31:
474:
220:
420:, created by non-Jewish Christian scribes who "found no traditional reasons to preserve the tetragrammaton" in copies of the Septuagint. Hurtado, following Colin Roberts, rejects that claim in favour of the theory that the first was
241:, implying that when these were written, in approximately the second century, the practice had already been established for some time. However, it is not known precisely when and how the
325:
was an act of reverence rather than a purely practical space-saving device, as they were employed even where well-established abbreviations of far more frequent words such as
223:
Nomina sacra ΙϹ ΧϹ, from the Greek ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ (Jesus Christ — the letter Ϲ on the icon being koine Greek Σ). Detail from an icon at the Troyan
Monastery in Bulgaria.
333:
itself was written with generous spacing. Furthermore, early scribes often distinguished between mundane and sacred occurrences of the same word, e.g. a
368:, the ordinary way of writing "18", being taken as reminiscent of a suspended form of ΙΗΣΟΥΣ (Jesus). In some Greek Scripture manuscripts the Hebrew
287:, meaning that the first and last letter (at least) of each word are used. In a few early cases, an alternate practice is seen of abbreviation by
345:
only to the latter (at times necessarily revealing an exegetical choice), although later scribes would mechanically abbreviate all occurrences.
224:
3093:
in their nominative and genitive forms are as follows: Scholars differ in accounting for the origin and development of the system of
3267:
Texts and
Artefacts: Selected Essays on Textual Criticism and Early Christian Manuscripts, The Library of New Testament Studies
3400:
3082:
389:
Greek culture also employed a number of ways of abbreviating even proper names, though none in quite the same form as the
3274:
3301:
3245:
3118:
3410:
291:, meaning that the initial two letters (at least) of the word are used; e.g., the opening verses of Revelation in
3405:
3178:
3370:
3219:
Tetragrammaton: Western
Christians and the Hebrew Name of God: From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century
74:
for 'sacred name') is the abbreviation of several frequently occurring divine names or titles, especially in
17:
3395:
54:(as these are genitives) respectively, in this passage from John 1 in Codex Vaticanus (B), 4th century.
397:, where Jesus speaks of himself as "the beginning and the end" and "the first and the last" as well "
405:
373:
3233:
398:
3358:
Encountering the
Manuscripts: An Introduction to New Testament Paleography and Textual Criticism
3390:
393:. Inspiration for the contracted forms (using the first and last letter) has also been seen in
315:
3262:
3291:
3217:
3072:
1605:
372:(transliterated as YHWH) is found unabbreviated in the Greek text. The Septuagint manuscript
3168:
899:
165:, which appears in the 4th. All 15 occur in Greek manuscripts later than the 4th century.
8:
451:
Cilliers
Breytenbach and Christiane Zimmermann report that by the end of the 2nd century
425:
233:
are consistently observed in even the earliest extant
Christian writings, along with the
30:
3293:
Early
Christianity in Lycaonia and Adjacent Areas: From Paul to Amphilochius of Iconium
931:
394:
82:. A nomen sacrum consists of two or more letters from the original word spanned by an
3297:
3270:
3241:
3174:
3134:
Charlesworth, S. D. (2006). "Consensus standardization in the systematic approach to
3114:
3078:
180:
3342:
90:
473:
202:
190:
176:
369:
353:
276:. The practice quickly expanded to a number of other words regarded as sacred.
3384:
3194:
3164:
2087:
3113:(2 ed.). Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers. pp. 34–35.
59:
314:. Contraction, however, offered the practical advantage of indicating the
161:
are all found in Greek manuscripts of the 3rd century and earlier, except
3043:
3006:
2970:
2949:
2925:
2906:
2883:
2827:
2807:
2787:
2767:
2747:
2724:
2692:
2666:
2643:
477:
75:
3048:
2617:
2585:
2565:
2536:
2369:
2275:
2247:
2227:
2082:
2059:
2036:
2007:
1975:
1934:
1914:
1861:
1697:
1600:
1565:
1539:
1504:
1475:
1452:
1432:
1403:
1380:
1357:
1334:
1311:
1276:
1250:
1224:
1201:
1175:
1134:
1090:
1070:
293:
219:
194:
380:
with a horizontal line through the middle, imitating two Paleo-Hebrew
1047:
1012:
965:
926:
198:
3170:
The
Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins
456:
357:
185:
83:
348:
Scholars have advanced a number of theories on the origin of the
3375:
Nomina Sacra. Versuch einer
Geschichte der christlichen Kürzung
3074:
Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An
Introduction to Palaeography
376:
even uses an abbreviated form of the tetragrammaton: two Greek
238:
875:
854:
828:
802:
779:
685:
651:
625:
595:
561:
298:
234:
207:
172:
79:
71:
3365:
Nomina Sacra in the Greek Papyri of the First Five Centuries
3360:, Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2005, pp. 199–253.
