75:
43:
597:
272:
416:
341:: inflammation and reddening of the gums. which bleed when touched or during brushing of the teeth. The WHO recommends disinfectant mouthwash; if not available, use warm, salted water that has been boiled. A high-protein diet, Vitamin A supplements, and patient education on oral hygiene are also recommended to prevent noma from progressing to the acute stages.
362:(swelling) of the lips, cheeks, eyes, etc. Ulceration of the gums worsens during this stage; ulceration may spread to the mucosa (soft, mucus-producing tissue) of the mouth and nose. The patient may feel pain or soreness in their mouth and cheeks. Other symptoms at this stage include fever, drooling, fetid breath,
697:
People with noma and noma survivors may face stigma. Some think that noma is a contagious disease, so they avoid noma sufferers and survivors to avoid contracting it. Parents may hide afflicted children within the home because of social stigma, which can prevent them from getting treatment. Some also
407:
from the gangrenous and scarring stages remain. Tissue may be missing, teeth may still be exposed, and the face is disfigured. The patient may have difficulty eating, drinking, and speaking. Teeth may become set in the wrong places, or be lost altogether. There may still be problems with drooling and
349:
This is the first stage of noma. The gums are red or reddish-purple and bleed spontaneously. The child has fetid breath and may drool. Painful ulcers of the gums develop, causing trouble eating. If the patient is malnourished and has recently been sick with an infectious disease, such as measles or
259:
linked to a number of microbes which take advantage by malnutrition and compromised immunity. There is no evidence of direct transmission from person to person. In the early stages, it can be treated effectively with antibiotics and nutrition supplements. If diagnosed early enough, there can be
698:
believe noma may be caused by witchcraft or a curse on the child's parents. Based on one 1997 estimate, roughly 770,000 people worldwide live with noma sequelae. However, "noma is a disease of shame," and children are sometimes hidden in isolation rather than being sent to receive treatment.
428:
As of
December 2023, most people who acquire this disease are between the ages of two and six years old, living in the poorest countries of the world. Accurate figures for noma prevalence are not available due to difficulties in diagnosis and reporting in the endemic areas. In 1998 The
665:
Since 1970, there has been little research done on noma, with few exceptions. One exception is Cyril
Enwonwu, a Nigerian scientist focusing on noma. Nigeria is also home to one of the few hospitals in the world that focuses on treating noma patients: Sokoto Noma Hospital, in the city of
705:
rather than go to a medical center. In a study of 7,185 noma sufferers across
Nigeria, only 19% reported going to a hospital or medical center upon discovering a facial lesion. 47.6% took 1–3 weeks to visit a hospital; the rest took longer to visit a hospital.
382:
tissue sloughs away over time, leaving holes in the face and the soft tissue, possibly exposing bones and teeth. The patient is apathetic, has little appetite, and has great difficulty eating. At this stage, there is a high risk of sepsis leading to death.
1484:
Baratti-Mayer, Denise; Gayet-Ageron, Angèle; Hugonnet, Stéphane; François, Patrice; Pittet-Cuenod, Brigitte; Huyghe, Antoine; Bornand, Jacques-Etienne; Gervaix, Alain; Montandon, Denys; Schrenzel, Jacques; Mombelli, Andrea; Pittet, Didier (July 5, 2013).
677:. This had been endorsed by 31 countries, and was accompanied by a dossier of evidence demonstrating that noma fit the criteria for inclusion. In December 2023 WHO conceded the request. It is hoped that this will encourage more research into the disease.
733:
which can give back facial functions such as eating, speaking and smiling. Teams of volunteer medics coming from abroad are often needed to support the local capacity to address the most severe cases, which can be extremely challenging even for senior
444:
of approximately 90 percent. The prognosis is much better with treatment; if children have access to medical care, the mortality rate drops to under 10 percent. After gangrene sets in, patients are likely to die of sepsis within one to two weeks.
576:
For stage II noma (edema phase), stage III noma (acute/gangrenous stage), and stage IV noma (scarring phase), the WHO recommends either one of two therapies. The first therapy includes the concurrent use of amoxicillin, clavulanic acid,
623:. Dutch surgeon Cornelis van de Voorde first used the term "noma" to describe the disease in 1680. A European scientist, Gabriel Lund, attributed noma to poverty, cramped living conditions, and malnutrition in 1765. English physician
612:, noma was once reported around the world, including in Europe and the United States. The disease was well-known in the Netherlands in the 1500s and 1600s. The first clinical description of noma was in 1595 by a Dutch man,
1832:
535:
When noma is detected at an early stage, its progression can be rapidly halted through basic hygiene, antibiotics and improved nutrition. However, its physical effects are permanent and may require
585:, gentamicin, and metronidazole. For both options, chlorhexidine mouthwash is advised. For stage III and IV noma, the use of ketamine and honey are both given as options for dressing the lesions.
225:. Survivors are left with severe facial disfigurement often with impairments in breathing, swallowing, speaking and vision. In 2023 noma was added to the World Health Organization's list of
378:
will inevitably set in. In this stage, the infection eats away at the soft tissue of the patient's face. The gangrene may affect the cheeks, lips, nose, mouth, and nasal and oral cavities.
1910:
263:
Noma survivors experience high levels of stigma, social isolation, and discrimination within their communities. These can be countered by education and community outreach programmes.
1637:
1548:
350:
chickenpox, they are at more risk for developing noma. Fever may develop at this stage, which can persist indefinitely. Appropriate treatment at this stage can halt the disease.
554:
In all stages of noma, the World Health
Organization encourages antibiotics, vitamin A supplements or other nutritional supplements, a high-protein diet, and proper hydration.
