913:. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press. 4502:, brought the Enlightenment to the Jewish community. 4435:("opponents") by the followers of the Baal Shem Tov. 3938:

to the new level of seeking the plain meaning of the

10621:

Heilman, Uriel (February 11, 2005). "Beyond Dogma".

9266: 9186: 9163:

Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism

8882: 8597: 8491:"The Judaic Reformation as a Sociopolitical Process" 8146: 7697: 6945:

Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel

6933: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6485:

Conservative Judaism: An American Religious Movement

6407: 6352: 6205:

List of religious organizations#Jewish organizations

5782:

List of rabbinical schools § Non-denominational

5244:. The ideology of de-Judaization and the revival of 3978:

compose about 75% of the world's Jewish population.

3725: 2985: 2966: 1389: 11067: 9955:"A Jewish Movement Takes Stock of Itself at Age 40" 9696: 9651:Weiss, Ruchama; Brackman, Levi (December 9, 2010). 9308: 9294:. Vol. 3. Leiden; New York: Brill; Continuum. 6747:. Vol. 1. Farmington Hills, Mi: Thomson Gale. 4781:

Communal Judaism, also referred to as יהדות חברתי (

4352:, whose followers had previously called themselves 3776:, attest to the divisions among Jews at this time. 11006: 10939: 10882: 10799: 10708: 10278: 10213:Salkin, Jeffrey K. (2003) . "New Age Judaism". In 10131: 8990:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (reprint). 8674:The New Reform Judaism: Challenges and Reflections 8671: 8067: 7990: 7816: 7202: 7189: 7187: 7115: 7052: 6509: 4494:of the Jews in many European communities, and the 4178:A Yemenite Jew in traditional vestments under the 10746: 10548:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 397–399. 10256:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 322–323. 10049:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 288–289. 9322:An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader 8697: 8695: 7876: 7874: 7787:. New York; London: NYU Press. pp. 151–157. 7643:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 525–526. 7280:. London; New York: T&T Clark International. 7241:(2003). Bloomberg, Jon; Kapustin, Samuel (eds.). 7102: 7100: 6972:Jewish Choices: American Jewish Denominationalism 6880:An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader 6824: 6662:. New York; London: NYU Press. pp. 169–180. 6577: 5914: 4927:, and that a political attempt to re-establish a 3491:Judaism originating in late 18th century Europe, 12807: 10538:Foreman, Esther (2006). "Messianic Judaism". In 8948:The Jewish State: The Struggle for Israel's Soul 8265: 7722: 7244:Understanding Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism 5392:Rather than a type, Judaism as practiced by the 5209:Karaims) are an ethnicity which is derived from 4912:) have embraced the Zionist movement, including 4858:was once very divisive in the Jewish community. 4224: 4044: 3698:Relationships between Jewish religious movements 11097:OHALAH Association of Rabbis for Jewish Renewal 10747:Rosenthal, Rachel (2006). "What's in a name?". 10175: 9952: 9676: 9354:. Institute for Jewish and Community Research. 8489:Goldscheider, Calvin; Zuckerman, Alan (2004) . 8441:The Orthodox Union Story: A Centenary Portrayal 8152: 7184: 7156: 7154: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6365: 6363: 6361: 5492:in 1963 with the founding figure, Reform rabbi 5446:, the movement's primary literary publication. 5412:receiving ordination under the auspices of the 5232:. During the era when Crimea was a part of the 4799:Dietary laws within Communal Judaism adhere to 4484: 10620: 10581: 10171: 10169: 10001:Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2005). 9744:"In First, a Ugandan-Jewish Wedding in Israel" 9277: 9275: 9232:Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2005). 9155: 9153: 8692: 8604:Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2005). 8261: 8259: 7871: 7783:The Modern Jewish Experience: A Reader's Guide 7097: 6897: 6692:Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2005). 6659:The Modern Jewish Experience: A Reader's Guide 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6516:(3rd rev. ed.). New York: Behrman House. 6342:. Brandeis University Press. pp. 285–314. 5354: 4077:is the practice of Judaism as observed by the 11141: 10725: 10366:"A Jewish Movement to Shroud the Female Form" 10068: 10066: 10000: 9557:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 9346: 9231: 8985: 8603: 7625: 7623: 7170:. Detroit, Mi: Wayne State University Press. 6745:Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices 6691: 6369: 5031:The subgroups of Crypto-Jews are as follows: 4764: 3437: 1090: 11068:World Union for Progressive Judaism (Israel) 11031:The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism 10819: 10804:. World Religions and Spirituality Project. 10793: 10438: 10035: 9718:Black Judaism: Story of an American Movement 9426:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion 8963:. Jewish Lights Publishing. ISBN 1580231500. 8865:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion 8373: 7530: 7528: 7491:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion 7436:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7233: 7231: 7229: 7151: 6989: 6859: 6835: 6735: 6720: 6610: 6608: 6384:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion 6358: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6105: 6030: 5347:, Major-General Alik Ron, and the mother of 5240:occupation. Some of them even served in the 4990: 4885: 4877: 4863: 4741: 4611: 4605: 4597: 4589: 4581: 4575: 4456: 4428: 4357: 4356:("happy ones") and now they call themselves 4287: 4274: 4268: 4258: 4244: 4171:for Jews of Sephardic and Mizrachi descent. 3854: 3556: 3544: 3536: 3528: 3496: 3476: 12630:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 10649:"Ch. 5.1.2 Judaism. Modern Religious Sects" 10642: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10634: 10166: 9979:"Reconstructionism in American Jewish Life" 9507:"Karaites and Karaism: Recent Developments" 9382: 9272: 9192: 9150: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9034: 8307:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 8256: 8105:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 8097: 7958:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 7854:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 7589: 7294: 6530: 6451: 6449: 6170:Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites 4950:Among most religious non-Zionists, such as 4167:they are the appropriate interpretation of 3859:— יהדות רבנית) with the compilation of the 1681:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 11148: 11134: 10675: 10569: 10246:Puttick, Elizabeth (2006). "Kabbalah". In 10101: 10063: 9930:. Cambridge University Press. p. 346. 9788: 8893:The Jewish Home: A Guide for Jewish Living 8755: 8731: 8701: 8361: 8070:A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion 7993:A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion 7819:A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion 7767: 7765: 7629: 7620: 7479: 7205:A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion 7118:A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion 7079: 6903: 6865: 6375:"Jewish Religious Life in State of Israel" 5548:group. The "Bnei ʻOr" (Songs of Light) in 3487:branches) and modernist movements such as 3444: 3430: 1097: 1083: 11036:Masorti (Conservative) Movement in Israel 10575: 10153: 10151: 9940: 9107: 8437: 7947: 7889:Jewish Virtual Library. A Project of AICE 7885:"Orthodox Judaism: Hasidim and Mitnagdim" 7775:(1993). "Hasidism and Its Opponents". In 7596:Jewish Virtual Library. A Project of AICE 7585: 7583: 7534: 7525: 7266: 7264: 7237: 7226: 7027:Jews and the American Religious Landscape 6962: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6644: 6638: 6605: 6455: 6316: 6278: 5359: 5308:ethnic origin which split off from other 5120: 5105: 4701: 11177:Index of Jewish history-related articles 10631: 10608: 10337: 10305: 9870: 9281: 9159: 9078: 9076: 9031: 8767: 8743: 8464: 8412: 8330: 8202: 8140: 7907: 7846: 7756: 7663: 7519: 7324: 7160: 6995: 6927: 6507: 6501: 6478: 6476: 6446: 5792:Academy for Jewish Religion (California) 5664: 5530:, a song-filled form of Jewish worship. 5455: 5270: 5138: 4956: 4841: 4772: 4731: 4715: 4669:Reform Jewish service with mixed sitting 4664: 4536: 4332: 4234: 4198:. The Yemenite and the Aramaic speaking 4173: 4062: 3882: 3784:, further attest these ancient schisms. 3740:in 70 CE, Jews of the Roman province of 12676:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 11313: 10903: 10825: 10646: 10545:Encyclopedia of new religious movements 10537: 10340:"Closing A Chapter On 'Open Orthodoxy'" 10253:Encyclopedia of new religious movements 10245: 10046:Encyclopedia of new religious movements 9973: 9897: 9885: 9840: 9721:. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. 9714: 9541: 9314: 9044: 8937:. Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-091533-1. 8791: 8785: 8779: 8638: 8476: 8214: 8042:Encyclopedia of Religion: 15-volume Set 7771: 7762: 7679:(1). Amsterdam University Press: 7–22. 7640:Encyclopedia of new religious movements 7310:. Boston; Leiden: Brill Academic Publ. 7300: 7145: 7091: 7059:. San Francisco, Ca: Harper & Row. 7050: 7044: 7030:. New York: Columbia University Press. 