1829:
1804:
6297:(1864). ... Chernyshevskii in 1864 was found guilty, through false testimony and provocation, of "taking steps to overthrow the existing system of government." He was sentenced to seven years' penal servitude and lifetime residence in Siberia. After the ceremony of "civil execution" in Mytninskaia Square on May 19, 1864, Chernyshevskii was sent to the Nerchinsk hard labor camps (Kadaia mine; transferred to the Aleksandrovskii plant in 1866). In 1871, having completed his term of hard labor, he was sent to jail in Viliuisk.
2452:). Others saw a managerial class as the basis for the new order. Most nihilists, however, were convinced that this positive goal could only be properly formulated when the chains of repression had been broken."; "This strange lack of concern was apparently the result of their belief that politics was linked to an outdated stage of humanity."; "The nihilists' neglect of politics, which they saw to be outdated, proved in this case to be their undoing.
492:, "defined nihilism as the symbol of struggle against all forms of tyranny, hypocrisy, and artificiality and for individual freedom." As only an early form of nihilist philosophy, Russian nihilism saw all the morality, philosophy, religion, aesthetics, and social institutions which were in place as worthless and meaningless but did not necessarily see meaninglessness in all ethics, knowledge, and human life. It did however, incorporate theories of
1487:
1357:
1177:
44:
1260:
1103:
5882:
those with sufficient spiritual strength, a characteristic by him exclusively attributed to the young. Moreover, they possess the courage and capacity to face the times as they really are, despite whatever haunting social "malady". This is exactly what "Bazarovism" is: a malady that must be lived through rather than resisted in order for the patient, that is, society, to become healthy again.
1409:
the characteristic glasses. Such a nihilist could, however, above all be identified by a reversal of official etiquette; the men demonstratively refusing to act chivalrously in the presence of women, and the women behaving contrary to expectations. Both sexes hence sought to incarnate
Bazarov’s roughness, his "cynicism of manner and expression."
4440:... under the delayed influence of the French Enlightenment and the contemporaneous influence of post-Hegelian German materialism, came together with political radicalism to create a major social and intellectual movement with a broadly materialist philosophical foundation. ... the representatives of this movement came to be called 'nihilists'
2499:
nihilism. This is, however, a mistake. To confuse nihilism with terrorism is as wrong as to confuse a philosophical movement like stoicism or positivism with a political movement such as, for example, republicanism. Terrorism was called into existence by certain special conditions of the political struggle at a given historical moment.
2693:, in which he applied it to Aleksandr Pushkin. Nadezhdin, as did V.V. Bervi in 1858, equated nihilism with skepticism. Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov, a well-known conservative journalist who interpreted nihilism as synonymous with revolution, presented it as a social menace because of its negation of all moral principles.
1513:. By an extraordinary failure of bureaucracy, government censors allowed the book to be published without any trouble despite it being the most openly revolutionary work of its era and a direct product of the suppression Chernyshevsky had faced. The novel marked a significant departure for Chernyshevsky into
6359:
It is worth while comparing this behavior with that of another
Russian revolutionary, N. G. Chernyshevsky. For twenty years he was confined in a fortress and put to penal servitude in Siberia, but he did not sink so low as to plead for pardon from his mortal enemy, the tsar, although his position was
2353:
The 1860s were once described by
Trotsky as 'a brief eighteenth century' in Russian thought. The Nihilist thinkers sought to assimilate and resynthesize the main trends in Western materialism and positivism. As usual in Russia, imported ideas were treated selectively and deployed in quite distinctive
1896:
heightened aggression within the movement and pressed for violent conflict against the tsarist regime. He appeared on the scene in 1868, and soon afterward fled to
Switzerland. Bakunin, an admirer of Nechayev's zeal and success, provided contacts and resources to send Nechayev back to Russia to found
1227:
Bakunin and Herzen held nihilistic views and contributed to the nihilists' cause. One should, however, remember that some significant differences remain between the nihilist "fathers" and the nihilist "children". ... Although Herzen could be qualified as a nihilist in several senses, he was by virtue
986:
were "educated commoners". Their backgrounds however, did not include peasants, foreigners, tributary natives, nor urban taxpayers such as merchants, guildsmen, and townsfolk, but instead included lower-end families of clergymen, civil servants, retired military servicemen, and minor officials. While
5919:
The city of St. Petersburg erupted in flames in the spring and summer of 1862. Students of St. Petersburg and Moscow
Universities, acting on an upsurge of revolutionary activism, had begun demonstrating their frustrations. Fyodor Dostoevsky blamed Nikolai Chernyshevsky, who at the time was a radical
1389:
was first popularized. Pisarev graduated university in 1861, the same year as serfdom was abolished and the first major student demonstration was held in St. Petersburg. Turgenev himself notes that as early as 1862, the year of the novel's publishing, violent protestors had begun calling themselves
5683:
The guiding figure in the university reform was A. V. Golovnin, the minister of education from 1861 to 1866. The new statute took shape against the backdrop of increasing student activism. Despite their refusal to grant students more rights, the reformers granted university professors considerable
2498:
The movement is misunderstood in
Western Europe. In the press, for example, nihilism is continually confused with terrorism. The revolutionary disturbance which broke out in Russia toward the close of the reign of Alexander II., and ended in the tragic death of the Tsar, is constantly described as
1425:
attacked the book with such vitriol that others in the movement took issue with him. Pisarev famously published his own review at the time of the novel's release, where he championed
Bazarov as the role model for the new generation and celebrated the embrace of nihilism. To him, Bazarovism was the
1408:
Young nihilist men dressed in ill-fitting dark coats, aspiring to look like unpolished workers, let their hair grow bushy and often wore blue-tinted glasses. Correspondingly, the young women cut their hair shorter, wore large plain dresses and could be seen with a shawl or a big hat, together with
1093:'overwhelming' influence on them. During the communist period of Russian history, the principal 'nihilist' theoreticians were officially lionized under the designation 'Russian revolutionary democrats' and were called the most important materialist thinkers in the history of philosophy before Marx.
5881:
Pisarev responded by writing an enthusiastic review that at the time became almost as famous as the book, endorsing the young generation's embrace of nihilism, as well as its coronation of
Bazarov as its role model. ... According to Pisarev, Bazarovism, and the "realism" it represents, draws upon
1148:
as one of the great achievements of idealism which a crude materialism could threaten. In one of the first serious attempts to give a radical left-wing interpretation of
Hegelian dialectics, Bakunin wrote his 1842 article "The Reaction in Germany" and essentially foreshadowed later generations of
6254:
These virtuous fictional creations were not the genuine, flesh-and-blood egoists whose growing presence in Russia
Dostoevsky feared. Yet the doctrine these pseudo-egoists advanced–Rational Egoism–was a genuine danger, because by glorifying the self it could turn the minds of impressionable young
6101:
by the prison censor and published in 1863. With fantastic irony, the novel, which was to be the most revolutionary work of the nineteenth century, was published without difficulty. The publication has aptly been called "the most spectacular example of bureaucratic bungling in the cultural realm
3404:
This nihilist movement was essentially Promethean"; "It has often been argued that Russian nihilism is little more than skepticism or empiricism. While there is a certain plausibility to this assertion, it ultimately fails to capture the millenarian zeal the characterized Russian nihilism. These
1429:
The atmosphere of the 1860s had led to a period of great social and economic upheaval across the country and the driving force of revolutionary activism was taken up by university students in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Mass arson broke out in St. Petersburg in the spring and summer of 1862 and,
1081:
After severely struggling in the face of censorship — from which much of its core content is left unclear and obscured — the open academic development of Russian materialism would later be suppressed by the state after an attempted assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1866, and would not see a
5581:
Because outright denial of God's existence or rejection of faith as a source of knowledge could not readily be camouflaged to avoid censorship, the attention of Chernyshevskii, Sechenov and others in their works ... was directed primarily towards establishing the reductionist thesis - that is,
555:
Although most commonly associated with revolutionary activism, most nihilists were in fact not political and instead discarded politics as an outdated stage of humanity. They held that until a destructive programme had overcome the current conditions no constructive programme could be properly
6043:
Goncharóff, in "Precipice," taking a real but unrepresentative individual of this class, made a caricature of nihilism. Turguenéneff was too good an artist, and had himself conceived too much admiration for the new type, to let himself be drawn into caricature painting; but even his nihilist,
4299:, which means that there would have been greater social diversity among them than would be found in the older generation, comprised of mostly ethnically Russian nobility from St. Petersburg or Moscow. This is true to a certain extent. But the historiographical tendency to equate nihilism with
3316:
Pisarev responded by writing an enthusiastic review ... endorsing the young generation's embrace of nihilism"; "Although realism, like nihilism, implies the rejection of metaphysics, sophistry, sentimentalism and aestheticism, it may, however, harbour a more positive and objective approach to
1217:
the following year that this Feuerbachian materialist trend developed into a broad philosophical movement. Alexander II's ascent to the throne brought liberal reforms to university entry regulations and loosened control over publication, much to the movement's good fortune. The newly emerging
1092:
The only strictly philosophical legacy of the materialists came in the form of their influence on Russian Marxism. Georgii Plekhanov and Vladimir Lenin, the two thinkers most responsible for the development of Marxism in Russia, credited Chernyshevskii with having, respectively, 'massive' and
1905:
was influential far beyond the mere character Nechayev personified in the minds of the revolutionaries. The organization had just a few dozen members when student Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov—one of Nechayev's first and most active followers—began to protest the leader's methods. This threat to his
4524:
Materialism came to Russia in the nineteenth century as it had come to Germany - as a reaction against German Idealism; and in both countries the trend was initiated by Ludwig Feuerbach. Among the liberally minded, Western-oriented Russian intelligentsia, brief but intense infatuations with
1910:
wrote: "On the evening of 21 November 1869 the victim was accordingly lured to the premises of the Moscow School of Agriculture, a hotbed of revolutionary sentiment, where Nechayev killed him by shooting and strangulation, assisted without great enthusiasm by three dupes. Nechayev's
980:(meaning "of indeterminate rank"), which began as an 18th-century legal designation for those of the miscellaneous lower-middle classes, by the 19th century had become a distinct yet ambiguously defined social stratum with a growing presence in the Russian intelligentsia. Put simply, the
5383:
The Russian tradition of 'civic criticism', inaugurated by Vissarion Belinskii, was developed further by Chernyshevskii, Pisarev, Dobroliubov and others, in part because the discussion of literature offered them a relatively protected forum for the social critique they could not publish
3828:
among the Russian students who used the name "Nihilism" to dignify youthful rebelliousness, this rejection of traditional standards went still further, expressing itself in everything from harmless crudities of dress and behavior to the lethal fanaticism of a revolutionary like Sergey
1911:
accomplices were arrested and tried", while he managed to flee back to Switzerland again. Upon his return from Russia to Switzerland, Nechayev was rejected by Bakunin for taking militant actions and was later extradited back to Russia where he spent the remainder of his life at the
1906:
authority spurred Nechayev into action. He secretly gathered the group members closest to him, declared that the mysterious imaginary central committee possessed the evidence of Ivanov's betrayal, albeit not producible for security reasons, and obtained his death sentence. Author
6145:
Reactionary publicistic writers seized upon the term during a lull in the revolutionary situation and used it as a derisive epithet. As such, it was extensively employed in publicistic articles, official government documents, and antinihilistic novels, notably A. F. Pisemskii's
5920:
writer. The tale goes that Dostoevsky went to the home of Chernyshevsky to plead to him to stop fuelling the fires. While Chernyshevsky was no arsonist, this story is symptomatic of the 1860s atmosphere. This period was a time of great social and economic upheaval within Russia.
1222:
from whom they had drawn their influence. Where those early thinkers such as Bakunin and Herzen had found use of Fichte and Hegel, the younger generation were set on their rejection of idealism and were more ready to abandon politics as well. Historian K. Petrov writes that:
1704:
The group supported the intellectual development of social and political thought that expressed the critical interests of the Russian peasantry, and also worked to publish and disseminate prohibited revolutionary writings and ideas to commoners, intellectuals, and soldiers.
556:
formulated, and although some nihilists did begin to develop communal principles their formulations in this regard remained vague. With the widespread revolutionary arson of 1862, a number of assassinations and attempted assassinations of the 1860s and 70s, and the eventual
3443:
While the two leading nihilist groups disagreed on details, they both sought to liberate the Promethean might of the Russian people"; "The nihilists believed that the prototypes of this new Promethean humanity already existed in the cadre of the revolutionary movement
4705:
The actual content of the 'materialism' preached by the radicals of 'the 1860s' is not always clear. As indicated, they often avoided the term itself for reasons of censorship"; "Government repression after 1866 put an end to the open development of this materialist
3687:
Most nihilists, however, were convinced that this positive goal could only be properly formulated when the chains of repression had been broken"; "This strange lack of concern was apparently the result of their belief that politics was linked to an outdated stage of
1426:
societal struggle that must be toiled through rather than resisted—he attributed it to the exclusive and distinct spiritual strength of the young and their courage to face social disorder. The popularity of Pisarev's review rivaled that of even the novel itself.