391:
The acute phase is over by this point, but the patient's life is still at risk and treatment is still recommended. This stage lasts one to two weeks. The patient may experience
935:
217:
infection of the mouth and face. Noma usually begins as an ulcer on gums and rapidly spreads into the jawbone, cheek, and soft tissues of the face. This is followed by
3432:
1268:
Ver-or, Ngutor; Iregbu, Chukwuemeka
Kenneth; Taiwo, Olaniyi Olufemi; Afeleokhai, Ikhelua Thomas; Aza, Chiangi Gabriel; Adaji, Jeremiah Z.; Margima, Charles (2022).
1903:
635:
was performed in 1781. Surgical treatments for sequelae developed throughout the 1800s. In the late 1800s, scientists suspected that noma was caused by bacteria.
248:
with poor healthcare infrastructure; as a result many cases go undiagnosed, untreated and unreported. There are no reliable estimates of its prevalence – in 1998
299:
infection progresses into the facial muscles, the skin, and the upper and lower jaw resulting in tissue destruction and sloughing. Many patients die due to
3506:
3491:
3195:
3183:
1896:
1566:
317:. A gangrenous infection spreads across the oral, nasal and/or anal areas, and is frequently fatal. The pattern of lesions is similar to those found in
3688:
465:
has been associated with the disease (the causative organisms are common in many environments) and there are no documented cases of person to person
433:
estimated that 140,000 new cases were occurring each year, with a 90% fatality rate, and total of 770,000 surviving with scarring or disfigurement.
613:
526:
social and environmental factors such as maternal malnutrition and closely-spaced pregnancies that result in offspring with weakened immune systems
232:
This disease is strongly linked to poverty and malnutrition, and predominantly affects children between the ages of two and six years in the least
721:. There is one dedicated noma hospital in Nigeria, the Noma Children Hospital Sokoto, staffed by resident and visiting medical teams supported by
718:
2735:
2549:
588:
Reconstruction is usually very challenging and should be delayed until full recovery (usually about one year following initial intervention).
3693:
1931:
3755:
725:. Some of the staff are noma survivors. In other countries, such as Ethiopia, international charities work in collaboration with the local
673:
In
January 2023 the Nigerian Ministry of Health submitted to the World Health Organization a request for noma to be added to WHO's list of
1270:"Retrospective Characterization of Noma Cases Found Incidentally across Nigeria during Outreach Programs for Cleft Lip from 2011–2020"
329:
The World Health
Organization divides noma into five stages: acute necrotizing gingivitis, edema, gangrenous, scarring, and sequelae.
638:
With improvements in hygiene and nutrition, noma has disappeared from industrialized countries since the 20th century, except during
2347:
4320:
3518:
3469:
508:
485:
regions. Cases of noma have also been reported in malnourished or immunosuppressed adults, and in concentration camps during the
1792:
1705:
1337:
3331:
4003:
3846:
3120:
2604:
624:
252:
estimated that there were 140 000 cases per year with a fatality rate of 90%; no more recent estimates are available.
4247:
2880:
4222:
4159:
4154:
4036:
3464:
3444:
2356:
1888:
1091:
366:(swollen lymph nodes), and difficulty eating. Progression of the disease can be halted with appropriate treatment.
4068:
3705:
3159:
481:. The disease principally affects extremely impoverished and malnourished children between 2 and 6 years old in
4053:
3888:
536:
244:
people in the developed world. It is preventable by proper nutrition and oral hygiene. Noma is most common in
3893:
2063:
722:
260:
proper wound healing. After recovering, patients with disfigurement require complex surgical rehabilitation.
2087:
3756:
3417:
3026:
2730:
2715:
2653:
2599:
2522:
2340:
2304:
1979:
4350:
3945:
3908:
3638:
2919:
2831:
1748:
3955:
3903:
3710:
3643:
3412:
2912:
2907:
2858:
906:
674:
226:
4355:
3960:
3678:
3582:
3053:
2517:
2295:
2276:
2242:
430:
314:
249:
245:
4267:
4046:
4031:
3727:
3683:
3628:
3501:
3459:
3227:
3073:
2249:
2198:
1847:
710:
74:
4100:
1593:
4164:
3965:
3930:
3623:
3427:
3207:
3048:
2994:
2924:
2846:
2826:
2813:
2790:
2333:
2288:
256:
93:
1329:
1323:
4310:
4277:
3950:
3940:
3935:
3877:
3804:
3760:
3656:
3651:
3437:
3267:
3262:
3237:
3083:
3014:
2841:
2750:
2668:
2395:
2281:
2122:
1923:
829:
730:
643:
409:
395:(difficulty moving/opening the jaw), scars will form, and any exposed teeth will set in place.