382:
377:
487:(indicating genitive 'of Jesus', Ἰησοῦ) visible at bottom
3238:
Manuscript, Society, and Belief in Early Christian Egypt
252:
apparently consisted of just four or five words, called
3290:
Breytenbach, Cilliers; Zimmermann, Christiane (2018).
3197:(1998). "The Origin of the Nomina Sacra: A Proposal".
455:
occur even in Christian tomb inscriptions in Greek in
3289:
3326:
Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts
3111:
Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts
502:
499:
496:
493:
3138:in second- and third-century gospel manuscripts".
2589:(P. Mil. Vogl. Inv. 1224 + P. Macquarie Inv. 360)
3367:, Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava VIII (Leiden 1959).
3382:
3260:
3240:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 37.
3109:Comfort, Philip Wesley; Barrett, David (2001).
352:. Biblical scholar Larry Hurtado has suggested
3108:
440:, at about the time when the contracted forms
3089:In the developed Byzantine usage the fifteen
3066:
3064:
462:
97:from Greek papyri: the Greek counterparts of
3133:
900:New Testament Greek manuscripts containing
3061:
3328:- Philip Comfort and David Barrett (2001)
3215:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
283:that came to prevail, abbreviation is by
214:
472:
218:
29:
3343:"P.Lond.Lit. 207 and the origin of the
3254:
3232:
3193:
3163:
3077:. Oxford University Press. p. 36.
3070:
14:
3383:
3269:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 127.
3150:
89:Biblical scholar and textual critic
24:
3335:
25:
3422:
3222:. Netherlands: Brill. p. 55.
3263:"The origin of the Nomina Sacra"
2621:(P. Narmuthis 69.39a + 69.229a)
448:were adopted for the first two.
3310:
3071:Metzger, Bruce Manning (1981).
93:lists 15 such words treated as
3283:
3226:
3209:
3199:Journal of Biblical Literature
3187:
3173:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
3127:
3102:
424:(Ἰησοῦς), as suggested in the
321:It is evident that the use of
13:
1:
3296:. Leiden: Brill. p. 14.
3216:Wilkinson, Robert J. (2015).
3054:
3401:Early Christian inscriptions
428:, followed by the analogous
7:
3351:Studia Humaniora Tartuensia
3037:
480:(3rd century AD), with the
171:also occur in some form in
10:
3427:
876:
855:
829:
803:
780:
686:
652:
626:
596:
562:
299:
27:Christian scribal practice
3261:Larry W. Hurtado (2017).
2279:(P. Bodmer VII and VIII)
1094:(P. Oxy. 657 + PSI 1292)
459:(modern central Turkey).
318:of the abbreviated noun.
3234:Roberts, Colin Henderson
1865:(P. Chester Beatty III)
432:(Χριστός), and later by
416:(θεός) were the initial
374:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007
3411:Latin words and phrases
3347:: a tentative proposal"
2373:(P. Bodmer XIV and XV)
2253:PSI Inv. CNR 419, 420)
1569:(P. Heidelberg G. 645)
399:the Alpha and the Omega
1703:+ P. Mich. Inv. 6238)
1701:(P. Chester Beatty II
503:Genitive (Possessive)
488:
329:were avoided, and the
256:: the Greek words for
248:The initial system of
227:
215:Origin and development
55:
3406:Christian terminology
2011:(P. Mich. inv. 6652)
1508:(P. Mich. Inv. 1571)
1479:(P. Mich. Inv. 1570)
1016:(P. Oxy. 208 + 1781)
500:Nominative (Subject)
476:
356:as the origin of the
237:form rather than the
222:
33:
3322:dates of manuscripts
2092:Inv. Nr. 4274/4298)
1938:(P. Yale 415 + 531)
3195:Hurtado, Larry Weir
3165:Hurtado, Larry Weir
426:Epistle of Barnabas
78:manuscripts of the
3353:8.A.2, 2007, 1–14.
