Ngo Dinh Diem - Knowledge

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Laotian policy, which gave North Vietnam access to South Vietnam's border through southern Laos. Diệm also feared the escalation of American military personnel in South Vietnam, which threatened his nationalist credentials and the independence of his government. In early 1963, the Ngô brothers even revised their alliance with the US. Moreover, they also disagreed with the US on how to best react to the threat from North Vietnam. While Diệm believed that before opening the political system for the participation of other political camps, military, and security matters should be taken into account; the US wanted otherwise and was critical of Diệm's clientelistic government, where political power based on his family members and trusted associates. The Buddhist crisis in South Vietnam decreased American confidence in Diệm, and eventually led to the coup d'état sanctioned by the US. Ultimately, nation-building politics "shaped the evolution and collapse of the US-Diem alliance". The different visions in the meanings of concepts – democracy, community, security, and social change – were substantial, and were a key cause of the strains throughout their alliance.

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support poor peasantry by gradual modernisation and moderate redistribution of land. Diệm's ideal was rendering the Vietnamese countryside dominated by freeholding farmers with roughly equal position of wealth. Diệm wanted to acquire and distribute the land of rich landowners, but also wished to protect the property of middle-class ones. One of the main concerns of Diệm was overpopulation, aggravated by the mass migration of refugees from the North, something that Diệm wished to alleviate by resettlement. Diệm considered resettlement an important part of his economic nationalism, arguing that utilising Vietnamese land would increase the production of grains and rubber and allow South Vietnam to enter international trade. Ideologically, Diệm considered this policy a key to his "Personalist revolution" – the resettled villages would be "neither communist-style collectives nor incubators of rugged individualism", but they would rather conform to his ideal of communitarianism. Rendering landless peasants freeholders was seen as a step towards reforming the Vietnamese society as a whole.

3232:, Diệm was first and foremost a Vietnamese nationalist who was wary of dependence on the United States and "feared the Americans nearly as much as the Communist insurgents". Diệm constantly clashed with his American advisors over policies and had a completely different understanding of both democracy and Catholic values in comparison to the West. Keith Taylor argues that while Diệm's rule was authoritarian, it was also necessary given the precarious situation of the south. The South Vietnamese army would gradually gain experience and skill in both warfare and intelligence under Diệm's command, and his assassination turned the tide in favor of the north, with the subsequent governments proving inefficient and incapable of organising successful resistance to Viet Cong advances. According to Edward Miller, Diệm was greatly autonomous from the United States and that Diệm was neither an outstandingly authoritarian nor excessively corrupt leader, questioning the notion that Diệm's main agenda was to increase his family's power. 2104: 2729:

the Buddhists protested mainly against the Ngo family and rejected Diệm's concessions, as their explicit goal was removal of Diệm. Thích Trí Quang, the leader of the Buddhist movement, insisted that the agitation must not stop until the South Vietnamese government is overthrown, and stated his intention to "call for suicide volunteers" if necessary. Edward Miller also argues that the primary cause of the protests was the opposition to Diệm and his agenda rather than the discriminatory policies, as the Buddhist movements of Vietnam had their own political goals that starkly contrasted with Diệm's. Diệm reacted to the Buddhist resistance the same way he reacted to the Sect Crisis of 1955, and Xá Lợi Pagoda raids successfully broke the protesters' movement. The military supported Diệm, and army leaders helped plan the raids and advocated for a forceful response to the protests, and only American disapproval drove military cliques to reconsider their support for Diệm.

3020: 2257: 1551:, who was the Catholic head of the Council of Ministers at the Huế court. Bài also supported the indigenization of the Vietnamese Church and giving more administrative powers to the monarchy. Bài was highly regarded among the French administration. Diệm's religious and family ties impressed Bài and he became Diệm's patron. The French were impressed by his work ethic but were irritated by Diệm's frequent calls to grant more autonomy to Vietnam. Diệm contemplated resigning but encouragement from the populace convinced him to persist. In 1925, he first encountered communists distributing propaganda while riding horseback through the region near Quảng Trị. Revolted by calls for violent socialist revolution contained in the propaganda leaflets, Diệm involved himself in anti-communist activities for the first time, spreading his own anti-communist pamphlets. 2174:

occasion, non-government candidates were allowed to campaign and the election had an atmosphere of legitimate pluralism, but the government retained the right to ban candidates deemed to be linked to the communists or other 'rebel' groups, and campaign material was screened. However, Miller notes that in some districts the opposition candidates withdrew due to police intimidation and military presence. Surprisingly, instead of letting the draft constitution be created by a handpicked commission, Diệm dissolved it and had the constitution be made by the National Assembly deputies instead. The government hailed the process as democratic and transparent, given how the Assembly meetings were open and media presence was allowed; the National Revolutionary Movement dominated the council, but a handful of opposition figures had won seats as well.

1696: 3174: 2937: 1039: 2166:, it was Diệm who decided to organise the referendum as a way to burnish his democratic credentials and attempt to realise his democratic ideas. While the monarch was highly unpopular given his collaboration with the French colonial regime, the new government committed to further diminishing Đại's reputation with aggressive smear campaign and large pro-rallies. Additionally, the referendum itself was considered non-secret, given that the voters were given ballots with the photos of Diệm and Bảo Đại on it and were supposed to tear it in half and deposit the slice with their preferred candidate into the box – this made one's choice visible to everyone. Miller notes that the referendum reveals the eccentric nature of Diệm's understanding of democracy – in the sense of 2077:

Diệm launched corruption probes while also replacing many of the governors. However, starting in 1954, the political turmoil prevented him from taking further measures. The MSUG, an American advisory body created to aid the Diệm's regime, recommended that Diệm centralize power by abolishing local administrations and reforming the existing ones into much larger "areas", with much less power and no financial autonomy. Diệm objected to abolishing the position of province chiefs, arguing that only local governments could address "the needs of local people" as he believed that requiring fiscal self-sufficiency from the local governments was key to creating the "ethos of mutual responsibility" – a key concept in Diệm's communitarian interpretation of democracy.

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concessions. Diệm allegedly once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting that he was a Buddhist, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the ARVN converted to Catholicism in the belief that their military prospects depended on it. The distribution of weapons to village self-defense militias intended to repel VC guerrillas saw weapons only given to Catholics. Some Buddhist villages converted en masse to Catholicism in order to receive aid or to avoid being forcibly resettled by Diệm's regime, with Buddhists in the army being denied promotion if they refused to convert to Catholicism. Some Catholic priests ran their own private armies, and in some areas forced conversions, looting, shelling, and demolition of

3054: 2472:), "the last and most ambitious of Diem's government's nation building schemes", was implemented, calling for the consolidation of 14,000 villages of South Vietnam into 11,000 secure hamlets, each with its own houses, schools, wells, and watchtowers supported by South Vietnamese government. The hamlets were intended to isolate the VC from the villages, their source for recruiting soldiers, supplies, and information, and to transform the countryside. In the end, because of many shortcomings, the Strategic Hamlet Program was not as successful as had been expected and was cancelled after the assassination of Diệm. However, according to Miller, the program created a remarkable turnabout in Diệm's regime in their war against communism. 2041: 2794: 3115: 1373: 2614: 1736:

States to continue building support among Americans. Nonetheless, to Americans, the fact that Diệm was an anti-communist was not enough to distinguish him from Bảo Đại and other State of Vietnam leaders. Some American officials worried that his devout Catholicism could hinder his ability to mobilize support in a predominantly non-Catholic country. Diệm recognized that concern and broadened his lobbying efforts to include a development focus in addition to anti-communism and religious factors. Diệm was motivated by the knowledge that the US was enthusiastic in applying their technology and knowledge to modernize postcolonial countries. With the help of Fishel, then at

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their own self interest in a spirit of volunteerism. A Special Commissariat for Civic Action was established to extend the reach of the Saigon government into rural areas and to help create 'model villages' to show rural peasants that the South Vietnamese government was viable as well as allowing citizen volunteers, and experts, to help these communities develop and tie them to the nation. The Special Commissariat for Civic Action was considered a practical tool of Diệm's government to serve "the power vacuum", and be a force of influence for Diệm's government, in the rural countryside following the departure of Việt Minh cadres after the Geneva Accords (1954).

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that refugees must sign rental contracts with them. This sparked refugee demonstrations that only started to fade away when Diệm ordered that refugees have the right to buy out the land they worked at. While initially considered a failure, especially due to the fact that the resettlement sparked anti-government sentiment and created social conflicts, Miller notes that Cai San became fairly prosperous by 1960, and the settlement did gradually evolve into a pro-government stronghold, thus succeeding in its aim at counter-insurgency. Many of the counter-insurgency programs progressed too quickly however, and ended up destabilising the regime.

60: 1979:. Diem, with the support of his brother Ngô Đình Nhu and the Cần Lao Party, used an avid propaganda campaign to destroy Bảo Đại's reputation and garner support for Diem. Supporters of Bảo Đại were not allowed to campaign, and were physically attacked by Nhu's workers. Official results showed 98.2 per cent of voters favoured Diệm, an implausibly high result that was condemned as fraudulent. The total number of votes far exceeded the number of registered voters by over 380,000, further evidence that the referendum was heavily rigged. For example, only 450,000 voters were registered in Saigon, but 605,025 were said to have voted for Diệm. 606: 3204: 2782:(1963) who played subordinate roles in his regime. Nevertheless, since Diệm had to pay much attention to domestic issues in the context of the Vietnam War, foreign policy did not receive appropriate attention from him. Diệm paid more attention to countries that affected Vietnam directly and he seemed to personalize and emotionalize relations with other nations. The issues Diệm paid more attention in foreign affairs were: the Geneva Accords, the withdrawal of the French, international recognition, the cultivation of the legitimacy of the RVN and the relations with the United States, Laos (good official relations) and 7392: 7023: 2119:

problems in politics, governance, and social change. In this sense, Diệm was not a reactionary mandarin lacking an interest in democracy as he has been portrayed by some scholars. His way of thinking about democracy became a key factor of his approach to political and administrative reform. Diệm argued that post-colonial Vietnam must be a democratic country, but noted that Vietnamese democracy should develop out of its precolonial models, rather than European and American concepts, arguing that Vietnamese "institutions, customs and the principles underlying them are democratic facts." Researching the

3085: 1658:, Diệm and other non-communist nationalists had to face a dilemma: they did not want to restore colonial rule and did not want to support the Việt Minh. Diệm proclaimed his neutrality and attempted to establish a Third Force movement that was both anti-colonialist and anti-communist In 1947, he became the founder and chief of the National Union Bloc (Khối Quốc Gia Liên Hiệp) and then folded it into the Vietnam National Rally (Việt Nam Quốc Gia Liên Hiệp), which united non-communist Vietnamese nationalists. He also established relationships with some leading Vietnamese anti-communists like 3041: 2738: 1959: 3144: 7419: 3132: 1983: 2905:, a CIA officer, had become a liaison between the US Embassy and the generals, who were led by Trần Văn Đôn, and they met each other for the first time on 2 October 1963, at Tân Sơn Nhất airport. Three days later, Conein met with General Dương Văn Minh to discuss the coup and the stance of the US towards it. Conein then delivered the White House's message of American non-intervention, which was reiterated by Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the U.S. ambassador, who gave secret assurances to the generals that the United States would not interfere. 1177: 3192: 2392:

on his most serious threat: the communists. Diệm's main measures for internal security were threats, punishment and intimidation. His regime countered North Vietnamese and communist subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political re-education centers". The North Vietnamese government claimed that over 65,000 individuals were imprisoned and 2,148 killed in the process by November 1957. According to historian

1998:, Diệm's rejection of the Geneva Accords was a way of objecting to the French colonization of Vietnam, while at the same time expressing his opinion of Bảo Đại, and the establishment of the First Republic of Vietnam served to assert Vietnamese independence from France. At the same time, the first Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam was promulgated. According to the Constitution, the President was granted an inordinate amount of power, and his governing style became increasingly authoritarian over time. 2530: 2365:, which he intended to physically relocate residents who lived in remote and isolated regions in Mekong delta into new settlements in "dense and prosperous areas" – proposing to offer them urban modernity and amenities without leaving their farms, and to keep them far away from the communists. Nonetheless, by late 1960, Diệm had to admit that the program's objective failed since the residents were not happy with the program and the communists infiltrated it, and he had to discard it. 2278:, landholdings in rural areas were concentrated in small number of rich landlord families. Thus, it was urgent to implement land reform in South Vietnam. Diệm had two attempts to control the excesses of the land tenancy system by promulgating the Ordinance 2 on 28 January 1955 to reduce land rent between 15% and 25% of the average harvest and the Ordinance 7 on 5 February 1955 to protect the rights of tenants on new and abandoned land and enhancing cultivation. In October 1956, with the urge from 1795: 2683:, the Polish Commissioner to the International Control Commission who served as an intermediary between the two Vietnams. In 1963, North Vietnam was suffering its worst drought in a generation. Maneli conveyed messages between Hanoi and Saigon negotiating a declaration of a ceasefire in exchange for South Vietnamese rice being traded for North Vietnamese coal. On 2 September 1963, Maneli met with Nhu at his office in the Gia Long Palace, a meeting that Nhu leaked to the American columnist 7534: 7477: 7117: 7085: 3072: 2668:. Students at Saigon University boycotted classes and rioted, which led to arrests, imprisonments, and the closure of the university; this was repeated at Huế University. When high school students demonstrated, Diệm arrested them as well; over 1,000 students from Saigon's leading high school, most of them children of Saigon civil servants, were sent to re-education camps, including, reportedly, children as young as five, on charges of anti-government graffiti. Diệm's foreign minister 570: 552: 8485: 3162: 2017:. He modeled the Cần Lao secret police's marching style and torture styles on Nazi methodology. Cẩn, another brother, was put in charge of the former Imperial City of Huế. Although neither Cẩn nor Nhu held any official role in the government, they ruled their regions of South Vietnam absolutely, commanding private armies and secret police forces. Diệm's youngest brother Luyện was appointed Ambassador to the United Kingdom. His elder brother, Ngô Đình Thục, was 8425: 8415: 7619: 7051: 2309:

focused on redistribution of people (rather than land), could reduce overpopulation and lead to many benefits in socio-economic transformation as well as military affairs and security, especially anti-communist infiltration. Moreover, Diệm was ambitious to envision Resettlement as a tactic to practice the government's ideological goals. The differences between the US and Diệm over nation building in countryside shaped the clashes in their alliance.

7679: 7205: 3103: 8461: 7370: 7001: 2191: 1489:. During his childhood, Diệm laboured in the family's rice fields while studying at a French Catholic primary school (Pellerin School) in Huế, and later entered a private school started by his father, where he studied French, Latin, and classical Chinese. At the age of fifteen he briefly followed his elder brother, Ngô Đình Thục, who would become Vietnam's highest-ranking Catholic bishop, into seminary. Diệm swore himself to 3225:

the power of his regime, subduing the sects, and pacifying the country. Diệm stabilized an independent South Vietnam, which had suffered in the First Indochina War, and built a relatively stable government in Saigon in the late 1950s. The normality and domestic security created conditions for economic recovery and the development of education in South Vietnam, which contributed educated human resources to serve the nation.

1881:. Nevertheless, the migration helped to strengthen Diệm's political base of support as the refugees were strongly anti-communist. To deal with the refugee situation, Diem's government arranged for their relocation into fertile and under-populated provinces in the western Mekong Delta. The Diệm regime also provided them with food and shelter, farm tools, and housing materials as well as digging irrigation canals, building 7654: 2595:. Diệm and his supporters blamed the Việt Cộng for the deaths and claimed the protesters were responsible for the violence. Although the provincial chief expressed sorrow for the killings and offered to compensate the victims' families, they resolutely denied that government forces were responsible for the killings and blamed the Viet Cong. According to Diệm, it was the communists who threw a grenade into the crowd. 8435: 1945:, the leader of the last Hòa Hảo rebels, Diệm almost subdued all of his non-communist enemies, and could focus on his Vietnamese communist opponents. According to Miller, Diệm's capacity in subduing his enemies and consolidating his power strengthened U.S. support of his government, although the U.S. government had planned to withdraw its backing from Diệm during his early difficult years of leadership. 7180: 2335:

communist infiltration. Diệm believed that the program would help improve civilians' lives, teach them the values of being self-reliant and hard working. At the end of 1963, the program had built more than two hundred settlements for a quarter of a million people. Nevertheless, the lacks of conditions in these areas along with the corruption and mercilessness of local officials failed the program.