6547: 6418: 6416: 6264:. New York: Columbia University Press. 6227: 5777:lack affiliation with any one movement; 4408: 4307: 3878: 14: 12808: 10800:Feldman, Rachel Z. (October 8, 2017). 10688:Salmon, Jackquelin L. (June 6, 2009). 10611:, Lesson 10. Beyond Denominationalism. 10468: 10394: 10212: 10178:"Old Labels Feel Stiff for 'Flexidox'" 10148: 9925: 9702: 9616: 9547: 9415: 9198: 9018: 8858:Silvan, Gabriel (2011). "Neology". In 8857: 8821: 8666: 8561: 8523: 8293: 8058: 7981: 7919: 7807: 7580: 7270: 7261: 7193: 7106: 7023: 7017: 6784: 6765: 6482: 6329: 6289: 6252: 6250: 5798:Academy for Jewish Religion (New York) 5708:Trans- and post-denominational Judaism 4344:—a revivalist movement—was founded by 4286:The Romaniote Jews or the Romaniotes ( 3808:were the original Jewish followers of 11129: 10990:The Various Types of Orthodox Judaism 10975:Orthodox Judaism – The Orthodox Union 10775:; Greenstone, Julius H. (1901–1906). 10413: 10338:Ginsberg, Johanna (August 16, 2017). 10276: 10157: 10142: 10107: 10072: 9847:. New York: Oxford University Press. 9816: 9741: 9528: 9468: 9073: 8798:Conservative Judaism: The New Century 8226: 8035: 7614: 7559: 7553: 6624:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6614: 6473: 6422: 5339:in order to escape oppression in the 5206: 11155: 10653:Truth Versus Man'S Religious Systems 10418:. Walnut Creek, Ca: AltaMira Press. 10176:Michaelson, Jay (October 13, 2006). 9953:Niebuhr, Gustav (January 18, 1997). 9113: 9082: 8020: 7368:(2). University of London: 255–267. 7357: 7307:Rabbinic Judaism: Theological System 6571: 6413: 6256: 5463:at the Reconstructionist synagogue, 5324:. Subbotnik families settled in the 4943:and the establishment of the modern 4461:(in Hebrew) those epithets refer to 11080:Jewish Reconstructionist Federation 10934: 10011:. Encyclopedia of World Religions. 9760: 9653:"Russia's Subbotnik Jews get rabbi" 9501: 9453:. Chicago Jewish Cafe. 2018-10-03. 9242:. Encyclopedia of World Religions. 8614:. Encyclopedia of World Religions. 6871:"Recent Trends in American Judaism" 6702:. Encyclopedia of World Religions. 6650:"Modern Jewish Religious Movements" 6247: 6200:Jewish views on religious pluralism 5876: 5190: 4245: 4194:and other movements—use a separate 3954:Ethno-cultural divisions' movements 3839: 3792:, maintaining the authority of the 3772:and the recovered fragments of the 3615:ancient Jewish communities of India 24: 12623:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 12603:American Jewish Historical Society 11121:World Movement for Karaite Judaism 11092:ALEPH: Alliance for Jewish Renewal 11053:The Union for Reform Judaism (USA) 10871: 10826:Feldman, Rachel Z. (August 2018). 10802:"The Bnei Noah (Children of Noah)" 10395:Novick, Akiva (February 6, 2011). 10376:from the original on July 29, 2018 10221:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism 9677:Eichner, Itamar (March 11, 2014). 9267:Deshen, Liebman & Shokeid 2017 9187:Deshen, Liebman & Shokeid 2017 9025:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 8950:. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02966-3. 8833:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism 8538:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism 8312:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 8299: 8238:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism 8110:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 7963:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 7859:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 7698:Deshen, Liebman & Shokeid 2017 6408:Deshen, Liebman & Shokeid 2017 6353:Deshen, Liebman & Shokeid 2017 5830:Jewish Spiritual Leaders Institute 5768:International Federation of Rabbis 5278:, Nigeria, presented with a plaque 4894:as Zionist arm of Reform Judaism. 4862:, a.k.a. "Nationalist Orthodoxy" ( 4691:Reform rejects the concept of the 4465:Jews who are not Hasidim (and not 4374:(1726–1791), and their respective 4318: 3917: 3780:from later periods, including the 3566:The western and Israeli movements 25: 12837: 10951:Emergence of Jewish Denominations 10928: 10039:(2006). "Humanistic Judaism". In 9679:"Subbotnik Jews to resume aliyah" 9383:Bloom, Mark; et al. (2004). 9304:– via Myjewishlearning.com. 9284:"Ultra-Orthodox and Anti-Zionist" 9189:, Part 4 "Nationalist Orthodoxy". 8644:The Reformation of Reform Judaism 7700:, Part 5 "The Sephardic Pattern". 5826:Rabbinical Seminary International 5518:and founded in the late 1960s in 5286:practicing some form of Judaism. 5220:in Eastern Europe, especially in 5009: 4736:Conservative women rabbis, Israel 4214:for an aliyah reads for himself. 3834:distinctively different religions 3726:Sects in the Second Temple period 3601:and geographically rooted, e.g., 3463:", include diverse groups within 1472:Historical population comparisons 12787: 12774: 12773: 10789:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 10761: 10755: 10740: 10728:"A Different Path to Ordination" 10719: 10702: 10681: 10614: 10582:Ettinger, Yair (June 11, 2013). 10531: 10500: 10496:from the original on 2024-06-30. 10462: 10432: 10407: 10397:"'Taliban women': A cover story" 10388: 10358: 10331: 10306:Fogelman, Shay (March 9, 2012). 10299: 10270: 10239: 10206: 10029: 9994: 9967: 9946: 9919: 9891: 9834: 9807: 9803:from the original on 2021-01-26. 9782: 9771: 9735: 9708: 9670: 9644: 9640:from the original on 2023-02-10. 9610: 9606:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 9578: 9572: 9522: 9495: 9443: 9409: 9376: 9340: 9012: 8979: 8444:. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. 8230:(2003) . "Orthodox Judaism". In 7459:. Albany, NY: Qirqisani Center. 7426:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 7394: 7247:. Jersey, NJ: KTAV Publ. House. 6469:from the original on 2009-06-16. 5887:. Historically, the Hebrew term 4901:leaders joined Zionist mission. 3826:development of the New Testament 3812:. The radical interpretation of 3764:. Many historic sources such as 3736:Prior to the destruction of the 2116:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2030:Historical population by country 1064: 61: 55: 49: 10808:from the original on 2020-01-21 10520:from the original on 2008-05-23 10448:. London; New York: Continuum. 10320:from the original on 2014-05-17 9789:Kestenbaum, Sam (2016-02-27) . 9685:from the original on 2014-04-09 9659:from the original on 2021-05-01 9457:from the original on 2021-12-21 9352:Rabbis Talk About Intermarriage 8966: 8953: 8940: 8927: 8914: 8911:. Basic Books. ISBN 1541674022. 8851: 8815: 8660: 8632: 8555: 8517: 8482: 8431: 8406: 8367: 8324: 8220: 8091: 8052: 8029: 8014: 7975: 7941: 7913: 7849:"Hasidism: Historical Overview" 7840: 7801: 7716: 7703: 7657: 7566:. New York; London: NYU Press. 7473: 7444: 7388: 7351: 6487:. Glencoe, Il: The Free Press. 6465:. London; New York: Macmillan. 5834:Pluralistic Rabbinical Seminary 5332:, in the 1880s, as part of the 5320:, a minority of them practiced 5135:History of the Jews in Ethiopia 4348:(1700–1760), also known as the 12695:Relations with other religions 11109:Society for Humanistic Judaism 10985:Rohr Jewish Learning Institute 10942:Encyclopedia of Judaism Online 10277:Myers, Jody Elizabeth (2007). 10217:; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.). 9350:; G. Simon, Katherine (1999). 8829:; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.). 8535:; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.). 8234:; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.). 7535:Dobrinsky, Herbert C. (1988). 6462:The Reform Movement in Judaism 5915:List of contemporary movements 5498:Society for Humanistic Judaism 5496:, in 1969 was established the 5263:History of the Jews in Nigeria 5201:History of the Jews in Ukraine 3887:In central Karaite synagogue, 3624: 13: 1: 12682:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 11019:Union for Traditional Judaism 10479:Encyclopedia of Protestantism 9594:"Subbotniki ("Sabbatarians")" 9090:Social Foundations of Judaism 9056:Social Foundations of Judaism 8976:. Trumpeter. ISBN 1590306090. 8895:. URJ Press. ISBN 0874419883. 8500:Social Foundations of Judaism 7633:(2006). "Reform Judaism". In 6839:; Geffen, Rela Mintz (2012). 6298:Social Foundations of Judaism 6240: 5734:Union for Traditional Judaism 5584:Union for Traditional Judaism 5328:which was then a part of the 5289: 4680: 4225:Italian and Romaniote Judaism 4182:, reading from a Torah scroll 4045:Sephardic and Mizrahi Judaism 3998:from Ethiopia who follow the 1687:Christianity and Judaism 12613:Leo Baeck Institute New York 12608:American Sephardi Federation 10085:The Encyclopedia of Religion 8924:. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-53258-9. 8907:Donin, Hayim Halevy (1972). 8467:, pp. 156–185, 285–316. 8273:, eds. (2007). "Orthodoxy". 8205:, pp. 218–270, 367–402. 5857: 5808:Newton Centre, Massachusetts 5256: 4982:American Council for Judaism 4818: 4541:Orthodox men during morning 4526: 4485:Post-Enlightenment movements 3582:, and the nature or role of 7: 11436:Constantinopolitan Karaites 10885:The Encyclopedia of Judaism 10285:. Westport, Conn: Praeger. 10083:. In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). 9592:; Hurwitz, S. (1901–1906). 