280:
147:
2658:
1876:
4119:
4021:
3633:
3511:
3373:
3332:
3132:
2934:
2868:
2795:
2256:
2187:
759:
735:
466:
218:
4217:
4118:
3856:
3841:
3407:
3340:
2946:
2678:
2235:
2228:
2178:
2058:
2026:
1567:"MSF joins noma survivors in celebrating inclusion in WHO neglected tropical diseases list"
1487:"Risk factors for noma disease: a 6-year, prospective, matched case-control study in Niger"
702:
8:
4272:
4008:
3988:
3978:
3851:
3784:
3666:
3661:
3587:
3486:
3139:
3063:
2902:
2851:
2800:
2780:
2693:
2683:
2609:
2584:
2442:
2004:
1919:
1836:
284:
64:
1638:"A deadly disease so neglected it's not even on the list of neglected tropical diseases"
1549:"A deadly disease so neglected it's not even on the list of neglected tropical diseases"
797:
686:
4315:
4262:
4237:
4169:
3973:
3898:
3789:
3737:
3698:
3395:
3311:
3242:
2951:
2775:
2755:
2708:
2594:
2539:
2502:
2492:
2477:
2407:
2166:
1992:
1969:
1466:
1383:
1294:
1269:
1243:
1194:
1167:
1143:
1130:
1113:
1030:
997:
726:
458:
237:
233:
83:
1841:
1610:
1503:
1486:
1402:
1371:
565:
in tandem to treat stage I noma (acute necrotizing gingivitis), along with the use of
4345:
4013:
3602:
3567:
3541:
3400:
3296:
3154:
3078:
2785:
2725:
2688:
2663:
2512:
2390:
2385:
2156:
1788:
1615:
1516:
1508:
1458:
1417:
1375:
1333:
1299:
1247:
1199:
1135:
1035:
1017:
943:
849:
570:
474:
137:
55:
1918:
1470:
1387:
1147:
3983:
3618:
3608:
3572:
3481:
3232:
3171:
3105:
3095:
3043:
2941:
2836:
2673:
2325:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2048:
2043:
2032:
1605:
1498:
1448:
1367:
1289:
1281:
1239:
1189:
1179:
1125:
1053:
1025:
1009:
841:
655:
499:
241:
98:
sepsis & death, facial disfigurement, difficulty eating/drinking, social stigma
968:
658:, a Czech physician and forced-labor prisoner who had recommended the study under
4139:
3925:
3720:
3613:
3449:
3368:
3348:
3272:
3257:
3127:
3031:
2999:
2970:
2892:
2818:
2614:
2497:
2487:
2432:
2417:
2313:
1997:
1949:
1852:
1709:
1184:
936:"Survivors of disfiguring condition hail addition to WHO neglected diseases list"
845:
764:
540:
363:
17:
287:. This is followed by a rapid spread of the infection resulting in more general
4305:
4227:
4095:
4026:
3993:
3715:
3454:
3188:
3068:
2863:
2648:
2461:
2309:
2267:
2102:
1927:
618:
441:
275:
Severe facial disfigurement resulting from gangrenous stomatitis (cancrum oris)
1809:
1702:
709:
Children and other noma survivors in Africa are helped by a few international
4339:
4207:
4085:
3913:
3732:
3496:
3476:
3385:
3252:
3212:
3009:
2770:
2745:
2720:
2698:
2482:
2472:
2437:
2127:
1940:
1713:
1679:
1512:
1021:
947:
853:
714:
659:
566:
562:
454:
1725:
1403:"Noma: Life Cycle of a Devastating Sore - Case Report and Literature Review"
1227:
738:. On 10 June 2010, the work of such volunteer surgeons was featured in a UK
717:, a UK registered charity that helps affected Ethiopians, and Swiss charity
4058:
3834:
3829:
3814:
3794:
3764:
3597:
3306:
3247:
3178:
3100:
3090:
3058:
3021:
2982:
2974:
2589:
2544:
2529:
2427:
2422:
2219:
2038:
1619:
1520:
1462:
1421:
1379:
1356:
Enwonwu CO, Falkler WA, Phillips RS (July 8, 2006). "Noma (cancrum oris)".
1303:
1251:
1203:
1039:
639:
486:
470:
4194:
1285:
1139:
1013:
374:
At this and subsequent stages, although the disease can still be treated,
279:
Initially, there may be a small ulcer in the mouth which progresses into
4252:
4242:
4232:
4149:
4144:
4075:
3149:
3110:
2929:
2805:
2765:
2633:
2554:
2534:
2171:
2146:
1871:
1483:
605:
558:
548:
520:
478:
127:
1453:
1436:
412:
is an option at this phase. Social reintegration is also very important.
4212:
3998:
3824:
3592:
3422:
3363:
3301:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3217:
3200:
3144:
3115:
3036:
2897:
2875:
2760:
2740:
2112:
1655:
1358:
582:
578:
544:
358:
This stage begins the acute phase of noma. The telltale sign is facial
338:
292:
288:
173:
60:
42:
1824:
581:, and metronidazole. The second option includes the concurrent use of
4080:
4063:
3799:
3577:
3380:
3004:
2887:
2507:
2402:
2380:
2193:
1959:
1166:
Tonna JE, Lewin MR, Mensh B (December 2010). Franco-Paredes C (ed.).
743:
647:
437:
183:
68:
1112:
Barmes DE, Enwonwu CO, Leclercq MH, Bourgeois D, Falkler WA (1997).
4090:
4041:
3809:
3562:
3543:
3523:
3344:
3222:
3166:
2412:
2203:
2016:
1975:
1105:
996:
Srour, M. Leila; Marck, Klaas; Baratti-Mayer, Denise (2017-02-08).
462:
379:
296:
214:
998:"Noma: Overview of a Neglected Disease and Human Rights Violation"
830:"Oro-Facial Gangrene (Noma/Cancrum Oris): Pathogenetic Mechanisms"
4176:
4134:
3819:
3779:
3673:
3547:
3336:
2703:
1594:"Cancrum oris and noma: some etymological and historical remarks"
1092:"Information brochure for early detection and management of noma"
874:
739:
689:, used to describe the continuing process of a fire or an ulcer.
632:
628:
596:
516:
512:
482:
404:
392:
375:
966:
654:
concentration camps. The disease and treatments were studied by
303:; survivors are left with permanent scarring and disfigurement.