2980:
The "fathers" of the novel are full of humanitarian, progressive sentiments ... But to the "sons," typified by the brusque scientifically minded Bazarov, the "fathers" were concerned too much with generalities, not enough with the specific material evils of the
943:
wing of the 1840s and 50s intelligentsia who saw adopting Western European ideas as the necessary way forward for Russia's development. In general Westernizers were advocates of liberal reform, the abolition of serfdom, Western science and technology, and
1129:, both sons of noblemen though Herzen had been born illegitimate. Bakunin became a Hegelian in 1838 and an extreme Left Hegelian shortly after visiting Berlin in 1840. That same year, Herzen began work on his own analysis of Hegel interpreted through
1919:
and weaving even his jailers into his plots and escape plans. In December 1881 69 members of the prison guard were arrested and Nechayev's prison regime was rendered exceedingly harsher. He was found dead of scurvy in his cell on 21 November 1882.
3546:
These Promethean cadres were called "new people" by Chernyshevsky, the "thinking proletariat" by Pisarev and Nikolai Shelgunov, "critically thinking personalities" by P. L. Lavrov, and "cultural pioneers" by others. N. K. Mikhaylovsky called them
842:. However, the role of politics was seen as outdated and irrelevant by most nihilists. Rather, they discarded politics, and those who did hold political views or socialist sympathies remained vague. Russian nihilism has also been defined in
1270:
In 1855, Chernyshevsky completed his first philosophical work and master's dissertation "The Aesthetic Relation of Art to Reality" — applying Feuerbach's methods to a critique of Hegelian aesthetics. The mid-1850s also saw the emergence of
3723:
This strange lack of concern was apparently the result of their belief that politics was linked to an outdated stage of humanity."; "The nihilists' neglect of politics, which they believed to be outdated, proved in this case to be their
1169:, whose ideas he began circulating among Moscow's radical circles in the 1840s. The first roots of Bakunin's own interest in anarchism can also be traced to around this time. Bakunin was also the one to introduce Hegelian thought to
471: 'nothing') came to represent the movement's unremitting attacks on morality, religion, and traditional society. Even as it was yet unnamed, the movement arose from a generation of young radicals disillusioned with the
2476:
The philosophy of nihilism then began to be associated erroneously with the regicide of Alexander II (1881) and the political terror that was employed by those active at the time in clandestine organizations opposed to
4397:, who had produced a number of outstanding leaders of the emancipation movement (V. G. Belin-skii, the Petrashevtsy) before the peasant reform of 1861, played a prominent role in the post-reform revolutionary movement
1469:
states in his memoirs that Bazarov was a more admirable portrayal yet was still found dissatisfying to nihilists for his harsh attitude, his coldness towards his old parents, and his neglect of duties as a citizen.
1330:
By the late 1850s however, Chernyshevsky had become politically radicalized and began to reject Herzen's social discourse, devoting himself instead to the revolutionary socialist cause. Alongside Chernyshevsky came
726:. Likewise, the movement very soon adopted the name, despite the novel's initial harsh reception among both the conservatives and younger generation, and wherever the term was not embraced it was at least accepted.
5950:
In 1863 Poland, that had dreamed of an untrampled autonomy, at least since 1815, became the scene of a bloody insurrection, while all over Russia blazed up incendiary fires, and St. Petersburg was threatened with
3855:
Nihilism was not so much a corpus of formal beliefs and programs (like populism, liberalism, Marxism) as it was a cluster of attitudes and social values and a set of behavioral affects—manners, dress, friendship
2847:
Nihilism and anarchism, which for a while would completely dominate the intelligentsia and become a major factor in the history of nineteenth-century Russia, emerged in the final years of the reign of Alexander
1568:
virtuous fictional creations were not the genuine, flesh-and-blood egoists whose growing presence in Russia Dostoevsky feared", writes scholar James P. Scanlan. "Yet the doctrine these pseudo-egoists advanced –
1347:
model, and Sechenov lent particular influence to Chernyshevsky in this regard. This more subtle argument was favoured since state censorship made no allowance for outwardly challenging its religious doctrines.
4335:
From the 1840s the raznochintsy had a significant influence on the development of Russian society and culture, and became the main social stratum for the formation of the Russian intelligentsia in the 1860s.
721:
were seen as bitterly failing. The nihilist characters of Turgenev's novel take up the name of their own volition, stating that negation is the most necessary thing in the present age and as such they deny
5225:
The theoretical underpinnings of the movement were elaborated in Russia (as far as tsarist censorship would permit) by Nikolai Chernyshevskii, Dmitrii Pisarev, Nikolai Dobroliubov, Ivan Sechenov and others
1573:– was a genuine danger, because by glorifying the self it could turn the minds of impressionable young people away from sound values and push them in the direction of a true, immoral, destructive egoism."
5651:
Turgenev himself recounts what is now a famous anecdote from his life, when he returned to Saint Petersburg in 1862 on the same day that young radicals—calling themselves "nihilists"—were setting fire to
1312:
which Belinsky had begun. The discoursing of Russian literature allowed them the vehicle to have their ideas published that censorship would not have otherwise granted. Pisarev himself wrote at first for
909:, which exercised great intellectual force in Russian at the time, especially among those whose intellectual education had been shaped by Böhemian mysticism of the radical orthodox sects, the so-called
5582:
towards functions, from the most 'animal' to the most refined, are materially based and can be exhaustively comprehended by the natural sciences. ... Sechenov's contribution to this argument is evident
2661:, protesting the misuse in the West of the word "nihilist," he says that the Russian revolutionaries themselves use two names: a formal one—"socialist revolutionaries"—and a colloquial one—"radicals."
3043:
When emancipation finally came in 1861, however, it was a bitter disappointment to the men of the sixties, for its terms gave the serfs little chance of economic self-sufficiency or genuine freedom.
2872:
Nihilism, (from Latin nihil, "nothing"), originally a philosophy of moral and epistemological skepticism that arose in 19th-century Russia during the early years of the reign of Tsar Alexander II.
2033:
Nihilism, (from Latin nihil, "nothing"), originally a philosophy of moral and epistemological skepticism that arose in 19th-century Russia during the early years of the reign of Tsar Alexander II.
3517:
Chernyshevskii described the lives of new types of persons—the "rational egoists," who live by their own labor, lead a new kind of family life, and disseminate the ideas of socialism in practice.
1153:
Let us therefore trust the eternal spirit which destroys and annihilates only because it is the unfathomable and eternal source of all life. The passion for destruction is a creative passion too!
564:
and violent crime. Kropotkin argues that while violence and terrorism were used, this was due to the specific revolutionary context and was not inherent to nihilist philosophy, though historian
3256:"Realists" have the same referent as "nihilists"; the character chosen by Pisarev to represent "our realism" is Bazarov, the "representative of our young generation"—the archetypical nihilist.
609:"No, it's not the same thing. A nihilist is a man who does not bow down before any authority, who does not take any principle on faith, whatever reverence that principle may be enshrined in."
1828:
1197:
became an admirer of Feuerbach, Herzen, and Belinsky towards the end of the 1840s. It was at this time that he drew towards socialist materialism and was in close contact with members of the
6044:
Bazároff, did not satisfy us. We found him too harsh, especially in his relations with his old parents, and, above all, we reproached him with his seeming neglect of his duties as a citizen.
3082:
For it was Bazarov who had first declared himself to be a "Nihilist" and who announced that, "since at the present time, negation is the most useful of all," the Nihilists "deny—everything."
5020:
But the materialist trend in philosophy that Feuerbach inspired did not become a broad movement in Russia until the death of Nicholas I in 1855 and the end of the Crimean War a year later.
2657:
at all, or employed this word correctly in the specific, narrow sense of the mid-1870's. ... The same holds true of the writings of no less an authority than Stepniak-Kravchinsky. ... In
987:
many of the most prominent nihilist thinkers were raised free from the extremes of poverty and hardship — some even having been born into aristocratic families — a connection between the
2226:
did not imply, as one might expect from a purely semantic viewpoint, a universal "negation" of ethical normativity, the foundations of knowledge or the meaningfulness of human existence.
785:
character of the nihilist movement. In fact, the nihilists sought to liberate the Promethean might of the Russian people which they saw embodied in a class of prototypal individuals, or
4104:
Though the sorokovniki had provided the šestidesjatniki with theoretical grounds for ideological advancement, the two generations became increasingly confrontational towards each other.
1791:
in Saint Petersburg. The attempt failed and Karakozov was sentenced to death. Nikolai Ishutin was also arrested and sentenced to be executed before ultimately being exiled to a life of
1639:
Revolutionary organizations during the 1860s took only the form of conspiratorial groups. From the revolutionary turmoil of the years 1859–1861, which had included peasant uprisings in
5684:
autonomy over curriculum, hiring and promotion, and internal university judicial proceedings. ... The University Statute did not open universities to matriculation by female students.
6757:
And it was a "Nihilist student," Dmitry Karakosov, whose attempt on the Tsar's life in 1866 completed the return of Russian society to the dark repression of the era of Nicholas I.
6628:
After the self-liquidation of the latter, the circle, having developed an independent existence, to some extent brought together the uncoordinated groups of the Moscow underground.
1300:—Chernyshevsky being its principle editor. With their contributions, the journal became the primary organ of revolutionary thought in its time. The two of them, later followed by
1136:
Both Bakunin and Herzen held concerns about the extremes of materialism. Whereas Bakunin is more strictly considered a Russian materialist, Herzen sought a reconciliation between
6598:
a secret revolutionary organization founded in Moscow by N. A. Ishutin ... The Ishutin Circle emerged in September 1863, as a group aligned with the first Land and Liberty group.
1002:
gained significant influence over the development of Russian society and culture, the intelligentsia of this class came to be synonymous with the "revolutionary intelligentsia".
5706:
After the opening of university education for the middle class, the number of educated people in the Russian empire rapidly increased. Thus increased the number of raznochintsy.
3361:
Herzen, being one of the latter, argued in 1868, six years after the publication of Turgenev's novel and Pisarev's review (and hence in a different political climate), that the
2179:
Peter Kropotkin, the leading Russian anarchist, defined nihilism as the symbol of struggle against all forms of tyranny, hypocrisy, and artificiality and for individual freedom.
1873:. As a political party, the organization became the first to separate itself from past conspiratorial groups with its open advocacy of revolution. The party was predominated by
1395:
632:
has been widely misused in the West when discussing the Russian movement, especially in relation to revolutionary activity. Criticizing this misterming by Western commentators,
2923:(an 1840s man), used the term to describe "the children", the new generation of students and intellectuals who, by virtue of their relation to their fathers, were considered
1662:
1996:
are used for the sake of accuracy in delineating the two generations. The former is often translated as 'man of the forties' and the latter as 'man of the sixties', though
1228:
of belonging to an older generation, supposedly prone to philosophical idealism, still regarded as an "other" by some of the canonized nihilists among the 1860s generation.
893:. "Their attraction to the airy heights of idealism was partly a result of the stultifying political atmosphere of the autocracy, but was also an unintended consequence of
4892:
When Mikhail Bakunin closed his essay, "The Reaction in Germany," with a celebration of "the passion for destruction," he was in effect anticipating the men of the 1860's
3762:
First, the positive or constructive side of nihilism was never clearly defined. For some radicals, it was vaguely socialist, based on the idea of the village commune (
3629:
During the communist period of Russian history, the principal "nihilist" theoreticians were officially lionized under the designation "Russian revolutionary democrats"
2448:
First, the positive or constructive side of nihilism was never clearly defined. For some radicals, it was vaguely socialist, based on the idea of the village commune (
1294:, who in turn had used it synonymously with skepticism. Together with Chernyshevsky, of whom he was a disciple and comrade, Dobrolyubov wrote for the literary journal
6887:
Zemlya i Volya, English Land and Freedom, first Russian political party to openly advocate a policy of revolution; it had been preceded only by conspiratorial groups.
2049:
In Russia, nihilism became identified with a loosely organized revolutionary movement (C.1860-1917) that rejected the authority of the state, church, and family.
860:, "is perhaps best regarded as the intellectual pool of the period 1855–1866 out of which later radical movements emerged". During this foundational period, the
4867:
By promoting the role of negation, against the political as well as divine sovereign, Bakunin provided the radical movement with a pre-Marxist Hegelian impetus.