2973:(P. Berlin 11765)
969:(Suppl. Gr. 1120)
920:Nomina sacra used
489:
228:
205:(indicated by the
183:(indicated by the
62:scribal practice,
56:
3396:Christian symbols
3084:978-0-19-536532-0
3035:
3034:
1606:P. Chester Beatty
1074:(P. Amherst. 3b)
914:Greek manuscript
897:
896:
279:In the system of
225:See complete icon
38:are highlighted,
16:(Redirected from
3418:
3356:Philip Comfort,
3329:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3161:
3148:
3147:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3068:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2965:
2962:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2920:
2909:
2900:
2897:
2886:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2830:
2821:
2810:
2801:
2790:
2781:
2770:
2761:
2750:
2741:
2738:
2727:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2695:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2669:
2660:
2657:
2646:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2620:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2588:
2579:
2568:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2539:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2372:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2278:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2250:
2241:
2230:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2085:
2076:
2073:
2062:
2053:
2050:
2039:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2010:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1978:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1937:
1928:
1917:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1864:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1700:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1603:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1568:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1542:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1507:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1478:
1469:
1466:
1455:
1446:
1435:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1406:
1397:
1394:
1383:
1374:
1371:
1360:
1351:
1348:
1337:
1328:
1325:
1314:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1279:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1253:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1137:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1093:
1084:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1015:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
968:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
929:
917:Manuscript date
911:
910:
893:
888:
879:
878:
867:
858:
857:
846:
841:
832:
831:
820:
815:
806:
805:
792:
783:
782:
771:
766:
762:
746:
741:
737:
721:
716:
698:
689:
688:
677:
673:
669:
664:
655:
654:
643:
638:
629:
628:
617:
612:
608:
599:
598:
587:
583:
578:
574:
565:
564:
553:
549:
544:
540:
524:
519:
494:English meaning
491:
490:
486:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
423:
415:
411:
367:
313:
310:
302:
301:
296:
91:Bruce M. Metzger
45:
41:
21:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3381:
3380:
3363:A.H.R.E. Paap,
3341:Don C. Barker,
3338:
3336:Further reading
3333:
3332:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3231:
3227:
3214:
3210:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3162:
3151:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3107:
3103:
3085:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3040:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2918:
2915:
2910:(P. Oxy. 5345)
2905:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2887:(P. Oxy. 4805)
2882:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2831:(P. Oxy. 4499)
2826:
2819:
2816:
2811:(P. Oxy. 4498)
2806:
2799:
2796:
2791:(P. Oxy. 4497)
2786:
2779:
2776:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2751:(P. Oxy. 4494)
2746:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2723:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2535:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2368:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2251:(P. Oxy. 2384 +
2246:
2239:
2236:
2231:(P. Oxy. 2383)
2226:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2063:(PSI XIV 1373)
2058:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1860:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1543:(P. Oxy. 1780)
1538:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:(P. Rylands 5)
1431:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1407:(P. Oxy. 1598)
1402:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1384:(P. Oxy. 1597)
1379:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1361:(P. Oxy. 1596)
1356:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1338:(P. Oxy. 1395)
1333:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1315:(P. Oxy. 1230)
1310:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1280:(P. Oxy. 1228)
1275:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1254:(P. Oxy. 1171)
1249:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1228:(P. Oxy. 1079)
1223:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1205:(P. Oxy. 1078)
1200:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1179:(P. Oxy. 1009)
1174:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1138:(P. Oxy. 1008)
1133:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1011:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
964:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
925:
906:
904:(before 300 CE)
891:
886:
865:
844:
839:
818:
813:
790:
769:
764:
760:
744:
739:
735:
719:
714:
696:
675:
671:
667:
662:
641:
636:
615:
610:
606:
585:
581:
576:
572:
551:
547:
542:
538:
522:
517:
484:
468:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
413:
409:
365:
311:
308:
292:
272:, and possibly
217:
46:, representing
43:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3379:
3378:
3377:, Munich 1907.
