20:
463:
209:
409:, created by non-Jewish Christian scribes who "found no traditional reasons to preserve the tetragrammaton" in copies of the Septuagint. Hurtado, following Colin Roberts, rejects that claim in favour of the theory that the first was
230:, implying that when these were written, in approximately the second century, the practice had already been established for some time. However, it is not known precisely when and how the
314:
was an act of reverence rather than a purely practical space-saving device, as they were employed even where well-established abbreviations of far more frequent words such as
212:
Nomina sacra ΙϹ ΧϹ, from the Greek ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ (Jesus Christ — the letter Ϲ on the icon being koine Greek Σ). Detail from an icon at the Troyan
Monastery in Bulgaria.
322:
itself was written with generous spacing. Furthermore, early scribes often distinguished between mundane and sacred occurrences of the same word, e.g. a
357:, the ordinary way of writing "18", being taken as reminiscent of a suspended form of ΙΗΣΟΥΣ (Jesus). In some Greek Scripture manuscripts the Hebrew
276:, meaning that the first and last letter (at least) of each word are used. In a few early cases, an alternate practice is seen of abbreviation by
334:
only to the latter (at times necessarily revealing an exegetical choice), although later scribes would mechanically abbreviate all occurrences.
213:
3082:
in their nominative and genitive forms are as follows: Scholars differ in accounting for the origin and development of the system of
3256:
Texts and
Artefacts: Selected Essays on Textual Criticism and Early Christian Manuscripts, The Library of New Testament Studies
3389:
3071:
378:
Greek culture also employed a number of ways of abbreviating even proper names, though none in quite the same form as the
3263:
3290:
3234:
3107:
3399:
280:, meaning that the initial two letters (at least) of the word are used; e.g., the opening verses of Revelation in
3394:
3167:
3359:
3208:
Tetragrammaton: Western
Christians and the Hebrew Name of God: From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century
63:
for 'sacred name') is the abbreviation of several frequently occurring divine names or titles, especially in
3384:
43:(as these are genitives) respectively, in this passage from John 1 in Codex Vaticanus (B), 4th century.
386:, where Jesus speaks of himself as "the beginning and the end" and "the first and the last" as well "
394:
362:
3222:
387:
3347:
Encountering the
Manuscripts: An Introduction to New Testament Paleography and Textual Criticism
3379:
382:. Inspiration for the contracted forms (using the first and last letter) has also been seen in
304:
3251:
3280:
3206:
3061:
1594:
361:(transliterated as YHWH) is found unabbreviated in the Greek text. The Septuagint manuscript
3157:
888:
154:, which appears in the 4th. All 15 occur in Greek manuscripts later than the 4th century.
8:
440:
Cilliers
Breytenbach and Christiane Zimmermann report that by the end of the 2nd century
414:
222:
are consistently observed in even the earliest extant
Christian writings, along with the
19:
3282:
Early
Christianity in Lycaonia and Adjacent Areas: From Paul to Amphilochius of Iconium
920:
383:
71:. A nomen sacrum consists of two or more letters from the original word spanned by an
3286:
3259:
3230:
3163:
3123:
Charlesworth, S. D. (2006). "Consensus standardization in the systematic approach to
3103:
3067:
169:
3331:
79:
462:
191:
179:
165:
358:
342:
265:. The practice quickly expanded to a number of other words regarded as sacred.
3373:
3183:
3153:
2076:
3102:(2 ed.). Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers. pp. 34–35.
48:
303:. Contraction, however, offered the practical advantage of indicating the
150:
are all found in Greek manuscripts of the 3rd century and earlier, except
3032:
2995:
2959:
2938:
2914:
2895:
2872:
2816:
2796:
2776:
2756:
2736:
2713:
2681:
2655:
2632:
466:
64:
3037:
2606:
2574:
2554:
2525:
2358:
2264:
2236:
2216:
2071:
2048:
2025:
1996:
1964:
1923:
1903:
1850:
1686:
1589:
1554:
1528:
1493:
1464:
1441:
1421:
1392:
1369:
1346:
1323:
1300:
1265:
1239:
1213:
1190:
1164:
1123:
1079:
1059:
282:
208:
183:
369:
with a horizontal line through the middle, imitating two Paleo-Hebrew
1036:
1001:
954:
915:
187:
3159:
The
Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins
445:
346:
174:
72:
337:
Scholars have advanced a number of theories on the origin of the
3364:
Nomina Sacra. Versuch einer
Geschichte der christlichen Kürzung
3063:
Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An
Introduction to Palaeography
365:
even uses an abbreviated form of the tetragrammaton: two Greek
227:
864:
843:
817:
791:
768:
674:
640:
614:
584:
550:
287:
223:
196:
161:
68:
60:
3354:
Nomina Sacra in the Greek Papyri of the First Five Centuries
3349:, Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2005, pp. 199–253.