1616:
s literary criticism department entered into bitter disputes with other publications ever since his disagreements with Pisarev over Bazarovism. Under Pisarev,
3209:
In this context the very term "nihilism" was, if not embraced, so at least tolerated and occasionally used self-referentially—as the nihilists saw themselves.
6114:
5932:
1564:. Dostoevsky posited this dislikable glorifier of self-will as a more realistic portrayal of an egoist than the benign depictions of rational self-interest.
1811:
Following the attempt on the Tsar's life, the political environment in Russia immediately began returning to the stifling atmosphere of Nicholas I's rule.
1761:
from prison in 1864. The same year, the group founded a bookbinding workshop, then in 1865, a sewing workshop, a tuition-free school, and a cotton wadding
1666:
781:
had adopted. Contemporary scholarship has challenged the equating of Russian nihilism with mere skepticism, instead identifying it with the fundamentally
1520:
In the meantime, extensive castigation of nihilism had found its place in Russian publication, official government documents, and a burgeoning trend of
3027:
By 1861 the radicals were disappointed by the slow pace of reform, and especially by the illiberal terms of the emancipation of the serfs in that year.
1281:, he further elborated the ideas of Russian materialism and is at times seen as a leading nihilist. Dobrolyubov had in fact occasionally used the term
377:
4478:
liberal critics called the radicals "materialists"; but then, when it was no longer sufficiently derogatory, they came to prefer the term "nihilists".
2778:
liberal critics called the radicals "materialists"; but then, when it was no longer sufficiently derogatory, they came to prefer the term "nihilists".
1726:
7080:
3800:
It is, however, the vagueness of their positive programmes that distinguishes the Nihilists from the revolutionary socialists who followed them.
3106:
At the novel's first appearance, the radical younger generation attacked it bitterly as a slander, and conservatives condemned it as too lenient
1404:
intelligentsia, refused to grant more rights to students and university admittance remained exclusively male. Historian Kristian Petrov writes:
3162:
when he returned to Saint Petersburg in 1862 on the same day that young radicals—calling themselves "nihilists"—were setting fire to buildings
7125:
2653:
Ill-informed authors of that time usually referred to all Russian revolutionaries as "nihilists." Well-informed ones either did not refer to
6441:
first Russian political party to openly advocate a policy of revolution; it had been preceded only by conspiratorial groups. Founded in 1876
6102:
during the reign of Alexander II." Moreover, it was this censoring of Chernyshevsky and his imprisonment that drove him to write his novel.
5090:
indeed rejected idealism; their masters, however, like Herzen and Bakunin, had found understanding in the philosophies of Fichte and Hegel.
1439:
1074:. However, it was in fact those among the older generation who were first characterized as nihilists, and it was Left Hegelianism that the
741:, which had flourished in Russia in the wake of Pushkin. Although Pisarev was among those who celebrated the embrace of nihilism, the term
683:
The intellectual origins of the nihilist movement can be traced back to 1855 and perhaps earlier, where it was principally a philosophy of
6488:
Chernyshevsky's legacy was continued and developed by a variety of individuals and organisations, including the first 'Land and Freedom' (
3586:
Nihilism in Russia is said to have been deeply rooted in the radical temperament of the Russian people before it took the form of thought.
1560:
as a direct satire upon Chernyshevsky's novel. Interestingly, the protagonist both criticizes and is a parody of Chernyshevsky's views on
864:
aspects of the movement scandalized the country and even minor indiscretions left nihilists imprisoned for lengthy periods or in exile to
7115:
4307:
were of noble birth like their "fathers", or at least children of clergymen, both lacking first-hand experience of repression and poverty
1807:
Russian nihilists tied to chairs on horse-drawn platforms and paraded past groups of soldiers on their way to execution in St. Petersburg
1775:, Polish revolutionaries, and fellow organizations in Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga Province, and elsewhere. The Circle then formed a
1644:
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7150:
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much worse than that of Bakunin, and although he had no rich an prominent relatives to intercede for him as was the case with Bakunin.
6018:
In sociopolitical terms, represents the victory of the revolutionary intelligentsia over the aristocracy, to which Turgenev belonged.
3895:
Russian Nihilism is perhaps best regarded as the intellectual pool of the period 1855–66 out of which later radical movements emerged
2821:
Russian Nihilism is perhaps best regarded as the intellectual pool of the period 1855–66 out of which later radical movements emerged
993:
and the new radicals has often been emphasized in comparison to the dominance of aristocratic intellectuals in previous generations.
1897:
a new secret cell based organization, called the People's Retribution (Russian: Narodnaya Rasprava), based on the principles of the
1972:
will be capitalized when referring to the Russian movement though this is not ubiquitous nor does it correspond with Russian usage.
7135:
5805:
Frede, Victoria S. (2010). "Materialism and the Radical Intelligentsia: the 1860s". In Hamburg, G. M.; Poole, Randall A. (eds.).
4718:
Frede, Victoria S. (2010). "Materialism and the Radical Intelligentsia: the 1860s". In Hamburg, G. M.; Poole, Randall A. (eds.).
1803:
905:. "Their flight from the harsh reality of everyday life into the ideal was prepared on an intellectual level by the theosophy of
557:
5690:
4665:
It was this apotheosis of man that outraged the Schellingians and led them to characterize Russian Left Hegelianism as nihilism.
4319:
1757:, the Ishutin Circle began to unite various underground groups in Moscow. The group arranged the escape of Polish revolutionary
7130:
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In the meantime he had grown into a martyr of the radical movement, and this undoubtedly enhanced the popularity of his novel.
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followed by further imprisonment. Chernyshevsky gained a legendary reputation as a martyr of the radical movement and, unlike
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4829:
The theoretical underpinnings of the movement were elaborated in Russia ... and more freely in emigration by Mikhail Bakunin.
3140:
Bazarov's nihilism quickly became famous in Russia and was warmly endorsed by certain revolutionary groups there in the 1860s
838:, the movement has also been defined in political terms. Soviet scholarship, for example, often interchanges the designation
2152:"nihilism" was via Turgenev's F&C introduced to a wider audience in the early 1860s Russia, in the form of the loanword
1741:
was oriented, did not take place, and the Polish uprising was suppressed. Under these conditions, the revolutionary work of
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as responsible for inciting the revolutionaries to action and supposedly pleaded with him to bring a stop to it. Historian
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856:
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During 1863, the revolutionary situation in Russia virtually exhausted itself. The general peasant uprising, toward which
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285:
5851:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
5723:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
5596:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
5438:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
5284:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
5233:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
5136:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
5056:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
4939:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
4837:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
4596:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
4533:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
4448:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
4261:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
4118:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
4074:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
3983:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
3932:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
3452:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
3331:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
3286:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
3226:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
3179:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
2889:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
2748:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
2701:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
2243:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
2193:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
2122:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
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began to die down. Many members of the society were arrested or were forced to emigrate, and by the spring of 1864,
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Thereafter Nihilism quickly became the subject of polemical debate in the journal press and in works of literature.
1379:, was the marked embrace of the style and cynicism of the nihilist character Yevgeny Bazarov from Ivan Turgenev's
670:. From there, nihilism was interpreted as a revolutionary social menace by the well-known conservative journalist
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2964:
concerns the inevitable conflict between generations and between the values of traditionalists and intellectuals.
1870:
1576:
Chernyshevsky continued to write essays and literature while incarcerated. In 1864, he was sentenced and given a
1461:
568:
adds that nihilism was nevertheless at the core of revolutionary thought in Russia throughout the lead-up to the
5119:
The nihilists' neglect of politics, which they believed to be outdated, proved in this case to be their undoing.
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The first truly Narodnik organization to emerge from this situation was the revolutionary group Zemlya i Volya.
3848:
3579:
2840:
1915:. Due to his charisma and force of will, Nechayev continued to influence events, maintaining a relationship to
4347:
Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling (1992). "Problematics of Status Definition in Imperial Russia: The Raznočincy".
4232:
Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling (1992). "Problematics of Status Definition in Imperial Russia: The Raznočincy".
4164:
Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling (1992). "Problematics of Status Definition in Imperial Russia: The Raznočincy".
1783:, who was the cousin of Nikolai Ishutin, joined the Circle in 1866 and on April 4 of that year carried out an
6061:
5511:
Its fullest legal expression in Russia came in the published writings of Chernyshevskii, Sechenov and Pisarev
5428:
5318:
and sociologist Vasilij Bervi-Flerovskij. In 1858, Bervi-Flerovskij used nihilism as a synonym for scepticism
5180:
5037:
4929:
4887:
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as a personal attack on Dobroliubov."; " was so vituperative that it embarrassed many of his contemporaries.
5635:
3146:
1501:
1492:
1481:
1449:, since I don't know whether I love him or hate him!" Nevertheless, Bazarov represented the triumph of the
1445:
Turgenev's own opinion of Bazarov is highly ambiguous, stating: "Did I want to abuse Bazarov or extol him?
1442:
writes that while St. Petersburg faced threat of destruction, arson became rampant all throughout Russia.
1010:
were among these, being prominent figures of the movement to abolish serfdom. Of the nihilist generation,
948:
ideals imported particularly from France or Germany. Other preliminary figures of this generation include
7145:
6986:
Angel of Vengeance: The Girl Who Shot the Governor of St. Petersburg and Sparked the Age of Assassination
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prior to its popularization at the hands of Turgenev, which he had picked up from sociologist and fellow
1157:
Bakunin and Herzen began to meet rejection from others in the Westernizer camp for their open embrace of
718:
633:
2919:
Even so, the term nihilism did not become popular until Turgenev published F&C in 1862. Turgenev, a
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3840:
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2390:
688:
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of the past, and from a growing divide between the old aristocratic intellectuals and the new radical
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The Midnight Sun, The Tsar and The Nihilist: Adventures and Observations In Norway, Sweden and Russia
1658:
1521:
203:
79:
35:
6255:
people away from sound values and push them in the direction of a true, immoral, destructive egoism.
4746:
Materialism returned to intellectual prominence in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
6862:(Northern Revolutionary-Populist Group), an organization which two years later came to be known as
5340:(The Contemporary). Together with his friend and disciple Nicholas Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky have
3267:
1381:
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619:
385:
143:
532:. In its most complete forms it also denied the possibility of common ideals, instead favouring a
30:
This article is about the revolutionary philosophical movement in Russia, not to be confused with
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began to write for some of the leading literary journals, soon becoming principle editor of the
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accrued supporters within the Russian military and allied itself with revolutionary activity in
253:
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6499:
5672:
Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire
4977:
like Herzen and Belinsky, and also Turgenev, but was politically radicalized in the late 1850s.
1836:
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1391:
1335:, who would later be credited as the father of Russian physiology and scientific psychology by
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600:"Say, who respects nothing," put in Pavel Petrovitch, and he set to work on the butter again.
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Turgenev's own opinion of Bazarov was ambivalent. "Did I want to abuse Bazarov or extol him?
5926:
5314:
Dobrolyubov, perhaps himself a role model for Bazarov, came to the term nihilism through the
1929:
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1435:
1414:
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1194:
1180:
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1011:
790:
711:, towards both the traditionalists and the progressive reformists that came before them, the
248:
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on the whole the Westernizers were an obsolete older generation in the eyes of the Nihilists
1588:, not once did he plead for mercy or pardon during his treatment at the hands of the state.
1218:
generation continued to draw from the Left Hegelians but thoroughly abandoned Hegel and the
6901:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
6804:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
6753:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
6058:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
5425:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
5332:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
5177:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
5034:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
4926:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
4884:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
4374:
3820:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
3035:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
2972:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
2546:
2362:
Russian Philosophy Volume II: the Nihilists, The Populists, Critics of Religion and Culture
1816:
1210:
1045:
945:
816:
573:
513:
213:
5807:
A History of Russian Philosophy 1830–1930: Faith, Reason, and the Defense of Human Dignity
4720:
A History of Russian Philosophy 1830–1930: Faith, Reason, and the Defense of Human Dignity
1040:, which quickly became synonymous with Russian nihilism, developed under the influence of
345:
8:
7076:
George Kennan and the Russian Empire: How America's Conscience Became an Enemy of Tsarism
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approach of the previous generation. Russian nihilism developed an atmosphere of extreme
350:
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5519:"Discoveries in the Human Brain. Neuroscience Prehistory, Brain Structure, and Function"
3837:
The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860-1930
597:, nothing, as far as I can judge; the word must mean a man who... who accepts nothing?"
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Literary works and journals quickly became enrapt with polemical debate over nihilism.
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1248:, though his bourgeois liberalism was detested, and later from evolutionary biologists
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Bakuninists predominated in the re-establishment of the underground Land and Liberty (
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reality, in contrast to nihilism and its connotations of subjectivism and nothingness.