3368:
3361:
3354:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3309:
3302:
3282:
3276:978-0567677709
3275:
3253:
3246:
3225:
3208:
3186:
3179:
3149:
3126:
3119:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3083:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2946:
2945:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:(P. Oxy 4495)
2763:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:(P. Oxy 4447)
2720:
2719:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:(P. Oxy 4445)
2688:
2687:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:(P. Oxy 4401)
2662:
2661:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:(P. Oxy 4449)
2639:
2638:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:(P. Oxy 3523)
2561:
2560:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:(P. Oxy 2684)
2532:
2531:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:(P. Yal 1543)
1971:
1970:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1693:
1692:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:(P. Oxy. 402)
1043:
1042:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1007:
975:
972:
970:
961:
960:
940:
937:
935:
922:
921:
918:
915:
905:
898:
895:
894:
889:
884:
873:
872:Heaven/Heavens
869:
868:
863:
852:
848:
847:
842:
837:
826:
822:
821:
816:
811:
800:
796:
795:
793:
788:
777:
773:
772:
767:
758:
752:
748:
747:
742:
733:
727:
723:
722:
717:
712:
706:
702:
701:
699:
694:
683:
679:
678:
665:
660:
649:
645:
644:
639:
634:
623:
619:
618:
613:
604:
593:
592:Christ/Messiah
589:
588:
579:
570:
559:
555:
554:
545:
536:
530:
526:
525:
520:
515:
509:
505:
504:
501:
498:
495:
467:
463:List of Greek
461:
370:tetragrammaton
354:Greek numerals
341:, and applied
300:Ἰησοῦς Χριστός
216:
213:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3423:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Abbreviations
3389:
3388:
3386:
3376:
3372:
3371:Ludwig Traube
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3305:
3303:9789004352520
3299:
3295:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3247:0-19-725982-0
3243:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3120:0-8423-5265-1
3116:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2935:
2930:
2928:(P. Oxy 847)
2927:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2501:
2475:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1814:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:
976:
971:
967:
963:
962:
941:
936:
933:
928:
924:
923:
919:
916:
913:
912:
909:
903:
890:
885:
883:
874:
871:
870:
864:
862:
853:
850:
849:
843:
838:
836:
827:
824:
823:
817:
812:
810:
801:
798:
797:
794:
789:
787:
778:
775:
774:
768:
759:
757:
753:
750:
749:
743:
734:
732:
728:
725:
724:
718:
713:
711:
707:
704:
703:
700:
695:
693:
684:
681:
680:
666:
661:
659:
650:
647:
646:
640:
635:
633:
624:
621:
620:
614:
605:
603:
594:
591:
590:
580:
571:
569:
560:
557:
556:
546:
537:
535:
531:
528:
527:
521:
516:
514:
510:
507:
506:
492:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
460:
458:
454:
449:
427:
419:
412:(κύριος) and
407:
406:George Howard
402:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
363:
360:spanning the
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
306:
295:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:nomina divina
251:
246:
245:first arose.
244:
240:
236:
232:
226:
221:
212:
210:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
49:
48:of/from Jesus
37:
32:
19:
3374:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3345:nomina sacra
3344:
3325:
3321:
3318:nomina sacra
3317:
3312:
3292:
3285:
3266:
3256:
3237:
3228:
3218:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3189:
3169:
3143:
3139:
3136:nomina sacra
3135:
3129:
3110:
3104:
3095:nomina sacra
3091:nomina sacra
3088:
3073:
2952:(PSI 2.124)
2502:
2476:
2435:
2335:
2157:
1815:
1771:
907:
902:nomina sacra
901:
881:
860:
834:
808:
785:
755:
730:
709:
691:
657:
631:
601:
567:
533:
512:
482:nomen sacrum
481:
469:
465:nomina sacra
464:
453:nomina sacra
452:
450:
418:nomina sacra
417:
408:argues that
403:
391:nomina sacra
390:
388:
381:
362:nomen sacrum
361:
350:nomina sacra
349:
347:
343:nomina sacra
342:
338:
334:
331:nomen sacrum
330:
326:
323:nomina sacra
322:
320:
305:Jesus Christ
304:
288:
284:
281:nomina sacra
280:
278:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:nomina sacra
249:
247:
243:nomina sacra
242:
231:Nomina sacra
230:
229:
206:
184:
169:Nomina sacra
168:
167:
162:
159:nomina sacra
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:nomina sacra
94:
88:
68:nomen sacrum
67:
64:nomina sacra
63:
57:
51:
47:
36:nomina sacra
35:
18:Nomina Sacra
3324:taken from
3044:Christogram
1918:(PSI 1165)
497:Greek word
478:Papyrus 111
285:contraction
66:(singular:
52:of/from God
3385:Categories
3205:: 655–673.