371:
366:
476:(indicating genitive 'of Jesus', Ἰησοῦ) visible at bottom
3227:
Manuscript, Society, and Belief in Early Christian Egypt
241:
apparently consisted of just four or five words, called
3279:
Breytenbach, Cilliers; Zimmermann, Christiane (2018).
3186:(1998). "The Origin of the Nomina Sacra: A Proposal".
444:
occur even in Christian tomb inscriptions in Greek in
3278:
3315:
Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts
3100:
Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts
491:
488:
485:
482:
3127:in second- and third-century gospel manuscripts".
2578:(P. Mil. Vogl. Inv. 1224 + P. Macquarie Inv. 360)
3356:, Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava VIII (Leiden 1959).
3371:
3249:
3229:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 37.
3098:Comfort, Philip Wesley; Barrett, David (2001).
341:. Biblical scholar Larry Hurtado has suggested
3097:
429:, at about the time when the contracted forms
3078:In the developed Byzantine usage the fifteen
3055:
3053:
451:
86:from Greek papyri: the Greek counterparts of
3122:
889:New Testament Greek manuscripts containing
3050:
3317:- Philip Comfort and David Barrett (2001)
3204:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
272:that came to prevail, abbreviation is by
203:
461:
207:
18:
3332:"P.Lond.Lit. 207 and the origin of the
3243:
3221:
3182:
3152:
3066:. Oxford University Press. p. 36.
3059:
3372:
3258:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 127.
3139:
78:Biblical scholar and textual critic
13:
3324:
14:
3411:
3211:. Netherlands: Brill. p. 55.
3252:"The origin of the Nomina Sacra"
2610:(P. Narmuthis 69.39a + 69.229a)
437:were adopted for the first two.
3299:
3060:Metzger, Bruce Manning (1981).
82:lists 15 such words treated as
3272:
3215:
3198:
3188:Journal of Biblical Literature
3176:
3162:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
3116:
3091:
413:(Ἰησοῦς), as suggested in the
310:It is evident that the use of
1:
3285:. Leiden: Brill. p. 14.
3205:Wilkinson, Robert J. (2015).
3043:
3390:Early Christian inscriptions
417:, followed by the analogous
7:
3340:Studia Humaniora Tartuensia
3026:
469:(3rd century AD), with the
160:also occur in some form in
10:
3416:
865:
844:
818:
792:
769:
675:
641:
615:
585:
551:
288:
16:Christian scribal practice
3250:Larry W. Hurtado (2017).
2268:(P. Bodmer VII and VIII)
1083:(P. Oxy. 657 + PSI 1292)
448:(modern central Turkey).
307:of the abbreviated noun.
3223:Roberts, Colin Henderson
1854:(P. Chester Beatty III)
421:(Χριστός), and later by
405:(θεός) were the initial
363:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007
3400:Latin words and phrases
3336:: a tentative proposal"
2362:(P. Bodmer XIV and XV)
2242:PSI Inv. CNR 419, 420)
1558:(P. Heidelberg G. 645)
388:the Alpha and the Omega
1692:+ P. Mich. Inv. 6238)
1690:(P. Chester Beatty II
492:Genitive (Possessive)
477:
318:were avoided, and the
245:: the Greek words for
237:The initial system of
216:
204:Origin and development
44:
3395:Christian terminology
2000:(P. Mich. inv. 6652)
1497:(P. Mich. Inv. 1571)
1468:(P. Mich. Inv. 1570)
1005:(P. Oxy. 208 + 1781)
489:Nominative (Subject)
465:
345:as the origin of the
226:form rather than the
211:
22:
3311:dates of manuscripts
2081:Inv. Nr. 4274/4298)
1927:(P. Yale 415 + 531)
3184:Hurtado, Larry Weir
3154:Hurtado, Larry Weir
415:Epistle of Barnabas
67:manuscripts of the
3342:8.A.2, 2007, 1–14.