1530: 1505:, he remained celibate for the rest of his life. Diệm's family, educational, and religious values greatly influenced his life and career. Historian Edward Miller stated that Diệm "displayed Christian piety in everything from his devotional practices to his habit of inserting references to the Bible into his speeches"; he also enjoyed showing off his knowledge of classical Chinese texts. 2640:, and the US grew increasingly frustrated with the unpopular leader's public image in both Vietnam and the United States. Diệm used his conventional anti-communist argument, identifying the dissenters as communists. As demonstrations against his government continued throughout the summer, the special forces loyal to Diệm's brother, Nhu, conducted an August raid of the 1715:. After gaining French permission, he left in August 1950 with his older brother, Bishop Ngô Đình Thục. Before going to Europe, Diệm went to Japan where he met with Prince Cường Để, his former ally, and discussed Cường Để's efforts to return to Vietnam and his capacity to play some roles in his homeland. Diệm's friend also managed to organize a meeting between him and 8473: 1933:. In early 1955, although American advisors encouraged Diệm to negotiate with the leaders of the political-religious forces who threatened to overthrow his position and to forge an anti-communist bloc, he was determined to attack his enemies to consolidate his power. In April 1955, Diệm's army forces took most of Bình Xuyên's posts in Saigon after a victory in the 2302:, and the 370,000 acres (1,500 km) of the Catholic Church's landownings in Vietnam were exempted. The political, social, and economic influences of the land reform was minimal. From 1957 to 1963, only 50 percent of expropriated land was redistributed, and only 100,000 out of approximately one million tenant farmers in South Vietnam benefited from the reform. 2454: 2081:

the government. After 1954, the existence of the party was recognized, but its activities were hidden from public view. In the early 1950s, Diệm and Nhu used the party to mobilize support for Diệm's political movements. According to the Republic of Vietnam decree 116/BNV/CT, the Cần Lao Party was established on 2 September 1954. Personalism, as part of

1778:. Although he did not succeed in winning official support from the US, his personal interactions with American political leaders promised the prospect of gaining more support in the future. Mansfield remembered after the luncheon with Diệm held on 8 May 1953, he felt that "if anyone could hold South Vietnam, it was somebody like Ngô Đình Diệm". 1994:

reunify the country in 1956. Diệm refused to hold these elections, claiming that a free election was not possible in the North and that since the previous State of Vietnam had not signed the accords, they were not bound by it – despite having been part of the French Union, which itself was bound by the Accords. According to historian

2170:, the vote appeared inherently authoritarian; but to Diệm his margin appeared legitimate, as he described democracy as "state of mind" in which the people elect the morally superior leader. Thus Diệm was "adamant that the outcome was entirely consistent with his view of democracy as the citizenry's embrace of a common moral ethos". 1567:

many other political reforms, he resigned after three months in office when his proposals were rejected. Diệm denounced Emperor Bảo Đại as "nothing but an instrument in the hands of the French administration", and renounced his decorations and titles from Bảo Đại. The French administration then threatened him with arrest and exile.

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and Nguyễn Hữu Bài, who advised him to "return the seal" in 1933 to oppose French policies. The second was Diệm's understanding of Confucianism, especially through his friendship with Phan Bội Châu who argued that Confucianism's teachings could be applied to modern Vietnam. Lastly, instructed by Ngô Đình Nhu, Diệm began to examine

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of independent candidates or their policies, and political meetings exceeding five people were prohibited. Candidates who ran against government-supported opponents faced harassment and intimidation. In rural areas, candidates who ran were threatened using charges of conspiracy with the Việt Cộng, which carried the death penalty.

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most competent lackeys of the US imperialists ... Among the anti-Communists in South Vietnam or exiled in other countries, no one has sufficient political assets and abilities to cause others to obey. Therefore, the lackey administration cannot be stabilized. The coup d'état on 1 November 1963 will not be the last.

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him back to health. Six months later, he was taken to meet Hồ, who recognized Diệm's virtues and, wanting to extend the support for his new government, asked Diệm to be a minister of the interior. Diệm refused to join the Việt Minh, assailing Hồ for the murder of his brother Ngô Đình Khôi by Việt Minh cadres.

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The consequences of the 1 November coup d'état will be contrary to the calculations of the US imperialists ... Diệm was one of the strongest individuals resisting the people and Communism. Everything that could be done in an attempt to crush the revolution was carried out by Diệm. Diệm was one of the

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in 1956. Vietnamese Buddhists had a nationalist vision for Vietnam of their own, and were political enemies of Diệm, engaged in "a clash of two competing visions of Vietnam". The Buddhist challenge to Diệm was politically motivated and constituted struggle for power rather than a religious conflict –

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revolution that Buddhists considered a threat to the revival of Vietnamese Buddhist power. Until the end of his life, Diệm, along with his brother Nhu still believed that their nation-building was successful and they could resolve the Buddhist crisis in their own way, like what they had done with the

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demolished, and the body of a deceased monk confiscated. When the populace came to the defense of the monks, the resulting clashes saw 30 civilians killed and 200 wounded. In all 1,400 monks were arrested, and some thirty were injured across the country. The United States indicated its disapproval of

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According to Miller, Diệm, who described tenant farmers as a "real proletariat" and pursued the goal of "middle peasantization", was not a beholden to large landowners, instead of vigorously implementing Land Reform, Diệm had his own vision in Vietnamese rural development based on resettlement, which

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Diệm hoped to develop a national, revolutionary spirit within the citizens of South Vietnam as well as a vibrant communal democracy and an independent, non-communist Vietnam. He saw the peasantry as the key to this nation-building as he believed the peasantry was more likely to put the country before

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Diệm's ideology of personalism was largely influenced by the Confucian notion that self-improvement meant cooperation with one's local community and society at large; he thought that there is a tension between individual's personal ambitions and community's ethos of mutual responsibility. Inspired by

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trade, and amassing a fortune in foreign banks. With Nhu, Cẩn competed for U.S. contracts and rice trade. Thuc, the most powerful religious leader in the country, was allowed to solicit "voluntary contributions to the Church" from Saigon businessmen, which was likened to "tax notices." Thuc also used

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began in April 1954. On 16 June 1954, Diệm met with Bảo Đại in France and agreed to be the Prime Minister if Bảo Đại would give him military and civilian control. On 25 June 1954, Diệm returned from exile, arriving at Tân Sơn Nhứt airport in Saigon. On 7 July 1954, Diệm established his new government

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Until 1953, the State of Vietnam was nominally independent from Paris. Since dissatisfaction with France and Bảo Đại was rising among non-communist nationalists, and support from non-communist nationalists and Diệm's allies was rising for his "true independence" point of view, Diệm sensed that it was

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According to Miller, during his early career, there were at least three ideologies that influenced Diệm's social and political views in the 1920s and 1930s. The first of these were Catholic nationalism, which Diệm inherited from his family's tradition, especially from his brother Bishop Ngô Đình Thục

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to the throne, Diệm accepted Bảo Đại's invitation to be his interior minister following lobbying by Nguyễn Hữu Bài. Soon after his appointment, Diệm headed a commission to advise on potential administration reforms. After calling for the French administration to introduce a Vietnamese legislature and

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Diệm's assassination led to the collapse of his regime and to the end of the first Republic of Vietnam. Nevertheless, his contribution over his nine years of power from 1954 to 1963 can be appreciated at many levels by his part in resolving the northern refugees issue, establishing and consolidating

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labor that the government obliged all citizens to perform; US aid was disproportionately distributed to Catholic-majority villages. The land owned by the Catholic Church was exempt from land reform. Under Diệm, the Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions in property acquisition, and in 1959, Diệm

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During his presidency, Diệm strongly focused on his central concern: internal security to protect his regime as well as maintain order and social change: staunch anti-subversion and anti-rebellion policies. After the Bình Xuyên was defeated and the Hòa Hảo and Cao Đài were subdued, Diệm concentrated

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However, this measure had no real effect because many landlords evaded the redistribution by transferring the property to the name of family members. Besides, during the 1946–54 war against the French Union forces, the Việt Minh had gained control of parts of southern Vietnam, initiated land reform,

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However, Diệm's regime of "democratic one man rule" faced increasing difficulties. After coming under pressure from within Vietnam and from the United States, Diệm agreed to hold legislative elections in August 1959 for South Vietnam. However, in reality, newspapers were not allowed to publish names

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and the doctrine of Personalism. He defined democracy as "a social ethos based on certain sense of moral duty", not in the U.S. sense of "political right" or political pluralism and in the context of an Asian country like Vietnam, Confucian and Catholic values were relevant to deal with contemporary

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However, Miller wrote that Diệm also clamped down on corruption. South Vietnam was divided into colonial-era provinces, of which governors enjoyed sweeping powers and firmly controlled local administrations, creating a problem of corruption and cronyism. The governors were seen as petty tyrants, and

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In August 1954, Diệm also had to face the "Hinh crisis" when Hinh launched a series of public attacks on Diem, proclaiming that South Vietnam needed a “strong and popular” leader, as well as threatening to coup. However, at the end of 1954, Diệm successfully forced Hinh to resign from his post. Hinh

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Additionally, around one-third of the territory and population of South Vietnam was under the control of the Hòa Hảo and Cao Đài sectarian armies, who wanted positions in Diệm's cabinet and complete administrative control, and the Bình Xuyên, an organized crime syndicate that controlled the National

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in the Pacific, seeing an opportunity for Vietnam to challenge French colonization, he attempted to persuade the Japanese forces to declare independence for Vietnam in 1942 but was ignored. Diệm also tried to establish relationships with Japanese diplomats, army officers, and intelligence operatives

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At the end of his secondary schooling at Lycée Quốc học, the French lycée in Huế, Diem's outstanding examination results elicited the offer of a scholarship to study in Paris. He declined and, in 1918, enrolled at the prestigious School of Public Administration and Law in Hanoi, a French school that

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After Diệm's assassination, South Vietnam was unable to establish a stable government and several coups took place. While the United States continued to influence South Vietnam's government, the assassination bolstered North Vietnamese attempts to characterize the South Vietnamese as "supporters of

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Geoffrey C. Stewart's study provides a clearer picture of Diệm's domestic policies and a further understanding of his government's efforts in reaching and connecting with local communities in South Vietnam that shows "an indigenous initiative" of the government in building an independent and viable

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The Cần Lao Party played a key role in Diệm's regime, often acting as much more than a tool of political organization. Initially, the party acted secretly based on a network of cells, and each member only knew the identities of a few other members. When necessary, the Party could assume the role of

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at the Vatican before undertaking further lobbying across Europe. He also met with French and Vietnamese officials in Paris and sent a message indicating that he was willing to be the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam to Bảo Đại but Bảo Đại refused to meet with him. Diệm returned to the United

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and Diệm refused Bảo Đại's offer to become the Prime Minister. On 16 June 1949, he published a new manifesto in newspapers proclaiming a third force different from the Việt Minh and Bảo Đại, but it raised little interest and provided further evidence to both the French and Việt Minh that Diệm was a

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Diệm also secretly maintained contact with high-ranking leaders of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, attempting to convince them to leave Hồ Chí Minh's government and join him. Meanwhile, Diệm lobbied French colonial officials for “true independence” for Vietnam, but was disappointed when Bảo Đại

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notes that the American media coverage skewed the true background of the conflict, spreading the "narrative of evil dictator Diệm oppressing good, peaceful Buddhists". Because of this, Diệm was considered a brutal and corrupt dictator in the United States at the time of his assassination. However,

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and Dalat universities were placed under Catholic authority to foster a Catholic-skewed academic environment. Nonetheless, Diệm had contributed to Buddhist communities in South Vietnam by giving them permission to carry out activities that were banned by the French and supported money for Buddhist

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According to Miller, the disagreement between the US and Diệm over agrarian reform made their alliance "move steadily from bad to worse". Miller argues that Diệm expressed "genuine desire to end the exploitation and misery that afflicted millions of South Vietnamese rural residents", and wished to

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The defeat of Bình Xuyên increased the authority and prestige of Diệm's government and marked the end of French efforts to remove Diệm. Most of the Cao Đài leaders chose to rally to Diệm's government. Diệm then dismantled the private armies of the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo religious sects. By the end of

1614:

began fighting the French administration. Diệm attempted to travel to Huế to dissuade Bảo Đại from joining Hồ but was arrested by the Việt Minh along the way and exiled to a highland village near the border. He might have died of malaria, dysentery, and influenza had the local tribesmen not nursed

1570:

For the next decade, Diệm lived as a private citizen with his family in Huế, although he was kept under surveillance. He spent his time reading, meditating, attending church, gardening, hunting, and in amateur photography. Diệm also conducted extensive nationalist activities during those 21 years,

2847:

Concerning relations with the US, although Diệm admitted the importance of the US-RVN alliance, he perceived that the US's assistance to the RVN was primarily serving its own national interest, rather than the RVN's national interest. Taylor adds that Diệm's distrust of the US grew because of its

2372:

In late 1955, a Cai San Project was launched that aimed to settle northern refugees in rural areas previously occupied by Hòa Hảo partisans. This project created an intense social conflict between the settlers and Cai San natives, and Diệm offered a concession to the local landowners by decreeing

2161:

In summer and fall of 1955, Diệm's administration had to decide the fate of the former emperor Bảo Đại. Bảo Đại was initially supposed to remain the head of state until the National Assembly elections, but Diệm's cabinet decided to decide the monarch's fate through a referendum. Miller highlights

2146:

In 1955, Diệm wrote that "democracy is primarily a state of mind, a way of living that respects the human person, both with regard to ourselves and with regard to others" and that "more than any other form of government, democracy demands that we all display wisdom and virtue in our dealings with

1822:

In the first period of his premiership, Diệm did not have much power in the government; he lacked control of the military and police forces, and the civil system's key positions were still held by French officials. He also could not control the Bank of Indochina. Besides, Diệm had to face massive

1727:

in Japan. Fishel was a proponent of the anti-colonial, anti-communist third force doctrine in Asia and was impressed with Diệm and helped him organize connections in the United States. In 1951, Diệm flew to the United States to seek the support of government officials but he was not successful in

2817:, Diệm's regime established diplomatic relations for the recognition of war reparations, which led to a reparation agreement in 1959 with the amount of US$ 49 million (equivalent to US$ 514 million in 2023). Diệm also established friendly relations with non-communist states, especially 2334:

to relocate poor inhabitants, demobilized soldiers, and minority ethnic groups in central and southern Vietnam into abandoned or unused land in Mekong Delta and Central Highlands, and cultivating technological and scientific achievements to transform South Vietnam and ensure security and prevent

1781:

During Diệm's exile, his brothers Nhu, Cẩn, and Luyện played important roles in helping him build international and internal networks and support in different ways for his return to Vietnam. In the early 1950s, Nhu established the Cần Lao Party, which played a key role in helping Diệm attain and

1674:

In 1950, the Việt Minh lost patience and sentenced him to death in absentia, and the French refused to protect him. Hồ Chí Minh's cadres tried to assassinate him while he was traveling to visit his elder brother Thục, bishop of the Vĩnh Long diocese in the Mekong Delta. Recognizing his political

1993:

On 26 October 1955, Diệm proclaimed the formation of the Republic of Vietnam, with himself as its first President until 26 October 1956. The first Constitution provided articles to establish the republic and organize the election of its president. The 1954 Geneva Accords prescribed elections to

1460:

Khả decided to abandon his studies for the priesthood and instead married. After his first wife died childless, Khả remarried and, in a period of twenty-three years, had twelve children with his second wife, Phạm Thị Thân, nine of whom survived infancy – six sons and three daughters. These were