674:, for its negation of moral principles. The term came into favour when accusations of
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Nihilists; Russian radicals and revolutionaries in the reign of Alexander II, 1855-81
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1030:"Russian materialism" redirects here. For an overview of materialist philosophy, see
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during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, from which the broader philosophy of
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Russian nihilism was essentially a product of the 1860s evolving dialogue between
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from Latin nihil "nothing at all" ... Turgenev used the Russian form of the word (
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Vissarion Belinsky, had symptomatically employed the term in a more neutral sense
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1765:. They failed, however, in their attempts to arrange Chernyshevsky's escape from
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terms, in philosophical terms, and incorrectly as a form of political terrorism.
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nihilists were not skeptics but passionate advocates of negation and liberation.
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to describe the nihilist position and was also the name of a literary movement,
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At its core, Russian nihilism inhabited an ever-evolving discourse between the
758:
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671:
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in 1881, Russian nihilism was characterized throughout Europe as a doctrine of
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in an aim to assimilate and distinctively recontextualize core elements of the
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further states that Russian nihilism in fact had its deepest expression in a
355:
148:
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6285:
While in the Peter and Paul Fortress, Chernyshevskii also wrote the novella
2946:(1862), who popularized the term through the figure of Bazarov the nihilist.
2863:
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2170:
2024:
1244:
became new favourites. Further influence came from the utilitarian ideas of
4017:."; "The term nihilist, I suggest, in its significant association with the
2101:
1694:
1455:
intelligentsia over those like Turgenev from the aristocracy. Comparing to
1145:
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1022:
were all sons of unaffluent priests before turning to atheist materialism.
975:
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603:"Who regards everything from the critical point of view," observed Arkady.
315:
153:
4191:
Walicki, Andrzej (1998). "Chernyshevskii, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828–89)".
4021:, should in this context be understood in relation to the idealist of the
691:. However, it was not until 1862 that the term was first popularized when
644:
was misapplied to the entirety of the country's revolutionary milieu. The
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118:
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Nihilism was a broad social and cultural movement as well as a doctrine.
1082:
significant intellectual revival until the late nineteenth century. The
749:
and nothingness that burdened nihilism while retaining the rejection of
650:
attributes the probable first use of the term in Russian publication to
6993:
6845:
6482:
6249:
6202:
3916:
2640:
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1874:
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in Siberia. In total, thirty-two members of the Circle were sentenced.
1596:
Leading up to 1864, the movement underwent what Dostoevsky termed the '
1360:
1137:
663:
577:
533:
505:
381:
158:
128:
48:
6217:
6170:
2277:
1779:, known as the Organization, and a sub-group within it known as Hell.
6457:
4525:
Schelling, Hegel and Fichte were followed by enthusiasm for Feuerbach
4013:
Accordingly, nihilism, as a movement, did not exclusively consist of
2689:
was probably first used by N.I. Nadezhdin, in an 1829 article in the
1939:
1840:
1486:
1241:
754:
280:
258:
188:
183:
163:
98:
6837:
6241:
6194:
2632:
2297:
1888:
1356:
1176:
1117:
generation who sought to radicalize Hegelian thought and build upon
640:, or informally as radicals. However, from outside Russia, the term
193:
6739:
The Supreme Criminal Court gave out various sentences to 32 members
2576:
1880:
1343:
were wholly adequate to study human and animal life according to a
890:
835:
446:
238:
223:
113:
62:
43:
5344:
its character as foremost organ of radical opinion in the sixties.
2414:
Kline, George L. (1967). "Pisarev, Dmitri Ivanovich (1840–1868)".
1394:'s education reforms, under the supervision of education minister
1259:
6858:
Mark Natanson and Alexander Mikhailov, who in 1876 organized the
1698:
1390:
nihilists. The surge of student activism became the backdrop for
865:
497:
268:
263:
133:
108:
3766:). Others saw a managerial class as the basis for the new order.
2040:
1102:
1722:
1682:
1630:
Dmitry Karakozov § Attempted assassination of Alexander II
1604:
began taking a more moderate or even regressive position while
1597:
1580:
before being exiled to Siberia, where he served seven years in
1561:
1183:, utopian socialist, a major intellectual force behind nihilism
705:
to describe the disillusionment of the younger generation, the
593:"A nihilist," said Nikolai Petrovitch. "That's from the Latin,
545:
509:
198:
7017:(in Italian) (2nd ed.). Turin: Einaudi. pp. 305–306.
5553:
Scanlan, James P. (1998). "Russian Materialism: 'the 1860s'".
5483:
Scanlan, James P. (1998). "Russian Materialism: 'the 1860s'".
5359:
Scanlan, James P. (1998). "Russian Materialism: 'the 1860s'".
5197:
Scanlan, James P. (1998). "Russian Materialism: 'the 1860s'".
4992:
Scanlan, James P. (1998). "Russian Materialism: 'the 1860s'".
4801:
Scanlan, James P. (1998). "Russian Materialism: 'the 1860s'".
4758:
Scanlan, James P. (1998). "Russian Materialism: 'the 1860s'".
4677:
Scanlan, James P. (1998). "Russian Materialism: 'the 1860s'".
4626:
Even earlier, older generations had pejoratively depicted the
4496:
Scanlan, James P. (1998). "Russian Materialism: 'the 1860s'".
4412:
Scanlan, James P. (1998). "Russian Materialism: 'the 1860s'".
3601:
Scanlan, James P. (1998). "Russian Materialism: 'the 1860s'".
2999:
Scanlan, James P. (1998). "Russian Materialism: 'the 1860s'".
831:
of the Russian people, long pre-existing the movement itself.
6899:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
6824:
Pipes, Richard (1964). "Narodnichestvo: A Semantic Inquiry".
6802:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
6751:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
6056:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
5423:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
5330:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
5267:, and an intellectual occasionally seen as a leading nihilist
5175:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
5032:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
4924:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
4882:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
3818:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
3033:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
2970:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
2619:
Pipes, Richard (1964). "Narodnichestvo: A Semantic Inquiry".
2360:
Edie, James M.; Scanlan, James; Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1994).
1686:
1398:. These reforms however, while conceding an expansion of the
606:"Isn't that just the same thing?" inquired Pavel Petrovitch.
27:
1860–1917 Russian movement advocating negation and liberation
636:
stated that revolutionaries themselves simply identified as
1820:, in 1866, particularly in response to Pisarev's writings.
1339:. Chernyshenvsky and Sechenov shared the argument that the
925:'s ideological advancements, even in their confrontations.
540:
outlook. Nihilists predictably fell into conflict with the
7032:. New York, NY: New York: Anarchist Papers. pp. 2–25.
6808:
the re-establishment of the underground Land and Liberty (
4571:, should in this context be understood in relation to the
1623:
1417:
for his part saw Turgenev's novel as a personal attack on
1044:
materialism from Germany and the delayed influence of the
528:
and championing those who held themselves exempt from all
7053:(in Italian) (2nd ed.). Turin: Einaudi. p. 318.
1524:. Notable earlier works of this literary current include
1308:, had taken up the Russian tradition of socially-charged
717:. This at a time when the terms faced by serfs under the
6077:"The Debate around Nihilism in 1860s Russian Literature"
5899:"The Debate around Nihilism in 1860s Russian Literature"
5993:, since I don't know whether I love him or hate him!" (
5948:. St. Louis, MO: Historical Publishing Co. p. 95.
2436:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 140, 143, 160.
1275:
as a budding university activist and poet. As a fellow
6988:. United Kingdom: St. Martin's Press. pp. 21–38.
4303:
has rightfully been criticized. Many of the prominent
1859:
was re-established in 1876, originally under the name
6319:
Perfect Worlds: Utopian Fiction in China and the West
4567:, I suggest, in its significant association with the
4392:
2831:. Translated by Parkes, Graham; with Setsuko Aihara.
1846:
1729:, founded in Moscow in 1863, under the leadership of
1620:
took over as the leading journal of radical thought.
1450:
1399:
997:
988:
981:
973:
3570:. Translated by Graham Parkes; with Setsuko Aihara.
3566:
Nishitani, Keiji (1990). McCormick, Peter J. (ed.).
2827:
Nishitani, Keiji (1990). McCormick, Peter J. (ed.).
1835:, nihilist revolutionary most often associated with
868:, where grittier revolutionary attitudes fermented.
3365:'s nihilism had essentially been introduced by the
1113:Left Hegelianism in Russia began with those of the
827:. Nihilism has also been attributed to a perennial
789:in their own words. These individuals were seen by
384:. In order to explore related topics, please visit
6946:
6770:
6218:"The Case against Rational Egoism in Dostoevsky's
6171:"The Case against Rational Egoism in Dostoevsky's
3482:These "new types", to borrow Pisarev's designation
3059:
2382:
2278:"The Case against Rational Egoism in Dostoevsky's
1465:, which he describes as a caricature of nihilism,
1430:coinciding with insurrections in Poland, in 1863.
1109:, often regarded as the father of Russian nihilism
883:. While nihilism was not exclusive from them, the
544:religious authorities, as well as with prevailing
6898:
6801:
6750:
6113:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
6097:The manuscript for the novel was forwarded on to
6055:
5931:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
5422:
5329:
5174:
5031:
4923:
4881:
4291:It has frequently been stressed that many of the
3817:
3032:
2969:
2359:
1889:End of Nechayev and the first nihilist revolution
1608:continued to push further into radical nihilism.
7107:
6456:Gaido, Daniel; Alessio, Constanza Bosch (2015).
6321:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 211–232.
2292:(3). University of Pennsylvania Press: 553–554.
1787:, firing a shot at the Tsar at the gates of the
1499:Chernyshevsky published his landmark 1863 novel
6860:Severnaia revoliutsionno-narodnicheskaia gruppa
6720:
6693:
6666:
6639:
6609:
6579:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6074:
5896:
5833:Some readers, including Chernyshevskii, viewed
1862:Severnaia revoliutsionno-narodnicheskaia gruppa
769:instead presented nihilism as a product of the
6903:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 116.
6806:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 116.
3911:. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger. pp. 335–351.
2942:It was Ivan Turgenev, in his celebrated novel
1677:. The full extent of the organization spanned
5765:Lovell, Stephen (1998). "Nihilism, Russian".
5334:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 11.
4193:Chernyshevskii, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828–89)
3871:Lovell, Stephen (1998). "Nihilism, Russian".
3772:Lovell, Stephen (1998). "Nihilism, Russian".
2793:Lovell, Stephen (1998). "Nihilism, Russian".
2325:Lovell, Stephen (1998). "Nihilism, Russian".
2055:Lovell, Stephen (1998). "Nihilism, Russian".
1991:
1985:
1901:. The uncompromising tone and content of the
1878:
1860:
1733:. Historian Shneer Mendelevich Levin writes:
1286:
1276:
1188:
1057:
920:
914:
884:
878:
872:
776:
770:
712:
706:
404:
6755:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 3.
6541:
6455:
6266:
4969:Chernyshevsky (1828–1889), one of the older
4346:
4231:
4163:
2364:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 3.
1865:(Northern Revolutionary-Populist Group), by
1770:
1327:in its influence over the radical movement.
745:may have done away with the connotations of
666:. Nadezhdin himself had applied the term to
7091:Fathers and Sons: Russia at the Cross-roads
6773:Dostoevsky: The Miraculous Years, 1865–1871
4152:like Herzen and Belinsky, and also Turgenev
3062:Dostoevsky: The Miraculous Years, 1865–1871
2385:Dostoevsky: The Miraculous Years, 1865–1871
2000:in this sense may include as early as 1855.
1634:
7030:Bakunin on Violence: Letter to S. Nechayev
6953:. New York, NY: Delacorte Press. pp.
6552:
6497:
6458:"Vera Zasulich's Critique of Neo-Populism"
6401:"Господин Щедрин, или Раскол в нигилистах"
6352:
5946:Russian Nihilism and Exile Life in Siberia
1769:. Ties were forged with Russian political
1725:. In league with the organization was the
1161:. For Herzen this came with embracing the
1056:which had found such popularity under the
680:proved no longer sufficiently derogatory.
411:
397:
6481:
6029:
5965:
5866:
5738:
5611:
5534:
5516:
5453:
5299:
5248:
5151:
5095:
5071:
4954:
4852:
4641:
4611:
4548:
4463:
4276:
4133:
4089:
4036:
3998:
3947:
3738:
3699:
3663:
3565:
3522:
3467:
3419:
3380:
3346:
3301:
3241:
3194:
2904:
2826:
2763:
2716:
2513:
2491:
2428:
2258:
2208:
2137:
1814:Dostoevsky published his following work,
1204:
1149:nihilists with his infamous declaration:
7050:Dalla liberazione dei servi al nihilismo
7014:Dalla liberazione dei servi al nihilismo
6940:
6938:
4916:
4914:
2509:
2507:
2462:
2460:
1980:
1978:
1827:
1802:
1798:
1657:'s writings. Among its key members were
1485:
1355:
1258:
1175:
1101:
889:were on principle a generation given to
765:. In a notably later political climate,
42:
7069:Nihilism, Anarchy, and the 21st Century
7042:
7027:
7006:
6944:
6553:Levin, Shneer Mendelevich (1970–1979).