2962:(P. Berlin 11765)
958:(Suppl. Gr. 1120)
909:Nomina sacra used
478:
217:
194:(indicated by the
172:(indicated by the
51:scribal practice,
45:
3385:Christian symbols
3073:978-0-19-536532-0
3024:
3023:
1595:P. Chester Beatty
1063:(P. Amherst. 3b)
903:Greek manuscript
886:
885:
268:In the system of
214:See complete icon
27:are highlighted,
3407:
3345:Philip Comfort,
3318:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3057:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2954:
2951:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2909:
2898:
2889:
2886:
2875:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2819:
2810:
2799:
2790:
2779:
2770:
2759:
2750:
2739:
2730:
2727:
2716:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2684:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2658:
2649:
2646:
2635:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2609:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2577:
2568:
2557:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2528:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2361:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2267:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2239:
2230:
2219:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2074:
2065:
2062:
2051:
2042:
2039:
2028:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
1999:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1967:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1926:
1917:
1906:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1853:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1592:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1557:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1531:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1496:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1467:
1458:
1455:
1444:
1435:
1424:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1395:
1386:
1383:
1372:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1340:
1337:
1326:
1317:
1314:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1242:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1216:
1207:
1204:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1167:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1126:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1082:
1073:
1062:
1053:
1050:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1004:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
957:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
918:
906:Manuscript date
900:
899:
882:
877:
868:
867:
856:
847:
846:
835:
830:
821:
820:
809:
804:
795:
794:
781:
772:
771:
760:
755:
751:
735:
730:
726:
710:
705:
687:
678:
677:
666:
662:
658:
653:
644:
643:
632:
627:
618:
617:
606:
601:
597:
588:
587:
576:
572:
567:
563:
554:
553:
542:
538:
533:
529:
513:
508:
483:English meaning
480:
479:
475:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
404:
400:
356:
302:
299:
291:
290:
285:
80:Bruce M. Metzger
34:
30:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3370:
3369:
3352:A.H.R.E. Paap,
3330:Don C. Barker,
3327:
3325:Further reading
3322:
3321:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3220:
3216:
3203:
3199:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3151:
3140:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3096:
3092:
3074:
3058:
3051:
3046:
3029:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2907:
2904:
2899:(P. Oxy. 5345)
2894:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2876:(P. Oxy. 4805)
2871:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2820:(P. Oxy. 4499)
2815:
2808:
2805:
2800:(P. Oxy. 4498)
2795:
2788:
2785:
2780:(P. Oxy. 4497)
2775:
2768:
2765:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2740:(P. Oxy. 4494)
2735:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2357:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2240:(P. Oxy. 2384 +
2235:
2228:
2225:
2220:(P. Oxy. 2383)
2215:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2052:(PSI XIV 1373)
2047:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1849:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1532:(P. Oxy. 1780)
1527:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:(P. Rylands 5)
1420:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1396:(P. Oxy. 1598)
1391:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1373:(P. Oxy. 1597)
1368:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1350:(P. Oxy. 1596)
1345:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1327:(P. Oxy. 1395)
1322:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1304:(P. Oxy. 1230)
1299:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1269:(P. Oxy. 1228)
1264:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1243:(P. Oxy. 1171)
1238:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1217:(P. Oxy. 1079)
1212:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1194:(P. Oxy. 1078)
1189:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1168:(P. Oxy. 1009)
1163:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1127:(P. Oxy. 1008)
1122:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1000:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
953:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
914:
895:
893:(before 300 CE)
880:
875:
854:
833:
828:
807:
802:
779:
758:
753:
749:
733:
728:
724:
708:
703:
685:
664:
660:
656:
651:
630:
625:
604:
599:
595:
574:
570:
565:
561:
540:
536:
531:
527:
511:
506:
473:
457:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
402:
398:
354:
300:
297:
281:
261:, and possibly
206:
35:, representing
32:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3413:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3368:
3367:
3366:, Munich 1907.