2223:

During his presidency, Diệm imposed programs to reform Saigon society in accordance with Catholic and Confucian values. Brothels and opium dens were closed, divorce and abortion were made illegal, and adultery laws were strengthened. Additionally, Diệm's government established many schools and

2173:

On 4 March 1956, the elections for the first National Assembly were held. These elections were considerably more free and fair than the referendum, and some governmental candidates would highly contest with independents and oppositionist candidates for their seats, according to Miller. On this

1457:, Khả believed that independence from France could be achieved only after changes in Vietnamese politics, society, and culture had occurred. In 1907, after the ouster of emperor Thành Thái, Khả resigned his appointments, withdrew from the imperial court, and became a farmer in the countryside. 2416:

attempted to assassinate the president. He approached Diệm and fired a pistol from close range, but missed, hitting the Secretary for Agrarian Reform's left arm. The weapon then jammed and security overpowered Tri before he was able to fire another shot. Diệm was unmoved by the incident. The

2520:

Diem was widely regarded by historians as having pursued pro-Catholic policies that antagonized many Buddhists. Specifically, the government was regarded as being biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as the allocation of land, business favors, and tax

2143:, insisting that democracy couldn't be realised "by drafting and promulgating documents and regulations", but that civil liberties granted by democratic regime to its citizens should serve "collective social improvement", serving each person's community rather than the individual itself. 2399:

By the end of 1959, Diệm was able to entirely control each family and the communists had to suffer their "darkest period" in their history. Membership declined by two thirds and they had almost no power in the countryside of South Vietnam. Diệm's repression extended beyond communists to

1497:, Diệm's personality was too independent to adhere to the disciplines of the Church, while Jarvis recalls Ngô Đình Thục's ironic observation that the Church was "too worldly" for Diệm. Diệm also inherited his father's antagonism toward the French colonialists who occupied his country. 2812:

was not harmonious due to India's non-alignment policy, which Diệm assumed favored communism. It was not until in 1962, when India voted for a report criticizing the communists for supporting the invasion of South Vietnam, that Diệm eventually reviewed his opinions toward India. For

2706:

in the 20th century and looking at the interactions between Diệm and Buddhist groups, the Buddhist protests during Diệm's regime were not only the struggles against discrimination in religious practices and religious freedom, but also the resistance of Vietnamese Buddhism to Diệm's

2476:

reported that Diệm named reestablishing control and security as his number one priority regarding the countryside. While appearing receptive to building an "infrastructure of democracy" in the rural areas, Diệm emphasised that it would have to wait until the conclusion of the war.

2569:

The regime's relations with the United States worsened during 1963, as discontent among South Vietnam's Buddhist majority was simultaneously heightened. In May, in the heavily Buddhist central city of Huế – the seat of Diệm's elder brother as the local Catholic

1501:

prepared young Vietnamese to serve in the colonial administration. It was there that he had the only romantic relationship of his life when he fell in love with one of his teacher's daughters. After his love interest chose to persist with her religious vocation and entered a

2636:, set himself on fire in the middle of a busy Saigon intersection in protest of Diệm's policies; photos of this event were disseminated around the world, and for many people these pictures came to represent the failure of Diệm's government. A number of other monks publicly 2147:

each other." In 1956, Diem added that democracy had to foster a feeling of community and mutual responsibility, arguing that respect for democracy lays in "decency in social relations", thus defining Vietnamese democracy as inherently communitarian and not individualist.

2586:

flew at the 25th anniversary commemoration of Ngô Đình Thục's elevation to the rank of bishop. According to Miller, Diệm then proclaimed the flag embargo because he was annoyed with the commemoration for Thục. However, the ban on religious flags led to a protest led by

2944:

With only the palace guard remaining to defend Diệm and his younger brother Nhu, the generals called the palace offering Diệm exile if he surrendered. That evening, however, Diệm and his entourage escaped via an underground passage to Cha Tam Catholic Church in

2407:

Nevertheless, Diệm's hard policies led to fear and resentment in many quarters in South Vietnam and negatively affected his relations with the US in terms of counter-insurgent methods. On 22 February 1957, when Diệm delivered a speech at an agricultural fair in

1313:, he proclaimed the creation of the Republic of Vietnam, with himself as president. His government was supported by other anti-communist countries, most notably the United States. Diệm pursued a series of nation-building projects, promoting industrial and 2065:(ARVN) personnel to work on his timber and construction projects. The Nhus amassed a fortune by running numbers and lottery rackets, manipulating currency and extorting money from Saigon businesses, while Luyen became a multimillionaire by speculating in 1359:

Diệm has been a controversial historical figure. Some historians have considered him a tool of the United States, while others portrayed him as an avatar of Vietnamese tradition. At the time of his assassination, he was widely considered to be a corrupt

1876:

The Geneva Accords allowed for freedom of movement between the two zones until October 1954; this put a large strain on the south. Diệm had only expected 10,000 refugees, but by August, there were more than 200,000 waiting for evacuation from Hanoi and

2420:

As opposition to Diệm's rule in South Vietnam grew, a low-level insurgency began to take shape there in 1957. Finally, in January 1959, under pressure from southern communist cadres who were being successfully targeted by Diệm's secret police, Hanoi's

1543:

During his career as a mandarin, Diệm was known for his industriousness and incorruptibility, and as a Catholic leader and nationalist. Catholic nationalism in Vietnam during the 1920s and 1930s facilitated Diệm's ascent in his bureaucratic career.

3894: 2127:; people could and often did withdraw their support from unpopular monarchs, causing their downfall. Diệm considered it an "indigenous Vietnamese democratic tradition" and wished to make it the basis of democracy that would emerge in Vietnam. 2541:

The Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country, and the "private" status imposed on Buddhism by the French required official permission to conduct public Buddhist activities and was never repealed by Diệm. Catholics were also

2663:

Trần Lệ Xuân, Nhu's wife, inflamed the situation by mockingly applauding the suicides, stating, "If the Buddhists want to have another barbecue, I will be glad to supply the gasoline." The pagoda raids stoked widespread public disquiet in

1918:. But the National Army officers favoured Diệm's leadership over General Vy, which forced him to flee to Paris. Despite the failure of Hinh's alleged coup, the French continued to encourage Diệm's enemies in an attempt to destabilize him. 2525:

occurred. Słowiak argues that Diệm's favoritism towards Catholics was not a sign of corruption and nepotism, but that it was necessary for Diệm to favor people loyal towards him, given the precarious internal situation of Vietnam.

2186:

plainclothes troops into his district to vote, Đán still won by a ratio of six to one. The busing of soldiers to vote for regime approved candidates occurred across the country. When the new assembly convened, Đán was arrested.

1517:

as a junior official. Starting from the lowest rank of mandarin, Diệm steadily rose over the next decade. He first served at the royal library in Huế, and within one year was the district chief in both Thừa Thiên and nearby

2932:

into a bag to be given to General Minh. Conein then called the CIA station and gave a signal indicating that the planned coup against Diệm was about to start. Minh and his co-conspirators swiftly overthrew the government.

1432:

in the late 1870s. He worked for the commander of the French armed forces as an interpreter and took part in campaigns against anti-colonial rebels in the mountains of Tonkin during 1880. He rose to become a high-ranking

4866: 2085:, officially became the basic doctrine of Diệm's regime, reflected in the Constitution's preface, which declared that "Building Politics, Economy, Society, Culture for the people based on respecting Personalism". 2908:

The coup was chiefly planned by the Vietnamese generals. Unlike the coup in 1960, the plotters of the 1963 coup knew how to gain broad support from other ARVN officer corps. They obtained the support of Generals

1666:

agreed to French demands for an “associate state” within the French Union, which allowed France to maintain its diplomatic, economic, and military policies in Vietnam. In the meantime, the French had created the

2844:, as an anti-colonialism nationalist, Diệm did not believe in France and France was always a negative factor in his foreign policy. He also never "looked up on France as a counterweight to American influence". 2425:

issued a secret resolution authorizing the use of armed insurgency in the South with supplies and troops from the North. On 20 December 1960, under instructions from Hanoi, southern communists established the

1427:

Ngô Đình Khả was educated in a Catholic school in British Malaya, where he learned English and studied the European-style curriculum. He was a devout Catholic and scrapped plans to become a Roman Catholic

2214:

of Asia". When asked why he had made the comment, Johnson replied, "Diệm's the only boy we got out there." Johnson assured Diệm of more aid in molding a fighting force that could resist the communists.

1602:

under Bảo Đại, which they organized on leaving the country. He declined initially, but reconsidered his decision and attempted to reverse the refusal. However, Bảo Đại had already given the post to

1178: 2878:

requested his aid in learning what the United States might do about Diệm's government. Diễm had contacts in both the embassy and with the high-profile American journalists then in South Vietnam,

1893: 1575:, a Vietnamese anti-colonial activist, whom Diệm respected for his knowledge of Confucianism and argued that Confucianism's teachings could be applied to a modern Vietnam. With the start of the 2404:. In 1956, after the "Anti-Communist Denunciation Campaign", Diệm issued Ordinance No. 6, which placed anyone who was considered a threat to the state and public order in jail or house arrest. 1873:

to the Communists at Geneva, claimed that the terms did not represent the will of the Vietnamese people, and refused French suggestions to include more pro-French officials in the government.

1485:

and encouraged his sons to study for the priesthood. Having learned both Latin and classical Chinese, Khả strove to make sure his children were well educated in both Christian scriptures and

2598:

The Buddhists pushed for a five-point agreement: freedom to fly religious flags, an end to arbitrary arrests, compensation for the Huế victims, punishment for the officials responsible, and

7810: 7645: 7171: 2996:

Upon learning of Diệm's ouster and assassination, Hồ Chí Minh reportedly stated: "I can scarcely believe the Americans would be so stupid". The North Vietnamese Politburo was more explicit:

2225: 2150: 1424:, an anti-Catholic riot led by Buddhist monks almost wiped out the Ngô-Đình clan. Over 100 of the Ngô clan were "burned alive in a church including Khả's father, brothers, and sisters." 2282:, Diệm's personal adviser on agrarian reform, Diệm promulgated a more serious ordinance on the land reform, in which he proclaimed a "land to the tiller" (not to be confused with other 4017: 8650: 2762: 2672:

resigned, shaving his head like a Buddhist monk in protest. When he attempted to leave the country on a religious pilgrimage to India, he was detained and kept under house arrest.

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Diệm himself during this period. He was the decisive factor in formulating foreign policies of the RVN, besides the roles of his adviser – Ngô Đình Nhu and his foreign ministers:

1975:

In South Vietnam, a referendum was scheduled for 23 October 1955 to determine the future direction of the south, in which the people would choose Diệm or Bảo Đại as the leader of

2699:

urged that a coup against Diệm be encouraged to take place promptly, saying that the mere possibility that Diệm might make a deal with the Communists meant that he had to go.

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sectarian armies wanted positions in Diệm's cabinet and complete administrative control over the areas in which they had large numbers of followers; and the major threat of

1562:

Diệm put the revolts down as he believed they would not lead to the removal of the French but might threaten the leadership of the mandarins. In 1933, with the ascension of

2840:

Regarding the relations with communist North Vietnam, Diệm maintained total hostility and never made a serious effort to establish any relations with it. In relations with

1635: 4415: 2509:

By most estimates, Buddhism was followed by 70–90% of the population, though some estimates place it lower, and Buddhism was followed alongside other traditions such as

4483:

A Decade of Public Service: Nation Building during the Interregnum and Second Republic (1964–1975) in Voices from the second Republic of Vietnam (1967–1975), edited by

1063: 8320: 2775: 2602:. Diệm then banned demonstrations and ordered his forces to arrest those who engaged in civil disobedience. On 3 June 1963, protesters attempted to march towards the 5344:

Annie Jacobsen, "Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins," (New York: Little Brown and Company, 2019), p. 148

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Stewart, Geoffrey C. (2011). "Hearts, Minds and Công Dân Vụ: The Special Commissariat for Civic Action and Nation-Building in Ngô Đình Diệm's Vietnam, 1955–1957".

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Stewart, Geoffrey C. (2011). "Hearts, Minds and Công Dân Vụ: The Special Commissariat for Civic Action and Nation Building in Ngô Đình Diệm's Vietnam, 1955–1957".

1662:(1917–2001), a fellow Catholic and political activist. His other allies and advisors were dominated by Catholics, especially his family members and their friends. 1643: 368: 2446:. There was a further attempt to assassinate Diệm and his family in February 1962 when two air force officers – acting in unison – 6629: 2103: 1558:

and was known for his work ethic. In 1930 and 1931, he helped the French suppress the first peasant revolts organized by the communists. According to historian

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controlled the north, while the French-backed State of Vietnam controlled the south with Diệm as the Prime Minister. Diệm criticized the French for abandoning

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Tan, Mitchell (2019). "Spiritual Fraternities: The Transnational Networks of Ngô Đình Diệm's Personalist Revolution and the Republic of Vietnam, 1955–1963".

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allies, and Diệm helped Fishel to lay the foundation for a program later implemented in South Vietnam, the Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group.

2865: 1344:. The event damaged relations with the United States and other previously sympathetic countries, and his organization lost favor with the leadership of the 8645: 7845: 7358: 4437: 2048:

Diệm's rule was also pervaded by family corruption. Cẩn was widely believed to be involved in several illegal operations, namely the illegal smuggling of

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There have been many interpretations of the Buddhist crisis and the immolation of Thích Quảng Đức in 1963. Relating the events to the larger context of

2679:

was taking place, a French diplomatic initiative to end the war had been launched. The initiative was known to historians as the "Maneli affair", after

2644:

in Saigon. Pagodas were vandalized, monks beaten, and the cremated remains of Quảng Đức, which included his heart, a religious relic, were confiscated.

1246:

in 1929 and interior minister in 1933. However, he resigned from the latter position after three months and publicly denounced the emperor as a tool of

8428: 6726: 2061:

his position to acquire farms, businesses, urban real estate, rental property, and rubber plantations in the name of the Catholic Church. He also used

1937:. Within a few months, Diệm's troops wiped out the Bình Xuyên's remnants, leaving only a few small bands, who then joined forces with the communists. 7991: 6716: 6065: 2447: 2386: 774: 2786:(complicated relations, especially due to border disputes and minority ethnicities), and especially North Vietnam. Besides, the RVN also focused on 1513:

After graduating at the top of his class in 1921, Diệm followed in the footsteps of his eldest brother, Ngô Đình Khôi, joining the civil service in

1716: 2977:. In 1983 the Vietnamese government closed the cemetery, and ordered all remains to be exhumed and removed. Diệm and his brother were reburied in 2413: 2313: 1740:(MSU), Diệm was appointed as a consultant to MSU's Government Research Bureau. MSU was administering government-sponsored assistance programs for 6686: 6104: 3229: 1941:

1955, Diệm had almost taken control of South Vietnam, and his government was stronger than ever before. In April 1956, along with the capture of

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when the government cited a regulation prohibiting the display of non-government flags. A few days earlier, however, white and yellow Catholic

2290:'s later 'Land to the Tiller" program) program to put a relatively high 100 hectares limit on rice land and 15 hectares for ancestral worship. 7336: 2294:

confiscated landlords' land and distributed it to the peasants. Additionally, the ceiling limit was more than 30 times that allowed in Japan,

1595: 8695: 8037: 6967: 2316:

resettlement project: In late 1955, with the help of US material support and expertise, Diệm's government implemented the project Cái Sắn in

888: 5572: 2566:, and eight Buddhists, including a vice-president and a foreign minister. Only three of the top nineteen military officials were Catholics. 2256: 1810:

In early 1954, Bảo Đại offered Diệm the position of Prime Minister in the new government in Vietnam. In May 1954, the French surrendered at

8545: 8332: 2108: 2098: 1453:. Despite his collaboration with the French colonizers, Khả was "motivated less by Francophilia than by certain reformist ambitions". Like 812: 807: 190: 138: 824: 4826: 749: 8685: 5532: 1747:

The Americans' assessments of Diệm were varied but Diệm did gain favor with some high-ranking officials, such as Supreme Court Justice

1305:

took place soon after he took office, formally partitioning Vietnam along the 17th parallel. Diệm, with the aid of his younger brother

6480: 4306:

Chế độ Việt Nam cộng hòa ở miền Nam Việt Nam giai đoạn 1955–1963 Republic of Vietnam regime in South Vietnam (1955–1963), Dissertation

2123:, Diệm asserted that the moral norm of Nguyễn-era Vietnam was that it was founded "on the people", following the Confucian concept of 1049: 8600: 8580: 8555: 8368: 7450: 6635: 6577: 2746: 1196: 965: 438: 2870:

As the Buddhist crisis deepened in July 1963, non-communist Vietnamese nationalists and the military began preparations for a coup.

