87:'s 1787 lecture "On the Proper Distinction Between Biblical and Dogmatic Theology" is considered the beginning of modern biblical theology. Gabler believed the Bible was "the one clear source from which all true knowledge of the Christian religion is drawn". For Gabler, dogmatic theology must be based on a biblical theology that is "pure and unmixed with foreign elements". Gabler identified two tasks for biblical theology. The first task was to provide an accurate historical description of the ideas found in the Bible. He argued that the interpretation of biblical texts needed to be informed by the language and customs of the relevant historical period. Significantly, Gabler did not assume that the OT and NT possessed a uniformity in beliefs. Gabler's second task was to compare biblical ideas with each other to discover universal scriptural truths on which dogmatic theology could be based. While scholars took up Gabler's first task, his second task was forgotten. According to biblical scholar Frank Matera, "Instead of becoming a servant of dogmatic theology, biblical theology soon became its rival."
348:
of the Old from the New. Where
Bultmann refused the historical Jesus a part in the theology of the NT, Hahn, Wilckens, and Stuhlmacher press for the necessity of Jesus' earthly life as an essential ingredient of NTT. Where Bultmann saw deep and irreconcilable theological contradiction within the NT (the radical divergences between Paul/John and
347:
In multiple and important ways—and regardless of their many differences—their theologies converge to provide a coherent alternative to the larger
Bultmannian paradigm in NTT. Where Bultmann famously side-stepped the significance of the OT, Hahn, Wilckens, and Stuhlmacher all affirm the inseparability
51:
There are two main approaches to NTT. The first is reconstructing the theology of the NT writers. The second approach is to offer a systematic presentation of NT teaching. Frank
Thielman uses a "canonical and synthetic approach" that addresses each NT book separately or canonically but also includes
658:
coming down from above upon him and hears a voice identifying him as "my Son; with you I am well pleased". Although this event is not described as a baptism with the Spirit, it does look as though this is the baptism of the Spirit happening to the One who will baptize others with the Spirit. In the
270:
and other techniques, Jeremias concludes in contrast to
Bultmann's form criticism that "n the synoptic tradition it is the inauthenticity, and not the authenticity, of the sayings of Jesus that must be demonstrated". For Jeremias, the message and work of the historical Jesus is inseparable from the
335:
NT professor C. Kavin Rowe wrote in 2006 that the field of NTT had experienced a "revival" in recent years. Georg
Strecker (1996) and Joachim Gnilka (1994) continue in the Bultmannian tradition. Both highlight the NT's theological diversity in ways that Rowe believes "render questionable its
279:
Jeremias presents us with a historically argued reversal of
Bultmann’s kerygma theology: the decisive ground of faith is not found for the first time in the apostolic preaching of the crucified and risen Christ, but already in Jesus's word and work, as reliably attested in the Synoptic
229:... Christian faith did not exist until there was a Christian kerygma; i.e., a kerygma proclaiming Jesus Christ—specifically Jesus Christ the Crucified and Risen One—to be God’s eschatological act of salvation". Bultmann divided early Christianity into a Palestinian church and a
354:, for example), Hahn, Wilckens, and Stuhlmacher argue for a discernible theological unity amidst the obvious and real diversity of the NT writings. And, finally, where Bultmann's existential interpretation clearly placed the accent on theological
630:
mentions "the one who comes in the name of the LORD". Both of these passages were interpreted messianically in early
Judaism. Daniel 7:13 states that the Son of Man will "come with the clouds of heaven." In
675:. The effect is thus to initiate Jesus into the office of God’s coming king, since the Old Testament passages, or certainly Psalm 2, were by now understood as prophecies still awaiting fulfillment.
292:(1965) was well received among Catholic exegetes, the ecumenical world, and OT scholars. Cullmann traces salvation history to the history of Israel in the OT and sees in all the NT writings an
260:
NT professor C. Kavin Rowe describes the 50 years after
Bultmann as a "sterile" phase in the NTT field. Other NT theologies were written, but these failed to match Bultmann's impact.