3357:
3350:
3343:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3298:
3291:
3271:
3265:978-0567677709
3264:
3242:
3235:
3214:
3197:
3175:
3168:
3138:
3115:
3108:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2991:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:(P. Oxy 4495)
2752:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:(P. Oxy 4447)
2709:
2708:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:(P. Oxy 4445)
2677:
2676:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:(P. Oxy 4401)
2651:
2650:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:(P. Oxy 4449)
2628:
2627:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:(P. Oxy 3523)
2550:
2549:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:(P. Oxy 2684)
2521:
2520:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:(P. Yal 1543)
1960:
1959:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1682:
1681:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:(P. Oxy. 402)
1032:
1031:
1011:
1008:
1006:
997:
996:
964:
961:
959:
950:
949:
929:
926:
924:
911:
910:
907:
904:
894:
887:
884:
883:
878:
873:
862:
861:Heaven/Heavens
858:
857:
852:
841:
837:
836:
831:
826:
815:
811:
810:
805:
800:
789:
785:
784:
782:
777:
766:
762:
761:
756:
747:
741:
737:
736:
731:
722:
716:
712:
711:
706:
701:
695:
691:
690:
688:
683:
672:
668:
667:
654:
649:
638:
634:
633:
628:
623:
612:
608:
607:
602:
593:
582:
581:Christ/Messiah
578:
577:
568:
559:
548:
544:
543:
534:
525:
519:
515:
514:
509:
504:
498:
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
456:
452:List of Greek
450:
359:tetragrammaton
343:Greek numerals
330:, and applied
289:Ἰησοῦς Χριστός
205:
202:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3412:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Abbreviations
3378:
3377:
3375:
3365:
3361:
3360:Ludwig Traube
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3294:
3292:9789004352520
3288:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3236:0-19-725982-0
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3109:0-8423-5265-1
3105:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2924:
2919:
2917:(P. Oxy 847)
2916:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2490:
2464:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1803:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
965:
960:
956:
952:
951:
930:
925:
922:
917:
913:
912:
908:
905:
902:
901:
898:
892:
879:
874:
872:
863:
860:
859:
853:
851:
842:
839:
838:
832:
827:
825:
816:
813:
812:
806:
801:
799:
790:
787:
786:
783:
778:
776:
767:
764:
763:
757:
748:
746:
742:
739:
738:
732:
723:
721:
717:
714:
713:
707:
702:
700:
696:
693:
692:
689:
684:
682:
673:
670:
669:
655:
650:
648:
639:
636:
635:
629:
624:
622:
613:
610:
609:
603:
594:
592:
583:
580:
579:
569:
560:
558:
549:
546:
545:
535:
526:
524:
520:
517:
516:
510:
505:
503:
499:
496:
495:
481:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
449:
447:
443:
438:
416:
408:
401:(κύριος) and
396:
395:George Howard
391:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
373:
368:
364:
360:
352:
349:spanning the
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
295:
284:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:nomina divina
240:
235:
234:first arose.
233:
229:
225:
221:
215:
210:
201:
199:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
42:
38:
37:of/from Jesus
26:
21:
3363:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3334:nomina sacra
3333:
3314:
3310:
3307:nomina sacra
3306:
3301:
3281:
3274:
3255:
3245:
3226:
3217:
3207:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3158:
3132:
3128:
3125:nomina sacra
3124:
3118:
3099:
3093:
3084:nomina sacra
3080:nomina sacra
3077:
3062:
2941:(PSI 2.124)
2491:
2465:
2424:
2324:
2146:
1804:
1760:
896:
891:nomina sacra
890:
870:
849:
823:
797:
774:
744:
719:
698:
680:
646:
620:
590:
556:
522:
501:
471:nomen sacrum
470:
458:
454:nomina sacra
453:
442:nomina sacra
441:
439:
407:nomina sacra
406:
397:argues that
392:
380:nomina sacra
379:
377:
370:
351:nomen sacrum
350:
339:nomina sacra
338:
336:
332:nomina sacra
331:
327:
323:
320:nomen sacrum
319:
315:
312:nomina sacra
311:
309:
294:Jesus Christ
293:
277:
273:
270:nomina sacra
269:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:nomina sacra
238:
236:
232:nomina sacra
231:
220:Nomina sacra
219:
218:
195:
173:
158:Nomina sacra
157:
156:
151:
148:nomina sacra
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:nomina sacra
83:
77:
57:nomen sacrum
56:
53:nomina sacra
52:
46:
40:
36:
25:nomina sacra
24:
3313:taken from
3033:Christogram
1907:(PSI 1165)
486:Greek word
467:Papyrus 111
274:contraction
55:(singular:
41:of/from God
3374:Categories
3194:: 655–673.