3918:
3390:
2978:
2573:
667:
651:
469:. The underlying causes for this disease are extreme poverty,
310:
300:
271:
222:
1756:
1111:
609:
359:
1787:(in Dutch). Alphen aan den Rijn : Belvédère/Mediadact.
1325:
The Nazi
Doctors: Medical Killing and Psychological Genocide
1984:
1267:
543:
to repair. Treatments for noma in the acute stage include
2369:
828:
Enwonwu, C.O.; Falkler, W.A.; Idigbe, E.O. (April 2000).
419:
A man with scarring and disfigurement resulting from noma
1114:"The need for action against oro-facial gangrene (noma)"
344:
1726:"Make Me a New Face: Hope for Africa's Hidden Children"
995:
415:
1355:
685:
The word "noma" derives from the classical Greek word
1002:
The
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
748:
Make Me a New Face: Hope for Africa's Hidden
Children
2355:
1814:
827:
337:
Before the development of noma, there may be simple
1058:
Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 73 – May, 2006
3769:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
967:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia (28 April 2023).
879:Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders)
701:In Nigeria, sufferers and their families may seek
168:Antibiotics, nutritional supplements, oral hygiene
2632:
1274:American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
4337:
2969:
1537:, 3rd ed., Saunders Book Company, 062008. 5.11.2
132:Extreme poverty, malnutrition, immunosuppression
4124:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
1165:
834:Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine
557:The World Health Organization recommends using
50:Stage 3 noma (gangrenous stage) in a young girl
2736:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
1351:
1349:
627:linked the disease to previous infection with
3694:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
2341:
1904:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1631:
1629:
1428:
1346:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1086:
1084:
213:) is a rapidly progressive and often fatal
2348:
2334:
1911:
1897:
1410:Journal of the Canadian Dental Association
1394:
1228:"A history of noma, the 'Face of Poverty'"
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
905:Dutta, Sanchari Sinha (20 February 2023).
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
196:140,000 new cases per year (1998 estimate)
73:
41:
2110:
1782:
1609:
1502:
1452:
1400:
1293:
1210:
1193:
1183:
1129:
1099:World Health Organization: African Region
1029:
973:National Institutes of Health MedlinePlus
604:Known in antiquity to such physicians as
2154:
1635:
1626:
1546:
1154:
1052:T.B. Parikh; R.N. Nanavati; R.H. Udani.
631:. The first surgical treatment for noma
595:
414:
270:
4321:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
3470:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
1434:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1101:. WHO Regional Office for Africa. 2016.
1061:
933:
777:
509:acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
403:The disease is over by this point, but
4338:
3507:As a manifestation of systemic disease
1477:
1321:
1263:
1261:
692:
369:
295:. If untreated, within a few days the
240:; noma has also been seen in severely
4294:
4193:
4117:
3875:
3754:
3540:
3330:
2968:
2631:
2571:
2459:
2367:
2329:
1892:
1746:
1591:
1225:
929:
927:
904:
823:
821:
819:
386:
345:Stage I: Acute necrotizing gingivitis
266:
88:Facial edema, fever, gangrene of face
3353:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
1810:Short documentary on noma in Nigeria
1437:"Noma--the ulcer of extreme poverty"
1310:
991:
989:
900:
898:
896:
869:
867:
865:
863:
436:Noma is associated with a very high
398:
283:- painful, bleeding of the gums and
4004:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
3876:
3847:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
1540:
1441:The New England Journal of Medicine
1258:
496:malnutrition and vitamin deficiency
448:
188:90% fatality rate without treatment
152:Oral cancer, leishmaniasis, leprosy
36:cancrum oris, stomatitis gangrenosa
13:
3121:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
2605:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
1775:
1749:"Ben's Documentary on Noma – BBC2"
1598:British Journal of Plastic Surgery
1244:10.1097/01.PRS.0000055445.84307.3C
1232:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1131:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-220.x
924:
816:
477:, underlying infections, and poor
353:
289:inflammation of the mouth and lips
14:
4367:
1803:
986:
893:
860:
324:
4223:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
4160:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
4155:Central hypoventilation syndrome
4037:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
3465:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
3445:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
2357:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
1535:Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
1172:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
332:
309:is a severe infection affecting
160:Adequate nutrition, oral hygiene
4069:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
3706:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
3160:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
1740:
1718:
1696:
1672:
1648:
1636:Barnhart, Max (April 1, 2023).
1585:
1559:
1547:Barnhart, Max (April 1, 2023).
1527:
423:
236:around the world, primarily in
4054:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
3889:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
1785:The Surgical Treatment of Noma
1592:Marck, K.W. (September 2003).
1046:
960:
907:"What is Noma (Cancrum oris)?"
537:oral and maxillofacial surgery
492:Predisposing factors include:
408:with opening/closing the jaw.
311:very young or newborn children
1:
4248:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
4197:Soft tissues around the mouth
3894:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
1611:10.1016/S0007-1226(03)00224-8
1504:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70015-9
1372:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69004-1
934:Johnson, Sarah (2023-12-15).
770:
573:to clean the mouth and gums.
3418:Gingival cyst of the newborn
3027:Failure of eruption of teeth
2731:Hand, foot and mouth disease
2716:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
2654:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
2600:Palatal cysts of the newborn
2523:Transient lingual papillitis
2305:Streptobacillus moniliformis
1680:"Noma – a neglected disease"
1185:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000869
875:"Issues & Crises – Noma"
846:10.1177/10454411000110020201
680:
530:
7:
3946:Salivary gland diverticulum
3909:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
2920:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
2832:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
2064:Louse borne relapsing fever
1747:Fogle, Ben (July 6, 2010).