9292:The Encyclopedia of Judaism 9234:"Reconstructionist Judaism" 9160:Ravitzky, Aviezer (1996) . 9049:. In Goldscheider, Calvin; 8801:. New York: Behrman House. 8493:. In Goldscheider, Calvin; 8364:, pp. 67–100, 143–159. 8077:. Oxford University Press. 8040:. In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). 8000:. Oxford University Press. 7826:. Oxford University Press. 7480:Himelstein, Shmuel (2011). 7212:. Oxford University Press. 7125:. Oxford University Press. 6429:American Judaism: A History 6262:Modern Varieties of Judaism 6158: 5516:counterculture of the 1960s 5355:20th/21st-century movements 4626:, who proclaimed principle 4302:Romaniote nusach and minhag 4112:and those that remained as 4025:had a tremendous effect on 3820:and their belief he is the 3467:which have developed among 2986: 2967: 2694:Latin America and Caribbean 1390: 10: 12842: 12816:Jewish religious movements 12664:National Library of Israel 11305:Zionism, race and genetics 10647:McHenry, Terry W. (2018). 9841:Umansky, Ellen M. (2005). 9742:Maltz, Judy (2020-01-05). 9715:Landing, James E. (2002). 9282:Ravitzky, Aviezer (1999). 9134:The Fundamentalism Project 8959:Kushner, Lawrence (2001). 8180:The Fundamentalism Project 8036:Bacon, Gershon C. (2005). 7455:; El-Gamil, Yosef (2003). 7051:Raphael, Marc Lee (1984). 6845:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 6743:. In Riggs, Thomas (ed.). 5909:World to Come (Olam Ha-Ba) 5871:, Noahides, or Bnei Noah ( 5861: 5718:Israel Democracy Institute 5406:American Jewish University 5373: 5304:are a movement of Jews of 5293: 5260: 5194: 5124: 5109: 5013: 4994: 4914:Religious Kibbutz Movement 4835: 4709: 4672: 4530: 4416: 4322: 4311: 4228: 4152:Charleston, South Carolina 4048: 3957: 3843: 3729: 3720:Jewish political movements 3706:(Jewish law), such as the 3629:Some Jews reject the term 3457:Jewish religious movements 3299:Jewish political movements 2996:Conversion to Judaism 18:Non-denominational Judaism 12762: 12618:Yeshiva University Museum 12598:Center for Jewish History 12588: 12453: 12325: 12199: 12093: 11624: 11243: 11185: 11167: 10078:"Jewish Renewal Movement" 9987:American Jewish Year Book 8413:Liberles, Robert (1985). 7560:Zohar, Zion, ed. (2005). 7374:10.1017/S0041977X00024848 6508:Rudavsky, David (1979) . 6483:Sklare, Marshall (1955). 6136:Reconstructionist Judaism 5752:Somerville, Massachusetts 5514:movement inspired by the 5451:Reconstructionist Judaism 5161:lived there for centuries 4991:Pressures of assimilation 4903:Reconstructionist Judaism 4759:territories ceded in 1920 4693:Jews as the chosen people 4660: 4329:List of Hasidic dynasties 4051:Sephardic law and customs 3637:American Jewish Year Book 1702:Hinduism and Judaism 11210:Ancient Israel and Judah 10849:10.1525/nr.2018.22.1.115 10414:Feher, Shoshana (1998). 10345:The New York Jewish Week 10183:The Jewish Daily Forward 10158:Ament, Jonathon (2004). 9535:Народ Книги в мире книг 9129:Fundamentalisms Observed 8891:Syme, Daniel B. (1988). 8438:Bernstein, Saul (1997). 8175:Fundamentalisms Observed 7451:Yaron, Y.; Pessah, Joe; 7148:, "Orthodox sectarians". 7094:, "The Orthodox stream". 6220: 5883:which is based upon the 5838:Rimmon Rabbinical School 5542:Zalman Schachter-Shalomi 5374:Not to be confused with 5143:Beta Israel celebrating 3830:Christianity and Judaism 3708:New York Board of Rabbis 3643:Commonly used terms are 3483:ultratraditionalist and 1528:Temple in Jerusalem 1221:Bar and bat mitzvah 27:Denominations of Judaism 12826:Religious denominations 11586:North African Sephardim 11559:Jewish tribes of Arabia 11013:Traditional/Conservadox 10786:The Jewish Encyclopedia 10008:Encyclopedia of Judaism 9681:. Israel Jewish Scene. 9655:. Israel Jewish Scene. 9603:The Jewish Encyclopedia 9537:(in Russian) (52): 1–6. 9481:Encyclopædia Britannica 9239:Encyclopedia of Judaism 8920:Roden, Claudia (1996). 8611:Encyclopedia of Judaism 7730:, eds. (2007). "Shas". 7423:The Jewish Encyclopedia 7337:Encyclopædia Britannica 6699:Encyclopedia of Judaism 6694:"Introduction: Judaism" 6371:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin 6165:Genetic studies on Jews 6083:Modern Orthodox Judaism 5903:) are not obligated to 5879:, "Sons of Noah") is a 5843:Mesifta Adath Wolkowisk 5638:Yeshivat Chovevei Torah 5410:Los Angeles, California 5376:Black Hebrew Israelites 5216:-speaking adherents of 5116:Jewish ethnic divisions 4560:Modern Orthodox Judaism 4083:Spanish-Portuguese Jews 3994:, most prominently the 3970:) and rites of prayer ( 3960:Jewish ethnic divisions 3716:Jewish ethnic divisions 3519:and pre-to-early-state 1490:Twelve Tribes of Israel 12689:Holocaust Encyclopedia 12659:Jewish Virtual Library 11041:United Synagogue Youth 10959:(MyJewishLearning.com) 10953:(MyJewishLearning.com) 10938:; et al. (eds.). 10783:; et al. (eds.). 10726:Lobel, Andrea (2021). 9600:; et al. (eds.). 9529:Moroz, Eugeny (2004). 9290:; et al. (eds.). 9045:Halpern, Ben (2004) . 8986:Herberg, Will (1983). 8972:Morinis, Alan (2007). 8946:Hazony, Yoram (2000). 8933:Johnson, Paul (1987). 7420:; et al. (eds.). 7414:"Karaites and Karaism" 7239:Schiffman, Lawrence H. 6106: 6031: 5881:new religious movement 5676: 5632:A movement founded by 5467: 5360:20th-century movements 5322:Spiritual Christianity 5279: 5205:The Crimean Karaites ( 5148: 5121:Beta Israel (Haymanot) 5106:Other ethnic movements 5024:In the United States, 4965: 4886: 4878: 4864: 4851: 4806:The connection to the 4778: 4742: 4737: 4729: 4725:of Conservative Jews, 4670: 4636:Joseph B. Soloveitchik 4612: 4606: 4598: 4590: 4582: 4576: 4546: 4490:religious dogmas. The 4457: 4429: 4358: 4338: 4288: 4275: 4269: 4259: 4250: 4183: 4071: 3891: 3855: 3557: 3545: 3537: 3529: 3497: 3477: 12636:Encyclopaedia Judaica 12418:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 11603:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 11353:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 10910:Encyclopaedia Judaica 10516:. December 27, 1989. 10201:Lazerwitz et al. 1998 9114:Aran, Gideon (1991). 8935:A History of the Jews 8580:Encyclopaedia Judaica 8332:Ellenson, David Henry 8276:Encyclopaedia Judaica 8129:Lazerwitz et al. 1998 7733:Encyclopaedia Judaica 6803:Encyclopaedia Judaica 5862:Further information: 5702:Baal teshuva movement 5668: 5459: 5414:Conservative movement 5294:Further information: 5274: 5261:Further information: 5228:, descendants of the 5195:Further information: 5142: 5125:Further information: 5041:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 4960: 4845: 4776: 4735: 4719: 4710:Further information: 4673:Further information: 4668: 4628:Torah im Derech Eretz 4624:Samson Raphael Hirsch 4556:Jewish fundamentalism 4540: 4531:Further information: 4515:Conservative movement 4417:Further information: 4336: 4323:Further information: 4312:Further information: 4294:Eastern Mediterranean 4238: 4229:Further information: 4177: 4066: 4049:Further information: 3922:The tradition of the 3894:Non-Rabbinic Judaism— 3886: 3844:Further information: 3732:Second Temple Judaism 3730:Further information: 3568:differ in their views 3475:movements (including 2236:São Tomé and Príncipe 2231:Republic of the Congo 1625:Second Temple Judaism 1496:Kingdom of Judah 1467:Modern historiography 11215:Second Temple period 11063:Liberal Judaism (UK) 10003:"Humanistic Judaism" 9019:Ticker, Jay (1975). 7673:Studia Rosenthaliana 7592:"Judaism: Sephardim" 7024:Rebhum, Uzi (2016). 6102:Conservative Judaism 4997:Jewish intermarriage 4908:Religious Zionists ( 4870:Zvi Hirsch Kalischer 4753:, a movement in the 4712:Conservative Judaism 4651:Chief military rabbi 4638:affiliated with the 4498:movement started by 4308:Ashkenazic movements 4298:Eastern Roman Empire 3879:Non-Rabbinic Judaism 3459:, sometimes called " 3338:World Agudath Israel 2479:United Arab Emirates 1566:Second Temple period 1556:Babylonian captivity 12653:Jewish Encyclopedia 12398:Hekhalot literature 12209:Religious movements 11744:Judeo-Tripolitanian 11058:Reform Judaism (UK) 10695:The Washington Post 10678:, pp. 160–180. 10474:"Messianic Judaism" 9975:Liebman, Charles S. 9888:, pp. 177–194. 9873:, pp. 347–366. 8770:, pp. 317–346. 8758:, pp. 121–142. 8746:, pp. 186–217. 8734:, pp. 103–120. 8300:Silber, Michael K. 8217:, pp. 125–176. 7910:, pp. 135–139. 7759:, pp. 116–155. 7617:, pp. 232–235. 7410:Harkavy, Abraham de 6936:Liebman, Charles S. 5893:descendants of Noah 5672:of Messianic Jews, 5580:David Weiss Halivni 5432:Morris Lichtenstein 4850:prays with tefillin 4838:Haredim and Zionism 4832:) and anti-Zionists 4727:Encino, Los Angeles 4620:Azriel Hildesheimer 4545:at the Western Wall 3778:Rabbinical writings 3679:(for some groups), 3576:biblical authorship 1631:Hellenistic Judaism 1209:Land of Israel 1168:Principles of faith 976:Abrahamic religions 875:Selichot (S'lichot) 667:Bar and bat mitzvah 170:Principles of faith 12794:Judaism portal 12730:Jews and Halloween 12725:Jews and Christmas 12115:Rabbinic authority 11867:Judaeo-Piedmontese 11300:Xueta Christianity 11205:Origins of Judaism 11172:Outline of Judaism 11047:Reform/Progressive 10995:2005-11-03 at the 10624:The Jerusalem Post 10555:9-78-0-415-26707-6 10513:The New York Times 10372:. March 17, 2008. 10263:9-78-0-415-26707-6 10056:9-78-0-415-26707-6 9960:The New York Times 9828:2007-12-11 at the 8782:, pp. 79–124. 8571:Berenbaum, Michael 8267:Berenbaum, Michael 8158:Friedman, Menachem 8154:Heilman, Samuel C. 8143:, pp. 98–115. 