154:
in the earliest period of
Christianity; not what certain writings say about faith, doctrine, hope, etc." (emphasis in original). Wrede's project was never completed; although,
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1214:
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rest of the Gospel it may be assumed that Jesus does what he does and says what he says under the guidance and power of the Spirit, who is now permanently with him (
225:
event. This is why
Bultmann can say, "The message of Jesus is a presupposition for the theology of the New Testament rather than a part of that theology itself
527:
667:). The incident is something like the calling of a prophet, but the language used is reminiscent of what God says to his anointed one (i.e., the king) in
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339:
Other German scholars have moved beyond Bultmann. Reviewing the work of German scholars Ferdinand Hahn (2001, 2005), Ulrich Wilckins (2002–2005), and
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646:
Jesus heard John's preaching and submitted to baptism. It is this event that marks the start of Jesus' public ministry. New Testament scholar
358:(human "self-understanding"), Hahn, Wilckens, and Stuhlmacher all insist on the centrality of theology proper: the NT is first of all about
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296:: salvation is already accomplished in Jesus' life, death, and resurrection, but it is not yet consummated. This consummation awaits the
520:
596:
592:
580:
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Rowe, C. Kavin (Summer 2006). "New Testament Theology: The Revival of a Discipline. A Review of Recent Contributions to the Field".
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121:(1897). Weiss and Holtzmann produced "comprehensive handbooks of NT theology that meticulously examined the doctrinal systems (
31:(NT). It seeks to explain the meaning of NT texts in their own grammatical, historical and cultural terms. It is separate from
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The Baptist proclaims that one will come who is "more powerful" than him. While John baptizes with water, the coming one will
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150:. Wrede believed the field should be renamed "history of early Christian religion and theology" and that it should explain "
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preaching centered on the imminent judgment of Israel. To his Jewish audience, the Baptist warns that their descent from
591:(Luke 1:17; Matthew 11:14), whose role is to prepare the people for God's arrival before the final the day of judgment (
77:. These early works explained biblical texts according to standard outlines used in systematic theology. In the 1770s,
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1490:
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186:, originally published in 1948. Bultmann's work was based on three concepts. First, the primary topic of NTT is the
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93:'s four-volume theology published 1800–1802 marked the emergence of NTT as an independent discipline. In 1864,
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led to a renewed interest in the theological elements of the NT. The most important work of this era was
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607::6–8, 15, 19–28). This reflects the rivalry between early Christians and the Baptist's own followers.
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William Wrede's ideas continue to have influence among scholars, including Heikki Räisänen (1990),
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and fire. He will save those who repent, but the wicked will be destroyed with unquenchable fire (
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and end-time prophet, the Christian church later proclaimed him to be messiah and lord after the
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and to his servant, on whom he puts his Spirit so that he may bring justice to the world, in
603:, however, is careful to subordinate the Baptist to Jesus and deny him the status of Elijah (
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84:
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1124:
639:. He is God's representative, presiding over the judgment of the world and establishing the
1362:
The Nature of New Testament Theology: The Contribution of William Wrede and Adolf Schlatter
455:, "Look, the virgin shall become pregnant and give birth to a son, and they shall name him
175:
102:
78:
1161:
Matera, Frank J. (January 2005). "New Testament Theology: History, Method, and Identity".
8:
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114:
106:
90:
40:
36:
451:. For Matthew, Jesus is the Messiah and Son of God whose birth fulfills the prophecy of
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1359:(1973) . "The Tasks and Methods of 'New Testament Theology'". In Morgan, Robert (ed.).
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430:
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begins with a statement of Jesus' identity: he is "Jesus Christ, the Son of God". The
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and receive forgiveness, symbolized by baptism or the religious washing with water (
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515:), a common Jewish figure of speech indicating that someone is a human being (see
213:. These traditions, for the most part, were not historically authentic. While the
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by God to fulfill a specific role. Not only is Jesus the messiah, but he is also
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In the synoptic gospels, John's ministry is a fulfillment of the prophecy in
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argued that biblical theology needed to be separated from dogmatic theology.
28:
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presented an alternative to Bultmann in his 1971 NT theology. Utilizing the
190:(proclamation) about Jesus Christ. Second, this kerygma must be interpreted
1277:
387:
230:
1130:. Vol. 1–2. Translated by Grobel, Kendrick. Charles Scribner's Sons.
1365:. Studies in Biblical Theology. London: Wipf and Stock. pp. 68–116.
452:
324:
171:
1551:. Vol. 2. Translated by Duguid, James E. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.