1168:"A case and review of noma"
753:
675:neglected tropical diseases
507:recent illness (especially
227:neglected tropical diseases
219:death of the facial tissues
114:acute phase lasts 2–4 weeks
10:
4372:
3956:Salivary gland hyperplasia
3904:HIV salivary gland disease
3413:Gingival cyst of the adult
2859:Oral florid papillomatosis
2572:
2460:
2088:Tick borne relapsing fever
591:
551:, and other antibiotics.
15:
4301:
4295:
4290:
4203:
4195:Orofacial soft tissues –
4189:
4130:
4113:
3961:Salivary gland hypoplasia
3884:
3871:
3775:
3750:
3689:Bisphosphonate-associated
3583:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
3558:
3536:
3359:
3326:
3054:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
2990:
2964:
2644:
2627:
2580:
2567:
2518:Median rhomboid glossitis
2468:
2455:
2376:
2363:
2296:Fusobacterium polymorphum
2277:Fusobacterium necrophorum
2266:
2243:Capnocytophaga canimorsus
2218:
2145:
2101:
2014:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1862:
1818:
1401:Auluck A, Pai KM (2005).
802:World Health Organization
742:documentary presented by
431:World Health Organization
315:impoverished environments
246:impoverished environments
192:
182:
172:
164:
156:
146:
136:
126:
118:
110:
102:
92:
82:
54:
49:
40:
32:
27:
4268:Orofacial granulomatosis
4047:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
4032:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
3966:Salivary gland neoplasms
3757:Temporomandibular joints
3728:Periapical periodontitis
3460:Linear gingival erythema
3228:Regional odontodysplasia
3074:Enamel hypocalcification
2368:
2250:Porphyromonas gingivalis
2199:Lymphogranuloma venereum
1783:Boss K, Marck K (2006).
723:Médecins Sans Frontières
711:charitable organizations
4165:Obstructive sleep apnea
3931:Salivary duct stricture
3711:Paget's disease of bone
3208:Pulp canal obliteration
3049:Dentin hypersensitivity
2995:Amelogenesis imperfecta
2847:Squamous cell carcinoma
2827:Adenosquamous carcinoma
2814:Squamous cell papilloma
2791:Melanocytic oral lesion
2289:Fusobacterium nucleatum
1328:. Basic Books. p.
1226:Marck KW (April 2003).
625:John Addington Symmonds
600:Noma (sketch from 1836)
257:opportunistic infection
122:Opportunistic infection
4311:Hemifacial hypertrophy
4278:Pyostomatitis vegetans
3951:Salivary gland fistula
3941:Salivary gland atresia
3936:Salivary gland aplasia
3790:Mandibular dislocation
3761:muscles of mastication
3639:Calcifying odontogenic
3268:Vertical root fracture
3263:Cracked tooth syndrome
3238:Shovel-shaped incisors
3133:Wisdom tooth impaction
3015:Early childhood caries
2881:Benign mucous membrane
2842:Spindle cell carcinoma
2751:Intraoral dental sinus
2669:Burning mouth syndrome
2123:Leptospira interrogans
736:maxillofacial surgeons
731:reconstructive surgery
601:
420:
410:Reconstructive surgery
281:necrotizing gingivitis
276:
148:Differential diagnosis
4120:Stomatognathic system
4022:Acinic cell carcinoma
3644:Glandular odontogenic
2796:Molluscum contagiosum
2257:Prevotella intermedia
2188:Chlamydia trachomatis
1286:10.4269/ajtmh.22-0388
1014:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0718
760:Necrotizing fasciitis
599:
461:infection. No single
418:
285:inter-dental papillae
274:
207:gangrenous stomatitis
4263:Oral Crohn's disease
4218:Basal cell carcinoma
3857:Condylar hyperplasia
3842:Maxillary hypoplasia
3408:Gingival enlargement
3341:periodontal ligament
2947:Verruciform xanthoma
2679:Condyloma acuminatum
2236:Tannerella forsythia
2229:Bacteroides fragilis
2179:Chlamydia pneumoniae
2059:Borrelia recurrentis
2027:Borrelia burgdorferi
1491:Lancet Global Health
703:traditional medicine
291:, facial edema, and
4273:Perioral dermatitis
4009:Pleomorphic adenoma
3989:Monomorphic adenoma
3979:Canalicular adenoma
3852:Condylar hypoplasia
3785:Condylar resorption
3629:Lateral periodontal
3588:Mandibular fracture
3487:Periodontal abscess
3084:Turner's hypoplasia
2852:Verrucous carcinoma
2801:Morsicatio buccarum
2781:Lupus erythematosus
2694:Erythema multiforme
2610:Stomatitis nicotina
2282:Lemierre's syndrome
2005:Treponema denticola
1660:www.windsofhope.org
1454:10.1056/NEJMp058193
1435:Enwonwu CO (2006).
1118:Trop Med Int Health
729:to provide complex
693:Society and culture
370:Stage III: Gangrene
234:developed countries
65:otorhinolaryngology
4351:Bacterial diseases
4316:Facial hemiatrophy
4170:Periodic breathing
4101:Sjögren's syndrome
3974:Basal cell adenoma
3738:Torus mandibularis
3716:Periapical abscess
3699:Osteoradionecrosis
3624:Buccal bifurcation
3603:Intraosseous cysts
3492:Periodontal trauma
3396:Pyogenic granuloma
3243:Supernumerary root
3196:Pulp calcification
3184:Premature eruption
3155:Odontogenic tumors
2952:White sponge nevus
2925:Submucous fibrosis
2869:Smoker's melanosis
2756:Irritation fibroma
2595:High-arched palate
2503:Foliate papillitis
2493:Cunnilingus tongue
2478:Black hairy tongue
2408:Congenital lip pit
2167:Chlamydia psittaci
1993:Treponema carateum
1970:Treponema pallidum
1920:Bacterial diseases
1863:External resources
1708:2009-04-28 at the
1573:. 15 December 2023
1322:Lifton RJ (1986).