8021:Karz, Dov (1977). 7724:Berenbaum, Michael 7650:9-78-0-415-26707-6 7631:Chryssides, George 7332:"Rabbinic Judaism" 7199:"Orthodox Judaism" 6794:Berenbaum, Michael 6737:Mendes-Flohr, Paul 6583:Mendes-Flohr, Paul 6424:Sarna, Jonathan D. 6126:Humanistic Judaism 6088:Carlebach movement 5905:convert to Judaism 5885:Seven Laws of Noah 5775:Jewish day schools 5758:Independent minyan 5725:non-denominational 5677: 5620:arranged marriages 5505:Carlebach movement 5479:Humanistic Judaism 5468: 5440:affirmative prayer 5280: 5175:and the Books of 5149: 4966: 4874:Abraham Isaac Kook 4852: 4779: 4765:Communal Judaism ( 4755:Kingdom of Hungary 4738: 4730: 4671: 4547: 4346:Israel ben Eliezer 4339: 4251: 4184: 4136:, in violation of 4072: 4059:Baladi-rite prayer 3932:Benjamin Nahawandi 3892: 3535:), "traditional" ( 3192:Jewish Koine Greek 2734:Dominican Republic 2015:Judaism by country 1694:Jews and Christmas 1549:Assyrian captivity 1071:Judaism portal 1036:Holocaust theology 12803: 12802: 12769:extinct languages 12670:YIVO Encyclopedia 12445:Hebrew literature 12413:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 12253:Reconstructionist 11931:Judaeo-Portuguese 11620: 11619: 11576:Eastern Sephardim 11220:Synagogal Judaism 11074:Reconstructionist 10920:978-002-865-928-2 10572:, pp. 86–88. 10470:Melton, J. Gordon 10455:978-0-8264-5458-4 10445:Messianic Judaism 10440:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan 10292:978-0-275-98940-8 10037:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan 9728:978-0-89089-820-8 9590:Rosenthal, Herman 9564:978-0-19-533356-5 9436:978-0-19-975927-9 9215:978-1-60280-022-9 9124:Appleby, R. Scott 8875:978-0-19-975927-9 8668:Kaplan, Dana Evan 8590:978-0-02-866097-4 8563:Kaplan, Dana Evan 8525:Kaplan, Dana Evan 8286:978-0-02-866097-4 8170:Appleby, R. Scott 8131:, pp. 15–24. 8098:Mirsky, Yehudah. 7773:Fishman, David E. 7743:978-0-02-866097-4 7665:Ferziger, Adam S. 7590:Weiner, Rebecca. 7522:, pp. 50–78. 7501:978-0-19-975927-9 7482:"Chief Rabbinate" 7466:978-0-9700775-4-7 7432:cite encyclopedia 7287:978-0-567-05161-5 7272:Grabbe, Lester L. 7177:978-0-8143-3953-4 7162:Ferziger, Adam S. 7112:"Liberal Judaism" 7010:978-606-072-000-3 6997:Ferziger, Adam S. 6982:978-0-7914-3581-6 6955:978-1-56000-178-2 6920:978-0-691-18129-5 6837:Elazar, Daniel J. 6813:978-0-02-866097-4 6616:Meyer, Michael A. 6598:978-0-8276-0892-4 6394:978-0-19-975927-9 6258:Blau, Joseph Leon 6064:Haredi burqa sect 6046:Sephardic Haredim 5944:Hasidic dynasties 5935:(ultra-Orthodox) 5660:Messianic Judaism 5649:Haredi burqa sect 5470:Founded by rabbi 5436:Christian Science 4860:Religious Zionism 4632:Frankfurt am Main 4614:Sephardim Haredim 4572:Religious Zionism 4500:Moses Mendelssohn 4471:Sephardic Haredim 4276:Minhag B'nei Romì 4255:Italian rite Jews 4129:Sephardic Haredim 4110:Expulsion of 1492 4098:Iberian Peninsula 4075:Sephardic Judaism 4055:Sephardic Haredim 4039:Jewish leadership 4012:Italian rite Jews 3869:Bar Kokhba revolt 3824:, along with the 3806:Jewish Christians 3760:, and ultimately 3712:Hillel Foundation 3580:textual criticism 3503:Reconstructionist 3454: 3453: 3403: 3402: 3151: 3150: 2898:Reconstructionist 2842: 2841: 1994: 1993: 1801: 1800: 1638:Jewish–Roman wars 1586:Hasmonean dynasty 1502:Kingdom of Israel 1406: 1405: 1107: 1106: 459:Important figures 133:Reconstructionist 16:(Redirected from 12833: 12821:Jewish movements 12792: 12791: 12790: 12777: 12776: 11909:Judeo-Golpaygani 11510:Palestinian Jews 11485:Alexandrian Jews 11441:Crimean Karaites 11358:Unterlander Jews 11311: 11310: 11225:Rabbinic Judaism 11150: 11143: 11136: 11127: 11126: 10980:Chabad-Lubavitch 10947: 10945: 10924: 10900: 10888: 10865: 10864: 10832: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10814: 10813: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10765: 10764: 10759: 10753: 10752: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10723: 10717: 10716: 10706: 10700: 10699: 10685: 10679: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10644: 10629: 10628: 10618: 10612: 10606: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10596: 10579: 10573: 10567: 10561: 10559: 10540:Clarke, Peter B. 10535: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10525: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10436: 10430: 10429: 10411: 10405: 10404: 10392: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10381: 10362: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10352: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10325: 10303: 10297: 10296: 10284: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10248:Clarke, Peter B. 10243: 10237: 10236: 10224: 10210: 10204: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10186:. 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Gordon Melton 8606:"Reform Judaism" 8601: 8595: 8594: 8567:"Reform Judaism" 8559: 8553: 8552: 8529:"Reform Judaism" 8521: 8515: 8514: 8486: 8480: 8479:, pp. 1–78. 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8394: 8383: 8375:Schweid, Eliezer 8371: 8365: 8359: 8350: 8349: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8263: 8254: 8253: 8241: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8166:Marty, Martin E. 8150: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8100:"Musar Movement" 8095: 8089: 8088: 8076: 8075:(Online Version) 8073: 8064:"Musar Movement" 8056: 8050: 8049: 8046:Encyclopedia.com 8038:"Musar Movement" 8033: 8027: 8026: 8018: 8012: 8011: 7999: 7998:(Online Version) 7996: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7878: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7825: 7824:(Online Version) 7822: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7786: 7777:Wertheimer, Jack 7769: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7720: 7714: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7635:Clarke, Peter B. 7627: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7587: 7578: 7577: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7532: 7523: 7517: 7506: 7505: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7435: 7427: 7406:Kohler, Kaufmann 7398: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7235: 7224: 7223: 7211: 7210:(Online Version) 7208: 7191: 7182: 7181: 7158: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7124: 7123:(Online Version) 7121: 7104: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7058: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7021: 7015: 7014: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6942:, eds. 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4455:(in Slavic) or 4425: 4419:Lithuanian Jews 4415: 4342:Hasidic Judaism 4331: 4325:Hasidic Judaism 4321: 4319:Hasidic Judaism 4316: 4314:Nusach Ashkenaz 4310: 4233: 4227: 4106:the Netherlands 4100:, such as most 4061: 4047: 4027:Jewish identity 3963: 3956: 3928:Karaite Judaism 3920: 3918:Karaite Judaism 3904:Karaite Judaism 3881: 3856:Yahadut Rabanit 3848: 3842: 3828:, ensured that 3734: 3728: 3627: 3553:ultra-religious 3485:Modern Orthodox 3450: 3405: 3404: 3292: 3282: 3281: 3272:Judeo-Malayalam 3252:Judaeo-Georgian 3172: 3163: 3153: 3152: 3053:Yiddish theatre 2995: 2933: 2923: 2922: 2881: 2854: 2844: 2843: 2780: 2733: 2657: 2251: 2035:Genetic studies 2006: 1996: 1995: 1813: 1803: 1802: 1790: 1789: 1709: 1708: 1701: 1691: 1686: 1668:and Middle Ages 1666:Rabbinic period 1653: 1647: 1640: 1628: 1599: 1585: 1555: 1548: 1539: 1531: 1527: 1518: 1513:in Judaism 1510: 1495: 1418: 1408: 1407: 1287: 1277: 1276: 1220: 1208: 1153: 1103: 1065: 1063: 1056: 1055: 1001: 1000: 991: 990: 981:Judeo-Christian 944: 943: 941:Other religions 932: 931: 892: 891: 880: 879: 815: 814: 803: 802: 757: 710: 709: 700: 699: 681: 647: 646: 631: 630: 586: 585: 583:Religious roles 574: 573: 536: 532: 462: 461: 450: 449: 411: 387: 386: 371: 370: 336:Mishnah Berurah 316: 315: 304: 303: 278: 231: 224: 223: 212: 211: 165: 164: 153: 152: 84: 77: 76: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12839: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12801: 12800: 12798: 12797: 12783: 12763: 12760: 12759: 12757: 12756: 12755: 12754: 12753: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12736:non-Christian 12734: 12733: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12692: 12685: 12678: 12673: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12632: 12627: 12626: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12594: 12592: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12582: 12577: 12576: 12575: 12570: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12539: 12538: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12521: 12511: 12506: 12505: 12504: 12494: 12493: 12492: 12482: 12477: 12476: 12475: 12470: 12459: 12457: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12435:Shulchan Aruch 12432: 12431: 12430: 12425: 12423:Sefer Yetzirah 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12403:Pardes Rimonim 12400: 12393:Kabbalah texts 12390: 12389: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12337: 12331: 12329: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12283: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12271: 12270: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12239: 12238: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12226: 12205: 12203: 12197: 12196: 12194: 12193: 