3169:0802828957
3044:References
3038:Staurogram
850:Ierousalēm
845:Ἱερουσαλήμ
384:Revelation
278:suspension
184:Old Nubian
2998:(MS 113)
2077:P. Bodmer
2029:(Gr. 17)
840:Jerusalem
824:Anthrōpos
697:Σταυρός,
393:Linguist
375:(𐤉𐤉).
188:Old Irish
140:Jerusalem
49:Christian
3225:(1979).
3156:(2006).
3135:: 37–38.
3129:Aegyptus
3027:See also
2488:Σ⳨ΩΘΗΝΑΙ
1445:(PSI 1)
897:Source:
819:Ἄνθρωπος
591:Christos
521:Κύριος,
459:Source:
446:Lycaonia
347:overline
326:vs. the
192:Cyrillic
170:Armenian
146:. These
73:overline
2903:100-200
2824:225–275
2804:200–250
2784:200–250
2764:200–250
2721:175–225
2689:200–250
2663:200–300
2562:150–200
2533:250–300
2366:175–225
2272:200–300
2246:250–300
2085:150–200
1931:200–300
1911:200–300
1858:200–300
1696:175–225
1562:200–300
1536:200–300
1429:150–200
1400:200–250
1377:200–250
1354:255–300
1331:200–250
1273:200–250
1247:200–250
1221:250–300
1172:250–300
1131:200–300
1087:225–250
962:150–225
921:P. Oxy.
871:Ouranos
866:Οὐρανός
743:Πατήρ,
718:Μήτηρ,
699:Stauros
586:Χριστός
353:, with
3289:
3262:
3233:
3166:
3106:
3070:
2444:ΠΝΑΤΩΝ
1801:ΕΣΤΡΑΙ
1798:ΕΣΤΡΟΝ
788:Savior
775:Israēl
770:Ἰσραήλ
765:Israel
740:Father
715:Mother
647:Pneuma
642:Πνεῦμα
637:Spirit
557:Iēsous
552:Ἰησοῦς
523:Kyrios
500:Θεός,
328:Spirit
324:spirit
286:write
263:Spirit
251:Christ
180:Gothic
166:Coptic
152:Mother
144:Heaven
142:, and
132:Savior
128:Israel
124:Father
120:Mother
108:Spirit
100:Christ
2853:ΟΥΝΟΝ
2850:ΟΥΝΟΥ
2832:ΑΥΤΟΥ
2514:ΑΝΟΙΣ
2511:ΑΝΟΥΣ
2485:ΣΤ⳨ΟΝ
2441:ΠΝΑΣΙ
2208:ΕΣ⳨ΘΗ
2205:ΕΣ⳨ΑΝ
2202:Σ⳨ΩΣΩ
2199:Σ⳨ΑΤΕ
2184:ΑΝΟΥΣ
2181:ΑΝΟΙΣ
2079:II +
1887:ΕΣΤΡΩ
1827:ΑΝΟΙΣ
1806:ΕΣΤΑΝ
1795:ΣΤΡΟΥ
1792:ΣΤΡΟΣ
1783:ΣΤΡΕΣ
1676:Σ⳨ΝΑΙ
881:ΟΥΝΟΥ
876:ΟΥΝΟΣ