804:. 15 December 2023
798:"Noma – Key facts"
727:health care system
602:
539:or reconstructive
473:, other causes of
421:
387:Stage IV: Scarring
277:
267:Signs and symptoms
238:sub-Saharan Africa
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4286:
4285:
4185:
4184:
4109:
4108:
4014:Sebaceous adenoma
3867:
3866:
3746:
3745:
3657:Median mandibular
3652:Nasopalatine duct
3568:Alveolar osteitis
3532:
3531:
3519:Perio-endo lesion
3401:Congenital epulis
3322:
3321:
3079:Enamel hypoplasia
2960:
2959:
2935:Riga–Fede disease
2786:Melanocytic nevus
2726:Hairy leukoplakia
2689:Epulis fissuratum
2623:
2622:
2563:
2562:
2513:Geographic tongue
2451:
2450:
2323:
2322:
2214:
2213:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2097:
2096:
1886:
1885:
1794:978-90-71736-31-5
1759:on April 11, 2018
1366:(9530): 147–156.
1339:978-0-465-04905-9
1124:(12): 1111–1114.
571:hydrogen peroxide
504:poor oral hygiene
475:immunosuppression
399:Stage V: Sequelae
242:immunocompromised
200:
199:
142:Based on symptoms
138:Diagnostic method
22:Medical condition
4363:
4356:Health in Africa
4292:
4291:
4191:
4190:
4115:
4114:
3984:Ductal papilloma
3873:
3872:
3752:
3751:
3649:Non-odontogenic:
3634:Globulomaxillary
3573:Buccal exostosis
3538:
3537:
3482:Peri-implantitis
3328:
3327:
3044:Dentin dysplasia
2966:
2965:
2942:Verruca vulgaris
2837:Mucosal melanoma
2684:Darier's disease
2659:Behçet's disease
2629:
2628:
2585:Bednar's aphthae
2569:
2568:
2457:
2456:
2443:Trumpeter's wart
2365:
2364:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2152:
2151:
2108:
2107:
2083:Borrelia parkeri
2077:Borrelia duttoni
2071:Borrelia hermsii
2049:Neuroborreliosis
2044:Erythema migrans
2033:Borrelia afzelii
1955:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1816:
1815:
1798:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1755:. Archived from
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1728:. BBC. June 2010
1722:
1716:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1506:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1456:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1416:(10): 757–757c.
1407:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1319:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1280:(5): 1132–1136.
1265:
1256:
1255:
1238:(5): 1702–1707.
1223:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1163:
1152:
1151:
1133:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1059:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1033:
993:
984:
983:
981:
979:
964:
958:
957:
955:
954:
931:
922:
921:
919:
917:
911:News-Medical.net
902:
891:
890:
888:
886:
881:. 4 January 2024
871:
858:
857:
825:
814:
813:
811:
809:
794:
656:Berthold Epstein
622:
500:immunodeficiency
487:second world war
449:Causes and risks
205:(also known as
78:
77:
45:
25:
24:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4325:
4297:
4282:
4238:Ludwig's angina
4199:
4181:
4140:Mouth breathing
4126:
4105:
3926:Pneumoparotitis
3899:Frey's syndrome
3880:
3878:Salivary glands
3863:
3771:
3742:
3721:Phoenix abscess
3554:
3550:hard tissues –
3528:
3450:Hypercementosis
3369:Cementoblastoma
3355:
3318:
3032:Dens evaginatus
2986:
2956:
2908:Denture-related
2893:Plasmoacanthoma
2819:Keratoacanthoma
2640:
2638:Lining of mouth
2619:
2615:Torus palatinus
2576:
2559:
2540:Lingual thyroid
2498:Fissured tongue
2488:Crenated tongue
2464:
2447:
2433:Nasolabial cyst
2418:Herpes labialis
2372:
2359:
2354:
2324:
2319:
2314:Haverhill fever
2262:
2210:
2133:
2093:
2010:
1950:Spirochaetaceae
1935:
1917:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1858:
1857:
1827:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1778:
1776:Further reading
1773:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1710:Wayback Machine
1701:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1662:
1656:"Winds of Hope"
1654:
1653:
1649:
1634:
1627:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1545:
1541:
1533:Neville, Brad.
1532:
1528:
1482:
1478:
1433:
1429:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1320:
1311:
1266:
1259:
1224:
1211:
1164:
1155:
1110:
1106:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1062:
1055:Noma Neonatorum
1051:
1047:
994:
987:
977:
975:
965:
961:
952:
950:
932:
925:
915:
913:
903:
894:
884:
882:
873:
872:
861:
826:
817:
807:
805:
796:
795:
778:
773:
765:Noma neonatorum
756:
695:
683:
616:
594:
541:plastic surgery
533:
451:
426:
401:
389:
372:
364:lymphadenopathy
356:
354:Stage II: Edema
347:
335:
327:
307:Noma neonatorum
269:
72:
23:
20:
18:Noma neonatorum
12:
11:
5:
4369:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4306:Eagle syndrome
4302:
4299:
4298:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4228:Cystic hygroma
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4096:Sialolithiasis
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4027:Adenocarcinoma
4024:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3994:Myoepithelioma
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3667:Traumatic bone
3664:
3662:Median palatal
3659:
3654:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3457:
3455:Hypocementosis
3452:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3189:Neonatal teeth
3181:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3071:
3069:Ectopic enamel
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2864:Oral melanosis
2861:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2816:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2664:Bohn's nodules
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Amalgam tattoo
2645:
2642:
2641:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2310:Rat-bite fever
2300:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2272:
2270:
2268:Fusobacteriota
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2162:
2160:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2118:
2116:
2105:
2103:Leptospiraceae
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1928:proteobacteria
1916:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1844:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:Classification
1813:
1812:
1805:
1804:External links
1802:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1739:
1717:
1695:
1671:
1647:
1625:
1604:(6): 524–527.