12188: 12186:Land of Israel 12183: 12182: 12181: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12160: 12159: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12138: 12137: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12099: 12097: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12079: 12078: 12073: 12072: 12071: 12064: 12062:Judeo-Alsatian 12054: 12053: 12052: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11914:Judeo-Hamedani 11911: 11906: 11901: 11891: 11889:Judaeo-Occitan 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11848: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11830:Jewish English 11827: 11822: 11821: 11820: 11819: 11818: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11761:Judaeo-Aramaic 11758: 11757: 11756: 11751: 11749:Judeo-Tunisian 11746: 11741: 11739:Judeo-Moroccan 11736: 11735: 11734: 11732:Judeo-Baghdadi 11719: 11714: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11636: 11634: 11622: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11611: 11610: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11588: 11583: 11581:Livornese Jews 11578: 11568: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11551: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11472: 11471: 11470: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11444: 11443: 11438: 11428: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11400: 11399: 11394: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11377: 11367: 11366: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11328:Afrikaner-Jode 11319: 11317: 11308: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11296: 11295: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11249: 11247: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11191: 11189: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11179: 11174: 11168: 11165: 11164: 11153: 11152: 11145: 11138: 11130: 11124: 11123: 11117: 11116: 11112: 11111: 11105: 11104: 11100: 11099: 11094: 11088: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11076: 11075: 11071: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11049: 11048: 11044: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11027: 11026: 11022: 11021: 11015: 11014: 11010: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10966: 10965: 10960: 10954: 10948: 10936:Neusner, Jacob 10930: 10929:External links 10927: 10926: 10925: 10919: 10907:, ed. (2007). 10901: 10895: 10879:Neusner, Jacob 10873: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10843:(1): 115–128. 10818: 10792: 10754: 10739: 10718: 10701: 10680: 10668: 10661: 10655:. Xlibris US. 10630: 10613: 10601: 10574: 10562: 10554: 10530: 10499: 10488: 10472:, ed. (2005). 10461: 10454: 10431: 10424: 10406: 10387: 10357: 10330: 10298: 10291: 10269: 10262: 10238: 10231: 10215:Neusner, Jacob 10205: 10193: 10190:on 2006-10-18. 10165: 10147: 10130: 10123: 10100: 10093: 10062: 10055: 10028: 10021: 9993: 9966: 9945: 9943:, p. 169. 9941:Mittleman 1993 9933: 9918: 9911: 9901:, ed. (1993). 9899:Neusner, Jacob 9890: 9875: 9860: 9853: 9833: 9815: 9806: 9781: 9770: 9759: 9734: 9727: 9707: 9695: 9669: 9643: 9632: 9609: 9571: 9563: 9540: 9521: 9494: 9467: 9442: 9435: 9419:, ed. (2011). 9408: 9393: 9375: 9360: 9348:Tobin, Gary A. 9339: 9332: 9316:Neusner, Jacob 9307: 9300: 9271: 9259: 9252: 9221: 9214: 9202:, ed. (2008). 9191: 9179: 9172: 9149: 9142: 9106: 9099: 9085:Neusner, Jacob 9072: 9065: 9051:Neusner, Jacob 9030: 9011: 8996: 8978: 8965: 8952: 8939: 8926: 8913: 8897: 8881: 8874: 8850: 8843: 8827:Neusner, Jacob 8823:Gordis, Daniel 8814: 8807: 8784: 8772: 8760: 8748: 8736: 8724: 8717: 8705:, ed. (2002). 8691: 8684: 8659: 8652: 8642:, ed. (1993). 8640:Neusner, Jacob 8631: 8624: 8596: 8589: 8554: 8547: 8533:Neusner, Jacob 8516: 8509: 8495:Neusner, Jacob 8481: 8469: 8457: 8450: 8430: 8405: 8366: 8351: 8344: 8323: 8292: 8285: 8255: 8248: 8232:Neusner, Jacob 8219: 8207: 8195: 8188: 8145: 8133: 8121: 8090: 8083: 8051: 8028: 8013: 8006: 7974: 7940: 7933: 7912: 7900: 7870: 7847:Assaf, David. 7839: 7832: 7800: 7793: 7761: 7749: 7742: 7715: 7702: 7690: 7656: 7649: 7619: 7607: 7579: 7572: 7552: 7545: 7524: 7507: 7500: 7472: 7465: 7453:Qanaï, Avraham 7443: 7387: 7350: 7323: 7316: 7302:Neusner, Jacob 7293: 7286: 7260: 7253: 7225: 7218: 7183: 7176: 7150: 7138: 7131: 7096: 7084: 7082:, p. 103. 7072: 7065: 7043: 7036: 7016: 7009: 6988: 6981: 6961: 6954: 6940:Shokeid, Moshe 6926: 6919: 6896: 6889: 6875:Neusner, Jacob 6858: 6851: 6823: 6812: 6764: 6753: 6719: 6712: 6675: 6668: 6637: 6630: 6604: 6597: 6570: 6563: 6551:, ed. (1975). 6549:Neusner, Jacob 6529: 6522: 6500: 6493: 6472: 6445: 6438: 6412: 6400: 6393: 6357: 6345: 6315: 6308: 6292:Neusner, Jacob 6277: 6270: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6210:Religious Jews 6207: 6202: 6197: 6195:Jewish schisms 6192: 6187: 6185:Jewish history 6182: 6177: 6175:Jewish culture 6172: 6167: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6131:Jewish Renewal 6128: 6122: 6121: 6120:Other Rabbinic 6117: 6116: 6114:Reform Judaism 6111: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6093:Open Orthodoxy 6090: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6055:Other Haredim 6053: 6048: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6039:Musar movement 6035:, Lithuanian) 6024: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5956: 5951: 5933:Haredi Judaism 5924: 5923: 5916: 5913: 5859: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5840: 5820: 5811: 5810:, near Boston; 5804:Hebrew College 5801: 5795: 5778: 5771: 5765: 5760:movement is a 5755: 5748:Havurat Shalom 5709: 5706: 5663: 5662: 5652: 5651: 5630: 5629: 5627:Open Orthodoxy 5612: 5611: 5594: 5593: 5582:, such as the 5576: 5575: 5546:Havurat Shalom 5538: 5537: 5535:Jewish Renewal 5508: 5507: 5482: 5481: 5454: 5453: 5428: 5427: 5425:Jewish Science 5398:Gershom Sizomu 5372: 5371: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5345:Alexander Zaïd 5341:Russian Empire 5330:Ottoman Empire 5291: 5288: 5258: 5255: 5234:Russian Empire 5192: 5189: 5122: 5119: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5016:Crypto-Judaism 5014:Main article: 5011: 5010:Crypto-Judaism 5008: 4995:Main article: 4992: 4989: 4980:) and Reform ( 4933:Land of Israel 4892:Reform Zionism 4848:Asael Lubotzky 4833: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4808:Land of Israel 4770: 4763: 4751:Neolog Judaism 4722:Birkat Hachama 4707: 4702:Conservative ( 4700: 4688:Abraham Geiger 4675:Reform Judaism 4662: 4659: 4640:Orthodox Union 4568:Open Orthodoxy 4552:Haredi Judaism 4528: 4525: 4507:Reform Judaism 4486: 4483: 4479:Musar movement 4475:Haredi Judaism 4414: 4407: 4364:false messiahs 4320: 4317: 4309: 4306: 4281:Romaniote Jews 4270:Nusach ʾItalqi 4265:Italian Nusach 4231:Italian Nusach 4226: 4223: 4144:Reform Judaism 4067:Torah reading 4046: 4043: 4016:Romaniote Jews 4014:and the Greek 3976:Ashkenazi Jews 3955: 3952: 3936:Anan ben David 3919: 3916: 3880: 3877: 3841: 3838: 3727: 3724: 3626: 3623: 3619:Messianic Jews 3607:Ethiopian Jews 3452: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3350: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3333:Territorialism 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3302: 3301: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3217:Judaeo-Spanish 3214: 3212:Judaeo-Iranian 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3128: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3075: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2941: 2940: 2934: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2809: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2697: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2658:United Kingdom 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2091:Bilad-el-Sudan 2088: 2083: 2075: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2047: 2046: 2044:Land of Israel 2040: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1902:Related groups 1899: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1759:Jewish atheism 1756: 1751: 1746: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710:Islamic–Jewish 1705: 1698: 1683: 1678: 1670: 1669: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1635: 1622: 1594: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1575:Yehud Medinata 1569: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1537: 1524: 1516: 1504: 1499: 1492: 1484: 1483: 1481:Ancient Israel 1477: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1437:Land of Israel 1434: 1426: 1425: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1392:Shulchan Aruch 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1297: 1296: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1217: 1212: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1170: 1165: 1158:God in Judaism 1154: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1129: 1128: 1118: 1117: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1087: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1002: 999:Related topics 998: 997: 996: 993: 992: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 967: 966: 961: 956: 951: 945: 939: 938: 937: 934: 933: 930: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 893: 889:Major holidays 887: 886: 885: 882: 881: 878: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 845:Birkat Hamazon 