8720: 8710: 8570: 8325: 7351: 1493:

to prove his devotion to his faith, but found monastic life too rigorous and decided not to pursue a clerical career. According to

8256: 6982: 6042: 1396:. His ancestors had been among Vietnam's earliest Catholic converts in the 17th century. Diệm was given a saint's name at birth, 8005: 6625: 2949:, where they were captured the following morning. On 2 November 1963, the brothers were assassinated together in the back of an 953: 3178: 2229: 7274: 3173: 2562:

schools, ceremonies, and building more pagodas. Among the eighteen members of Diệm's cabinet, there were five Catholics, five

1823:

obstacles: refugee issues; the French colonists wanting to remove Diệm to protect France's interest in South Vietnam; General

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According to Miller, democracy, to Diệm, was rooted in his dual identity as Confucian and Catholic, and was associated with

908: 7855: 6610: 5445: 918: 3654: 2724:

Diệm enjoyed relatively good relations with the Buddhists until 1963, and sponsored numerous Buddhist temples, especially

8730: 8700: 8665: 8625: 8560: 8540: 8383: 8350: 8299: 8028: 7344: 5939: 5407: 3148: 2557:. The white and gold Vatican flag was regularly flown at all major public events in South Vietnam. The newly constructed 1588: 1352:. Diệm and his brother, Nhu, initially escaped, but were recaptured the following day and assassinated on the orders of 8395: 8239: 8014: 7966: 6975: 6410: 6114: 6052: 5949: 5918: 5754: 5733: 4638: 4493: 4087: 3908: 3023: 2431: 2382: 1038: 769: 6502: 1514: 302: 8680: 8630: 8590: 8575: 8520: 7961: 7005: 6429: 6391: 6365: 6310: 6291: 6260: 6229: 6210: 6157: 5842: 5785: 5481: 4518: 4118: 4022: 2946: 2009:. His most trusted official was his brother Nhu, leader of the primary pro-Diệm party, the Cần Lao Party. Nhu was an 1429: 1161: 1133: 1102: 8725: 8690: 8635: 8535: 8315: 7956: 7921: 7835: 6509: 6375: 5647: 3249: 2606:. Six waves of ARVN tear gas and attack dogs failed to disperse the crowds. Finally, brownish-red liquid chemicals 2135:, Diệm considered his ideology of personalism a "third way" of communitarianism, presenting an alternative to both 1970: 1310: 1183:; 3 January 1901 – 2 November 1963) was a South Vietnamese politician who was the final prime minister of the 718: 245: 7418: 5744: 2983: 2936: 458: 8615: 8525: 7824: 7391: 7022: 6145: 3058: 3053: 2417:

assassination attempt was the desperate response of the communists to Diệm's relentless anti-communist policies.

2062: 1345: 8640: 7865: 7860: 7366: 7041: 6776: 5868: 5537: 3509: 2974: 2950: 1866: 1861:

On 21 July 1954, the Geneva Accords temporarily partitioned Vietnam at the 17th parallel, pending elections in

1708: 448: 7250: 6997: 658: 8530: 8188: 7196: 6661: 6570: 2040: 1571:

engaging in meetings and correspondence with various leading Vietnamese revolutionaries, such as his friend,

943: 551: 6651: 4867:"Role of the Religion and Politico-Religious Organizations in the South Vietnam During Ngo Dinh Diem Period" 2613: 933: 8565: 8438: 8272: 8205: 7951: 6696: 5412: 2633: 2621: 2500: 2361:): During late 1959 and early 1960, motivated by the idea of population reunification, Diệm introduced the 2347: 2283: 1856: 1772: 708: 1930: 1862: 8195: 7840: 7806: 6666: 5594: 3114: 2826: 2338: 1724: 1684: 1349: 948: 404: 37:

in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the

8128: 7591: 7304: 7292: 7280: 7152: 6899: 6879: 6801: 2897:

The coup d'état was designed by a military revolutionary council including ARVN generals led by General

2435: 2396:, from 1955 to by the end of 1958, 40,000 political prisoners had been jailed and 12,000 were executed. 2287: 1028: 8451: 8373: 8178: 8042: 7788: 7686: 7636: 7234: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7187: 7067: 6884: 3357: 2861: 1926: 1519: 1211: 1204: 1188: 75: 7716: 7586: 7561: 7541: 7157: 6771: 6620: 5961:"A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963" 2645: 2504: 2021:. Despite this, Thuc lived in the Presidential Palace, along with Nhu, Nhu's wife, and Diệm. Diệm was 1555: 1478: 1385: 1243: 1016: 928: 678: 605: 512: 400: 98: 59: 8378: 8345: 8244: 8217: 8047: 8023: 7763: 7721: 7631: 7566: 7551: 7374: 7286: 7256: 7062: 6467: 3504:. Council on Southeast Asia Studies, Yale Center for International and Area Studies. pp. 68–86. 2140: 1737: 1437:, the first headmaster of the National Academy in Huế (founded in 1896), and a counsellor to Emperor 1348:. On 1 November 1963, the country's leading generals launched a coup d'état with assistance from the 540: 275: 7661: 7581: 7298: 7268: 6889: 6766: 4786: 4740: 2910: 2779: 2657:

visited the pagoda. No further mass Buddhist protests occurred during the remainder of Diệm's rule.

2591:

against the government, which was suppressed by Diệm's forces, and unarmed civilians were killed in

1647: 1580:

who supported Vietnam's independence. In 1943, Diệm's Japanese friends helped him to contact Prince

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Diệm's rise was also facilitated through his brother Ngô Đình Khôi's marriage to the daughter of

1462: 986: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 713: 492: 7495: 7441: 7426: 6874: 3203: 2962: 2439: 8655: 8505: 8282: 8234: 7946: 7400: 6894: 5808: 4308:. Ho Chi Minh city: University of Social Sciences and Humanities – Ho Chi Minh city. pp. 43–47. 4110: 2624:, set himself on fire in the middle of a busy Saigon intersection in protest of Diệm's policies 2610:, resulting in 67 being hospitalized for chemical injuries. A curfew was subsequently enacted. 2603: 2260: 1603: 1302: 1251: 7726: 7533: 7476: 7162: 7142: 7129: 7116: 7084: 6844: 6546: 5567:[Notice from the Office of the Prime Minister on the conferment of royal decorations] 5471: 5438:[Telling the story of moving the grave in Saigon on the occasion of Vu Lan Festival]. 5361: 3084: 2898: 2874:, later South Vietnam's Ambassador to the United States, reported in his memoirs that General 2182:, the government's most prominent critic, was allowed to run. Despite the deployment of 8,000 1898: 1824: 1353: 130: 8137: 8096: 7653: 7576: 7431: 7147: 6736: 5908: 2793: 2654: 2082: 1987: 1963: 1700: 1623: 1581: 1434: 1271: 1219: 759: 684: 640: 321: 6044:

Vietnam's Lost Revolution: Ngô Đình Diệm's Failure to Build an Independent Nation, 1955–1963

5542: 5506: 5385: 4830: 3896:

Beyond Political Skin: Colonial to National Economies in Indonesia and Vietnam (1910s–1960s)

2928:

On 1 November 1963, Conein donned his military uniform and stuffed three million Vietnamese

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A photo of 4 year old Diệm (third from right) with his family in 1905 or 1906. His father

1306: 998: 502: 8: 8585: 8340: 8289: 8209: 8119: 7932: 7888: 7601: 7244: 7108: 6834: 6811: 6706: 5878:

Miller, Edward (2004). "Vision, Power and Agency: The Ascent of Ngô Đình Diệm, 1945–54".

2914: 2830: 2768: 2703: 2669: 2648:

were carried out across the country, with the Từ Đàm pagoda in Huế looted, the statue of

2534: 2179: 2167: 1655: 1337: 1329:. He was subject to several assassination and coup attempts, and in 1962 established the 1171: 703: 7618: 7556: 7546: 7238: 7228: 7134: 7050: 6869: 6403:

The Lost Mandate of Heaven: the American betrayal of Ngo Dinh Diem, President of Vietnam

4075:

Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army, 1961–1973

2918: 2771:(RVN), according to Fishel, "to a very considerable extent", was the policy of Ngô Đình 1827:, a Francophile, the leader of National Army was ready to oust Diệm; the leaders of the 1610:

proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and in the Northern half of Vietnam, his

1022: 8158: 8083: 8069: 7410: 6935: 6222:

Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War

6091: 5895: 5778:

Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963

5677: 5392: 4630: 4157: 4047: 4039: 3774: 3745: 3313:

Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963

3143: 2742: 2599: 2233: 2120: 1775: 1748: 1639: 1486: 637: 325: 7485: 7093: 7031: 2430:(VC) in order to overthrow the government of the south. On 11 November 1960, a failed 1631: 1563: 1537: 1454: 1259: 1239: 289: 114: 8163: 8073: 8056: 7883: 7383: 7014: 6806: 6796: 6786: 6746: 6701: 6425: 6406: 6387: 6380: 6361: 6332: 6306: 6287: 6281: 6256: 6225: 6206: 6184: 6153: 6110: 6095: 6048: 6006: 5945: 5914: 5899: 5864: 5838: 5816: 5795:

Henderson, William; Fishel, Wesley R. (1966). "The Foreign Policy of Ngo Dinh Diem".

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Senator Mansfiled: the Extraordinary Life of a Great American Statesman and Diplomat

6273:. Council on Southeast Asia Studies, Yale Center for International and Area Studies. 5746:

Cauldron of Resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s Southern Vietnam

3850:

Cauldron of resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s southern Vietnam

3738:

Senator Mansfiled: the Extraordinary Life of a Great American Statesman and Diplomat

1413: 1230:. Diệm was educated at French-speaking schools and considered following his brother 651: 8477: 8173: 8105: 7926: 7916: 7898: 7468: 7076: 6930: 6731: 6176: 6133: 6083: 6029: 5982: 5972: 5887: 5000: 4986: 4923: 4463: 4149: 4031: 2879: 2801: 2237: 2132: 2115: 1752: 1667: 1576: 1523: 1442: 1401: 1301:, Diệm returned home in July 1954 and was appointed prime minister by Bảo Đại. The 1279: 1184: 1144: 1110: 1082: 696: 408: 118: 7691: 7678: 7571: 7510: 7204: 6854: 5620: 4106:

Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62)

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archbishop – the Buddhist majority was prohibited from displaying

2486: 2279: 2163: 1836: 1764: 1687:'s philosophy and then applied this doctrine as the main ideology of his regime. 1559: 1438: 1405: 1389: 1341: 1336:

In 1963, Diệm's favoritism towards Catholics and persecution of practitioners of

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Morgan, Joseph (2003). "Wesley Fishel and Vietnam: A special kind of Friend" in

5435: 2871: 1408:. The Ngô-Đình family suffered under the anti-Catholic persecutions of Emperors 8465: 8168: 8142: 8092: 6925: 6353: 6246: 5830: 5005: 4183: 3650: 2970: 2891: 2649: 2637: 2558: 2401: 2070: 2026: 1914:

had to flee to Paris and hand over his command of the national army to General

1756: 1522:, presiding over seventy villages. Diệm was promoted to be a provincial chief ( 1482: 1421: 1263: 1255: 1227: 396: 5977: 5960: 5891: 3278: 1828: 1794: 674: 8499: 8065: 7936: 7820: 7802: 7610: 7525: 6829: 6711: 6106:

Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam

4881: 2902: 2696: 2629: 2617: 2571: 2393: 2155: 2136: 2002: 1976: 1870: 1803: 1799: 1768: 1732: 1409: 1322: 1294: 1267: 1235: 1192: 729: 575: 428: 6070:. Ithaca, NY: Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University Press. 5910:

Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam

5723: 8183: 6940: 6920: 6198: 6087: 6033: 5996: 5678:"Vietnam's Changing Historiography: Ngo Dinh Diem and America's Leadership" 4467: 4079: 2887: 2684: 2275: 2034: 2014: 1832: 1771:

along with numerous journalists, academics, and the former director of the

1283: 744: 2837:, where Diệm's regime shared the common recognition of communist threats. 1839:, an organized crime syndicate that controlled the National Police led by 1481:. As a devout Roman Catholic, Khả took his entire family to daily morning 7779: 7626: 7310: 7057: 3167: 3077: 2712: 2554: 2295: 2030: 2022: 1607: 1318: 1275: 832: 754: 585: 470: 8484: 7179: 6781: 5935: 5440: 4161: 4135: 4043: 2967:

given while en route to the Vietnamese Joint General Staff headquarters

2687:, who revealed it to the world in his "A Matter of Fact" column in the 2660: 2583: 2162:

that despite the popular belief that the referendum was put forward by

1942: 1494: 1004: 38: 6487:"The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May–November, 1963", pp. 201–276 5987: 4416:"Trường Đại Học Khoa Học Tự Nhiên TP Hồ Chí Minh - Lịch sử phát triển" 2264: 7814: 6656: 5360:. Vietnam War Era Classics Series. Indiana University Press. p. 3137: 2857: 2692: 2563: 1785: 1611: 1587:

After contacting Cường Để, Diệm formed a secret political party, the

1326: 938: 6181:

The Making of a Quagmire: America and Vietnam during the Kennedy Era

4153: 4035: 2790:

with other Asian countries to secure its international recognition.

2749:

in 1957. Diệm is shown shaking hands with the president of the U.S.

2548: 1234:

into the priesthood, but eventually chose to pursue a career in the

5589: 4876:(16). Kraków: Zeszyty Naukowe Towarzystwa Doktorantów UJ: 109–124. 3108: 2958: 2783: 2529: 2427: 2190: 2057: 2006: 1741: 1712: 1490: 1392:. His family originated in Phú Cam, a Catholic village adjacent to 1361: 6555: 6329:

The Unimagined Community: Imperialism and Culture in South Vietnam

2716:

Hinh crisis in 1954 and the struggle with the Bình Xuyên in 1955.

2461:

In 1962, the cornerstone of Diệm's counterinsurgency effort – the

2320:, which aimed to resettle one hundred thousand northern refugees. 7670: 6422:

The Lotus Unleashed: The Buddhist Peace Movement in South Vietnam

6169:

Vietnam: History, Documents, and Opinions on a Major World Crisis

5565:"แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์" 2954: 2929: 2066: 1760: 1502: 1393: 1309:, soon consolidated power in South Vietnam. After the fraudulent 664: 26: 3197: 2841: 2665: 2522: 2514: 2299: 1450: 1298: 1247: 424: 7748: 6440:

A Vietnamese Royal Exile in Japan: Prince Cường Để (1882–1951)

2073:

on the currency exchange using inside government information.

1847:

Police led by Lê Văn Viễn, whose power was focused in Saigon.

1598:, the Japanese offered Diệm the post of prime minister in the 1150: 1119: 5929:

The Vietnam Lobby: The American friends of Vietnam 1955–1975.