6498:Levin, Shneer Mendelevich (1970–1979).
6308:
6215:
6168:
5552:
5517:Haas, Lindsay; Lewis, Margaret (1999).
5482:
5358:
5196:
4991:
4903:
4800:
4757:
4676:
4495:
4411:
4190:
3906:
3600:
3499:
3261:
2998:
2545:
2275:
1823:
1785:attempted assassination of Alexander II
1624:Attempted assassination of Alexander II
14:
7108:
6398:
6374:
5848:
5764:
5720:
5593:
5435:
5389:
5281:
5230:
5133:
5053:
4936:
4834:
4593:
4530:
4445:
4258:
4115:
4071:
3980:
3929:
3870:
3834:
3771:
3449:
3328:
3283:
3223:
3176:
3112:Crosby, Donald A. (1998). "Nihilism".
3111:
2886:
2792:
2745:
2698:
2557:by Michel Haar & Michael Gendre".
2324:
2240:
2190:
2119:
2054:
1717:all kept contact with its leadership.
1653:emerged under the strong influence of
1473:
1025:
7093:. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993.
6983:
6935:
6823:
6768:
6315:and Dostoevsky's Dystopian Foresight"
6269:"Chernyshevskii, Nikolai Gavrilovich"
5804:
4911:
4717:
3502:"Chernyshevskii, Nikolai Gavrilovich"
3057:
2618:
2504:
2487:
2485:
2457:
2413:
2380:
1975:
849:
662:after him, used it synonymously with
7126:Philosophical schools and traditions
5939:
5767:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5555:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5485:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5361:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5199:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4994:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4803:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4760:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4679:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4498:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4414:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4349:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
4234:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
4197:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4166:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
3873:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3774:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3603:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3114:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3001:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2795:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2597:
2327:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2057:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1085:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1048:. The origins of this followed from
857:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
590:"He's a nihilist," repeated Arkady.
6737:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
6626:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
6596:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
6283:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
6143:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
4389:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
3515:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
2605:. Translated by Garnett, Constance.
2045:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1323:—the latter of which came to rival
901:Russian society", writes historian
854:Russian nihilism, as stated in the
24:
7116:19th century in the Russian Empire
6710:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
6683:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
6669:"Karakozov, Dmitrii Vladimirovich"
6656:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
6569:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
6534:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
6514:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
3907:Buckley, J.M. (2008). "Nihilism".
3650:– via TheFreeDictionary.com.
3572:State University of New York Press
2833:State University of New York Press
2482:
2114:) in "Fathers and Children" (1862)
1490:Title page of the 1905 edition of
1187:Often considered the first of the
919:provided the fertile soil for the
558:assassination of Tsar Alexander II
47:Portrait of a nihilist student by
25:
7162:
7151:Freemasonry-related controversies
2038:
1121:'s materialism. Among these were
1097:
813:critically thinking personalities
449:originated. In Russian, the word
7036:
7021:
7000:
6977:
6961:
6914:
6892:
6871:
6817:
6795:
6762:
6744:
6714:
6687:
6660:
6633:
6603:
6234:University of Pennsylvania Press
6187:University of Pennsylvania Press
5855:Studies in East European Thought
5727:Studies in East European Thought
5600:Studies in East European Thought
5442:Studies in East European Thought
5288:Studies in East European Thought
5237:Studies in East European Thought
5140:Studies in East European Thought
5060:Studies in East European Thought
4943:Studies in East European Thought
4841:Studies in East European Thought
4600:Studies in East European Thought
4537:Studies in East European Thought
4452:Studies in East European Thought
4265:Studies in East European Thought
4122:Studies in East European Thought
4078:Studies in East European Thought
3987:Studies in East European Thought
3936:Studies in East European Thought
3456:Studies in East European Thought
3335:Studies in East European Thought
3290:Studies in East European Thought
3230:Studies in East European Thought
3183:Studies in East European Thought
2893:Studies in East European Thought
2752:Studies in East European Thought
2705:Studies in East European Thought
2247:Studies in East European Thought
2197:Studies in East European Thought
2126:Studies in East European Thought
1877:, though became the first truly
1871:Alexander Dmitriyevich Mikhaylov
7048:Il populismo russo; Volume II:
7012:Il populismo russo; Volume II:
6968:"Sergey Gennadiyevich Nechayev"
6721:Vilenskaia, E. S. (1970–1979).
6694:Vilenskaia, E. S. (1970–1979).
6667:Vilenskaia, E. S. (1970–1979).
6640:Vilenskaia, E. S. (1970–1979).
6610:Vilenskaia, E. S. (1970–1979).
6580:Vilenskaia, E. S. (1970–1979).
6573:
6446:
6425:
6365:
6346:
6302:
6260:
6226:Journal of the History of Ideas
6209:
6179:Journal of the History of Ideas
6162:
6121:
6075:St. John Murphy, Sasha (2016).
6068:
6049:
6023:
6002:
5959:
5897:St. John Murphy, Sasha (2016).
5887:
5842:
5798:
5758:
5714:
5695:Encyclopedia of Russian History
5657:
5628:
5587:
5546:
5473:
5413:
5349:
5323:
5275:
5187:
5168:
5127:
5044:
5025:
4985:
4897:
4875:
4791:
4751:
4711:
4670:
4635:
4587:
4486:
4402:
4367:
4340:
4324:Encyclopedia of Russian History
4312:
4252:
4225:
4184:
4157:
4109:
4065:
4030:
3974:
3923:
3900:
3864:
3808:
3729:
3693:
3657:
3591:
3568:The Self-Overcoming of Nihilism
3559:
3490:
3410:
3374:
3322:
3277:
3264:Introduction to Russian Realism
3214:
3170:
3087:
3051:
2989:
2877:
2856:
2829:The Self-Overcoming of Nihilism
2783:
2739:
2666:
2612:
2591:
2553:by Michael Allen Gillespie and
2539:
2422:
2286:Journal of the History of Ideas
959:
928:
516:into Russia while dropping the
463:; meaning 'nihilism', from
7136:Politics of the Russian Empire
6355:History of Anarchism in Russia
6095:(inactive September 8, 2024).
5917:(inactive September 8, 2024).
5704:– via Encyclopedia.com.
5681:– via Encyclopedia.com.
5649:– via Encyclopedia.com.
4973:, was initially influenced by
4907:(1842). "Reaction in Germany".
4333:– via Encyclopedia.com.
3160:– via Encyclopedia.com.
2407:
2374:
2315:
2231:
2184:
2163:
2091:
2014:
1962:
1375:Bazarovism, as popularized by
1209:It was not until the death of
580:nihilism of the 20th century.
13:
1:
7131:Political movements in Russia
6727:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6700:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6673:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6646:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6616:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6586:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6559:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6524:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6504:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6405:Собрание сочинений в 15 томах
6379:. In Николаева, П. А. (ed.).
6377:"Антонович Максим Алексеевич"
6273:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6267:Korotov, Iu. N. (1970–1979).
6133:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6062:University of Tennessee Press
5429:University of Tennessee Press
5394:. In Николаева, П. А. (ed.).
5392:"Антонович Максим Алексеевич"
5181:University of Tennessee Press
5038:University of Tennessee Press
4930:University of Tennessee Press
4888:University of Tennessee Press
4379:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3824:University of Tennessee Press
3640:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3506:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3039:University of Tennessee Press
2976:University of Tennessee Press
2007:
1396:Aleksandr Vasilevich Golovnin
1351:
1078:began to define as nihilism.
583:
524:, at times praising outright
6353:Yaroslasky, Emelian (1922).
5819:10.1017/CBO9780511712227.004
5779:10.4324/9780415249126-E072-1
5567:10.4324/9780415249126-E050-1
5497:10.4324/9780415249126-E050-1
5369:10.4324/9780415249126-E050-1
5211:10.4324/9780415249126-E050-1
5006:10.4324/9780415249126-E050-1
4815:10.4324/9780415249126-E050-1
4772:10.4324/9780415249126-E050-1
4732:10.1017/CBO9780511712227.004
4691:10.4324/9780415249126-E050-1
4510:10.4324/9780415249126-E050-1
4426:10.4324/9780415249126-E050-1
4209:10.4324/9780415249126-E008-1
3881:10.4324/9780415249126-E072-1
3786:10.4324/9780415249126-E072-1
3615:10.4324/9780415249126-E050-1
3126:10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1
3013:10.4324/9780415249126-E050-1
2807:10.4324/9780415249126-E072-1
2339:10.4324/9780415249126-E072-1
2069:10.4324/9780415249126-E072-1
1052:as a direct reaction to the
7:
6381:Biobibliographic Dictionary
5975:University of Chicago Press
5396:Biobibliographic Dictionary
5105:University of Chicago Press
4651:University of Chicago Press
4393:
4046:University of Chicago Press
3748:University of Chicago Press
3709:University of Chicago Press
3673:University of Chicago Press
3532:University of Chicago Press
3429:University of Chicago Press
3390:University of Chicago Press
3262:Simmons, Ernest J. (1965).
2569:University of Chicago Press
2523:University of Chicago Press
2106:Online Etymology Dictionary
1923:
1753:After the disappearance of
1663:Aleksandr Serno-Solovyevich
1482:What Is to Be Done? (novel)
1451:
1400:
1367:, who popularized the term
1213:in 1855 and the end of the
998:
996:As early as the 1840s, the
989:
982:
974:
719:emancipation reform of 1861
634:Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky
10:
7167:
7061:
6779:Princeton University Press
6492:) secret society (1861–4).
6216:Scanlan, James P. (1999).
6169:Scanlan, James P. (1999).
6154:, and V. P. Kliushnikov's
6093:10.14324/111.0954-6839.045
6035:Memoirs of a Revolutionist
5915:10.14324/111.0954-6839.045
5868:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
5811:Cambridge University Press
5740:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
5613:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
5455:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
5301:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
5250:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
5153:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
5073:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
4956:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
4854:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
4724:Cambridge University Press
4613:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
4550:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
4465:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
4278:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
4135:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
4091:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
4000:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
3949:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
3841:Princeton University Press
3469:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
3348:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
3303:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
3243:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
3196:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
3068:Princeton University Press
2906:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
2765:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
2718:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
2494:Memoirs of a Revolutionist
2418:. Macmillan Reference USA.
2416:Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2391:Princeton University Press
2276:Scanlan, James P. (1999).
2260:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
2210:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
2139:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
1627:
1479:
1371:with his character Bazarov
1029:
965:
939:The Westernizers were the
932:
834:Overlapping with forms of
689:epistemological skepticism
29:
7028:Bakunin, Mikhail (1870).
6526:(3rd ed.). 1970–1979
6474:10.1163/1569206X-12341441
6135:(3rd ed.). 1970–1979
5971:Nihilism Before Nietzsche
5849:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
5721:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
5594:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
5436:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
5282:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
5231:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
5134:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
5101:Nihilism Before Nietzsche
5054:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
4937:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
4835:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
4647:Nihilism Before Nietzsche
4594:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
4531:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
4446:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
4381:(3rd ed.). 1970–1979
4259:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
4116:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
4072:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
4042:Nihilism Before Nietzsche
3981:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
3930:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
3744:Nihilism Before Nietzsche
3705:Nihilism Before Nietzsche
3669:Nihilism Before Nietzsche
3642:(3rd ed.). 1970–1979
3528:Nihilism Before Nietzsche
3450:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
3425:Nihilism Before Nietzsche
3386:Nihilism Before Nietzsche
3329:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
3284:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
3224:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
3177:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
2887:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
2746:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
2699:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
2551:Nihilism before Nietzsche
2519:Nihilism Before Nietzsche
2492:Kropotkin, Peter (1899).
2434:Nihilism Before Nietzsche
2241:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
2191:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
2120:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
1659:Nikolai Serno-Solovyevich
1591:
1522:antinihilistic literature
638:socialist revolutionaries
460:
427:Russian nihilist movement
36:Nihilism (disambiguation)
6972:Encyclopaedia Britannica
6945:Hingley, Ronald (1969).
6357:. Lawrence and Wishart.
5967:Gillespie, Michael Allen
5668:"Great Reforms (Russia)"
5097:Gillespie, Michael Allen
4643:Gillespie, Michael Allen
4391:The democrats among the
4148:initially influenced by
4038:Gillespie, Michael Allen
3835:Stites, Richard (1978).