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 816: 810: 809: 808: 805: 804: 801: 800: 795: 789: 788: 787: 786: 779: 772: 765: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 711: 708:Ritual objects 707: 706: 705: 702: 701: 698: 697: 692: 687: 680: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 648: 638: 637: 636: 633: 632: 629: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 587: 581: 580: 579: 576: 575: 572: 571: 566: 561: 555: 554: 553: 552: 547: 542: 529:Rabbinic sages 524: 523: 518: 513: 508: 502: 501: 496: 491: 486: 480: 479: 474: 469: 463: 457: 456: 455: 452: 451: 448: 447: 442: 437: 435:Chevra kadisha 432: 427: 422: 417: 410: 409: 404: 399: 394: 388: 378: 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 331:Shulchan Aruch 328: 323: 317: 311: 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 300: 299: 294: 289: 284: 272: 271: 266: 261: 256: 250: 249: 248: 247: 242: 237: 225: 219: 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 207:Musar movement 204: 203: 202: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 166: 160: 159: 158: 155: 154: 151: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 124: 123: 118: 117: 116: 105: 104: 103: 102: 97: 96: 95: 78: 72: 71: 70: 67: 66: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12838: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12796: 12795: 12784: 12782: 12781: 12772: 12771: 12770: 12766: 12761: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12720:Protestantism 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12702: 12701: 12698: 12697: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12686: 12684: 12683: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12671: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12654: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12637: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12591: 12587: 12581: 12578: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12565: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12529: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12516: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12503: 12500: 12499: 12498: 12495: 12491: 12488: 12487: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12458: 12456: 12452: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12408:Sefer HaBahir 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12395: 12394: 12391: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12368: 12367: 12364: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12335:Sifrei Kodesh 12333: 12332: 12330: 12328: 12324: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12237: 12234: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12220: 12217: 12216: 12215: 12212: 12211: 12210: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12202: 12198: 12192: 12191:Who is a Jew? 12189: 12187: 12184: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12136: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12120:Chosen people 12118: 12116: 12113: 12109: 12106: 12105: 12104: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12096: 12092: 12086: 12083: 12077: 12076:Scots-Yiddish 12074: 12070: 12069: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12058: 12055: 12051: 12050: 12049:Klezmer-loshn 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12026: 12025: 12024: 12021: 12020: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11919:Judeo-Shirazi 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11896: 11895: 11894:Judeo-Persian 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11884:Judeo-Marathi 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11863: 11862:Judeo-Italian 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11759: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11733: 11730: 11729: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11717:Judeo-Amazigh 11715: 11713: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11642: 11641: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11627: 11623: 11609: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11601: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11552: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11540:Hadhrami Jews 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11527: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11505:Mountain Jews 11503: 11501: 11500:Egyptian Jews 11498: 11496: 11495:Bukharan Jews 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11476: 11473: 11469: 11466: 11465: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11388: 11385: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11368: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11312: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11294: 11291: 11290: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11283:Lists of Jews 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11242: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11184: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11151: 11146: 11144: 11139: 11137: 11132: 11131: 11128: 11122: 11119: 11118: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11107: 11106: 11102: 11101: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11085: 11084: 11081: 11078: 11077: 11073: 11072: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11050: 11046: 11045: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11024: 11023: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10994: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10968: 10967: 10964: 10961: 10958: 10955: 10952: 10949: 10944: 10943: 10937: 10933: 10932: 10922: 10916: 10912: 10911: 10906: 10905:Skolnik, Fred 10902: 10898: 10896:9789004105836 10892: 10887: 10886: 10880: 10876: 10875: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10837: 10829: 10822: 10807: 10803: 10796: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10769: 10768:public domain 10758: 10750: 10743: 10735: 10734: 10729: 10722: 10714: 10713: 10705: 10697: 10696: 10691: 10690:"New Judaism" 10684: 10677: 10672: 10664: 10662:9781543470857 10658: 10654: 10650: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10626: 10625: 10617: 10610: 10609:Ferziger 2012 10605: 10591: 10590: 10585: 10578: 10571: 10566: 10557: 10551: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10534: 10519: 10515: 10514: 10509: 10503: 10495: 10491: 10489:0-8160-5456-8 10485: 10481: 10480: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10457: 10451: 10447: 10446: 10441: 10435: 10427: 10425:9780761989523 10421: 10417: 10410: 10402: 10398: 10391: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10361: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10334: 10319: 10315: 10314: 10309: 10302: 10294: 10288: 10283: 10282: 10273: 10265: 10259: 10255: 10254: 10249: 10242: 10234: 10232:1-57718-058-5 10228: 10223: 10222: 10216: 10209: 10203:, p. 24. 10202: 10197: 10189: 10185: 10184: 10179: 10172: 10170: 10161: 10154: 10152: 10144: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10126: 10124:9780253008022 10120: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10104: 10096: 10094:0-02-865740-3 10090: 10086: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10067: 10058: 10052: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10038: 10032: 10024: 10022:0-8160-5457-6 10018: 10014: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9997: 9989: 9988: 9980: 9976: 9970: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9949: 9942: 9937: 9929: 9922: 9914: 9912:9780815300786 9908: 9904: 9900: 9894: 9887: 9882: 9880: 9872: 9871:Rudavsky 1979 9867: 9865: 9856: 9854:0-19-504400-2 9850: 9846: 9845: 9837: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9819: 9810: 9802: 9798: 9797: 9792: 9785: 9779: 9774: 9768: 9763: 9749: 9745: 9738: 9730: 9724: 9720: 9719: 9711: 9704: 9699: 9684: 9680: 9673: 9658: 9654: 9647: 9639: 9635: 9633:9780814335970 9629: 9625: 9624: 9619: 9618:Dynner, Glenn 9613: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9586: 9585:public domain 9575: 9566: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9549:Bruder, Edith 9544: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9517: 9513: 9508: 9504: 9498: 9484: 9482: 9477: 9476:"Beta Israel" 9471: 9456: 9452: 9446: 9438: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9421:"Cripto-Jews" 9418: 9417:Berlin, Adele 9412: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9394:0-939144-46-8 9390: 9386: 9379: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9361:1-893671-00-3 9357: 9353: 9349: 9343: 9335: 9333:0-664-25348-2 9329: 9324: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9303: 9301:9780826411778 9297: 9293: 9289: 9288:Jacob Neusner 9285: 9278: 9276: 9268: 9263: 9255: 9253:0-8160-5457-6 9249: 9245: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9228: 9226: 9217: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9195: 9188: 9183: 9175: 9173:0-226-70577-3 9169: 9165: 9164: 9156: 9154: 9145: 9143:0-226-50878-1 9139: 9135: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9110: 9102: 9100:1-59244-943-3 9096: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9079: 9077: 9068: 9066:1-59244-943-3 9062: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9048: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9026: 9022: 9015: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8997:0-226-32734-5 8993: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8969: 8962: 8956: 8949: 8943: 8936: 8930: 8923: 8917: 8910: 8904: 8902: 8894: 8888: 8886: 8877: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8860:Berlin, Adele 8854: 8846: 8844:1-57718-058-5 8840: 8835: 8834: 8828: 8824: 8818: 8810: 8808:0-87441-547-0 8804: 8800: 8799: 8794: 8793:Gillman, Neil 8788: 8781: 8776: 8769: 8768:Rudavsky 1979 8764: 8757: 8752: 8745: 8744:Rudavsky 1979 8740: 8733: 8728: 8720: 8718:0-8135-2821-6 8714: 8710: 8709: 8704: 8698: 8696: 8687: 8685:9781461940500 8681: 8676: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8655: 8653:9780815300762 8649: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8627: 8625:0-8160-5457-6 8621: 8617: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8600: 8592: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8575:Skolnik, Fred 8572: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8550: 8548:1-57718-058-5 8544: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8520: 8512: 8510:1-59244-943-3 8506: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8478: 8473: 8466: 8465:Rudavsky 1979 8461: 8453: 8451:9780765799531 8447: 8443: 8442: 8434: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8409: 8395:on 2018-03-05 8391: 8387: 8380: 8377:(1984–1985). 