4827:"SNIE 53-2-63, "The Situation in South Vietnam, 10 July 1963" 4488:. New York: Southeast Asia Program Publications. p. 54. 2814: 2809: 2575: 2480: 2010: 1882: 1290: 6067:

Voices from the Second Republic of South Vietnam (1967–1975)

2453: 6175: 2343: 2183: 2053: 2049: 1953: 1526:) in Ninh Thuận at the age of 28, overseeing 300 villages. 1122: 1091: 6448:

The Last Confucian: Vietnam, South-East Asia, and the West

2940:

Ngô Đình Diệm after being shot and killed in the 1963 coup

2052:

to North Vietnam on the black market, the opium trade via

1885:, and dredging swamp-lands to help stabilise their lives. 1529: 6150:

Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and Americans in Vietnam

5725:

Diem's Final Failure: Prelude to America's War in Vietnam

1200: 1116: 1088: 8651:

Recipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation

4418:. 6 July 2016. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016 2330:): In early 1957, Diệm started a new program called the 1584:, an anti-colonial activist, who was in exile in Japan. 1469:, Ngô Đình Diệm, Ngô Đình Thị Hiệp, Ngô Đình Thị Hoàng, 1325:, eventually formally organized under the banner of the 8621:

People killed in Central Intelligence Agency operations

5511:

Bahagian Istiadat Dan Urusetia Persidangan Antarabangsa

5408:"Despite intimidation, South Vietnam's Diem remembered" 2210:

visited Saigon and enthusiastically declared Diệm the "

1897:

Prime Minister Diệm (centre-left) meeting with General

3550:

Vietnamese royal in Exile: Prince Cường Để (1882–1951)

2095:

1956 South Vietnamese Constitutional Assembly election

1707:

Diệm applied for permission to travel to Rome for the

8449: 2921:, the III, II Corps, and I Corps commanders however, 2763:

Ngô Đình Diệm presidential visit to the United States

1162: 1147: 1134: 1103: 8716:

National presidents assassinated in the 20th century

5813:

Sede Vacante: the Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thục

4679: 4677: 3315:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 18. 1630:) of the Nguyễn dynasty during the reign of Emperor 1606:. In September 1945, after the Japanese withdrawal, 1333:

as the cornerstone of his counterinsurgency effort.

1085: 191:

Minister of National Defense of the State of Vietnam

6549:(as Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council) 6269:Lockhart, Bruce McFarland, Bruce McFarland (1993). 1728:winning US support for Vietnamese anti-communists. 1274:, which was heavily influenced by the teachings of 1153: 1125: 1113: 1094: 133:(as Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council) 6379: 5165: 5163: 5153: 5151: 4727: 4725: 2044:Presidential Standard of South Vietnam (1955–1963) 1786:Becoming Prime Minister and consolidation of power 5313: 5311: 4674: 4627:Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development 4611: 4609: 4334: 4332: 2387:1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing 1719:, an American political science professor at the 8497: 6303:A Grand Delusion: America's Descent into Vietnam 6240:Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation 4436:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4071: 3563:Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation 3279:"New York Hails Vietnam's President Diem (1957)" 1589:Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam 1554:In 1929, he was promoted to the governorship of 1238:. He progressed rapidly in the court of Emperor 6245: 5794: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5160: 5148: 4722: 4449: 4447: 3852:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 69. 3535: 3533: 2154:Diệm taking the oath as First President of the 1675:status, Diệm decided to leave Vietnam in 1950. 1266:, in opposition to Bảo Đại. He established the 6183:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 5780:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 5308: 4606: 4329: 3523: 3521: 2400:anti-communist dissidents and anti-corruption 7764: 7352: 6983: 6571: 6203:A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963 5465: 5463: 4513:. New York: HarperPerennial. pp. 56–57. 2759:Ngô Đình Diệm presidential visit to Australia 1445:. He was appointed minister of the rites and 1057: 139:Minister of National Defense of South Vietnam 8671:Vietnamese collaborators with Imperial Japan 5941:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 5473:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 5256: 4444: 3530: 3405: 3354:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 2099:1959 South Vietnamese parliamentary election 1321:, he faced a communist insurgency backed by 8646:Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam 8300:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations 5815:. Berkeley, California: Apocryphile Press. 5671: 5669: 5598:. Pymble, New South Wales: Harper Collins. 5476:. Cambridge University Press. p. 286. 5436:"Kể chuyện dời mộ ở Sài Gòn nhân Lễ Vu Lan" 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4181:"Geneva Agreements 20–21 July 1954" (PDF). 3987: 3985: 3983: 3805: 3518: 2741:Diệm, accompanied by US Secretary of State 2434:against Diệm was led by Lieutenant Colonel 8676:Executed collaborators with Imperial Japan 7771: 7757: 7359: 7345: 6990: 6976: 6578: 6564: 6321:The Human Tradition in American since 1945 6171:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. 6144: 5460: 5353: 5003:(17 June 1963). "Diệm and the Buddhists". 4999: 4102: 3779:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3750:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3735: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 2804:during a visit to India on 8 November 1957 2481:Religious policies and the Buddhist crisis 2218: 1921:On 31 December 1954, Diệm established the 1064: 1050: 151:26 October 1955 – 2 November 1963 88:26 October 1955 – 2 November 1963 58: 7451:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam 6636:Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem 6419: 6166: 6132: 5986: 5976: 5625:Open Archives, Korea Democracy Foundation 4993: 4741:The 1966 Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam 4692:Karnow, A history of Vietnam, pp. 252–253 3999: 3997: 3565:. University of California Press, p. 212. 2866:Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm 2851: 1962:Results of the 1955 referendum posted on 1948: 1791:time for him to come to power in Vietnam. 966:Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem 5858: 5666: 5571:(in Thai). 27 August 1957. p. 213. 4978: 4845: 4011: 4009: 3980: 3582: 3580: 3499: 3018: 2935: 2792: 2778:(1954–1955), Vũ Văn Mẫu (1955–1963) and 2736: 2612: 2528: 2452: 2337: 2255: 2189: 2149: 2102: 2039: 1981: 1957: 1954:Establishment of the Republic of Vietnam 1892: 1793: 1731:In Rome, Diệm obtained an audience with 1694: 1617: 1528: 1371: 1367: 8321:Opposition to United States involvement 6276: 6040: 6019: 5995: 5742: 5675: 4962: 4960: 4864: 4453: 3847: 3769:. Sài Gòn – Trí Dũng. pp. 180–189. 3432: 1888: 894:Presidential visit to the United States 258:16 June 1954 – 26 October 1955 8498: 6510:Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam 6445: 6374: 6326: 6197: 5958: 5906: 5877: 5829: 5807: 5775: 5721: 5275: 5273: 5195: 5193: 4922:"South Vietnam: Whose funeral pyre?". 4779:"South Viet Nam: The Religious Crisis" 4624: 4133: 3994: 3179:Order of Merit for National Foundation 2653:Diệm's administration when ambassador 2628:The turning point came in June when a 246:Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam 203:6 July 1954 – 26 October 1955 8706:Politicians assassinated in the 1960s 8606:People executed by Vietnam by firearm 7752: 7340: 6971: 6559: 6352: 6224:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6219: 6152:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 5934: 5469: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4508: 4015: 4006: 3870: 3868: 3657:from the original on 14 December 2017 3577: 3486: 3484: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3351: 2376: 2131:the writings of Catholic philosopher 1270:to support his political doctrine of 1170: 16:President of South Vietnam, 1955–1963 8696:Vietnamese people of the Vietnam War 8434: 6537:President of the Republic of Vietnam 6400: 6300: 6102: 5853:Vietnam: Anatomy of a War, 1940–1975 5763: 4957: 4480: 4403:Vietnam: Anatomy of a War, 1940–1975 3892: 2925:of IV Corps remained loyal to Diệm. 2243: 2029:, and preferred the philosophies of 338:8 April 1933 – 18 July 1933 8546:Assassinated Vietnamese politicians 8038:U.S. escalation / "Americanization" 6585: 6382:President Kennedy: Profile of Power 6073: 5931:University of North Carolina Press. 5705: 5645: 5588: 5578:from the original on 12 April 2022. 5270: 5190: 4915: 4018:"The Viet Nam Constitution of 1956" 3764: 3149:Order of St. Michael and St. George 2457:South Vietnamese "Strategic Hamlet" 2342:Diem (center right) is welcomed by 1806:, partitioned at the 17th parallel. 1317:. From 1957 onward, as part of the 13: 7967:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 7677: 7652: 7617: 7532: 7475: 7417: 7390: 7203: 7178: 7115: 7083: 7049: 7021: 6611:Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức 6386:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6271:The end of the Vietnamese monarchy 6255:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6125: 5880:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 5448:from the original on 14 April 2016 5387:"2,000 Mourn Diem at Saigon Grave" 4554: 3865: 3720: 3502:The end of the Vietnamese monarchy 3500:Lockhart, Bruce McFarland (1993). 3481: 3373: 3014: 2890:(United Press International), and 2383:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 1384:Ngô Đình Diệm was born in 1901 in 1356:, who succeeded him as president. 1286:, which Diệm had greatly admired. 919:Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức 14: 8742: 8686:Vietnamese independence activists 7962:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 6626:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état 6456: 6405:. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 6283:Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War 6242:. University of California Press. 5444:(in Vietnamese). 18 August 2005. 4023:American Political Science Review 2732: 2608:were doused on praying protesters 2206:In May 1961, U.S. Vice President 1596:coup against French colonial rule 1278:, mainly from French philosopher 954:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état 8601:People executed by South Vietnam 8581:Michigan State University people 8556:Burials at Mac Dinh Chi Cemetery 8483: 8471: 8459: 8433: 8424: 8423: 8414: 8413: 8316:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War 7368: 7139:Provisional Leadership Committee 6999: 6424:. University Press of Kentucky. 6286:. New York: Methuen Publishing. 5863:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 5639: 5613: 5582: 5557: 5525: 5499: 5490: 5428: 5400: 5378: 5347: 5338: 5329: 5320: 5295: 5282: 5247: 5238: 5235:Henderson and Fishel, pp. 17–18. 5229: 5226:Henderson and Fishel, pp. 23–24. 5220: 5211: 5202: 5181: 5172: 5139: 5130: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5094: 5085: 5076: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5013: 4969: 4948: 4939: 4930: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4819: 4810: 4801: 4771: 4762: 4753: 4734: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4665: 4662:Jacobs, p. 90; Moyar, pp. 85–86. 4656: 4647: 4633:Publications. pp. 174–178. 4618: 4597: 4588: 4579: 4570: 3256:(in Vietnamese). 1 November 2013 3202: 3190: 3172: 3160: 3142: 3130: 3113: 3101: 3083: 3070: 3052: 3039: 2274:In South Vietnam, especially in 1971:1955 State of Vietnam referendum 1416:. In 1880, while Diệm's father, 1311:1955 State of Vietnam referendum 1289:After several years in exile in 1187:(1954–1955) and later the first 1143: 1109: 1081: 1037: 604: 568: 550: 8721:20th-century presidents in Asia 8711:Assassinated presidents in Asia 8611:People from Quảng Bình province 8571:Heads of state of South Vietnam 7952:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55 7778: 6331:. Manchester University Press. 6323:ed. David Anderson, Wilmington. 6252:Our Vietnam: the war, 1954–1975 6109:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 4545: 4536: 4527: 4502: 4474: 4408: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4320: 4311: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4175: 4127: 4096: 4072:William Woodruff, Mark (2005). 4065: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3886: 3877: 3856: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3796: 3787: 3758: 3729: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3568: 3555: 3542: 3493: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3423: 3414: 3396: 3387: 3364: 3059:Order of the Crown of the Realm 2578:celebrations commemorating the 2063:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1986:Representatives meeting at the 1508: 1404:), following the custom of the 1346:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 889:Presidential visit to Australia 8201:United States prisoners of war 7611:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 7042:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 6601:Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings 6450:. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. 6047:. Cambridge University Press. 5944:. Cambridge University Press. 5861:Our Vietnam: The War 1954–1975 5728:. University Press of Kansas. 5507:"Darjah Kebesaran Persekutuan" 5470:Moyar, Mark (28 August 2006). 4785:. 14 June 1963. Archived from 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3305: 3296: 3283: 3268: 3242: 2951:M113 armored personnel carrier 2448:bombed the Presidential Palace 2194:Diệm with U.S. Vice President 1867:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 909:Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings 1: 8384:Henry Kissinger’s involvement 7740:head of a military government 7671:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 7197:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 6420:Topmiller, Robert J. (2006). 6167:Gettleman, Marvin E. (1966). 6076:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 6041:Stewart, Geoffrey C. (2017). 6022:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 5354:Bui, D.; Chanoff, D. (1999). 4989:. 22 June 1963. pp. 5–6. 4456:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 4016:Grant, J. A. C. (June 1958). 3740:. Washington, DC. p. 77. 3235: 2553:dedicated his country to the 1819:with a cabinet of 18 people. 1420:(1850–1925), was studying in 1210:He was born into a prominent 33:, but is often simplified to 8661:South Vietnamese politicians 8596:Order of Civil Merit members 6179:; Singal, Daniel J. (2008). 5965:The Journal of Asian Studies 5913:. Harvard University Press. 5749:. Cornell University Press. 5743:Chapman, Jessica M. (2013). 5716:Bên giòng lịch sử, 1940–1965 5648:"總統蔣公影輯—接見外賓（十）-文化部國家文化記憶庫" 5413:Union of Catholic Asian News 5244:Henderson and Fishel, p. 21. 5217:Henderson and Fishel, p. 22. 4759:Gettleman, pp. 275–276, 366. 3767:Bên giòng lịch sử, 1940–1965 2991: 2284:Land reform in South Vietnam 2088: 1865:to reunify the country. The 1857:Operation Passage to Freedom 1850: 1773:Office of Strategic Services 709:Operation Passage to Freedom 483:Dai Viet Renaissance Society 7: 7992:Independence Palace bombing 6138:Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled 6005:. New York: Vintage Books. 5837:. New York: Penguin Books. 5595:Vietnam: the Australian War 5253:Henderson and Fishel, p. 9. 5199:Henderson and Fishel, p. 5. 5187:Henderson and Fishel, p. 4. 5100:Moyar, pp. 212–216, 231–234 3293:Praeger Publishers, p. 235. 3024:Republic of China President 2797:Ngô Đình Diệm meeting with 2747:Washington National Airport 2109:1959 parliamentary election 2107:Diệm (right) voting in the 1350:Central Intelligence Agency 10: 8747: 8731:Politicians killed in wars 8701:Vietnamese Roman Catholics 8666:Vietnamese anti-communists 8626:People murdered in Vietnam 8561:Catholic Church in Vietnam 8541:Executed Vietnamese people 8374:Canada and the Vietnam War 8043:1965 South Vietnamese coup 7851:People's Republic of China 7831:International participants 7375:Prime ministers of Vietnam 6205:. New York: E. P. Dutton. 5722:Catton, Philip E. (2003). 5698: 4926:. 29 June 1963. p. 9. 4625:Turner, Robert F. (1975). 4509:Young, Marilyn B. (1991). 4405:. Unwin Paperbacks, p. 89. 4304:Nguyễn, Xuân Hoài (2011). 3358:Cambridge University Press 3147:Knight Grand Cross of the 3057:Honorary Recipient of the 3009: 2862:1963 South Vietnamese coup 2855: 2767:The foreign policy of the 2756: 2675:At the same time that the 2490: 2484: 2380: 2224:universities, such as the 2092: 1968: 1854: 1751:, Roman Catholic cardinal 1723:, who was working for the 1205:1963 South Vietnamese coup 1189:president of South Vietnam 76:President of South Vietnam 20: 8409: 8379:CIA activities in Vietnam 8361: 8308: 8265: 8227: 8151: 7975: 7909: 7876: 7795: 7786: 7734: 7669: 7657:Republic of South Vietnam 7646:Republic of South Vietnam 7644: 7609: 7524: 7467: 7449: 7409: 7382: 7319: 7195: 7172:Republic of South Vietnam 7170: 7107: 7075: 7040: 7013: 7006:Heads of state of Vietnam 6949: 6913: 6820: 6675: 6662:Krulak–Mendenhall mission 6644: 6593: 6543: 6534: 6526: 6516: 6507: 6498: 6493: 6468:National Security Archive 5978:10.1017/S0021911818000505 5892:10.1017/S0022463404000220 4807:Tucker, pp. 49, 291, 293. 4481:Trần, Quang Minh (2014). 4134:Hammer, Ellen J. (1950). 3848:Chapman, Jessica (2013). 3640:Trần Mỹ Vân, pp. 213–214. 3289:Fall, Bernard B. (1963). 3250:"Đảo chính Ngô Đình Diệm" 3219: 2965:, under orders from Minh 2226:National Technical Center 1738:Michigan State University 1197:capture and assassination 944:Krulak–Mendenhall mission 591: 581: 563: 558: 546: 541:Michigan State University 530: 519: 488: 476: 466: 444: 439:Assassination by shooting 435:Manner of death 434: 414: 383: 378: 374: 362: 350: 342: 331: 320: 308: 295: 285: 262: 251: 243: 231: 219: 207: 196: 189: 177: 165: 155: 144: 137: 124: 104: 92: 81: 73: 69: 57: 50: 8681:Vietnamese Confucianists 8631:Persecution of Buddhists 8591:Nguyen dynasty officials 8576:Leaders ousted by a coup 8521:1960s murders in Vietnam 8401:Women in the Vietnam War 8333:United States news media 8278:Indochina refugee crisis 8273:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 8048:Bombing of North Vietnam 7987:Strategic Hamlet Program 6957:Persecution of Buddhists 6616:Double Seven Day scuffle 6465: – Provided by the 6345:Oberdorfer, Don (2003). 6327:Nguyen, Duy Lap (2020). 5959:Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018). 5621:"경무대에서 상호 훈장 수여식 후 기념촬영" 5301:B. Diễm and D. Chanoff, 5288:B. Diễm and D. Chanoff, 4985:"Diem's other crusade". 4865:Słowiak, Jerema (2017). 4136:"The Bao Dai Experiment" 4103:Cheng Guan, Ang (1997). 3736:Oberdorfer, Don (2003). 3119:Order of Chula Chom Klao 2969:. Diệm was buried in an 2511:Vietnamese folk religion 2463:Strategic Hamlet Program 2324:Land Development program 2228:at Phú Thọ in 1957, the 1923:National Bank of Vietnam 1721:University of California 1690: 1683:, which originated from 1331:Strategic Hamlet Program 1214:family with his father, 924:Double Seven Day scuffle 794:Constitutional Assembly 780:Strategic Hamlet Program 613:This article is part of 8726:Executed mass murderers 8691:Vietnamese nationalists 8636:Politicide perpetrators 8536:20th-century executions 8020:Gulf of Tonkin incident 7941:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 7422:Republic of Cochinchina 7411:Republic of Cochinchina 7237:(1987–1992) (Chairman: 7227:(1981–1987) (Chairman: 6667:McNamara–Taylor mission 6401:Shaw, Geoffrey (2015). 6238:Keith, Charles (2012). 5927:Morgan, Joseph (1997). 5907:Miller, Edward (2013). 5859:Langguth, A.J. (2000). 5851:Kolko, Gabriel (1987). 5676:Shidler, Derek (2009). 5533:"The Order of Sikatuna" 4903:Gettleman, pp. 280–282. 4542:Trần Quang Minh, p. 54. 4533:Trần Quang Minh, p. 53. 4401:Kolko, Gabriel (1987). 4241:Buttinger, pp. 954–955. 4111:McFarland & Company 3893:Phạm, Văn Thuỷ (2019). 3561:Keith, Charles (2012). 3552:, Routledge, pp. 32–67. 3228:According to historian 3208:Order of Brilliant Jade 3031:Order of Brilliant Jade 2808:Diệm's attitude toward 2721:Jagiellonian University 2711:policies centered by a 2580:birth of Gautama Buddha 2219:Socio-economic policies 1782:consolidate his power. 1400:(a Vietnamized form of 1250:. Diệm came to support 1242:, becoming governor of 1218:, being a high-ranking 949:McNamara–Taylor mission 714:Battle of Saigon (1955) 657:District magistrate of 536:National School College 64:Official portrait, 1956 8616:People of the Cold War 8526:1963 crimes in Vietnam 8429:Battles and operations 8369:Awards and decorations 8283:Vietnamese boat people 8252:Impact of Agent Orange 8240:Body count controversy 7947:1954 Geneva Conference 7683: 7658: 7623: 7538: 7481: 7423: 7396: 7209: 7184: 7121: 7089: 7055: 7027: 6446:Warner, Denis (1964). 6360:. St. Martin's Press. 6220:Jones, Howard (2003). 6088:10.1525/vs.2019.14.2.1 6034:10.1525/vs.2011.6.3.44 5714:Cao, Văn Luận (1972). 5708:In the Jaws of History 5357:In the Jaws of History 5303:In the Jaws of History 5290:In the Jaws of History 4468:10.1525/vs.2011.6.3.44 3765:Cao, Văn Luận (1972). 3034: 3003: 2941: 2852:Coup and assassination 2805: 2754: 2625: 2538: 2493:Huế Phật Đản shootings 2458: 2351: 2268: 2203: 2158: 2111: 2056:, in monopolizing the 2045: 2013:addict and admirer of 1990: 1966: 1949:Presidency (1955–1963) 1910: 1807: 1704: 1699:Diệm alongside Prince 1651: 1634:(from left to right): 1622:The five high-ranking 1540: 1381: 1303:1954 Geneva Conference 1252:Vietnamese nationalism 1195:) from 1955 until his 8641:Presidents of Vietnam 8138:1975 spring offensive 8097:ARVN campaign in Laos 8093:Vietnamization policy 7681: 7656: 7621: 7536: 7479: 7421: 7394: 7328:collective leadership 7207: 7182: 7119: 7087: 7053: 7025: 6737:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 6483:24 April 2008 at the 6463:JFK and the Diem Coup 6438:Trần, Mỹ-Vân (2005). 6358:Where the Domino Fell 6305:. New York: Perseus. 6301:Mann, Robert (2001). 6140:. Praeger Publishers. 6103:Tran, Nu-Anh (2022). 5776:Jacobs, Seth (2006). 5771:. Praeger Publishers. 5654:(in Chinese (Taiwan)) 3548:Trần, Mỹ Vân (2005). 3022: 2998: 2975:Mạc Đĩnh Chi Cemetery 2939: 2901:. Lieutenant Colonel 2799:Indian Prime Minister 2796: 2740: 2655:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 2616: 2532: 2456: 2341: 2259: 2193: 2153: 2106: 2083:Person Dignity Theory 2043: 2025:, devoutly Catholic, 1985: 1961: 1927:Indochinese banknotes 1896: 1797: 1763:, and Representative 1698: 1646:, Ngô Đình Diệm, and 1621: 1532: 1465:, Ngô Đình Thị Giao, 1380:stands in the centre. 