3740:Gillespie, Michael Allen
3701:Gillespie, Michael Allen
3665:Gillespie, Michael Allen
3524:Gillespie, Michael Allen
3500:Korotov, Iu. N. (1979).
3421:Gillespie, Michael Allen
3382:Gillespie, Michael Allen
3268:Indiana University Press
2515:Gillespie, Michael Allen
2430:Gillespie, Michael Allen
2354:intellectual formations.
1955:
1885:organization to emerge.
1697:, and several cities in
1635:Conspiracy organisations
7141:Revolutionary movements
6926:Encyclopædia Britannica
6883:Encyclopædia Britannica
6437:Encyclopædia Britannica
6309:Fokkema, Douwe (2011).
6014:Encyclopædia Britannica
5536:10.1093/brain/122.4.785
3102:Encyclopædia Britannica
2957:Encyclopædia Britannica
2938:Encyclopædia Britannica
2868:Encyclopædia Britannica
2685:In Russian literature,
2681:Encyclopædia Britannica
2560:The Journal of Religion
2472:Encyclopædia Britannica
2175:Encyclopædia Britannica
2029:Encyclopædia Britannica
1913:Peter and Paul Fortress
1600:of the nihilists'. The
1507:Peter and Paul Fortress
840:revolutionary democrats
647:Encyclopædia Britannica
489:Encyclopædia Britannica
229:Incompleteness theorems
6812:) organization in 1876
6769:Frank, Joseph (1995).
6462:Historical Materialism
6375:Чернец, Л. В. (1990).
6220:Notes from Underground
6173:Notes from Underground
5390:Чернец, Л. В. (1990).
5363:. Taylor and Francis.
3875:. Taylor and Francis.
3058:Frank, Joseph (1995).
2381:Frank, Joseph (1995).
2280:Notes from Underground
1992:
1986:
1879:
1861:
1843:
1837:propaganda of the deed
1808:
1771:
1751:
1557:Notes from Underground
1550:(1864). Also in 1864,
1496:
1411:
1372:
1292:Vasily Bervi-Flerovsky
1287:
1277:
1267:
1266:, nihilist philosopher
1230:
1205:Transition to nihilism
1189:
1184:
1167:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
1155:
1110:
1095:
1058:
921:
915:
885:
879:
873:
777:
771:
713:
707:
656:Vasily Bervi-Flerovsky
611:
450:
439:revolutionary movement
51:
34:. For other uses, see
5107:. pp. 143, 160.
3711:. pp. 143, 160.
3675:. pp. 140, 143.
2870:. February 13, 2024.
2547:Altizer, Thomas J. J.
2474:. February 13, 2024.
2177:. February 13, 2024.
2031:. February 13, 2024.
1930:Anti-nihilistic novel
1831:
1806:
1799:Surge of antinihilism
1749:had dissolved itself.
1735:
1655:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
1647:, the secret society
1628:Further information:
1489:
1436:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
1415:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
1406:
1359:
1262:
1254:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
1225:
1195:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
1181:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
1179:
1151:
1105:
1090:
1062:—namely the works of
1012:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
913:." Despite this, the
791:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
588:
46:
6399:Dostoevsky, Fyodor.
5991:I do not know myself
5940:Buel, James (1883).
5835:Fathers and Children
5771:Taylor & Francis
5559:Taylor & Francis
5489:Taylor & Francis
5203:Taylor & Francis
4998:Taylor & Francis
4807:Taylor & Francis
4764:Taylor & Francis
4683:Taylor & Francis
4502:Taylor & Francis
4418:Taylor & Francis
4201:Taylor & Francis
3778:Taylor & Francis
3607:Taylor & Francis
3431:. pp. 143–144.
3118:Taylor & Francis
3005:Taylor & Francis
2799:Taylor & Francis
2496:. Houghton Mifflin.
2331:Taylor & Francis
2061:Taylor & Francis
1847:Re-establishment of
1824:Revolutionary period
1817:Crime and Punishment
1554:published his novel
1505:while being held at
1447:I do not know myself
1385:, in which the term
1232:German materialists
1046:French Enlightenment
817:Nikolay Mikhaylovsky
805:thinking proletariat
695:'s celebrated novel
514:Age of Enlightenment
254:Münchhausen trilemma
214:Continuum hypothesis
204:Après moi, le déluge
6984:Sijak, Ana (2009).
6415:– via Lib.ru.
6313:What Is to Be Done?
6291:Tales Within a Tale
5640:Novels for Students
3843:. pp. 99–100.
3151:Novels for Students
2691:Messenger of Europe
2659:Russian Storm Cloud
1582:forced labour camps
1502:What Is to Be Done?
1493:What Is to Be Done?
1475:What Is to Be Done?
1419:Nikolay Dobrolyubov
1273:Nikolay Dobrolyubov
1199:Petrashevsky Circle
1163:anarchist socialism
1064:Friedrich Schelling
1038:Russian materialism
1026:Russian materialism
1016:Nikolay Dobrolyubov
1008:Petrashevsky Circle
1006:and members of the
823:, and by others as
562:political terrorism
486:, as stated in the
57:Part of a series on
7146:Russian philosophy
6696:"Ishutin, Nikolai"
6010:"Fathers and Sons"
5813:. pp. 69–89.
5636:"Fathers and Sons"
4726:. pp. 69–89.
3147:"Fathers and Sons"
3098:"Fathers and Sons"
2953:"Fathers and Sons"
1984:The Russian terms
1844:
1809:
1777:steering committee
1759:Jarosław Dąbrowski
1667:Aleksandr Sleptsov
1612:, now head of the
1544:Viktor Klyushnikov
1511:political prisoner
1497:
1373:
1310:literary criticism
1268:
1185:
1171:Vissarion Belinsky
1131:August Cieszkowski
1111:
1004:Vissarion Belinsky
954:Vissarion Belinsky
850:Historical context
660:Vissarion Belinsky
570:Russian Revolution
482:Russian anarchist
52:
32:Political nihilism
6311:"Chernyshevsky's
6150:, N. S. Leskov's
5754:(quoted as shown)
5431:. pp. 61–62.
4787:(quoted as shown)
4061:(quoted as shown)
2608:(quoted as shown)
2549:(1997). "Review:
1552:Fyodor Dostoevsky
1515:utopian socialism
1432:Fyodor Dostoevsky
1159:far-left politics
825:cultural pioneers
801:Nikolai Shelgunov
799:, by Pisarev and
668:Aleksandr Pushkin
652:Nikolai Nadezhdin
550:Tsarist autocracy
546:family structures
421:
420:
18:Nihilist movement
16:(Redirected from
7158:
7087:Wasiolek, Edward
7055:
7054:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6981:
6975:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6952:
6942:
6933:
6932:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6879:"Zemlya i Volya"
6875:
6869:
6868:
6821:
6815:
6814:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6776:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6736:
6734:
6723:"Ishutin Circle"
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6642:"Ishutin Circle"
6637:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6623:
6612:"Ishutin Circle"
6607:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6593:
6582:"Ishutin Circle"
6577:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6550:
6539:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6494:
6485:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6433:"Zemlya i Volya"
6429:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6282:
6280:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6142:
6140:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6112:
6104:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6039:Houghton Mifflin
6031:Kropotkin, Peter
6027:
6021:
6020:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5963:
5957:
5953:
5936:
5930:
5922:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5870:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5742:
5718:
5712:
5708:
5703:
5701:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5615:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5550:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5513:
5477:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5432:
5417:
5411:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5386:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5342:The Contemporary
5327:
5321:
5320:
5303:
5279:
5273:
5269:
5252:
5227:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5155:
5131:
5125:
5121:
5092:
5075:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5029:
5023:
5022:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4958:
4933:
4918:
4909:
4908:
4905:Bakunin, Mikhail
4901:
4895:
4894:
4879:
4873:
4869:
4856:
4831:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4615:
4591:
4585:
4581:
4552:
4527:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4467:
4442:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4388:
4386:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4330:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4280:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4137:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4093:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4002:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3951:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3831:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3768:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3631:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3519:
3514:
3512:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3471:
3446:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3350:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3305:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3258:
3245:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3198:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3108:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3065:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3029:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2966:
2962:Fathers and Sons
2948:
2944:Fathers and Sons
2929:
2908:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2823:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2767:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2720:
2695:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2603:Fathers and Sons
2595:
2589:
2588:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2388:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2356:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2272:
2262:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2224:Russian nihilism
2212:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2141:
2116:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2051:
2035:
2018:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1950:Nihilist Faction
1884:
1864:
1781:Dmitry Karakozov
1774:
1707:Alexander Herzen
1675:Vasily Kurochkin
1671:Nikolai Obruchev
1610:Maxim Antonovich
1567:
1526:Aleksey Pisemsky
1454:
1423:Maxim Antonovich
1403:
1382:Fathers and Sons
1341:natural sciences
1302:Maxim Antonovich
1290:
1280:
1246:John Stuart Mill
1238:Jacob Moleschott
1220:German idealists
1192:
1142:abstract thought
1140:materialism and
1123:Alexander Herzen
1119:Ludwig Feuerbach
1061:
1050:Ludwig Feuerbach
1020:Maxim Antonovich
1001:
992:
985:
979:
924:
918:
888:
882:
876:
796:rational egoists
780:
774:
767:Alexander Herzen
739:literary realism
716:
710:
698:Fathers and Sons
624:
620:Fathers and Sons
574:T. J. J. Altizer
542:Russian Orthodox
522:moral scepticism
494:hard determinism
473:social reformers
462:
413:
406:
399:
234:Infinite regress
65:
54:
53:
21:
7166:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7106:
7105:
7104:
7064:
7059:
7058:
7044:Venturi, Franco
7041:
7037:
7026:
7022:
7008:Venturi, Franco
7005:
7001:
6982:
6978:
6966:
6962:
6943:
6936:
6920:
6919:
6915:
6897:
6893:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6838:10.2307/2492683
6822:
6818:
6800:
6796:
6789:
6767:
6763:
6749:
6745:
6732:
6730:
6719:
6715:
6705:
6703:
6692:
6688:
6678:
6676:
6665:
6661:
6651:
6649:
6638:
6634:
6621:
6619:
6608:
6604:
6591:
6589:
6578:
6574:
6564:
6562:
6551:
6542:
6538:
6529:
6527:
6518:
6509:
6507:
6451:
6447:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6417:
6410:
6408:
6393:
6386:
6384:
6370:
6366:
6351:
6347:
6329:
6307:
6303:
6293:(1863–64), and
6278:
6276:
6265:
6261:
6242:10.2307/3654018
6214:
6210:
6195:10.2307/3654018
6167:
6163:
6138:
6136:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6106:
6105:
6073:
6069:
6054:
6050:
6028:
6024:
6008:
6007:
6003:
5997:, 184; cf 190).
5985:
5977:. p. 138.
5964:
5960:
5956:
5924:
5923:
5892:
5888:
5847:
5843:
5829:
5803:
5799:
5789:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5699:
5697:
5689:
5676:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5644:
5642:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5592:
5588:
5577:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5507:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5401:
5399:
5379:
5354:
5350:
5328:
5324:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5263:Dobrolyubov, a
5221:
5192:
5188:
5183:. pp. 5–6.
5173:
5169:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5115:
5088:šestidesjatniki
5049:
5045:
5030:
5026:
5016:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4971:šestidesjatniki
4919:
4912:
4902:
4898:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4825:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4782:
4756:
4752:
4742:
4716:
4712:
4701:
4675:
4671:
4661:
4653:. p. 138.
4640:
4636:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4569:šestidesjatniki
4520:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4436:
4407:
4403:
4384:
4382:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4345:
4341:
4328:
4326:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4305:šestidesjatniki
4295:were so-called
4293:šestidesjatniki
4257:
4253:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4189:
4185:
4162:
4158:
4114:
4110:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4048:. p. 137.
4035:
4031:
4019:šestidesjatniki
4015:šestidesjatniki
3979:
3975:
3968:šestidesjatniki
3928:
3924:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3796:
3758:
3750:. p. 140.
3734:
3730:
3719:
3698:
3694:
3683:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3645:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3542:
3534:. p. 144.
3510:
3508:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3439:
3415:
3411:
3400:
3392:. p. 139.
3379:
3375:
3363:šestidesjatniki
3327:
3323:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3219:
3215:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3155:
3153:
3145:
3136:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3023:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2951:
2932:
2925:šestidesjatniki
2882:
2878:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2817:
2788:
2784:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2633:10.2307/2492683
2617:
2613:
2607:
2601:. "Chapter 5".
2596:
2592:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2525:. p. 285.
2512:
2505:
2490:
2483:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2444:
2427:
2423:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2349:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2298:10.2307/3654018
2236:
2232:
2189:
2185:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2102:"nihilism (n.)"