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311:
Important NT theologies produced in the English-speaking world included
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460:
254:
66:
704:
1 Enoch 45–49; 52; & 61–63. See also Isaiah 11; 42:6; & 52:15.
1485:. Translated by Boring, Eugene M. de Gruyter; Westminster John Knox.
1237:
635:, the Son of Man is described as God's anointed one who is given the
627:
408:
238:
1535:. Vol. 1. Translated by Eaton, David. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.
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in order to understand the human condition. Third, Bultmann rejects
152:
what was believed, thought, taught, hoped, required, and striven for
456:
1423:(1). Translated by Sandys-Wunsch, John; Eldredge, Laurence: 1–11.
1410:"On the Proper Distinction Between Biblical and Dogmatic Theology"
130:
In his 1897 essay "The Task and Methods of 'New Testament Theology
632:
557:
187:
1506:
The Religion of the Earliest Churches: Creating a Symbolic World
1156:. Translated by Bowden, John. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
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588:
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530:(Matthew 1:1–16; Luke 3:23–38; Romans 1:3–4; 2 Timothy 2:8).
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criticized the work of Weiss and Holtzmann and called for a
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Earliest Christianity: A History of the Period A.D. 30–150
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Earliest Christianity: A History of the Period A.D. 30–150
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As he emerges from baptism with water, he experiences the
618:). This "coming one" can be identified as the Messiah and
160:
Earliest Christianity: A History of the Period A.D. 30–150
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explains the significance of Jesus' baptism as follows:
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Strecker, Georg (2000). Horn, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.).
1341:. Translated by Bailey, Daniel P. William B. Eerdmans.
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761:
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Beyond New Testament Theology: A Story and a Programme
1303:"Study of the Thematic Structure of the New Testament"
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1400:. Translated by Sowers, Sidney G. London: SCM Press.
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1464:. Translated by Dean, O. C. Westminster John Knox.
1286:. Translated by Boring, M. Eugene. Baker Academic.
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271:church's post-Easter proclamation. In the words of
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1188:New Testament Theology: Many Witnesses, One Gospel
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142:approach to NTT. This would not be limited to the
27:that concerns the study and interpretation of the
1152:New Testament Theology: The Proclamation of Jesus
587:. He is explicitly identified with the returning
1600:
742:
564:will not save them from the coming destruction (
109:. Other important works of NTT were written by
1262:. Grand Rapids, Michigan, US: Baker Academic.
509:, he writes that Jesus was "born of a woman" (
1323:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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65:In the 17th century, attempts to prove that
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101:beliefs were shaped by a struggle between
496:a young woman who has not yet given birth
1509:. Translated by Bowden, John. Fortress.
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1301:Scott, J. Julius, Jr. (September 2008).
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622:. Genesis 49:10 speaks of the coming of
304:, and the ultimate establishment of the
205:, according to which the authors of the
201:Bultmann's interpretation was shaped by
1430:from the original on February 28, 2024.
1601:
1547:Biblical Theology of the New Testament
1531:Biblical Theology of the New Testament
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1338:Biblical Theology of the New Testament
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505:does not mention the virgin birth. In
370:(1994), Walter Schmithals (1994), and
97:set forth the controversial view that
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1355:
1300:
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1585:(1959) . Grant, Frederick C. (ed.).
1569:(1959) . Grant, Frederick C. (ed.).
1461:The Theology of the First Christians
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233:Hellenistic church, which included
69:dogmatic theology was based in the
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39:. It is related but distinct from
14:
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52:thematic or synthetic summaries.
1593:. Vol. 2. New York: Harper.
1577:. Vol. 1. New York: Harper.
162:, originally published in 1914.
915:
872:
698:
544:Jesus' mission begins with his
479:) to translate the Hebrew noun
158:came close with his unfinished
1417:Midwestern Journal of Theology
1225:Journal of Biblical Literature
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209:mainly collected and compiled
127:) of the various NT writers."
1:
1482:Theology of the New Testament
1283:Theology of the New Testament
1126:Theology of the New Testament
1111:
568:). He urged his listeners to
343:(1991, 1999), Rowe writes:
336:existence as a collection."
330:
243:Theology of the New Testament
184:Theology of the New Testament
60:
711:
612:baptize with the Holy Spirit
526:Jesus is described as being
165:
7:
1458:Schmithals, Walter (1997).