3180:0802828957
3055:References
3049:Staurogram
861:Ierousalēm
856:Ἱερουσαλήμ
395:Revelation
289:suspension
195:Old Nubian
3009:(MS 113)
2088:P. Bodmer
2040:(Gr. 17)
851:Jerusalem
835:Anthrōpos
708:Σταυρός,
404:Linguist
386:(𐤉𐤉).
199:Old Irish
151:Jerusalem
60:Christian
3236:(1979).
3167:(2006).
3146:: 37–38.
3140:Aegyptus
3038:See also
2499:Σ⳨ΩΘΗΝΑΙ
1456:(PSI 1)
908:Source:
830:Ἄνθρωπος
602:Christos
532:Κύριος,
470:Source:
457:Lycaonia
358:overline
337:vs. the
203:Cyrillic
181:Armenian
157:. These
84:overline
2914:100-200
2835:225–275
2815:200–250
2795:200–250
2775:200–250
2732:175–225
2700:200–250
2674:200–300
2573:150–200
2544:250–300
2377:175–225
2283:200–300
2257:250–300
2096:150–200
1942:200–300
1922:200–300
1869:200–300
1707:175–225
1573:200–300
1547:200–300
1440:150–200
1411:200–250
1388:200–250
1365:255–300
1342:200–250
1284:200–250
1258:200–250
1232:250–300
1183:250–300
1142:200–300
1098:225–250
973:150–225
932:P. Oxy.
882:Ouranos
877:Οὐρανός
754:Πατήρ,
729:Μήτηρ,
710:Stauros
597:Χριστός
364:, with
3300:
3273:
3244:
3177:
3117:
3081:
2455:ΠΝΑΤΩΝ
1812:ΕΣΤΡΑΙ
1809:ΕΣΤΡΟΝ
799:Savior
786:Israēl
781:Ἰσραήλ
776:Israel
751:Father
726:Mother
658:Pneuma
653:Πνεῦμα
648:Spirit
568:Iēsous
563:Ἰησοῦς
534:Kyrios
511:Θεός,
339:Spirit
335:spirit
297:write
274:Spirit
262:Christ
191:Gothic
177:Coptic
163:Mother
155:Heaven
153:, and
143:Savior
139:Israel
135:Father
131:Mother
119:Spirit
111:Christ
2864:ΟΥΝΟΝ
2861:ΟΥΝΟΥ
2843:ΑΥΤΟΥ
2525:ΑΝΟΙΣ
2522:ΑΝΟΥΣ
2496:ΣΤ⳨ΟΝ
2452:ΠΝΑΣΙ
2219:ΕΣ⳨ΘΗ
2216:ΕΣ⳨ΑΝ
2213:Σ⳨ΩΣΩ
2210:Σ⳨ΑΤΕ
2195:ΑΝΟΥΣ
2192:ΑΝΟΙΣ
2090:II +
1898:ΕΣΤΡΩ
1838:ΑΝΟΙΣ
1817:ΕΣΤΑΝ
1806:ΣΤΡΟΥ
1803:ΣΤΡΟΣ
1794:ΣΤΡΕΣ
1687:Σ⳨ΝΑΙ
892:ΟΥΝΟΥ
887:ΟΥΝΟΣ
825:Human
809:Sōtēr
804:Σωτήρ