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1945:Narodnaya Volya
1926:
1917:Narodnaya Volya
1894:Sergei Nechayev
1891:
1852:
1833:Sergey Nechayev
1826:
1801:
1767:penal servitude
1731:Nikolai Ishutin
1715:Mikhail Bakunin
1691:Nizhny Novgorod
1637:
1632:
1626:
1594:
1586:Mikhail Bakunin
1571:rational egoism
1565:
1484:
1478:
1467:Peter Kropotkin
1363:'s portrait of
1354:
1207:
1190:šestidesjatniki
1133:and Feuerbach.
1127:Mikhail Bakunin
1107:Mikhail Bakunin
1100:
1054:German idealism
1035:
1028:
970:
964:
937:
931:
922:šestidesjatniki
903:M. A. Gillespie
895:Tsar Nicholas I
880:šestidesjatniki
862:countercultural
852:
778:sestidesjatniki
708:šestidesjatniki
626:
613:
586:
566:M. A. Gillespie
538:individualistic
530:moral authority
484:Peter Kropotkin
417:
371:
370:
301:
300:
291:
290:
249:Meaninglessness
244:Logical fallacy
179:
178:
169:
168:
94:
93:
84:
63:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7164:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7103:
7102:
7084:
7072:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7035:
7020:
6999:
6976:
6960:
6934:
6913:
6909:) organization
6907:Zemlya i volya
6891:
6870:
6864:Zemlia i volia
6832:(3): 441–458.
6816:
6810:Zemlya i volya
6794:
6787:
6761:
6743:
6729:(3rd ed.)
6713:
6702:(3rd ed.)
6686:
6675:(3rd ed.)
6659:
6648:(3rd ed.)
6632:
6618:(3rd ed.)
6602:
6588:(3rd ed.)
6572:
6561:(3rd ed.)
6555:"Земля и воля"
6540:
6537:
6536:
6516:
6506:(3rd ed.)
6500:"Земля и воля"
6495:
6490:Zemlya i Volya
6452:
6445:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6407:. Vol. 11
6396:
6371:
6364:
6345:
6337:j.ctt46mwnv.13
6327:
6301:
6275:(3rd ed.)
6259:
6208:
6161:
6120:
6067:
6048:
6022:
6001:
5983:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5937:
5893:
5886:
5841:
5827:
5797:
5787:
5757:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5691:"Raznochintsy"
5687:
5663:
5656:
5627:
5586:
5575:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5529:(4): 785–786.
5514:
5505:
5479:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5433:
5419:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5387:
5377:
5355:
5348:
5322:
5316:šestidesjatnik
5274:
5271:
5270:
5265:šestidesjatnik
5228:
5219:
5193:
5186:
5167:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5113:
5093:
5050:
5043:
5024:
5014:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4934:
4920:
4910:
4896:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4832:
4823:
4797:
4790:
4780:
4750:
4740:
4710:
4699:
4669:
4659:
4634:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4528:
4518:
4492:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4443:
4434:
4408:
4401:
4375:"Raznochintsy"
4366:
4339:
4320:"Raznochintsy"
4311:
4251:
4240:(3): 322–323.
4224:
4217:
4183:
4172:(3): 320–321.
4156:
4108:
4064:
4054:
4029:
3973:
3922:
3899:
3889:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3832:
3814:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3794:
3769:
3756:
3735:
3728:
3717:
3692:
3681:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3632:
3623:
3597:
3590:
3580:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3549:intelligentsia
3540:
3520:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3447:
3437:
3416:
3409:
3398:
3373:
3321:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3259:
3220:
3213:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3143:
3134:
3109:
3093:
3086:
3076:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3030:
3021:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2967:
2949:
2930:
2883:
2876:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2824:
2815:
2789:
2782:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2696:
2672:
2665:
2655:narodnichestvo
2627:(3): 441–458.
2611:
2599:Turgenev, Ivan
2590:
2577:10.1086/490005
2538:
2531:
2503:
2481:
2456:
2442:
2421:
2406:
2399:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2347:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2273:
2237:
2230:
2183:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2117:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2052:
2036:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1993:šestidesjatnik
1974:
1968:Occasionally,
1960:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1908:Ronald Hingley
1890:
1887:
1856:Zemlya i volya
1851:
1849:Zemlya i volya
1845:
1825:
1822:
1800:
1797:
1755:Zemlya i volya
1747:Zemlya i volya
1743:Zemlya i volya
1739:Zemlya i volya
1727:Ishutin Circle
1719:Zemlya i volya
1711:Nikolay Ogarev
1679:St. Petersburg
1661:, his brother
1650:Zemlya i volya
1636:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1618:Russkoye Slovo
1606:Russkoye Slovo
1593:
1590:
1578:mock execution
1534:Nikolai Leskov
1480:Main article:
1477:
1472:
1457:Ivan Goncharov
1377:Dmitry Pisarev
1353:
1350:
1320:Russkoye Slovo
1306:Dmitry Pisarev
1288:šestidesjatnik
1278:šestidesjatnik
1264:Dmitry Pisarev
1250:Charles Darwin
1234:Ludwig Büchner
1206:
1203:
1099:
1098:Left Hegelians
1096:
1027:
1024:
966:Main article:
963:
958:
933:Main article:
930:
927:
897:'s attempt to
851:
848:
821:intelligentsia
759:sentimentality
735:Dmitry Pisarev
725:
672:Mikhail Katkov
587:
585:
582:
477:intelligentsia
443:Russian Empire
419:
418:
416:
415:
408:
401:
393:
390:
389:
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
302:
298:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
278:
277:
276:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
209:Cognitive bias
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
180:
176:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
124:Existentialism
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
95:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
83:
82:
80:Disambiguation
77:
71:
68:
67:
59:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7163:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7100:
7099:0-8057-9445-X
7096:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7081:Helen Hundley
7078:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7052:
7049:
7045:
7039:
7031:
7024:
7016:
7013:
7009:
7003:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6980:
6973:
6969:
6964:
6956:
6951:
6950:
6941:
6939:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6917:
6910:
6908:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6826:Slavic Review
6820:
6813:
6811:
6805:
6798:
6790:
6788:0-691-01587-2
6784:
6780:
6775:
6774:
6765:
6758:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6728:
6724:
6717:
6701:
6697:
6690:
6674:
6670:
6663:
6647:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6617:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6587:
6583:
6576:
6560:
6556:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6484:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6468:(4): 93–125.
6467:
6463:
6459:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6411:September 25,
6406:
6402:
6397:
6383:. Vol. 1
6382:
6378:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6361:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6328:9789089643506
6324:
6320:
6316:
6314:
6305:
6298:
6296:
6295:Brief Stories
6292:
6288:
6279:September 17,
6274:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6221:
6212:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6165:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6152:Nowhere to Go
6149:
6148:Troubled Seas
6139:September 23,
6134:
6130:
6124:
6116:
6110:
6103:
6100:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6071:
6064:. p. 14.
6063:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6005:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5984:9780226293486
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5952:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5921:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5836:
5830:
5828:9780511712227
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5790:
5788:9780415250696
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5761:
5750:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5717:
5707:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5578:
5576:9780415250696
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5549:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5506:9780415250696
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5398:. Vol. 1
5397:
5393:
5388:
5385:
5380:
5378:9780415250696
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5220:9780415250696
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5120:
5116:
5114:9780226293486
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5017:
5015:9780415250696
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4932:. p. 12.
4931:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4906:
4900:
4893:
4890:. p. 3.
4889:
4885:
4878:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4824:9780415250696
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4783:
4781:9780415250696
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4743:
4741:9780511712227
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4700:9780415250696
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4662:
4660:9780226293486
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4631:
4630:as nihilists.
4629:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4519:9780415250696
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4435:9780415250696
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4395:
4385:September 18,
4380:
4376:
4370:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4220:
4218:9780415250696
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4057:
4055:9780226293486
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3892:
3890:9780415250696
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3826:. p. 6.
3825:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3797:
3795:9780415250696
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3757:9780226293486
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3720:
3718:9780226293486
3714:
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3702:
3696:
3689:
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3682:9780226293486
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3646:September 23,
3641:
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3624:9780415250696
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3511:September 17,
3507:
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3438:9780226293486
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3135:9780415250696
3131:
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3110:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3079:
3077:0-691-01587-2
3073:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3054:
3044:
3041:. p. 5.
3040:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3022:9780415250696
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2978:. p. 3.
2977:
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2935:
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2869:
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2816:9780415250696
2812:
2808:
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2796:
2791:
2790:
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2757:
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2742:
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2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
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2688:
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2669:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
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2622:
2621:Slavic Review
2615:
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2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2556:
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2500:
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2417:
2410:
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2400:0-691-01587-2
2396:
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2348:9780415250696
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2256:
2252:
2248:
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2216:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2176:
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2166:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2080:
2078:9780415250696
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:Pratt, Alan.
2037:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2013:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:Mark Natanson
1863:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1793:forced labour
1790:
1789:Summer Garden
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
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1589:
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1572:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1530:Troubled Seas
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1462:The Precipice
1458:
1453:
1452:raznochinnaya
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1401:raznochinnaya
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1365:Ivan Turgenev
1362:
1358:
1349:
1346:
1345:deterministic
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:Ivan Sechenov
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1317:and then for
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1265:
1261:
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1255:
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1239:
1235:
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1212:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1076:Schellingians
1073:
1072:Johann Fichte
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Left Hegelian
1039:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
994:
991:
984:
978:
977:
969:
962:
957:
955:
951:
950:Ivan Turgenev
947:
946:Enlightenment
942:
936:
926:
923:
917:
912:
911:Old Believers
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
881:
875:
869:
867:
863:
859:
858:
847:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
784:
779:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
723:
720:
715:
709:
704:
700:
699:
694:
693:Ivan Turgenev
690:
686:
681:
679:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
622:
621:
616:
615:Ivan Turgenev
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
596:
591:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:philosophical
428:
423:
414:
409:
407:
402:
400:
395:
394:
392:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
295:
294:
287:
286:Valuelessness
284:
282:
279:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
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240:
237:
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232:
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210:
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200:
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192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
173:
172:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
149:Postmodernism
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
88:
87:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
70:
69:
66:
61:
60:
56:
55:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7090:
7075:
7051:
7047:
7038:
7029:
7023:
7015:
7011:
7002:
6985:
6979:
6971:
6963:
6948:
6929:
6925:
6916:
6906:
6904:
6900:
6894:
6886:
6882:
6873:
6863:
6859:
6857:
6829:
6825:
6819:
6809:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6772:
6764:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6738:
6733:September 9,
6731:. Retrieved
6726:
6716:
6706:September 9,
6704:. Retrieved
6699:
6689:
6679:September 9,
6677:. Retrieved
6672:
6662:
6652:September 9,
6650:. Retrieved
6645:
6635:
6627:
6622:September 9,
6620:. Retrieved
6615:
6605:
6597:
6592:September 4,
6590:. Retrieved
6585:
6575:
6565:September 4,
6563:. Retrieved
6558:
6530:September 4,
6528:. Retrieved
6523:
6520:"Chronology"
6510:September 4,
6508:. Retrieved
6503:
6489:
6487:
6465:
6461:
6448:
6440:
6436:
6427:
6418:(in Russian)
6409:. Retrieved
6404:
6394:(in Russian)
6387:September 5,
6385:. Retrieved
6380:
6367:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6340:
6318:
6312:
6304:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6284:
6277:. Retrieved
6272:
6262:
6253:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6211:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6164:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6137:. Retrieved
6132:
6123:
6109:cite journal
6098:
6096:
6087:(2): 48–68.
6084:
6080:
6070:
6057:
6051:
6042:
6034:
6025:
6017:
6013:
6004:
5994:
5990:
5988:
5970:
5961:
5951:destruction.
5949:
5945:
5927:cite journal
5918:
5909:(2): 48–68.
5906:
5902:
5889:
5880:
5861:(2): 73–97.
5858:
5854:
5844:
5834:
5832:
5806:
5800:
5792:
5766:
5760:
5733:(2): 73–97.
5730:
5726:
5716:
5705:
5698:. Retrieved
5694:
5682:
5675:. Retrieved
5671:
5659:
5650:
5643:. Retrieved
5639:
5630:
5606:(2): 73–97.
5603:
5599:
5589:
5580:
5554:
5548:
5526:
5522:
5510:
5484:
5475:
5448:(2): 73–97.
5445:
5441:
5424:
5415:
5402:September 5,
5400:. Retrieved
5395:
5382:
5360:
5351:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5315:
5313:
5294:(2): 73–97.
5291:
5287:
5277:
5264:
5262:
5243:(2): 73–97.
5240:
5236:
5224:
5198:
5189:
5176:
5170:
5146:(2): 73–97.