814:Human
798:Sōtēr
793:Σωτήρ
745:Patēr
720:Mētēr
694:Cross
681:Dauid
676:Δαυίδ
671:David
621:Huios
547:Jesus
502:Theos
372:yodhs
367:zetas
296:) as
247:Jesus
224:codex
197:titlo
175:pativ
162:Latin
116:Cross
112:David
96:Jesus
69:Bible
65:Greek
61:Latin
3309:and
3305:All
3287:ISBN
3260:ISBN
3231:ISBN
3164:ISBN
3104:ISBN
3068:ISBN
3002:~300
2996:0220
2989:ΙΣΗΛ
2983:ΙΛΗΜ
2971:ΑΝΟΣ
2966:~200
2960:0189
2945:~300
2939:0171
2921:~300
2915:0162
2880:~250
2865:ΟΥΝΩ
2862:ΑΝΟΥ
2844:ΑΝΩΝ
2744:~300
2640:~300
2614:~300
2582:~250
2505:ΑΝΩΝ
2502:ΑΝΟΙ
2499:ΑΝΟΥ
2496:ΑΝΟΝ
2493:ΑΝΟΣ
2482:Σ⳨ΟΝ
2479:ΙΛΗΜ
2459:ΠΡΟΣ
2438:ΠΝΤΑ
2435:ΠΝΟΣ
2350:ΑΝΟΙ
2335:ΠΝΤΙ
2329:ΠΝΑΙ
2316:ΠΤΡΑ
2224:~200
2196:Σ⳨ΘΗ
2193:Σ⳨ΟΥ
2190:Σ⳨ΟΝ
2175:ΑΝΩΝ
2172:ΑΝΟΥ
2169:ΑΝΟΝ
2166:ΑΝΟΣ
2163:ΠΡΕΣ
2056:~250
2033:~150
2004:~250
1983:ΑΝΟΣ
1977:ΙΛΗΜ
1972:~300
1824:ΑΝΩΝ
1821:ΑΝΟΣ
1818:ΑΝΟΝ
1815:ΑΝΟΥ
1812:ΑΙΜΑ
1809:ΣΤΟΥ
1789:ΣΤΡΩ
1786:ΣΤΡΝ
1601:~250
1521:ΠΝΤΑ
1501:~225
1486:ΙΗΣΥ
1472:~260
1449:~300
1308:~300
1293:ΑΝΟΣ
1198:~300
1157:ΚΜΟΥ
1145:ΑΝΩΝ
1067:~285
1044:~250
1009:~250
982:ΠΝΟΣ
927:~250
855:ΙΛΗΜ
834:ΑΝΟΥ
829:ΑΝΟΣ
665:ΠΝΟΣ
616:Υἱός
518:Lord
433:and
425:and
305:case
255:Lord
228:roll
190:and
92:Lord
39:and
31:and
23:Two
3192:117
2974:ΠΝΑ
2953:ΙΗΣ
2932:ΠΡΣ
2926:ΙΗΣ
2908:ΠΝΙ
2888:ΜΗΙ
2847:ΠΝΑ
2835:ΠΡΣ
2829:ΙΗΛ
2789:ΠΝΙ
2769:ΙΗΥ
2729:ΙΗΝ
2726:ΙΗΣ
2706:ΙΗΣ
2703:ΙΗΝ
2700:ΧΡΣ
2697:ΠΝΙ
2694:ΠΝΑ
2674:ΠΝΙ
2671:ΠΝΑ
2619:ΧΡΩ
2599:ΙΗΝ
2596:ΧΡΝ
2593:ΠΡΣ
2567:ΙΗΣ
2547:ΧΡΝ
2544:ΙΗΝ
2541:ΙΗΝ
2517:ΑΝΕ
2508:ΑΝΩ
2476:ΙΗΛ
2456:ΠΡΙ
2453:ΠΡΑ
2450:ΠΗΡ
2447:ΠΡΣ
2432:ΠΝΙ
2429:ΠΝΣ
2426:ΠΝΑ
2386:ΙΗΝ
2380:ΙΗΥ
2374:ΙΗΣ
2332:ΠΝΙ
2326:ΠΝΑ
2322:ΠΝΣ
2319:ΠΡΙ
2313:ΠΑΡ
2310:ΠΡΣ
2295:ΧΡΩ
2292:ΧΡΣ
2289:ΧΡΝ
2286:ΧΡΥ
2283:ΙΗΝ