756:Patēr
731:Mētēr
705:Cross
692:Dauid
687:Δαυίδ
682:David
632:Huios
558:Jesus
513:Theos
383:yodhs
378:zetas
307:) as
258:Jesus
235:codex
208:titlo
186:pativ
173:Latin
127:Cross
123:David
107:Jesus
80:Bible
76:Greek
72:Latin
3320:and
3316:All
3298:ISBN
3271:ISBN
3242:ISBN
3175:ISBN
3115:ISBN
3079:ISBN
3013:~300
3007:0220
3000:ΙΣΗΛ
2994:ΙΛΗΜ
2982:ΑΝΟΣ
2977:~200
2971:0189
2956:~300
2950:0171
2932:~300
2926:0162
2891:~250
2876:ΟΥΝΩ
2873:ΑΝΟΥ
2855:ΑΝΩΝ
2755:~300
2651:~300
2625:~300
2593:~250
2516:ΑΝΩΝ
2513:ΑΝΟΙ
2510:ΑΝΟΥ
2507:ΑΝΟΝ
2504:ΑΝΟΣ
2493:Σ⳨ΟΝ
2490:ΙΛΗΜ
2470:ΠΡΟΣ
2449:ΠΝΤΑ
2446:ΠΝΟΣ
2361:ΑΝΟΙ
2346:ΠΝΤΙ
2340:ΠΝΑΙ
2327:ΠΤΡΑ
2235:~200
2207:Σ⳨ΘΗ
2204:Σ⳨ΟΥ
2201:Σ⳨ΟΝ
2186:ΑΝΩΝ
2183:ΑΝΟΥ
2180:ΑΝΟΝ
2177:ΑΝΟΣ
2174:ΠΡΕΣ
2067:~250
2044:~150
2015:~250
1994:ΑΝΟΣ
1988:ΙΛΗΜ
1983:~300
1835:ΑΝΩΝ
1832:ΑΝΟΣ
1829:ΑΝΟΝ
1826:ΑΝΟΥ
1823:ΑΙΜΑ
1820:ΣΤΟΥ
1800:ΣΤΡΩ
1797:ΣΤΡΝ
1612:~250
1532:ΠΝΤΑ
1512:~225
1497:ΙΗΣΥ
1483:~260
1460:~300
1319:~300
1304:ΑΝΟΣ
1209:~300
1168:ΚΜΟΥ
1156:ΑΝΩΝ
1078:~285
1055:~250
1020:~250
993:ΠΝΟΣ
938:~250
866:ΙΛΗΜ
845:ΑΝΟΥ
840:ΑΝΟΣ
676:ΠΝΟΣ
627:Υἱός
529:Lord
444:and
436:and
316:case
266:Lord
239:roll
201:and
103:Lord
50:and
42:and
34:Two
3203:117
2985:ΠΝΑ
2964:ΙΗΣ
2943:ΠΡΣ
2937:ΙΗΣ
2919:ΠΝΙ
2899:ΜΗΙ
2858:ΠΝΑ
2846:ΠΡΣ
2840:ΙΗΛ
2800:ΠΝΙ
2780:ΙΗΥ
2740:ΙΗΝ
2737:ΙΗΣ
2717:ΙΗΣ
2714:ΙΗΝ
2711:ΧΡΣ
2708:ΠΝΙ
2705:ΠΝΑ
2685:ΠΝΙ
2682:ΠΝΑ
2630:ΧΡΩ
2610:ΙΗΝ
2607:ΧΡΝ
2604:ΠΡΣ
2578:ΙΗΣ
2558:ΧΡΝ
2555:ΙΗΝ
2552:ΙΗΝ
2528:ΑΝΕ
2519:ΑΝΩ
2487:ΙΗΛ
2467:ΠΡΙ
2464:ΠΡΑ
2461:ΠΗΡ
2458:ΠΡΣ
2443:ΠΝΙ
2440:ΠΝΣ
2437:ΠΝΑ
2397:ΙΗΝ
2391:ΙΗΥ
2385:ΙΗΣ
2343:ΠΝΙ
2337:ΠΝΑ
2333:ΠΝΣ
2330:ΠΡΙ
2324:ΠΑΡ
2321:ΠΡΣ
2306:ΧΡΩ
2303:ΧΡΣ
2300:ΧΡΝ
2297:ΧΡΥ
2294:ΙΗΝ
2291:ΙΗΥ
2268:ΠΗΡ
2240:ΙΗΝ
2198:Σ⳨Ω
2189:ΑΝΩ
2171:ΠΕΡ
2168:ΠΡΙ