1584:
1558:
1539:
1526:
1476:
1447:(3): 221–224.
1427:
1393:
1345:
1338:
1309:
1257:
1209:
1153:
1104:
1060:
1045:
1008:(2): 268–274.
985:
959:
923:
892:
859:
840:(2): 159–171.
815:
775:
774:
772:
769:
768:
767:
762:
755:
752:
694:
691:
682:
679:
662:'s direction.
614:Carolus Battus
593:
590:
532:
529:
528:
527:
524:
505:
502:
497:
450:
447:
442:mortality rate
425:
422:
400:
397:
388:
385:
371:
368:
355:
352:
346:
343:
334:
331:
326:
325:Stages of noma
323:
268:
265:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
186:
180:
179:
176:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
150:
144:
143:
140:
134:
133:
130:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
86:
80:
79:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
34:
30:
29:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4368:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4208:Actinomycosis
4206:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:Sialodochitis
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3765:malocclusions
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:Stafne defect
3731:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3684:Osteonecrosis
3682:
3680:
3679:Osteomyelitis
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3552:Bones of jaws
3549:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3497:Periodontitis
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Pericoronitis
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:Granulomatous
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Eruption cyst
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Pulp necrosis
3211:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3172:Dens in dente
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Discoloration
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Lichen planus
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Herpes zoster
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Fordyce spots
2719:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Erythroplakia
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Caviar tongue
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Ankyloglossia
2471:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Sun poisoning
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2129:
2128:Leptospirosis
2125:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:Spirochaetota
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:gram negative
1921:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1714:Project Harar
1711:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1572:
1571:reliefweb.int
1568:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
974:
970:
963:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
928:
912:
908:
901:
899:
897:
880:
876:
870:
868:
866:
864:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
822:
820:
803:
799:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
776:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:Winds of Hope
716:
715:Facing Africa
712:
707:
704:
699:
690:
688:
678:
676:
671:
669:
663:
661:
660:Josef Mengele
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
620:
615:
611:
607:
598:
589:
586:
584:
580:
574:
572:
568:
567:chlorhexidine
564:
563:metronidazole
560:
555:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
495:
494:
493:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:opportunistic
446:
443:
439:
434:
432:
417:
413:
411:
406:
396:
394:
384:
381:
377:
367:
365:
361:
351:
342:
340:
333:Warning signs
330:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
273:
264:
261:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
195:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
139:
135:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:age 2–6 years
105:
101:
97:
95:
94:Complications
91:
87:
85:
81:
76:
70:
66:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
35:
31:
26:
19:
4257:
4196:
4123:
4059:Sialadenitis
4018:
3970:
3835:Scissor bite
3830:Retrognathia
3815:Overeruption
3795:Malocclusion
3768:
3648:
3607:
3598:Micrognathia
3551:
3542:Periapical,
3428:Desquamative
3352:
3333:Periodontium
3307:Acid erosion
3248:Taurodontism
3179:Open contact
3091:Enamel pearl
3059:Dilaceration
3022:Concrescence
2823:
2810:
2637:
2590:Cleft palate
2550:Microglossia
2545:Macroglossia
2530:Glossoptosis
2428:Microcheilia
2423:Macrocheilia
2303:
2294:
2287:
2275:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:Bacteroidota
2186:
2177:
2165:
2155:
2121:
2111:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2057:
2039:Lyme disease
2031:
2025:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1968:
1958:
1870:
1846:
1831:
1784:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:the original
1753:BenFogle.com
1752:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1720:
1703:Medical care
1698:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:
1674:
1663:. Retrieved
1659:
1650:
1641:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1570:
1561:
1552:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1497:(2): 87–96.
1494:
1490:
1479:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1413:
1409:
1396:
1363:
1357:
1324:
1277:
1273:
1235:
1231:
1178:(12): e869.