1163:Catholic Biblical Quarterly
881:, Volume 1, p. 3 quoted in
834:, pp. 84–85 quoted in
679:
487:
439:is found in the Gospels of
10:
1625:
537:
511:
465:
428:
422:
403:is a Greek title meaning "
268:criterion of dissimilarity
148:early Christian literature
146:but would account for all
55:
1435:Räisänen, Heikki (1990).
1211:Encyclopedia of the Bible
725:Encyclopedia of the Bible
637:seven gifts of the Spirit
119:Heinrich Julius Holtzmann
1207:"New Testament Theology"
691:
95:Ferdinand Christian Baur
924:, p. 37 quoted in
294:inaugurated eschatology
1609:New Testament theology
1406:Gabler, Johann Philipp
1259:New Testament Theology
686:Old Testament theology
677:
364:
350:
282:
241:tradition. Bultmann's
211:traditions about Jesus
123:
17:New Testament theology
652:
512:γενόμενος ἐκ γυναικός
437:virgin birth of Jesus
435:The tradition of the
429:Further information:
345:
277:
85:Johann Philipp Gabler
1396:Salvation in History
1254:Schnabel, Eckhard J.
528:descended from David
290:Salvation in History
176:dialectical theology
140:history of religions
79:Johann Salomo Semler
1183:Marshall, I. Howard
115:Willibald Beyschlag
107:Jewish Christianity
91:George Lorenz Bauer
47:Academic discipline
41:historical theology
37:systematic theology
23:) is the branch of
1333:Stuhlmacher, Peter
431:Genealogy of Jesus
284:French theologian
251:Johannine theology
245:focuses mainly on
73:were described as
1558:978-0-7905-0056-0
1348:978-0-8028-4080-6
1269:978-1-4934-4306-2
1198:978-0-8308-2795-4
1146:Jeremias, Joachim
1137:978-0-684-41190-3
1065:, pp. 73–74.
1053:, pp. 74–76.
1000:, pp. 57–58.
562:covenant with God
425:Nativity of Jesus
351:Frühkatholizismus
341:Peter Stuhlmacher
317:George Eldon Ladd
273:Peter Stuhlmacher
196:salvation history
117:(1891–1892), and
75:biblical theology
33:dogmatic theology
25:biblical theology
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552:. The Baptist's
550:John the Baptist
540:Baptism of Jesus
534:Baptism of Jesus
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447:but not Mark or
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215:historical Jesus
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1443:. London: SCM.
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1382:Further reading
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419:Birth of Jesus
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384:Gospel of Mark
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321:Donald Guthrie
306:kingdom of God
302:final judgment
286:Oscar Cullmann
203:form criticism
174:, the rise of
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156:Johannes Weiss
144:biblical canon
111:Bernhard Weiss
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1386:
1374:
1372:9781606087077
1368:
1364:
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1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
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1312:
1308:
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1299:
1295:
1293:9780801036040
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1278:Schnelle, Udo
1275:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
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1239:
1235:
1231:
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1189:
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1154:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1104:, p. 59.
1103:
1102:Marshall 2004
1098:
1092:, p. 77.
1091:
1086:
1080:, p. 75.
1079:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1051:Schnelle 2009
1047:
1041:, p. 58.
1040:
1039:Marshall 2004
1035:
1033:
1031:
1024:, p. 66.
1023:
1018:
1012:, p. 65.
1011:
1006:
999:
998:Marshall 2004
994:
987:
986:Schnabel 2023
982:
975:
970:
963:
958:
952:, p. 25.
951:
946:
940:, p. 23.
939:
934:
927:
923:
922:Jeremias 1971
918:
911:
906:
904:
897:, p. 19.
896:
891:
884:
880:
879:Bultmann 1955
875:
869:, p. 18.