2165:ΠΡΣ
2162:ΠΡΑ
2159:ΠΗΡ
2155:ΠΝΣ
2152:ΠΝΙ
2149:ΠΝΑ
2026:ΠΕΡ
2023:ΙΗΣ
2020:ΠΡΣ
1991:ΠΝΑ
1907:ΠΡΣ
1901:ΠΝΑ
1886:ΑΘΝ
1850:ΠΡΣ
1847:ΠΡΑ
1844:ΠΗΡ
1841:ΠΡΙ
1788:ΥΙΣ
1785:ΥΙΝ
1782:ΥΙΥ
1779:ΠΝΣ
1776:ΠΝΙ
1773:ΠΝΑ
1757:ΙΗΣ
1754:ΙΗΝ
1751:ΙΗΥ
1748:ΧΡΣ
1733:ΧΡΝ
1730:ΧΡΥ
1727:ΧΡΩ
1684:Σ⳨Ν
1669:ΠΝΑ
1666:ΠΝΣ
1663:ΠΝΙ
1647:ΠΡΙ
1644:ΠΡΑ
1641:ΠΡΣ
1635:ΙΗΣ
1608:I)
1558:ΙΗΣ
1555:ΠΡΑ
1552:ΠΗΡ
1529:ΙΗΥ
1526:ΙΗΝ
1520:ΠΝΑ
1517:ΧΡΝ
1494:ΠΝΑ
1491:ΙΗΣ
1425:ΙΗΥ
1324:ΠΝΑ
1301:ΙΗΣ
1298:ΠΡΑ
1295:ΠΡΣ
1292:ΠΝΑ
1263:ΠΝΣ
1217:ΠΝΣ
1162:ΠΝΑ
1159:ΑΝΩ
1063:ΧΡΣ
1037:ΠΡΣ
1034:ΠΡΑ
1028:ΙΗΣ
1025:ΙΗΝ
996:ΠΝΑ
990:ΠΝΙ
958:ΠΝΣ
934:2)
819:ΣΡΣ
814:ΣΗΡ
791:ΙΗΛ
770:ΠΡΣ
761:ΠΗΡ
745:ΜΡΣ
736:ΜΗΡ
720:ΣΤΥ
715:ΣΤΣ
697:ΔΑΔ
672:ΠΝΣ
663:ΠΝΑ
622:Son
611:ΧΡΣ
586:ΙΗΥ
577:ΙΗΣ
508:God
485:ΙΗΥ
401:".
327:and
270:God
211:).
189:),
147:Man
115:Son
99:God
58:In
3387::
3373:.
3349:,
3265:.
3201:.
3152:^
3144:86
3142:.
3087:.
3063:^
3030:ΘΥ
3027:ΧΥ
3024:ΙΝ
3021:ΙΥ
3018:ΚΝ
2997:ΘΩ
2991:ΚΩ
2988:ΚΥ
2961:ΚΣ
2940:ΙΣ
2907:𝔓
2896:ΙΣ
2884:𝔓
2870:ΘΝ
2867:ΚΥ
2852:ΘΥ
2849:ΘΩ
2828:𝔓
2820:ΘΣ
2808:𝔓
2788:𝔓
2768:𝔓
2760:ΚΣ
2748:𝔓
2725:𝔓
2693:𝔓
2679:ΥΣ
2667:𝔓
2659:ΚΣ
2656:ΚΥ
2644:𝔓
2636:ΘΥ
2633:ΚΥ
2618:𝔓
2601:ΘΣ
2598:ΘΥ
2586:𝔓
2566:𝔓
2549:ΚΝ
2537:𝔓
2484:ΥΥ
2481:ΥΝ
2478:ΥΣ
2473:ΠΡ
2433:ΧΥ
2430:ΧΝ
2427:ΧΣ
2424:ΚΕ
2421:ΚΩ
2418:ΚΥ
2415:ΚΝ
2412:ΚΣ
2409:ΘΩ
2406:ΘΥ
2403:ΘΝ
2400:ΘΣ
2394:ΙΝ
2388:ΙΥ
2382:ΙΣ
2370:𝔓
2358:ΚΩ
2355:ΚΝ
2352:ΚΣ
2349:ΚΥ
2318:ΘΩ
2315:ΘΝ
2312:ΘΣ
2309:ΘΥ
2288:ΙΥ
2276:𝔓
2265:ΙΣ
2262:ΥΝ
2248:𝔓
2228:𝔓
2146:ΥΩ
2143:ΥΝ
2140:ΥΣ
2137:ΧΥ
2134:ΧΝ
2131:ΧΣ
2128:ΙΥ
2125:ΙΝ
2122:ΙΣ
2119:ΘΩ
2116:ΘΥ
2113:ΘΝ
2110:ΘΣ
2107:ΚΕ
2104:ΚΥ
2101:ΚΣ
2083:𝔓
2075:ΘΣ
2072:ΧΥ
2060:𝔓
2052:ΚΕ
2049:ΙΣ
2037:𝔓
2029:ΚΝ
2008:𝔓
2000:ΘΥ
1997:ΘΣ
1976:𝔓
1968:ΧΩ
1965:ΧΥ
1962:ΧΣ