1175:
1171:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1098:
1054:
1048:
1005:
1001:
976:. Retrieved
972:
962:
951:. Retrieved
940:The Guardian
939:
914:. Retrieved
910:
883:. Retrieved
878:
837:
833:
806:. Retrieved
801:
747:
708:
700:
696:
684:
672:
664:
642:when it was
640:World War II
637:
603:
587:
575:
556:
553:
549:sulfonamides
534:
491:
471:malnutrition
467:transmission
457:rather than
452:
435:
427:
424:Epidemiology
402:
390:
373:
357:
348:
336:
328:
318:
306:
305:
278:
262:
254:
231:
211:cancrum oris
210:
206:
202:
201:
128:Risk factors
4253:Microstomia
4243:Macrostomia
4233:Gnathophyma
4150:Catathrenia
4145:Sleep apnea
4076:Sialectasis
3619:Dentigerous
3609:Odontogenic
3438:Plasma cell
3374:Gigantiform
3150:Microdontia
3140:Macrodontia
3111:Hyperdontia
2806:Oral cancer
2766:Leukoplakia
2674:Candidiasis
2634:Oral mucosa
2555:Rhabdomyoma
2535:Hypoglossia
2396:Plasma cell
2172:Psittacosis
2147:Chlamydiota
1872:MedlinePlus
1763:January 13,
1732:January 13,
1577:19 December
978:19 December
808:19 December
617: [
606:Hippocrates
559:amoxicillin
521:kwashiorkor
479:oral health
453:Noma is an
297:necrotizing
293:foul breath
255:Noma is an
178:antibiotics
103:Usual onset
33:Other names
4340:Categories
4213:Angioedema
4019:Malignant:
3999:Oncocytoma
3825:Prognathia
3614:periapical
3593:Microgenia
3544:mandibular
3502:Aggressive
3423:Gingivitis
3364:Cementicle
3302:Abfraction
3292:Tooth wear
3285:Edentulism
3280:Tooth loss
3233:Resorption
3218:Pulp polyp
3201:Pulp stone
3145:Meth mouth
3116:Hypodontia
3106:Gemination
3037:Talon cusp
2930:Ulceration
2898:Stomatitis
2876:Pemphigoid
2824:Malignant:
2776:Linea alba
2761:Leukoedema
2741:Herpangina
2709:Giant-cell
2113:Leptospira
1689:2021-06-12
1665:2021-05-14
1359:The Lancet
953:2023-12-15
771:References
713:, such as
583:ampicillin
579:gentamicin
545:penicillin
459:contagious
339:gingivitis
221:and fatal
215:gangrenous
174:Medication
157:Prevention
61:Pediatrics
16:See also:
4081:Sialocele
4064:Parotitis
3805:Open bite
3800:Crossbite
3578:Cherubism
3548:maxillary
3381:Cementoma
3312:Attrition
3128:Impaction
3096:Fluorosis
3005:Anodontia
3000:Ankylosis
2888:Pemphigus
2508:Glossitis
2403:Cleft lip
2381:Cheilitis
2194:Chlamydia
2157:Chlamydia
1960:Treponema
1513:2214-109X
1022:0002-9637
948:0261-3077
916:4 January
885:4 January
854:1045-4411
744:Ben Fogle
681:Etymology
648:Auschwitz
531:Treatment
438:morbidity
193:Frequency
184:Prognosis
165:Treatment
69:dentistry
56:Specialty
4346:Gangrene
4091:Sialosis
4042:Lymphoma
3914:Mucocele
3810:Overbite
3563:Agnathia
3524:Teething
3349:alveolus
3345:cementum
3297:Abrasion
3273:Occlusal
3258:Avulsion
3223:Pulpitis
3167:Odontoma
2913:Herpetic
2903:Aphthous
2413:Eclabium
2204:Trachoma
2017:Borrelia
1976:Syphilis
1706:Archived
1620:12946368
1521:25104163
1471:11654106
1463:16421362
1422:16324228
1388:10647321
1380:16829299
1304:36216317
1252:12655218
1204:21200428
1148:29871960
1040:28093536
754:See also
633:sequelae
483:tropical
463:pathogen
440:, and a
405:sequelae
376:sequelae
111:Duration
84:Symptoms
4177:Snoring
4135:Bruxism
3971:Benign:
3820:Overjet
3780:Bruxism
3674:Osteoma
3512:Chronic
3337:gingiva
2811:Benign:
2704:Fibroma
2391:Angular
2386:Actinic
1922:due to
1853:D009625
1295:9709002
1195:3006140
1140:9438464
1031:5303022
740:BBC Two
646:to the
644:endemic
629:measles
592:History
517:malaria
513:measles
393:trismus
3919:Ranula
3391:Epulis
3253:Trauma
3101:Fusion
3010:Caries
2983:enamel
2979:dentin
2574:Palate
2462:Tongue
1877:001342
1791:
1618:
1519:
1511:
1469:
1461:
1420:
1386:
1378:
1336:
1302:
1292:
1250:
1202:
1192:
1146:
1138:
1038:
1028:
1020:
969:"Noma"
946:
852:
668:Sokoto
652:Belsen
301:sepsis
223:sepsis
119:Causes
71:
4296:Other
2971:Teeth
1998:Pinta
1980:bejel
1842:528.1
1467:S2CID
1406:(PDF)
1384:S2CID
1144:S2CID
1095:(PDF)
621:]
610:Galen
519:, or
360:edema
4258:Noma
3763:and
3546:and
3351:) –
2975:pulp
2370:Lips
1985:Yaws
1926:non-
1848:MeSH
1837:9-CM
1789:ISBN
1765:2010
1734:2016
1684:Noma
1616:PMID
1579:2023
1517:PMID
1509:ISSN
1459:PMID
1418:PMID
1376:PMID
1334:ISBN
1300:PMID
1248:PMID
1200:PMID
1136:PMID
1036:PMID
1018:ISSN
980:2023
944:ISSN
918:2024
887:2024
850:ISSN
810:2023
687:νομή
650:and
608:and
569:and
561:and
380:Dead
319:noma
203:Noma
28:Noma
1932:BV4
1833:ICD
1712:at
1642:NPR
1606:doi
1553:NPR
1499:doi
1449:doi
1445:354
1368:doi
1364:368
1330:361
1290:PMC
1282:doi
1278:107
1240:doi
1236:111
1190:PMC
1180:doi
1126:doi
1026:PMC
1010:doi
842:doi
313:in
250:WHO
209:or
4342::
4122:–
3767:–
3759:,
3347:,
3343:,
3339:,
2981:,
2977:,
2636:–
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