2280:ΙΗΥ
2257:ΠΗΡ
2229:ΙΗΝ
2187:Σ⳨Ω
2178:ΑΝΩ
2160:ΠΕΡ
2157:ΠΡΙ
2154:ΠΡΣ
2151:ΠΡΑ
2148:ΠΗΡ
2144:ΠΝΣ
2141:ΠΝΙ
2138:ΠΝΑ
2015:ΠΕΡ
2012:ΙΗΣ
2009:ΠΡΣ
1980:ΠΝΑ
1896:ΠΡΣ
1890:ΠΝΑ
1875:ΑΘΝ
1839:ΠΡΣ
1836:ΠΡΑ
1833:ΠΗΡ
1830:ΠΡΙ
1777:ΥΙΣ
1774:ΥΙΝ
1771:ΥΙΥ
1768:ΠΝΣ
1765:ΠΝΙ
1762:ΠΝΑ
1746:ΙΗΣ
1743:ΙΗΝ
1740:ΙΗΥ
1737:ΧΡΣ
1722:ΧΡΝ
1719:ΧΡΥ
1716:ΧΡΩ
1673:Σ⳨Ν
1658:ΠΝΑ
1655:ΠΝΣ
1652:ΠΝΙ
1636:ΠΡΙ
1633:ΠΡΑ
1630:ΠΡΣ
1624:ΙΗΣ
1597:I)
1547:ΙΗΣ
1544:ΠΡΑ
1541:ΠΗΡ
1518:ΙΗΥ
1515:ΙΗΝ
1509:ΠΝΑ
1506:ΧΡΝ
1483:ΠΝΑ
1480:ΙΗΣ
1414:ΙΗΥ
1313:ΠΝΑ
1290:ΙΗΣ
1287:ΠΡΑ
1284:ΠΡΣ
1281:ΠΝΑ
1252:ΠΝΣ
1206:ΠΝΣ
1151:ΠΝΑ
1148:ΑΝΩ
1052:ΧΡΣ
1026:ΠΡΣ
1023:ΠΡΑ
1017:ΙΗΣ
1014:ΙΗΝ
985:ΠΝΑ
979:ΠΝΙ
947:ΠΝΣ
923:2)
808:ΣΡΣ
803:ΣΗΡ
780:ΙΗΛ
759:ΠΡΣ
750:ΠΗΡ
734:ΜΡΣ
725:ΜΗΡ
709:ΣΤΥ
704:ΣΤΣ
686:ΔΑΔ
661:ΠΝΣ
652:ΠΝΑ
611:Son
600:ΧΡΣ
575:ΙΗΥ
566:ΙΗΣ
497:God
474:ΙΗΥ
390:".
316:and
259:God
200:).
178:),
136:Man
104:Son
88:God
47:In
3376::
3362:.
3338:,
3254:.
3190:.
3141:^
3133:86
3131:.
3076:.
3052:^
3019:ΘΥ
3016:ΧΥ
3013:ΙΝ
3010:ΙΥ
3007:ΚΝ
2986:ΘΩ
2980:ΚΩ
2977:ΚΥ
2950:ΚΣ
2929:ΙΣ
2896:𝔓
2885:ΙΣ
2873:𝔓
2859:ΘΝ
2856:ΚΥ
2841:ΘΥ
2838:ΘΩ
2817:𝔓
2809:ΘΣ
2797:𝔓
2777:𝔓
2757:𝔓
2749:ΚΣ
2737:𝔓
2714:𝔓
2682:𝔓
2668:ΥΣ
2656:𝔓
2648:ΚΣ
2645:ΚΥ
2633:𝔓
2625:ΘΥ
2622:ΚΥ
2607:𝔓
2590:ΘΣ
2587:ΘΥ
2575:𝔓
2555:𝔓
2538:ΚΝ
2526:𝔓
2473:ΥΥ
2470:ΥΝ
2467:ΥΣ
2462:ΠΡ
2422:ΧΥ
2419:ΧΝ
2416:ΧΣ
2413:ΚΕ
2410:ΚΩ
2407:ΚΥ
2404:ΚΝ
2401:ΚΣ
2398:ΘΩ
2395:ΘΥ
2392:ΘΝ
2389:ΘΣ
2383:ΙΝ
2377:ΙΥ
2371:ΙΣ
2359:𝔓
2347:ΚΩ
2344:ΚΝ
2341:ΚΣ
2338:ΚΥ
2307:ΘΩ
2304:ΘΝ
2301:ΘΣ
2298:ΘΥ
2277:ΙΥ
2265:𝔓
2254:ΙΣ
2251:ΥΝ
2237:𝔓
2217:𝔓
2135:ΥΩ
2132:ΥΝ
2129:ΥΣ
2126:ΧΥ
2123:ΧΝ
2120:ΧΣ
2117:ΙΥ
2114:ΙΝ
2111:ΙΣ
2108:ΘΩ
2105:ΘΥ
2102:ΘΝ
2099:ΘΣ
2096:ΚΕ
2093:ΚΥ
2090:ΚΣ
2072:𝔓
2064:ΘΣ
2061:ΧΥ