1959:ΠΝ
1956:ΙΥ
1953:ΘΣ
1950:ΘΥ
1947:ΚΩ
1935:𝔓
1927:ΥΣ
1915:𝔓
1904:ΧΥ
1895:ΚΥ
1892:ΚΕ
1889:ΚΣ
1883:ΘΩ
1880:ΘΝ
1877:ΘΣ
1874:ΘΥ
1862:𝔓
1853:ΙΥ
1791:ΥΝ
1769:ΘΣ
1766:ΘΝ
1763:ΘΥ
1760:ΘΩ
1745:ΧΥ
1742:ΧΩ
1739:ΧΣ
1736:ΧΝ
1724:ΚΣ
1721:ΚΩ
1718:ΚΥ
1715:ΚΝ
1712:ΚΕ
1698:𝔓
1690:ΧΥ
1681:ΥΩ
1678:ΥΣ
1675:ΥΕ
1672:ΥΝ
1659:ΘΣ
1656:ΘΩ
1653:ΘΝ
1650:ΘΥ
1638:ΠΡ
1632:ΙΥ
1629:ΙΗ
1626:ΚΥ
1623:ΚΝ
1620:ΚΣ
1617:ΚΕ
1601:𝔓
1593:ΧΥ
1590:ΧΩ
1587:ΙΥ
1584:ΘΝ
1581:ΘΥ
1578:ΘΣ
1566:𝔓
1540:𝔓
1523:ΚΥ
1505:𝔓
1488:ΚΕ
1476:𝔓
1468:ΚΥ
1465:ΚΣ
1453:𝔓
1445:ΘΥ
1433:𝔓
1422:ΘΩ
1419:ΚΝ
1416:ΚΥ
1404:𝔓
1396:ΘΝ
1393:ΘΣ
1381:𝔓
1373:ΙΝ
1370:ΙΣ
1358:𝔓
1350:ΚΩ
1347:ΘΥ
1335:𝔓
1327:ΘΥ
1312:𝔓
1289:ΠΣ
1277:𝔓
1269:ΘΥ
1266:ΚΝ
1251:𝔓
1243:ΘΩ
1240:ΧΡ
1237:ΙΗ
1225:𝔓
1214:ΘΩ
1202:𝔓
1194:ΧΩ
1191:ΙΥ
1188:ΘΥ
1176:𝔓
1165:ΘΝ
1153:ΧΥ
1150:ΚΥ
1147:ΚΩ
1135:𝔓
1127:ΚΥ
1124:ΚΣ
1121:ΙΥ
1118:ΙΝ
1115:ΙΣ
1112:ΘΩ
1109:ΘΥ
1106:ΘΝ
1103:ΘΣ
1091:𝔓
1083:ΘΣ
1071:𝔓
1060:ΘΣ
1048:𝔓
1040:ΘΥ
1031:ΠΡ
1013:𝔓
1005:ΙΣ
1002:ΙΥ
999:ΧΣ
987:ΚΣ
984:ΚΥ
981:ΘΥ
978:ΘΣ
966:𝔓
955:ΚΥ
952:ΥΥ
949:ΧΥ
946:ΙΣ
943:ΙΥ
927:𝔓
880:,
859:,
833:,
807:,
784:,
765:ΠΡ
763:,
740:ΜΡ
738:,
690:,
674:,
670:,
668:ΠΣ
656:,
642:ΥΥ
637:ΥΣ
630:,
616:ΧΥ
609:,
607:ΧΣ
600:,
584:,
582:ΙΥ
575:,
573:ΙΣ
566:,
552:ΚΥ
550:,
548:ΚΥ
543:ΚΣ
541:,
539:ΚΣ
523:ΘΥ
518:ΘΣ
446:χς
442:ις
438:θς
434:κς
430:χρ
422:ιη
414:θς
410:κς
366:ΙΗ
312:ΧΡ
309:ΙΗ
294:𝔓
268:,
264:,
260:,
197:,
193:,
179:,
175:,
149:,
145:,
141:,
137:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
117:,
113:,
109:,
105:,
101:,
86:.
70:,
44:ΘΥ
40:ΙΥ
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3279:.
3250:.
3183:.
3123:.
3097:.
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930:(
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