8376: 8370: 8363: 8358: 8356: 8347: 8345:0-8173-0485-1 8341: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8313: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8296: 8288: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8271:Skolnik, Fred 8268: 8262: 8260: 8251: 8249:1-57718-058-5 8245: 8240: 8239: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8216: 8211: 8204: 8203:Rudavsky 1979 8199: 8191: 8189:0-226-50878-1 8185: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8142: 8141:Rudavsky 1979 8137: 8130: 8125: 8111: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8094: 8086: 8084:9780191726446 8080: 8072: 8071: 8065: 8061: 8060:Jacobs, Louis 8055: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8032: 8024: 8017: 8009: 8007:9780191726446 8003: 7995: 7994: 7988: 7987:"Mitnaggedim" 7984: 7983:Jacobs, Louis 7978: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7950: 7949:Nadler, Allan 7944: 7936: 7934:9780801861826 7930: 7926: 7922: 7921:Nadler, Allan 7916: 7909: 7908:Rudavsky 1979 7904: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7877: 7875: 7860: 7856: 7855: 7850: 7843: 7835: 7833:9780191726446 7829: 7821: 7820: 7814: 7810: 7809:Jacobs, Louis 7804: 7796: 7794:0-8147-9261-8 7790: 7785: 7784: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7766: 7758: 7757:Rudavsky 1979 7753: 7745: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7728:Skolnik, Fred 7725: 7719: 7712: 7706: 7699: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7652: 7646: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7624: 7616: 7611: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7584: 7575: 7573:0-8147-9705-9 7569: 7565: 7564: 7556: 7548: 7546:0-88125-031-7 7542: 7538: 7531: 7529: 7521: 7520:Rudavsky 1979 7516: 7514: 7512: 7503: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7486:Berlin, Adele 7483: 7476: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7447: 7439: 7433: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7415: 7412:(1901–1906). 7411: 7407: 7402: 7401:public domain 7391: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7354: 7340: 7338: 7333: 7327: 7319: 7317:0-391-04143-6 7313: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7297: 7289: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7267: 7265: 7256: 7254:9780881258134 7250: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7221: 7219:9780191726446 7215: 7207: 7206: 7200: 7196: 7195:Jacobs, Louis 7190: 7188: 7179: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7147: 7142: 7134: 7132:9780191726446 7128: 7120: 7119: 7113: 7109: 7108:Jacobs, Louis 7103: 7101: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7068: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7047: 7039: 7037:9780231178266 7033: 7029: 7028: 7020: 7012: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6984: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6965: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6922: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6900: 6892: 6890:0-664-25348-2 6886: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6854: 6852:9780791492024 6848: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6798:Skolnik, Fred 6795: 6791: 6787: 6786:Jacobs, Louis 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6760: 6756: 6754:9780787666118 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6715: 6713:0-8160-5457-6 6709: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6671: 6669:0-8147-9261-8 6665: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6633: 6631:9780195051674 6627: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6600: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6566: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6525: 6523:0-87441-286-2 6519: 6514: 6513: 6504: 6496: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6477: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6452: 6450: 6441: 6439:9780300129106 6435: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6409: 6404: 6396: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6379:Berlin, Adele 6376: 6372: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6354: 6349: 6340: 6339: 6333: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6311: 6309:1-59244-943-3 6305: 6300: 6299: 6293: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6273: 6271:0-23108-668-7 6267: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6216: 6215:Who is a Jew? 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6190:Jewish prayer 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6075: 6074:Neturei Karta 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6028: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6002: 6001:Toldos Aharon 5999: 5998: 5997: 5996:Shomer Emunim 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981:Karlin-Stolin 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5855: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5693: 5692:Law of Return 5689: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5640:) and women ( 5639: 5635: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5520:San Francisco 5517: 5513: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5466: 5462: 5461:Torah reading 5458: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5388: 5387:North America 5384: 5377: 5370: 5369:Black Judaism 5367: 5366: 5365: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5287: 5284: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5251:Law of Return 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5117: 5113: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5095:Mashhadi Jews 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5007: 5004: 5003:intermarriage 4998: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4978:Neturei Karta 4975: 4971: 4963: 4962:Naturei Karta 4959: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4941:the Holocaust 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4897:Non-Orthodox 4895: 4893: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4854:The issue of 4849: 4846:IDF soldier, 4844: 4839: 4831: 4825: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4784: 4775: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4689: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4593: 4586: 4585: 4580:), including 4578: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4564:Neo-Orthodoxy 4561: 4557: 4553: 4544: 4543:Torah reading 4539: 4534: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511:Orthodox Jews 4508: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4391:Nusach Sefard 4387: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4368:Sabbatai Zevi 4365: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4350:Baal Shem Tov 4347: 4343: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4246:סידור איטליני 4242: 4237: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4188:Yemenite Jews 4181: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4031:philosophical 4028: 4024: 4023:Enlightenment 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4008:intermarriage 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3980:Sephardi Jews 3977: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3832:would become 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3804:by Rome. The 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770:New Testament 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3738:Second Temple 3733: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3649:denominations 3647:, as well as 3646: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3588:messianic age 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461:denominations 3458: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3257:Judeo-Aramaic 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3247:Judeo-Italian 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3227:Ghardaïa Sign 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2852:Denominations 2848: 2847: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2680:United States 2678: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2166:Guinea-Bissau 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2020:Lists of Jews 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1795: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1779:The Holocaust 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1706: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1380:Mishneh Torah 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1140:Who is a Jew? 