1375: 1368:Family and early life 1272:Person Dignity Theory 884:Diplomatic activities 760:Person Dignity Theory 735:Policies and theories 694:Prime Minister of the 685:Minister of Personnel 534:Hue Pellerin Seminary 449:Mạc Đĩnh Chi Cemetery 322:Minister of Personnel 8531:1963 murders in Asia 8257:Environmental impact 8129:Battle of Phước Long 7894:Cold War (1962–1979) 6606:Hue chemical attacks 6530:Position established 6002:A Bright Shining Lie 5797:Vietnam Perspectives 5718:. Trí Dũng, Sài Gòn. 5208:Henderson and Fishel 5178:Miller, pp. 277–278. 5091:Jacobs, pp. 147–154. 4789:on 30 September 2007 4746:4 March 2008 at the 4710:Jacobs, pp. 131–132. 4567:Miller, pp. 165–184. 4392:Jacobs, pp. 123–125. 4317:Miller, pp. 137–139. 3352:Moyar, Mark (2006). 3311:Jacobs, Seth (2006) 3088:Grand Collar of the 2894:(Associated Press). 2835:Federation of Malaya 2788:diplomatic relations 2751:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2537:during the protests. 2535:Vietnamese buddhists 2497:Huế chemical attacks 2412:, a communist named 2230:University of Saigon 1931:Vietnamese banknotes 1889:Establishing control 1711:celebrations at the 1172:[ŋōɗìnjîəmˀ] 914:Hue chemical attacks 538:Hau Bo School, Hanoi 172:Position established 111:Position established 8566:Executed presidents 8337:In popular culture 8290:Sino-Vietnamese War 8120:Paris Peace Accords 7933:First Indochina War 7922:Japanese occupation 7889:Cambodian Civil War 7526:Republic of Vietnam 7275:Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh 7109:Republic of Vietnam 6707:W. Averell Harriman 6621:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 6503:Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lộc 6476:The Pentagon Papers 6146:Fitzgerald, Frances 5855:. Unwin Paperbacks. 5710:. Houghton Mifflin. 5279:Miller, pp. 253–260 4768:Moyar, pp. 215–216. 4719:Moyar, pp. 151–152. 4383:Jacobs, pp. 112–115 3991:Karnow, pp. 223–224 3254:BBC News Tiếng Việt 3177:First Class of the 2769:Republic of Vietnam 2704:Vietnamese Buddhism 2505:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 2350:in central Vietnam. 2238:University of Dalat 2168:political pluralism 2156:Republic of Vietnam 1988:1954 Geneva Accords 1594:In 1945, after the 1556:Bình Thuận Province 1386:Quảng Bình province 1338:Buddhism in Vietnam 1258:, in opposition to 1244:Bình Thuận Province 1228:French colonial era 1193:Republic of Vietnam 929:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 775:1962 palace bombing 704:First Indochina War 679:Bình Thuận province 648:District magistrate 8111:Christmas bombings 8084:Cambodian campaign 7684: 7659: 7624: 7539: 7482: 7424: 7397: 7210: 7185: 7122: 7090: 7056: 7028: 6936:Marguerite Higgins 6520:Position abolished 6494:Political offices 5835:Vietnam: A History 5706:Bui, Diem (1987). 5396:. 3 November 1970. 5393:The New York Times 5055:Moyar, pp. 212–213 4833:on 9 November 2017 4671:Jacobs, pp. 89–90. 4631:Hoover Institution 3802:Miller, pp. 94–95. 3684:Miller, pp. 39–40. 3631:Miller, pp. 20–30. 3604:Miller, pp. 32–33. 3342:Miller, pp. 23–24. 3291:The Two Viet-Nams. 3035: 2979:Lái Thiêu Cemetery 2942: 2806: 2755: 2743:John Foster Dulles 2719:Jerema Słowiak of 2646:Simultaneous raids 2626: 2600:religious equality 2539: 2459: 2377:Counter-insurgency 2352: 2269: 2261:Vietnamese farmers 2204: 2159: 2112: 2046: 1991: 1967: 1911: 1808: 1776:William J. Donovan 1749:William O. Douglas 1705: 1685:French Catholicism 1652: 1541: 1520:Quảng Trị province 1487:Confucian classics 1449:and keeper of the 1382: 454:Lái Thiêu Cemetery 315:Position abolished 238:Position abolished 8447: 8446: 8164:Ho Chi Minh trail 8057:Buddhist Uprising 8015:Coup against Minh 8006:Coup against Diem 7929:(1949–1955) 7884:Laotian Civil War 7877:Related conflicts 7856:Republic of China 7746: 7745: 7395:Empire of Vietnam 7384:Empire of Vietnam 7334: 7333: 7257:Nguyễn Minh Triết 7026:Empire of Vietnam 7015:Empire of Vietnam 6965: 6964: 6807:William Trueheart 6797:Maxwell D. Taylor 6787:Frederick Nolting 6777:Nguyễn Đình Thuận 6747:Joseph Mendenhall 6702:Michael Forrestal 6554: 6553: 6544:Succeeded by 6517:Succeeded by 6338:978-1-5261-4396-9 6190:978-0-7425-6007-9 6177:Halberstam, David 6134:Buttinger, Joseph 6012:978-0-679-72414-8 5822:978-1-949643-02-2 5769:The Two Viet-Nams 5652:memory.culture.tw 5605:978-0-7322-8237-0 5545:on 25 August 2019 5496:Moyar, pp. 287–90 5416:. 3 November 2017 5371:978-0-253-21301-3 5145:Langguth, p. 234. 5001:Halberstam, David 4975:Buttinger p. 933. 4912:Buttinger, p. 993 4250:Langguth, p. 258. 3932:Moyar, pp. 51–53. 3838:Moyar, pp. 41–42. 3723:The Vietnam Lobby 3586:Jacobs, pp. 20–25 3198:Republic of China 3090:Order of Sikatuna 2681:Mieczysław Maneli 2474:Frederick Nolting 2444:Airborne Division 2423:Central Committee 2363:Agroville Program 2355:Agroville program 2318:An Giang province 2244:Rural development 2234:University of Hue 2212:Winston Churchill 2208:Lyndon B. Johnson 2200:Frederick Nolting 2196:Lyndon B. Johnson 2125:Mandate of Heaven 2019:Archbishop of Huế 1925:and replaced the 1816:Geneva Conference 1755:, Representative 1671:dangerous rival. 1600:Empire of Vietnam 1315:rural development 1254:, promoting both 1074: 1073: 1019:(younger brother) 1013:(younger brother) 1001:(younger brother) 770:1960 coup attempt 630: 629: 595: 594: 8738: 8488: 8487: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8455: 8437: 8436: 8427: 8426: 8417: 8416: 8174:Operation Popeye 8106:Easter Offensive 7927:State of Vietnam 7917:French Indochina 7899:Cold War in Asia 7807:Việt Minh / PAVN 7773: 7766: 7759: 7750: 7749: 7722:Nguyễn Xuân Phúc 7632:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 7592:Trần Thiện Khiêm 7567:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 7552:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 7491:Nguyễn Phan Long 7469:State of Vietnam 7427:Nguyễn Văn Thinh 7373: 7372: 7371: 7361: 7354: 7347: 7338: 7337: 7287:Nguyễn Xuân Phúc 7281:Nguyễn Phú Trọng 7235:Council of State 7225:Council of State 7153:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 7077:State of Vietnam 7063:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 7004: 7003: 7002: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6969: 6968: 6931:David Halberstam 6900:Trần Thiện Khiêm 6880:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 6875:Nguyễn Văn Nhung 6732:Victor H. Krulak 6727:Thich Tinh Khiet 6652:Joint Communiqué 6580: 6573: 6566: 6557: 6556: 6527:Preceded by 6499:Preceded by 6491: 6490: 6451: 6435: 6416: 6397: 6385: 6371: 6349:. Washington, DC 6342: 6316: 6297: 6278:Maclear, Michael 6266: 6235: 6216: 6199:Hammer, Ellen J. 6194: 6172: 6163: 6141: 6120: 6099: 6058: 6037: 6016: 5992: 5990: 5980: 5955: 5924: 5903: 5874: 5848: 5826: 5804: 5791: 5772: 5765:Fall, Bernard B. 5760: 5739: 5711: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5682: 5673: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5617: 5611: 5609: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5570: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5541:. Archived from 5538:Official Gazette 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5389: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5351: 5345: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5306: 5299: 5293: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5268: 5265: 5254: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5188: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5158: 5155: 5146: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5128: 5127:Sheehan, p. 357. 5125: 5119: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5011: 5010: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4987:The New Republic 4982: 4976: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4924:The New Republic 4919: 4913: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4871: 4862: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4829:. Archived from 4823: 4817: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4751: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4683:Moyar, pp. 66–67 4681: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4604: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4577: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4511:The Vietnam Wars 4506: 4500: 4499: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4435: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4412: 4406: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4327: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4013: 4004: 4001: 3992: 3989: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3960: 3959:Chapman, p. 128. 3957: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3770: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3749: 3741: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3725:. pp. 1–14. 3721:Morgan, Joseph. 3718: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3528: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3246: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3087: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3056: 3045: 3043: 3042: 2987: 2968: 2963:Nguyễn Văn Nhung 2880:David Halberstam 2802:Jawaharlal Nehru 2546:exempt from the 2440:Nguyễn Chánh Thi 2332:Land Development 2288:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 2236:(1957), and the 2133:Emmanuel Mounier 2116:communitarianism 2001:Diệm's rule was 1964:Saigon City Hall 1935:Battle of Saigon 1909:in October 1954. 1753:Francis Spellman 1668:State of Vietnam 1443:French Indochina 1402:John the Baptist 1280:Emmanuel Mounier 1185:State of Vietnam 1182: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1169: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1041: 1029:Nguyễn Văn Thuận 934:Joint Communiqué 697:State of Vietnam 626: 625: 623: 616: 608: 601: 600: 597: 596: 574: 572: 571: 559:Military service 554: 462: 421: 409:French Indochina 393: 391: 379:Personal details 365: 353: 336: 311: 298: 276:Trần Chánh Thành 256: 234: 222: 210: 201: 180: 168: 149: 127: 119:State of Vietnam 117:as Chief of the 107: 95: 86: 62: 48: 47: 8746: 8745: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8551:Buddhist crisis 8496: 8495: 8494: 8482: 8472: 8470: 8460: 8458: 8450: 8448: 8443: 8405: 8390:Pentagon Papers 8357: 8304: 8261: 8223: 8147: 8001:Buddhist crisis 7971: 7957:1955 referendum 7905: 7872: 7791: 7782: 7777: 7747: 7742: 7730: 7727:Phạm Minh Chính 7717:Nguyễn Tấn Dũng 7665: 7640: 7605: 7542:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 7520: 7463: 7460:Nguyễn Văn Xuân 7453: 7445: 7437:Nguyễn Văn Xuân 7405: 7378: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7335: 7330: 7315: 7305:Võ Thị Ánh Xuân 7293:Võ Thị Ánh Xuân 7263:Trương Tấn Sang 7191: 7166: 7103: 7071: 7036: 7009: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6966: 6961: 6945: 6909: 6822: 6816: 6802:Trần Văn Chương 6792:Thích Trí Quang 6772:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 6742:Robert McNamara 6722:John F. Kennedy 6717:Thich Thien Hoa 6697:Thích Quảng Đức 6679: 6677: 6671: 6640: 6589: 6587:Buddhist crisis 6584: 6550: 6540: 6532: 6522: 6513: 6505: 6485:Wayback Machine 6459: 6454: 6432: 6413: 6394: 6376:Reeves, Richard 6368: 6354:Olson, James S. 6339: 6313: 6294: 6263: 6247:Langguth, A. J. 6232: 6213: 6191: 6160: 6128: 6126:Further reading 6123: 6117: 6055: 6013: 5952: 5921: 5871: 5845: 5831:Karnow, Stanley 5823: 5788: 5757: 5736: 5701: 5696: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5674: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5606: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5468: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5335:Miller, p. 320. 5334: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5317:Miller, p. 312. 5316: 5309: 5300: 5296: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5169:Miller, p. 262. 5168: 5161: 5157:Karnow, p. 292. 5156: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5136:Jacobs, p. 165. 5135: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5118:Jacobs, p. 154. 5117: 5113: 5109:Jacobs, p. 149. 5108: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5064:Jacobs, p. 143. 5063: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5028:Miller, p. 266. 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4936:Warner, p. 210. 4935: 4931: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4894:Tucker, p. 291. 4893: 4889: 4874:Nauki Społeczne 4869: 4863: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4816:Maclear, p. 63. 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4748:Wayback Machine 4739: 4735: 4731:Miller, p. 247. 4730: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4701:Karnow, 280–281 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4603:Miller, p. 170. 4602: 4598: 4594:Miller, p. 169. 4593: 4589: 4585:Miller, p. 163. 4584: 4580: 4576:Miller, p. 161. 4575: 4571: 4566: 4555: 4551:Miller, p. 160. 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4479: 4475: 4452: 4445: 4429: 4428: 4421: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4299: 4295:Miller, p. 155. 4294: 4290: 4286:Miller, p. 152. 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259:Karnow, p. 246. 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223:Karnow, p. 326. 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4205:Miller, p. 137. 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4154:10.2307/2753754 4141:Pacific Affairs 4132: 4128: 4121: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4036:10.2307/1952326 4014: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3990: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3923:Chapman, p. 75. 3922: 3918: 3911: 3901:Springer Nature 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874:Chapman, p. 84. 3873: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793:Miller, p. 450. 3792: 3788: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3651:"MSU Libraries" 3649: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3222: 3191: 3189: 3161: 3159: 3131: 3129: 3102: 3100: 3094:13 October 1956 3071: 3069: 3040: 3038: 3029:presenting the 3027:Chiang Kai-shek 3017: 3015:Foreign honours 3012: 2994: 2981: 2966: 2868: 2856:Main articles: 2854: 2833:, Laos and the 2765: 2757:Main articles: 2735: 2709:nation-building 2689:Washington Post 2677:Buddhist crisis 2634:Thích Quảng Đức 2622:Thích Quảng Đức 2589:Thích Trí Quang 2507: 2501:Thích Quảng Đức 2489: 2487:Buddhist crisis 2483: 2389: 2381:Main articles: 2379: 2280:Wolf Ladejinsky 2246: 2221: 2198:and Ambassador 2164:Edward Lansdale 2101: 2091: 1973: 1956: 1951: 1907:Nguyễn Văn Xuân 1899:Nguyễn Văn Hinh 1891: 1859: 1853: 1825:Nguyễn Văn Hinh 1788: 1765:John F. Kennedy 1693: 1660:Nguyễn Tôn Hoàn 1560:Bernard B. Fall 1511: 1455:Phan Châu Trinh 1406:Catholic Church 1398:Gioan Baotixita 1390:central Vietnam 1370: 1342:Buddhist crisis 1176: 1175: 1167: 1146: 1142: 1135: 1112: 1108: 1084: 1080: 1070: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1007:(sister-in-law) 995:(older brother) 989:(older brother) 976: 972: 971: 970: 904: 902:Buddhist crisis 898: 885: 835: 791: 785:Buddhist crisis 766: 736: 733: 723: 719:1955 referendum 700: 695: 692: 691: 690: 643: 621: 619: 618: 617: 614: 612: 569: 567: 539: 537: 535: 511: 506: 501: 496: 478: 477:Other political 467:Political party 456: 452: 423: 419: 418:2 November 1963 395: 389: 387: 363: 351: 337: 332: 309: 296: 281: 270:Nguyễn Văn Xuân 257: 252: 232: 220: 208: 202: 197: 178: 166: 150: 145: 125: 113: 105: 99:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 93: 87: 82: 65: 53: 46: 23:Vietnamese name 17: 12: 11: 5: 8744: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8493: 8492: 8480: 8468: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8441: 8431: 8421: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8335: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8318: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8275: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8176: 8171: 8169:Sihanouk Trail 8166: 8161: 8159:Củ Chi tunnels 8155: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8143:Fall of Saigon 8140: 8131: 8122: 8113: 8108: 8099: 8086: 8077: 8059: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8031: 8026: 8017: 8008: 8003: 7994: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7930: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7891: 7886: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7828: 7818: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7776: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7753: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7676: 7674: 7673:(1976–present) 7667: 7666: 7664: 7662:Huỳnh Tấn Phát 7651: 7649: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7616: 7614: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7587:Trần Văn Hương 7584: 7582:Nguyễn Văn Lộc 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7562:Trần Văn Hương 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7531: 7529: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7501:Nguyễn Văn Tâm 7498: 7493: 7488: 7474: 7472: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7457: 7455: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7416: 7414: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7401:Trần Trọng Kim 7389: 7387: 7380: 7379: 7364: 7363: 7356: 7349: 7341: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313:(2024-present) 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7269:Trần Đại Quang 7266: 7260: 7254: 7251:Trần Đức Lương 7248: 7242: 7232: 7222: 7219:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 7216: 7202: 7200: 7199:(1976–present) 7193: 7192: 7190: 7188:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 7177: 7175: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163:Dương Văn Minh 7160: 7158:Trần Văn Hương 7155: 7150: 7145: 7143:Dương Văn Minh 7140: 7137: 7132: 7130:Dương Văn Minh 7127: 7114: 7112: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7082: 7080: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7047: 7045: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7020: 7018: 7011: 7010: 6995: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6972: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6926:Malcolm Browne 6923: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6895:Trần Kim Tuyến 6892: 6887: 6885:Phạm Ngọc Thảo 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6845:Dương Văn Minh 6842: 6837: 6832: 6826: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6648: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6583: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6560: 6552: 6551: 6547:Dương Văn Minh 6545: 6542: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6515: 6506: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6478:, Vol. 2 Ch. 4 6472: 6458: 6457:External links 6455: 6453: 6452: 6443: 6436: 6430: 6417: 6412:978-1586179359 6411: 6398: 6392: 6372: 6366: 6350: 6343: 6337: 6324: 6317: 6311: 6298: 6292: 6274: 6267: 6261: 6243: 6236: 6230: 6217: 6211: 6195: 6189: 6173: 6164: 6158: 6142: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6116:978-0824887865 6115: 6100: 6071: 6064:, ed. (2015). 6059: 6054:978-1316160992 6053: 6038: 6017: 6011: 5993: 5971:(3): 741–771. 5956: 5951:978-0511511646 5950: 5932: 5925: 5920:978-0674072985 5919: 5904: 5886:(3): 433–458. 5875: 5869: 5856: 5849: 5843: 5827: 5821: 5809:Jarvis, Edward 5805: 5792: 5786: 5773: 5761: 5756:978-0801450617 5755: 5740: 5735:978-0700612208 5734: 5719: 5712: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5665: 5638: 5612: 5604: 5581: 5556: 5524: 5498: 5489: 5482: 5459: 5427: 5399: 5377: 5370: 5346: 5337: 5328: 5319: 5307: 5294: 5281: 5269: 5255: 5246: 5237: 5228: 5219: 5210: 5201: 5189: 5180: 5171: 5159: 5147: 5138: 5129: 5120: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5084: 5082:Moyar, p. 220. 5075: 5073:Jacobs, p. 145 5066: 5057: 5048: 5046:Miller, p. 266 5039: 5037:Jarvis, p. 59. 5030: 5021: 5012: 5006:New York Times 4992: 4977: 4968: 4956: 4954:Karnow, p. 294 4947: 4938: 4929: 4914: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4844: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4770: 4761: 4752: 4733: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4640:978-0817964313 4639: 4617: 4615:Miller, p. 187 4605: 4596: 4587: 4578: 4569: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4519: 4501: 4495:978-0877277958 4494: 4473: 4443: 4407: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4374:Miller, p. 144 4367: 4365:Miller, p. 142 4358: 4356:Miller, p. 141 4349: 4347:Miller, p. 138 4340: 4338:Miller, p. 139 4328: 4326:Miller, p. 136 4319: 4310: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4268:Jacobs, p. 89. 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4184:United Nations 4174: 4126: 4119: 4113:. p. 11. 4095: 4089:978-0891418665 4088: 4064: 4030:(2): 437–462. 4005: 4003:Jacobs, p. 95. 3993: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3910:978-9811337116 3909: 3903:. p. 66. 3885: 3876: 3864: 3855: 3840: 3831: 3829:Chapman, p. 74 3822: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3757: 3728: 3713: 3711:Jacobs, p. 30. 