5143:
5139:
5129:
5118:
5100:
5087:
5085:
5066:(2): 73–97.
5063:
5059:
5046:
5040:. p. 5.
5033:
5027:
5019:
4993:
4987:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4949:(2): 73–97.
4946:
4942:
4925:
4899:
4891:
4883:
4877:
4866:
4847:(2): 73–97.
4844:
4840:
4828:
4802:
4793:
4759:
4753:
4745:
4719:
4713:
4704:
4678:
4672:
4664:
4646:
4637:
4627:
4625:
4606:(2): 73–97.
4603:
4599:
4589:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4543:(2): 73–97.
4540:
4536:
4523:
4497:
4488:
4477:
4458:(2): 73–97.
4455:
4451:
4439:
4413:
4404:
4394:raznochintsy
4390:
4383:. Retrieved
4378:
4369:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4334:
4327:. Retrieved
4323:
4314:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4271:(2): 73–97.
4268:
4264:
4254:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4128:(2): 73–97.
4125:
4121:
4111:
4103:
4084:(2): 73–97.
4081:
4077:
4067:
4041:
4032:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4012:
3993:(2): 73–97.
3990:
3986:
3976:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3942:(2): 73–97.
3939:
3935:
3925:
3908:
3902:
3894:
3872:
3866:
3854:
3836:
3827:
3819:
3810:
3799:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3743:
3731:
3722:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3668:
3659:
3644:. Retrieved
3639:
3628:
3602:
3593:
3585:
3567:
3561:
3548:
3545:
3527:
3516:
3509:. Retrieved
3505:
3492:
3481:
3462:(2): 73–97.
3459:
3455:
3442:
3424:
3412:
3403:
3385:
3376:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3341:(2): 73–97.
3338:
3334:
3324:
3315:
3296:(2): 73–97.
3293:
3289:
3279:
3263:
3255:
3236:(2): 73–97.
3233:
3229:
3216:
3208:
3189:(2): 73–97.
3186:
3182:
3172:
3161:
3154:. Retrieved
3150:
3139:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3089:
3081:
3061:
3053:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3000:
2991:
2979:
2971:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2899:(2): 73–97.
2896:
2892:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2846:
2828:
2820:
2794:
2785:
2777:
2758:(2): 73–97.
2755:
2751:
2741:
2730:
2711:(2): 73–97.
2708:
2704:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2668:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2602:
2593:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2518:
2497:
2493:
2475:
2471:
2449:
2447:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2409:
2384:
2376:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2326:
2317:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2253:(2): 73–97.
2250:
2246:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2203:(2): 73–97.
2200:
2196:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2153:
2151:
2132:(2): 73–97.
2129:
2125:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2082:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2032:
2028:
2016:
1997:
1969:
1964:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1718:
1703:
1648:
1638:
1617:
1614:Sovremennik'
1613:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1575:
1555:
1547:
1542:(1864), and
1537:
1529:
1519:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1474:
1460:
1446:
1444:
1428:
1412:
1407:
1392:Alexander II
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1295:
1282:
1269:
1231:
1226:
1208:
1186:
1156:
1152:
1146:universalism
1135:
1112:
1091:
1083:
1080:
1037:
1036:
999:raznochintsy
995:
990:raznochintsy
983:raznochintsy
976:raznochintsy
971:
968:Raznochintsy
961:Raznochintsy
960:
938:
935:Westernizers
929:Westernizers
870:
855:
853:
839:
833:
824:
820:
812:
809:Pyotr Lavrov
804:
794:
786:
763:aestheticism
747:subjectivism
742:
733:was used by
730:
728:
702:
696:
682:
675:
645:
641:
629:
627:
618:
612:
608:
605:
602:
599:
594:
592:
589:
572:. Professor
554:
487:
481:
468:
426:
424:
422:
259:Nonexistence
154:Reductionism
40:
6483:11336/85843
6236:: 553–554.
6189:: 549–567.
6099:Sovremennik
5942:"Chapter 5"
5338:Sovremennik
4975:sorokovniki
4628:sorokovniki
4577:sorokovniki
4150:sorokovniki
4025:generation.
4023:sorokovniki
3964:sorokovniki
3367:sorokovniki
2571:: 328–330.
2555:Metaphysics
2477:absolutism.
1998:the sixties
1875:Bakuninists
1763:cooperative
1602:Sovremennik
1337:Ivan Pavlov
1325:Sovremennik
1297:Sovremennik
1215:Crimean War
1115:Westernizer
1068:Georg Hegel
1059:sorokovniki
1032:Materialism
941:progressive
916:sorokovniki
907:Freemasonry
899:Prussianize
886:sorokovniki
874:sorokovniki
844:subcultural
829:temperament
772:sorokovniki
751:metaphysics
714:sorokovniki
677:materialism
623:, Chapter 5
526:selfishness
518:Westernizer
502:materialism
346:Kierkegaard
311:Baudrillard
274:of nihilism
264:Nothingness
219:God is dead
119:Determinism
104:Agnosticism
7110:Categories
6994:B005E8AJVI
6922:"Narodnik"
6156:The Mirage
6129:"Nihilism"
5700:August 18,
5677:August 11,
5645:August 11,
4579:generation
4355:(3): 321.
4329:August 18,
4301:raznočincy
4297:raznočincy
3917:B008I9E4MA
3850:0691100586
3636:"Nihilism"
3581:0791404382
3156:August 11,
2934:"Nihilism"
2921:sorokovnik
2864:"Nihilism"
2842:0791404382
2677:"Nihilism"
2468:"Nihilism"
2171:"Nihilism"
2041:"Nihilism"
2025:"Nihilism"
2008:References
1987:sorokovnik
1548:The Mirage
1539:No Way Out
1440:James Buel
1361:Ilya Repin
1352:Bazarovism
1211:Nicholas I
1138:empiricist
783:Promethean
724:everything
664:skepticism
654:who, like
584:Definition
578:Bolshevist
534:relativist
506:positivism
386:navigation
382:philosophy
376:This is a
331:Dostoevsky
159:Skepticism
144:Presentism
129:Nominalism
49:Ilya Repin
6854:147530830
6041:Company.
5877:150893870
5749:150893870
5652:buildings
5622:150893870
5464:150893870
5384:directly.
5310:150893870
5259:150893870
5162:150893870
5082:150893870
4965:150893870
4863:150893870
4622:150893870
4563:The term
4559:150893870
4474:150893870
4287:150893870
4144:150893870
4100:150893870
4009:150893870
3958:150893870
3856:patterns.
3829:Nechayev.
3688:humanity.
3478:150893870
3357:150893870
3312:150893870
3252:150893870
3205:150893870
2915:150893870
2774:150893870
2727:150893870
2649:147530830
2269:150893870
2219:150893870
2148:150893870
1940:Narodniks
1903:Catechism
1899:Catechism
1841:terrorism
1645:Kandievka
1242:Carl Vogt
1144:. He saw
787:new types
775:that the
755:sophistry
729:The term
628:The term
378:subseries
351:Nietzsche
341:Heidegger
281:Vagueness
189:Amorality
184:Ambiguity
164:Solipsism
139:Pessimism
99:Absurdism
7121:Nihilism
7046:(1972).
7010:(1972).
6289:(1863),
6287:Alfer'ev
6033:(1899).
5969:(1996).
5099:(1996).
4706:movement
4645:(1996).
4573:idealist
4565:nihilist
4361:41048847
4246:41048847
4178:41048847
4040:(1996).
3742:(1996).
3724:undoing.
3703:(1996).
3667:(1996).
3526:(1996).
3423:(1996).
3384:(1996).
2687:nihilism
2517:(1996).
2432:(1996).
2154:nigilizm
2112:nigilizm
1970:nihilism
1935:Cynicism
1924:See also
1881:Narodnik
1532:(1863),
1387:nihilism
1369:nihilism
1283:nihilism
1088:states:
891:idealism
877:and the
836:Narodism
703:nihilism
642:nihilist
630:nihilism
548:and the
461:нигилизм
452:nigilizm
447:nihilism
435:cultural
336:Foucault
299:Thinkers
239:Last man
224:Illusion
177:Concepts
114:Buddhism
75:Category
64:Nihilism
7062:Sources
6846:2492683
6250:3654018
6203:3654018
4575:of the
3444:itself.
2641:2492683
2585:1205805
2306:3654018
1772:émigrés
1699:Ukraine
1315:Rassvet
866:Siberia
819:as the
803:as the
743:realism
731:realist
498:atheism
457:Russian
441:in the
321:Derrida
306:Bakunin
269:Paradox
134:Noneism
109:Atheism
92:Schools
7097:
6992:
6852:
6844:
6785:
6335:
6325:
6248:
6201:
5981:
5875:
5825:
5785:
5747:
5620:
5573:
5503:
5462:
5375:
5308:
5257:
5217:
5160:
5111:
5080:
5012:
4963:
4861:
4821:
4778:
4738:
4697:
4657:
4620:
4557:
4516:
4472:
4432:
4359:
4285:
4244:
4215:
4176:
4142:
4098:
4052:
4007:
3956:
3915:
3887:
3847:
3792:
3754:
3715:
3679:
3621:
3578:
3538:
3476:
3435:
3396:
3355:
3310:
3250:
3203:
3132:
3074:
3019:
2913:
2839:
2813:
2772:
2725:
2647:
2639:
2583:
2529:
2440:
2397:
2345:
2304:
2267:
2217:
2146:
2075:
1723:Poland
1713:, and
1683:Moscow
1641:Bezdna
1598:schism
1592:Schism
1562:egoism
1421:, and
1240:, and
1018:, and
761:, and
617:,
510:egoism
508:, and
437:, and
429:was a
366:Sartre
361:Peirce
326:Mackie
199:Anomie
194:Anattā
6955:56-59
6850:S2CID
6842:JSTOR
6333:JSTOR
6246:JSTOR
6232:(3).
6199:JSTOR
6185:(3).
6081:Slovo
5903:Slovo
5873:S2CID
5745:S2CID
5618:S2CID
5523:Brain
5460:S2CID
5306:S2CID
5255:S2CID
5158:S2CID
5078:S2CID
4961:S2CID
4859:S2CID
4618:S2CID
4555:S2CID
4470:S2CID
4357:JSTOR
4283:S2CID
4242:JSTOR
4174:JSTOR
4140:S2CID
4096:S2CID
4005:S2CID
3954:S2CID
3474:S2CID
3353:S2CID
3308:S2CID
3248:S2CID
3201:S2CID
2911:S2CID
2770:S2CID
2723:S2CID
2645:S2CID
2637:JSTOR
2581:JSTOR
2567:(2).
2302:JSTOR
2265:S2CID
2215:S2CID
2144:S2CID
1956:Notes
1687:Kazan
1509:as a
815:, by
807:, by
701:used
685:moral
595:nihil
469:nihil
467:
465:Latin
356:Rorty
316:Camus
7095:ISBN
6990:ASIN
6783:ISBN
6735:2020
6708:2020
6681:2020
6654:2020
6624:2020
6594:2020
6567:2020
6532:2020
6512:2020
6413:2020
6389:2020
6323:ISBN
6281:2020
6141:2020
6115:link
5979:ISBN
5933:link
5823:ISBN
5783:ISBN
5702:2020
5679:2020
5647:2020
5571:ISBN
5501:ISBN
5404:2020
5373:ISBN
5215:ISBN
5109:ISBN
5086:The
5010:ISBN
4819:ISBN
4776:ISBN
4736:ISBN
4695:ISBN
4655:ISBN
4514:ISBN
4430:ISBN
4387:2020
4331:2020
4213:ISBN
4050:ISBN
3966:and
3913:ASIN
3885:ISBN
3845:ISBN
3790:ISBN
3752:ISBN
3713:ISBN
3677:ISBN
3648:2020
3619:ISBN
3576:ISBN
3536:ISBN
3513:2020
3433:ISBN
3394:ISBN
3158:2020
3130:ISBN
3072:ISBN
3017:ISBN
2981:day.
2837:ISBN
2811:ISBN
2527:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2073:ISBN
1990:and
1869:and
1839:and
1695:Perm
1673:and
1643:and
1434:saw
1304:and
1252:and
1125:and
1070:and
972:The
952:and
687:and
658:and
536:and
425:The
7079:by
6834:doi
6478:hdl
6470:doi
6238:doi
6191:doi
6089:doi
5995:FAS
5911:doi
5863:doi
5815:doi
5775:doi
5735:doi
5608:doi
5563:doi
5531:doi
5527:122
5493:doi
5450:doi
5365:doi
5296:doi
5245:doi
5207:doi
5148:doi
5068:doi
5002:doi
4951:doi
4849:doi
4811:doi
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4728:doi
4687:doi
4608:doi
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4506:doi
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4273:doi
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3122:doi
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