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 995: 994: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 946: 942: 936: 935: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 897:Rosh Hashanah 895: 894: 890: 884: 883: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 817: 813: 807: 806: 799: 796: 794: 791: 790: 785: 784: 780: 778: 777: 773: 771: 770: 766: 764: 763: 759: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 704: 703: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 682: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 649: 645: 641: 635: 634: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 584: 578: 577: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 535: 531: 530: 526: 525: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 460: 454: 453: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 385: 381: 375: 374: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 321:Mishneh Torah 319: 318: 314: 308: 307: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 277: 274: 273: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 230: 227: 226: 222: 216: 215: 208: 205: 201: 198: 197: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 163: 157: 156: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 122: 119: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 106: 101: 98: 94: 91: 90: 89: 86: 85: 83: 80: 79: 75: 69: 68: 64: 58: 52: 48: 47: 44: 41: 40: 36: 32: 31: 19: 12785: 12778: 12764: 12687: 12680: 12668: 12651: 12634: 12468:perspectives 12302:Samaritanism 12263:Neo-Hasidism 12243:Conservative 12208: 12157:Names of God 12066: 12047: 11857:Judaeo-Greek 11852:Judeo-Gascon 11791:Lishán Didán 11786:Lishana Deni 11754:Judeo-Yemeni 11722:Judeo-Arabic 11596:Meshuchrarim 11515:Persian Jews 11448:Kurdish Jews 11426:Kaifeng Jews 11375:Beta Abraham 11338:Galitzianers 11293:Antisemitism 11268:Israeli Jews 11253:Assimilation 11025:Conservative 11007:Ohr Somayach 11002:Aish HaTorah 10941: 10908: 10884: 10861:Project MUSE 10859:– via 10840: 10834: 10821: 10810:. Retrieved 10795: 10784: 10757: 10748: 10742: 10731: 10721: 10710: 10704: 10693: 10683: 10671: 10652: 10622: 10616: 10604: 10593:. Retrieved 10587: 10577: 10565: 10560:p. 399. 10544: 10533: 10522:. Retrieved 10511: 10502: 10478: 10464: 10444: 10434: 10415: 10409: 10401:Ynetnews.com 10400: 10390: 10380:February 27, 10378:. Retrieved 10369: 10360: 10349:. Retrieved 10343: 10333: 10322:. Retrieved 10311: 10301: 10280: 10272: 10252: 10241: 10220: 10208: 10196: 10188:the original 10181: 10159: 10113: 10109:Magid, Shaul 10103: 10084: 10074:Magid, Shaul 10045: 10031: 10007: 9996: 9985: 9969: 9958: 9948: 9936: 9927: 9921: 9902: 9893: 9886:Raphael 1984 9843: 9836: 9818: 9809: 9794: 9784: 9773: 9762: 9751:. Retrieved 9747: 9737: 9717: 9710: 9698: 9687:. Retrieved 9672: 9661:. Retrieved 9646: 9622: 9612: 9601: 9574: 9553: 9543: 9534: 9524: 9510: 9497: 9486:. Retrieved 9479: 9470: 9459:. Retrieved 9445: 9425: 9411: 9387:. Eks Publ. 9384: 9378: 9351: 9342: 9321: 9310: 9291: 9262: 9238: 9204: 9194: 9182: 9162: 9128: 9109: 9089: 9055: 9020: 9014: 8987: 8981: 8973: 8968: 8960: 8955: 8947: 8942: 8934: 8929: 8921: 8916: 8908: 8892: 8864: 8853: 8832: 8817: 8797: 8787: 8780:Raphael 1984 8775: 8763: 8751: 8739: 8727: 8707: 8673: 8662: 8643: 8634: 8610: 8599: 8578: 8557: 8537: 8519: 8499: 8484: 8477:Raphael 1984 8472: 8460: 8440: 8433: 8415: 8408: 8397:. Retrieved 8390:the original 8385: 8369: 8335: 8326: 8315:. Retrieved 8305: 8295: 8274: 8237: 8222: 8215:Raphael 1984 8210: 8198: 8174: 8148: 8136: 8124: 8113:. Retrieved 8103: 8093: 8069: 8054: 8041: 8031: 8022: 8016: 7992: 7977: 7966:. Retrieved 7956: 7943: 7924: 7915: 7903: 7892:. Retrieved 7888: 7862:. Retrieved 7852: 7842: 7818: 7803: 7782: 7752: 7731: 7718: 7710: 7705: 7693: 7676: 7672: 7659: 7639: 7610: 7599:. Retrieved 7595: 7562: 7555: 7536: 7490: 7475: 7456: 7446: 7421: 7390: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7342:. Retrieved 7335: 7326: 7306: 7296: 7276: 7243: 7204: 7166: 7146:Neusner 1975 7141: 7117: 7092:Neusner 1975 7087: 7075: 7066:0-06066801-6 7054: 7046: 7026: 7019: 7000: 6991: 6971: 6964: 6944: 6929: 6909: 6899: 6879: 6861: 6841: 6816:– via 6801: 6757:– via 6744: 6698: 6658: 6640: 6620: 6587: 6573: 6553: 6511: 6503: 6484: 6461: 6428: 6403: 6383: 6348: 6337: 6297: 6261: 6229: 6142:Non-Rabbinic 5899:, non-Jews ( 5888: 5867: 5852: 5738: 5722: 5711: 5697: 5696: 5688:Christianity 5678: 5653: 5631: 5613: 5595: 5577: 5554:neo-Hasidism 5550:Philadelphia 5539: 5509: 5494:Sherwin Wine 5483: 5469: 5443: 5429: 5391: 5380: 5363: 5349:Ariel Sharon 5337:First Aliyah 5310:Sabbatarians 5299: 5281: 5204: 5168: 5150: 5090:Kaifeng Jews 5075:Sabbateanism 5070:Chala (Jews) 5065:Beta Abraham 5030: 5023: 5019: 5000: 4986: 4967: 4964:protest, USA 4949: 4937:anti-Zionist 4929:Jewish state 4921:non-Zionists 4918: 4909: 4907: 4899:Conservative 4896: 4887:Haredi-leumi 4853: 4829: 4822: 4813: 4805: 4800: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4766: 4749: 4739: 4720: 4703: 4697: 4678: 4644: 4548: 4522: 4519: 4504: 4492:emancipation 4488: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4426: 4410: 4409:Lithuanian ( 4403:Neo-Hasidism 4389: 4383: 4353: 4340: 4285: 4252: 4216: 4212:Torah scroll 4200:Kurdish Jews 4185: 4180:tallit gadol 4168: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4137: 4126: 4095: 4087:Mizrahi Jews 4073: 4020: 4004:assimilation 3992:African Jews 3984:Mizrahi Jews 3964: 3926:survives in 3923: 3921: 3893: 3867:. After the 3849: 3786: 3735: 3701: 3696: 3692:who is a Jew 3685: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3642: 3635: 3631:denomination 3630: 3628: 3596: 3565: 3552: 3511: 3493:Conservative 3456: 3455: 3396:Post-Zionism 3267:Judeo-Berber 3262:Judeo-Arabic 3222:Judeo-Gascon 2969:Pidyon haben 2888:Conservative 2851: 2434:Saudi Arabia 2252:South Africa 2241:Sierra Leone 2063:Israeli Jews 1977:Mosaic Arabs 1930:Kaifeng Jews 1791:Arab–Israeli 1764:Emancipation 1643:Great Revolt 1452:Anti-Judaism 1447:Antisemitism 1442:Name "Judea" 1237:Baal teshuva 1031:Anti-Judaism 1026:Antisemitism 971:Samaritanism 949:Christianity 850:Shehecheyanu 781: 774: 767: 760: 755:Four species 662:Pidyon haben 616:Rosh yeshiva 527: 420:Beth midrash 366:Noahide laws 109:Conservative 73: 12710:Catholicism 12292:Hellenistic 12130:Eschatology 12068:Lachoudisch 11993:Lotegorisch 11971:Lachoudisch 11961:Koiné Greek 11874:Judeo-Latin 11811:Palestinian 11705:Palestinian 11554:Mustaʿravim 11480:Afghan Jews 11468:Berber Jews 11392:Bene Israel 11380:Falash Mura 11370:Beta Israel 11288:Persecution 11230:Middle Ages 9703:Bruder 2008 8302:"Orthodoxy" 7953:"Misnagdim" 5730:Conservadox 5602:Philip Berg 5573:Conservadox 5512:neo-Hasidic 5486:nontheistic 5420:in Uganda. 5283:Igbo people 5153:Beta Israel 5147:, Jerusalem 5127:Beta Israel 4876:. The name 4830:Datim-leumi 4757:and in its 4684: 1820 4647:Chief rabbi 4399:Isaac Luria 4372:Jacob Frank 4196:Baladi-rite 4148:Beth Elohim 4114:crypto-Jews 4089:(including 3996:Beta Israel 3988:Chief Rabbi 3625:Terminology 3613:(among the 3611:Bene Israel 3603:Beta Israel 3584:the messiah 3391:Revisionist 3381:Neo-Zionism 2988:Zeved habat 2781:Puerto Rico 2607:Netherlands 2439:South Korea 2424:Philippines 2304:Afghanistan 2171:Ivory Coast 1945:Crypto-Jews 1910:Bnei Anusim 1889:Bene Israel 1854:Beta Israel 1811:Communities 1718:Middle Ages 1457:Persecution 1232:Bereavement 715:Sefer Torah 677:Bereavement 657:Zeved habat 440:Holy Temple 380:Holy cities 114:Conservadox 12810:Categories 12705:Anabaptism 12647:Jew (word) 12514:Leadership 12327:Literature 12312:Secularism 12258:Humanistic 12125:Conversion 12095:Philosophy 11936:Judeo-Urdu 11700:Babylonian 11545:Saada Jews 11530:Adeni Jews 11323:Ashkenazim 11278:Samaritans 11245:Population 11200:Israelites 11103:Humanistic 10812:2020-11-03 10595:2023-06-26 10524:2010-05-07 10351:2020-12-30 10324:2014-05-29 10143:Magid 2013 9753:2020-01-07 9689:2014-04-09 9663:2015-08-22 9488:2020-11-07 9461:2018-10-08 8399:2021-01-03 8317:2012-08-15 8115:2023-06-18 7968:2020-11-02 7894:2023-06-16 7864:2020-11-25 7813:"Hasidism" 7615:Meyer 1988 7601:2020-11-07 7344:2020-11-07 6564:0870682792 6494:0819144800 6241:References 5897:Jewish law 5685:Protestant 5302:Subbotniks 5296:Subbotniks 5290:Subbotniks 4865:Dati-leumi 4836:See also: 4828:Zionists ( 4442:Vilna Gaon 4289:Romanyotim 4081:(Iberian, 3912:Oral Torah 3861:Oral Torah 3822:Son of God 3816:by Jesus' 3814:Moses' Law 3657:traditions 3599:ethnically 3572:Jewish law 3517:Old Yishuv 3376:Maximalism 3328:Secularism 3308:Autonomism 3125:Literature 2918:Humanistic 2522:Azerbaijan 2484:Uzbekistan 2459:Tajikistan 2379:Kyrgyzstan 2364:Kazakhstan 2211:Mozambique 2186:Madagascar 2106:Cape Verde 2058:New Yishuv 2053:Old Yishuv 2004:Population 1982:Subbotniks 1940:Samaritans 1879:Romanyotim 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