2049:𝔓
2041:ΚΕ
2038:ΙΣ
2026:𝔓
2018:ΚΝ
1997:𝔓
1989:ΘΥ
1986:ΘΣ
1965:𝔓
1957:ΧΩ
1954:ΧΥ
1951:ΧΣ
1948:ΠΝ
1945:ΙΥ
1942:ΘΣ
1939:ΘΥ
1936:ΚΩ
1924:𝔓
1916:ΥΣ
1904:𝔓
1893:ΧΥ
1884:ΚΥ
1881:ΚΕ
1878:ΚΣ
1872:ΘΩ
1869:ΘΝ
1866:ΘΣ
1863:ΘΥ
1851:𝔓
1842:ΙΥ
1780:ΥΝ
1758:ΘΣ
1755:ΘΝ
1752:ΘΥ
1749:ΘΩ
1734:ΧΥ
1731:ΧΩ
1728:ΧΣ
1725:ΧΝ
1713:ΚΣ
1710:ΚΩ
1707:ΚΥ
1704:ΚΝ
1701:ΚΕ
1687:𝔓
1679:ΧΥ
1670:ΥΩ
1667:ΥΣ
1664:ΥΕ
1661:ΥΝ
1648:ΘΣ
1645:ΘΩ
1642:ΘΝ
1639:ΘΥ
1627:ΠΡ
1621:ΙΥ
1618:ΙΗ
1615:ΚΥ
1612:ΚΝ
1609:ΚΣ
1606:ΚΕ
1590:𝔓
1582:ΧΥ
1579:ΧΩ
1576:ΙΥ
1573:ΘΝ
1570:ΘΥ
1567:ΘΣ
1555:𝔓
1529:𝔓
1512:ΚΥ
1494:𝔓
1477:ΚΕ
1465:𝔓
1457:ΚΥ
1454:ΚΣ
1442:𝔓
1434:ΘΥ
1422:𝔓
1411:ΘΩ
1408:ΚΝ
1405:ΚΥ
1393:𝔓
1385:ΘΝ
1382:ΘΣ
1370:𝔓
1362:ΙΝ
1359:ΙΣ
1347:𝔓
1339:ΚΩ
1336:ΘΥ
1324:𝔓
1316:ΘΥ
1301:𝔓
1278:ΠΣ
1266:𝔓
1258:ΘΥ
1255:ΚΝ
1240:𝔓
1232:ΘΩ
1229:ΧΡ
1226:ΙΗ
1214:𝔓
1203:ΘΩ
1191:𝔓
1183:ΧΩ
1180:ΙΥ
1177:ΘΥ
1165:𝔓
1154:ΘΝ
1142:ΧΥ
1139:ΚΥ
1136:ΚΩ
1124:𝔓
1116:ΚΥ
1113:ΚΣ
1110:ΙΥ
1107:ΙΝ
1104:ΙΣ
1101:ΘΩ
1098:ΘΥ
1095:ΘΝ
1092:ΘΣ
1080:𝔓
1072:ΘΣ
1060:𝔓
1049:ΘΣ
1037:𝔓
1029:ΘΥ
1020:ΠΡ
1002:𝔓
994:ΙΣ
991:ΙΥ
988:ΧΣ
976:ΚΣ
973:ΚΥ
970:ΘΥ
967:ΘΣ
955:𝔓
944:ΚΥ
941:ΥΥ
938:ΧΥ
935:ΙΣ
932:ΙΥ
916:𝔓
869:,
848:,
822:,
796:,
773:,
754:ΠΡ
752:,
729:ΜΡ
727:,
679:,
663:,
659:,
657:ΠΣ
645:,
631:ΥΥ
626:ΥΣ
619:,
605:ΧΥ
598:,
596:ΧΣ
589:,
573:,
571:ΙΥ
564:,
562:ΙΣ
555:,
541:ΚΥ
539:,
537:ΚΥ
532:ΚΣ
530:,
528:ΚΣ
512:ΘΥ
507:ΘΣ
435:χς
431:ις
427:θς
423:κς
419:χρ
411:ιη
403:θς
399:κς
355:ΙΗ
301:ΧΡ
298:ΙΗ
283:𝔓
257:,
253:,
249:,
186:,
182:,
168:,
164:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
118:,
114:,
110:,
106:,
102:,
98:,
94:,
90:,
75:.
59:,
33:ΘΥ
29:ΙΥ
3295:.
3268:.
3239:.
3172:.
3112:.
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