3704: 3702:Miller, p. 34. 3695: 3693:Jacobs, p. 27. 3686: 3677: 3668: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3622:Miller, p. 36. 3615: 3613:Miller, p. 35. 3606: 3597: 3595:Miller, p. 32. 3588: 3576: 3574:Jacobs, p. 22. 3567: 3554: 3541: 3539:Miller, p. 30. 3529: 3517: 3510: 3492: 3490:Jacobs, p. 20. 3480: 3478:Miller, p. 25. 3471: 3462: 3453: 3431: 3422: 3420:Jarvis, p. 37. 3413: 3411:Miller, p. 24. 3404: 3402:Jarvis, p. 21. 3395: 3393:Miller, p. 22. 3386: 3384:Jacobs, p. 19. 3372: 3370:Jarvis, p. 20. 3363: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3324:Miller, p. 23. 3317: 3304: 3302:Miller, p. 19. 3295: 3282: 3267: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3123:27 August 1957 3098: 3097: 3096: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006:colonialism". 2993: 2990: 2971:unmarked grave 2899:Dương Văn Minh 2892:Malcolm Browne 2884:New York Times 2853: 2850: 2734: 2733:Foreign policy 2731: 2650:Gautama Buddha 2638:self-immolated 2572:Buddhist flags 2533:Flag flown by 2485:Main article: 2482: 2479: 2436:Vương Văn Đông 2402:whistleblowers 2378: 2375: 2348:village elders 2245: 2242: 2220: 2217: 2180:Phan Quang Đán 2121:Nguyễn dynasty 2090: 2087: 2027:anti-Communist 1969:Main article: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1890: 1887: 1855:Main article: 1852: 1849: 1787: 1784: 1757:Mike Mansfield 1703:in Japan, 1950 1692: 1689: 1604:Trần Trọng Kim 1549:Nguyễn Hữu Bài 1510: 1507: 1479:Ngô Đình Luyện 1422:British Malaya 1369: 1366: 1354:Dương Văn Minh 1264:decolonization 1256:anti-communism 1072: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1054: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1033: 1032: 1026: 1020: 1017:Ngô Đình Luyện 1014: 1008: 1002: 996: 990: 984: 977: 974: 973: 969: 968: 963: 962: 961: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 905: 900: 899: 897: 896: 891: 883: 882: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 831: 830: 829: 828: 827: 818: 817: 816: 815: 810: 804:Parliamentary 802: 801: 800: 789: 788: 787: 782: 777: 772: 764: 763: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 734: 724: 722: 721: 716: 711: 706: 693: 689: 688: 682: 672: 662: 655: 644: 638:Nguyễn dynasty 636: 635: 632: 631: 628: 627: 615:a series about 611: 609: 593: 592: 589: 588: 583: 579: 578: 565: 561: 560: 556: 555: 548: 544: 543: 532: 528: 527: 521: 517: 516: 513:Ngô Đình Luyện 490: 486: 485: 480: 474: 473: 468: 464: 463: 446: 442: 441: 436: 432: 431: 422:(aged 62) 416: 412: 411: 394:3 January 1901 385: 381: 380: 376: 375: 372: 371: 366: 360: 359: 357:Nguyễn Hữu Bài 354: 348: 347: 344: 340: 339: 329: 328: 326:Nguyễn dynasty 318: 317: 312: 306: 305: 299: 293: 292: 287: 283: 282: 280: 279: 273: 266: 264: 260: 259: 249: 248: 241: 240: 235: 229: 228: 223: 217: 216: 211: 209:Prime Minister 205: 204: 194: 193: 187: 186: 181: 175: 174: 169: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 142: 141: 135: 134: 131:Dương Văn Minh 128: 122: 121: 108: 102: 101: 96: 94:Vice President 90: 89: 79: 78: 71: 70: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 51: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8743: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8656:South Vietnam 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8506:Ngo Dinh Diem 8504: 8503: 8501: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8479: 8469: 8467: 8457: 8456: 8453: 8440: 8432: 8430: 8422: 8420: 8412: 8411: 8408: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8360: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8245:POW/MIA issue 8243: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8066:Tet Offensive 8063: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8029:December coup 8027: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7836:United States 7834: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7821:South Vietnam 7819: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7803:North Vietnam 7801: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7769: 7767: 7762: 7760: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7712:Phan Văn Khải 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7687:Phạm Văn Đồng 7685: 7680: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7637:Phạm Văn Đồng 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7622:North Vietnam 7620: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7597:Nguyễn Bá Cẩn 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7577:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 7575: 7573: 7572:Phan Huy Quát 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7537:South Vietnam 7535: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7516:Ngô Đình Diệm 7514: 7512: 7511:Phan Huy Quát 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7480:South Vietnam 7478: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7362: 7357: 7355: 7350: 7348: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7299:Võ Văn Thưởng 7297: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7217: 7214: 7213:Tôn Đức Thắng 7211: 7206: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7148:Phan Khắc Sửu 7146: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7125:Ngô Đình Diệm 7123: 7120:South Vietnam 7118: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7099:Ngô Đình Diệm 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7088:South Vietnam 7086: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7069: 7068:Tôn Đức Thắng 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7054:North Vietnam 7052: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7007: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6981: 6979: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6890:Tôn Thất Đính 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6865:Nguyễn Hữu Có 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6855:Lê Quang Tung 6853: 6851: 6850:Huỳnh Văn Cao 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6830:Lucien Conein 6828: 6827: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767:Ngô Đình Thục 6765: 6763: 6762:Ngô Đình Nhu 6760: 6758: 6757:Ngô Đình Diệm 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6712:Roger Hilsman 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6687:Bui Van Luong 6685: 6684: 6682: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6576: 6574: 6569: 6567: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6548: 6539: 6538: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6512: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6449: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6431:0-8131-2260-0 6427: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6395: 6393:0-671-89289-4 6389: 6384: 6383: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6367:0-312-08431-5 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6312:0-465-04370-4 6308: 6304: 6299: 6295: 6293:0-423-00580-4 6289: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6262:0-684-81202-9 6258: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6231:0-19-505286-2 6227: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6212:0-525-24210-4 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6161: 6159:0-316-15919-0 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6062:Taylor, K. W. 6060: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6028:(3): 44–100. 6027: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5997:Sheehan, Neil 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5844:0-670-84218-4 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5787:0-7425-4447-8 5783: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5703: 5679: 5672: 5670: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5607: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5574: 5566: 5560: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5528: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5493: 5485: 5483:9781139459211 5479: 5475: 5474: 5466: 5464: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5403: 5395: 5394: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5350: 5341: 5332: 5326:Jacobs, p. 2. 5323: 5314: 5312: 5304: 5298: 5291: 5285: 5276: 5274: 5267:Taylor, p. 3. 5264: 5262: 5260: 5250: 5241: 5232: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5194: 5184: 5175: 5166: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5142: 5133: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5097: 5088: 5079: 5070: 5061: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5019:Moyar, p. 216 5016: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4988: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4961: 4951: 4945:Fall, p. 199. 4942: 4933: 4925: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4813: 4804: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4737: 4728: 4726: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4678: 4668: 4659: 4653:Kolko, p. 89. 4650: 4642: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4612: 4610: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4522: 4520:0-06-016553-7 4516: 4512: 4505: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4448: 4439: 4433: 4417: 4411: 4404: 4398: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4333: 4323: 4314: 4307: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4277:Olson, p. 98. 4274: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4232:Moyar, p. 36. 4229: 4220: 4214:Olson, p. 65. 4211: 4202: 4196:Taylor, p. 6. 4193: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4120:0-7864-0404-3 4116: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4099: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4068: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4012: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3977:Moyar, p. 54. 3974: 3968:Miller, p. 6. 3965: 3956: 3950:Moyar, p. 59. 3947: 3941:Moyar, p. 55. 3938: 3929: 3920: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3883:Moyar, p. 52. 3880: 3871: 3869: 3862:Moyar, p. 40. 3859: 3851: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3820:Moyar, p. 41. 3817: 3811:Moyar, p. 33. 3808: 3799: 3790: 3782: 3776: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3747: 3739: 3732: 3724: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3675:Fall, p. 242. 3672: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3581: 3571: 3564: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3536: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3487: 3485: 3475: 3469:Moyar, p. 12. 3466: 3460:Miller, p. 21 3457: 3451:Fall, p. 239. 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3367: 3360:. p. 12. 3359: 3355: 3348: 3339: 3333:Fall, p. 235. 3330: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3275:British Pathé 3271: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3231: 3230:Philip Catton 3226: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3068: 3064: 3061:(D.M.N.(K)), 3060: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2923:Huỳnh Văn Cao 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911:Tôn Thất Đính 2906: 2904: 2903:Lucien Conein 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2780:Phạm Đăng Lâm 2777: 2772: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2745:, arrives at 2744: 2739: 2730: 2727: 2726:Xá Lợi Pagoda 2722: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2697:Roger Hilsman 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642:Xá Lợi pagoda 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630:Buddhist monk 2623: 2619: 2618:Buddhist monk 2615: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2604:Từ Đàm pagoda 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2470:Ấp Chiến lược 2468: 2464: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2410:Buôn Ma Thuột 2405: 2403: 2397: 2395: 2394:Gabriel Kolko 2388: 2384: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2328:Khu dinh điền 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2137:individualism 2134: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023:nationalistic 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:authoritarian 1999: 1997: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1977:South Vietnam 1972: 1965: 1960: 1946: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1916:Nguyễn Văn Vy 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1871:North Vietnam 1868: 1864: 1858: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1812:Điện Biên Phủ 1805: 1804:South Vietnam 1801: 1796: 1792: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1769:Massachusetts 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1733:Pope Pius XII 1729: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717:Wesley Fishel 1714: 1710: 1702: 1697: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1656:Indochina War 1649: 1648:Bùi Bằng Đoàn 1645: 1644:Thái Văn Toản 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1573:Phan Bội Châu 1568: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467:Ngô Đình Thục 1464: 1463:Ngô Đình Khôi 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1374: 1365: 1363: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323:North Vietnam 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295:United States 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:Cần Lao Party 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236:civil service 1233: 1232:Ngô Đình Thục 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1173: 1165: 1164: 1158: 1140: 1139: 1130: 1106: 1105: 1099: 1078: 1077:Ngô Đình Diệm 1067: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 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455: 450: 447: 445:Resting place 443: 440: 437: 433: 430: 429:South Vietnam 426: 417: 413: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397:Đại Phong Lộc 386: 382: 377: 373: 370: 369:Thái Văn Toản 367: 361: 358: 355: 349: 345: 341: 335: 330: 327: 323: 319: 316: 313: 307: 304: 300: 294: 291: 288: 286:Head of State 284: 277: 274: 271: 268: 267: 265: 261: 255: 250: 247: 242: 239: 236: 230: 227: 226:Phan Huy Quát 224: 218: 215: 212: 206: 200: 195: 192: 188: 185: 182: 176: 173: 170: 164: 161: 158: 154: 148: 143: 140: 136: 132: 129: 123: 120: 116: 112: 109: 103: 100: 97: 91: 85: 80: 77: 72: 68: 61: 56: 52:Ngô Đình Diệm 49: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 24: 19: 8388: 8362:Other topics 8184:Agent Orange 8133: 8124: 8115: 8101: 8088: 8079: 8061: 8052: 8033: 8010: 7996: 7982: 7796:Participants 7706: 7557:Nguyễn Khánh 7547:Nguyễn Khánh 7515: 7496:Trần Văn Hữu 7442:Trần Văn Hữu 7432:Lê Văn Hoạch 7229:Trường Chinh 7135:Nguyễn Khánh 7124: 7098: 6941:Neil Sheehan 6921:Peter Arnett 6905:Trần Văn Đôn 6870:Nguyễn Khánh 6756: 6752:Ngô Đình Cẩn 6676:Political or 6535: 6529: 6519: 6508: 6475: 6466: 6447: 6442:. 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1358: 1335: 1307:Ngô Đình Nhu 1288: 1284:Confucianism 1222:for Emperor 1216:Ngô Đình Khả 1209: 1076: 1075: 1023:Ngô Thế Linh 1011:Ngô Đình Cẩn 1005:Trần Lệ Xuân 999:Ngô Đình Nhu 981:Ngô Đình Khả 765:Major events 745:Confucianism 620: 582:Battles/wars 524:Ngô Đình Khả 508:Ngô Đình Cẩn 503:Ngô Đình Nhu 479:affiliations 451:(until 1983) 420:(1963-11-02) 364:Succeeded by 333: 314: 310:Succeeded by 253: 237: 233:Succeeded by 213: 198: 184:Trần Văn Đôn 179:Succeeded by 171: 159: 146: 126:Succeeded by 110: 83: 42: 34: 30: 18: 8516:1963 deaths 8511:1901 births 7866:New Zealand 7861:South Korea 7780:Vietnam War 7707:Võ Văn Kiệt 7697:Võ Văn Kiệt 7648:(1975–1976) 7627:Ho Chi Minh 7613:(1945–1976) 7528:(1955–1975) 7471:(1949–1955) 7454:(1948–1949) 7413:(1946–1949) 7301:(2023–2024) 7289:(2021–2023) 7283:(2018–2021) 7271:(2016–2018) 7265:(2011–2016) 7259:(2006–2011) 7253:(1997–2006) 7247:(1992–1997) 7239:Võ Chí Công 7221:(1980–1981) 7215:(1976–1980) 7174:(1969–1976) 7111:(1955–1975) 7079:(1949–1955) 7058:Ho Chi Minh 7044:(1945–1976) 6914:Journalists 6082:(2): 1–67. 5936:Moyar, Mark 5627:(in Korean) 5549:18 February 3661:20 November 3260:30 November 3168:South Korea 3078:Philippines 2982: [ 2961:by Captain 2827:Philippines 2819:South Korea 2776:Trần Văn Độ 2713:personalist 2584:papal flags 2555:Virgin Mary 2467:Vietnamese: 2414:Hà Minh Tri 2359:khu trù mật 2296:South Korea 2272:Land Reform 2031:personalism 1903:Lê Văn Viễn 1841:Lê Văn Viễn 1681:Personalism 1654:During the 1636:Hồ Đắc Khải 1608:Hồ Chí Minh 1447:chamberlain 1340:led to the 1319:Vietnam War 1276:Personalism 1260:Hồ Chí Minh 1226:during the 1199:during the 1168:Vietnamese: 833:Vietnam War 755:Personalism 750:Land reform 732:(1955–1963) 699:(1954–1955) 681:(1929–1933) 671:(1926–1929) 661:(1923–1926) 654:(1921–1923) 586:Vietnam War 457: [ 352:Preceded by 297:Preceded by 278:(1954-1955) 221:Preceded by 167:Preceded by 106:Preceded by 8586:Ngo family 8500:Categories 8235:Casualties 8206:War crimes 8189:Land mines 8024:Resolution 7910:Background 7602:Vũ Văn Mẫu 7377:since 1945 7245:Lê Đức Anh 7008:since 1945 6860:Lê Văn Kim 6835:Đỗ Cao Trí 6812:Vũ Văn Mẫu 6782:Madame Nhu 6541:1955–1963 6514:1954–1955 5988:1993/34017 5870:0743212444 5686:23 October 5513:(in Malay) 5441:VietNamNet 4750:HistoryNet 4167:28 October 4057:28 October 3511:093869250X 3236:References 2917:, General 2915:Đỗ Cao Trí 2913:, General 2876:Lê Văn Kim 2670:Vũ Văn Mẫu 2661:Madame Nhu 2564:Confucians 2491:See also: 2093:See also: 2007:nepotistic 1837:Bình Xuyên 1640:Phạm Quỳnh 1628:Thượng thư 1515:Thừa Thiên 1495:Mark Moyar 1439:Thành Thái 1224:Thành Thái 659:Quảng Điền 564:Allegiance 500:(brother) 401:Quảng Bình 390:1901-01-03 39:given name 8478:Biography 8309:Reactions 8266:Aftermath 7937:Việt Minh 7846:Australia 7815:Viet Cong 7692:Phạm Hùng 6678:religious 6657:Cable 243 6096:182587669 5900:145272335 5658:31 August 5646:中華民國文化部. 5590:Ham, Paul 5517:31 August 5305:, p. 101. 5292:, p. 100. 4882:2082-9213 4462:(3): 44. 4422:30 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2959:revolver 2930:piastres 2872:Bùi Diễm 2831:Thailand 2784:Cambodia 2544:de facto 2428:Vietcong 2253:nation. 2240:(1957). 2067:Piastres 2058:cinnamon 1814:and the 1742:Cold War 1701:Cường Để 1582:Cường Để 1524:Tuần phủ 1491:celibacy 1435:mandarin 1362:dictator 1220:mandarin 1212:Catholic 1203:-backed 1031:(nephew) 1025:(cousin) 983:(father) 959:reaction 669:Hải Lăng 641:mandarin 526:(father) 74:1st 21:In this 8466:Vietnam 8452:Portals 8439:Commons 8228:Impacts 8218:Đắk Sơn 8179:Weapons 7789:Outline 7702:Đỗ Mười 7682:Vietnam 7506:Bửu Lộc 7486:Bảo Đại 7208:Vietnam 7094:Bảo Đại 7032:Bảo Đại 6950:Related 6823:figures 6692:Bửu Hội 6680:figures 6501:Prince 5699:Sources 5610:, p. 57 4187:. 1954. 4162:2753754 4044:1952326 3033:to Diệm 3010:Honours 2955:bayonet 2953:with a 2574:during 2523:pagodas 2314:Cái Sắn 2267:, 1966. 2265:Tuy Hoa 2202:in 1961 1833:Cao Đài 1829:Hòa Hảo 1798:Map of 1761:Montana 1713:Vatican 1632:Bảo Đại 1564:Bảo Đại 1538:Bảo Đại 1535:emperor 1503:convent 1451:eunuchs 1240:Bảo Đại 675:Tuần vũ 665:Prefect 471:Cần Lao 346:Bảo Đại 343:Monarch 324:of the 303:Bửu Lộc 301:Prince 290:Bảo Đại 214:Himself 160:Himself 115:Bảo Đại 27:surname 8214:My Lai 7976:Events 7737:acting 7386:(1945) 7322:acting 7311:Tô Lâm 7307:(2024) 7295:(2023) 7277:(2018) 7017:(1945) 6840:Đỗ Mậu 6645:Policy 6594:Events 6428: 6409: 6390: 6364: 6335: 6309: 6290: 6259: 6228: 6209: 6187: 6156: 6113: 6094: 6051: 6009: 5948: 5917: 5898: 5867: 5841: 5819: 5784: 5753: 5732: 5602: 5480: 5368: 4880: 4793:20 May 4637: 4517: 4492: 4160: 4117: 4086: 4050: 4042: 3907: 3508: 3220:Legacy 3195: 3165: 3135: 3106: 3075: 3047:Malaya 3044: 2947:Cholon 2864:, and 2842:France 2825:, the 2823:Taiwan 2666:Saigon 2549:corvée 2515:Taoism 2503:, and 2300:Taiwan 2298:, and 2071:Pounds 1943:Ba Cụt 1430:priest 1414:Tự Đức 1299:Europe 1297:, and 1293:, the 1282:, and 1262:, and 1248:France 975:Family 687:(1933) 573: 520:Parent 425:Saigon 272:(1954) 263:Deputy 25:, the 8396:SEATO 8351:Songs 8346:Games 6092:S2CID 5896:S2CID 5681:(PDF) 5576:(PDF) 5569:(PDF) 4870:(PDF) 4158:JSTOR 4048:S2CID 4040:JSTOR 2986:] 2815:Japan 2810:India 2576:Vesak 2344:monks 2286:like 2011:opium 1883:dykes 1800:North 1691:Exile 1388:, in 1291:Japan 461:] 405:Annam 8341:Film 8196:Rape 8134:1975 8125:1974 8116:1973 8102:1972 8089:1971 8080:1970 8062:1968 8053:1966 8034:1965 8011:1964 7997:1963 7983:1962 7825:ARVN 6426:ISBN 6407:ISBN 6388:ISBN 6362:ISBN 6333:ISBN 6307:ISBN 6288:ISBN 6257:ISBN 6226:ISBN 6207:ISBN 6185:ISBN 6154:ISBN 6111:ISBN 6049:ISBN 6007:ISBN 5946:ISBN 5915:ISBN 5865:ISBN 5839:ISBN 5817:ISBN 5803:(1). 5782:ISBN 5751:ISBN 5730:ISBN 5688:2022 5660:2023 5633:2024 5600:ISBN 5551:2023 5519:2023 5478:ISBN 5454:2023 5422:2023 5366:ISBN 4878:ISSN 4839:2007 4795:2010 4783:Time 4635:ISBN 4515:ISBN 4490:ISBN 4438:link 4424:2023 4169:2022 4115:ISBN 4084:ISBN 4059:2022 3905:ISBN 3781:link 3752:link 3663:2017 3506:ISBN 3262:2023 3212:1960 3183:1957 3153:1957 3063:1960 2957:and 2761:and 2513:and 2385:and 2346:and 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