868:
863:
856:
851:
849:
847:
845:
837:
833:
828:
821:
816:
814:
806:
801:
799:
791:
786:
779:
774:
767:
766:Schnabel 2023
762:
760:
758:
750:
745:
738:
737:Schnabel 2023
733:
726:
721:
717:
701:
697:
687:
684:
683:
676:
674:
673:Isaiah 42:1–4
670:
666:
662:
657:
651:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
541:
531:
529:
524:
522:
521:Matthew 11:11
518:
508:
507:Galatians 4:4
504:
489:
462:
459:". The Greek
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:
426:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
396:
392:
391:
385:
375:
373:
372:Gerd Theissen
369:
363:
361:
357:
352:
344:
342:
337:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
298:second coming
295:
291:
287:
281:
276:
274:
269:
265:
261:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
224:
220:
217:was a Jewish
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
192:existentially
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
163:
161:
157:
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149:
145:
141:
137:
136:William Wrede
128:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
86:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
53:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:New Testament
26:
22:
18:
1588:
1572:
1546:
1530:
1505:
1481:
1460:
1438:
1420:
1416:
1395:
1361:
1337:
1319:cite journal
1310:
1306:
1282:
1258:
1229:
1223:
1210:
1187:
1166:
1162:
1151:
1125:
1097:
1085:
1058:
1046:
1017:
1005:
993:
988:, p. 5.
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
928:, p. 22
917:
890:
885:, p. 18
874:
862:
857:, p. 4.
827:
822:, p. 4.
807:, p. 3.
785:
780:, p. 2.
773:
768:, p. 4.
744:
739:, p. 3.
732:
720:
700:
653:
645:
616:Luke 3:15–17
609:
578:
543:
525:
434:
407:", a person
398:
397:saves", and
389:
381:
368:Klaus Berger
365:
359:
356:anthropology
355:
346:
338:
334:
310:
289:
283:
278:
262:
259:
242:
231:syncretistic
200:
183:
169:
159:
151:
129:
124:Lehrbegriffe
89:
83:
74:
64:
50:
20:
16:
15:
1169:(1): 1–21.
855:Matera 2005
838:, p. 3
836:Matera 2005
805:Matera 2005
790:Matera 2005
778:Matera 2005
593:Malachi 3:1
585:Isaiah 40:3
581:Malachi 3:1
554:apocalyptic
453:Isaiah 7:14
325:Leon Morris
172:World War I
1112:References
832:Wrede 1973
749:Scott 2008
620:Son of Man
566:Luke 3:7–9
461:Septuagint
331:1990–2000s
255:Gnosticism
67:Protestant
61:1700s–1914
1307:Themelios
974:Rowe 2006
962:Rowe 2006
910:Rowe 2006
712:Citations
669:Psalm 2:7
628:Psalm 118
413:God's son
239:Johannine
166:1914–1990
1603:Category
1543:(1883).
1527:(1882).
1503:(1999).
1425:Archived
1392:(1967).
1335:(2018).
1280:(2009).
1256:(2023).
1246:27638367
1215:Archived
1185:(2004).
1175:43725389
1148:(1971).
1122:(1955).
680:See also
574:Mark 1:4
517:Job 14:1
466:παρθένος
457:Emmanuel
409:anointed
374:(1999).
327:(1986).
323:(1981),
319:(1974),
315:(1958),
280:Gospels.
237:and the
113:(1868),
665:Mk 3:29
661:Mk 1:12
633:1 Enoch
599:). The
558:Abraham
546:baptism
482:עַלְמָה
441:Matthew
405:Messiah
393:means "
247:Pauline
188:kerygma
103:Gentile
56:History
1555:
1513:
1489:
1468:
1447:
1369:
1345:
1290:
1266:
1244:
1195:
1173:
1134:
663:; cf.
656:Spirit
626:, and
624:Shiloh
605:John 1
589:Elijah
570:repent
474:virgin
400:Christ
395:Yahweh
227:
223:Easter
170:After
1428:(PDF)
1413:(PDF)
1242:JSTOR
1171:JSTOR
692:Notes
597:4:5–6
488:ʿalmâ
463:uses
390:Jesus
388:name
219:rabbi
71:Bible
1553:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1325:link
1313:(2).
1288:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1132:ISBN
583:and
576:).
560:and
449:John
445:Luke
443:and
382:The
308:.
249:and
235:Paul
105:and
43:.
35:and
1234:doi
1230:125
548:by
523:).
415:.
360:God
288:'s
275::
182:'s
134:",
21:NTT
1605::
1421:10
1419:.
1415:.
1321:}}
1317:{{
1311:33
1309:.
1305:.
1240:.
1228:.
1213:.
1209:.
1167:67
1165:.
1070:^
1029:^
902:^
843:^
812:^
797:^
756:^
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595:,
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1561:.
1519:.
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1375:.
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1327:)
1296:.
1272:.
1248:.
1236::
1201:.
1177:.
1140:.
751:.
727:.
499:'
493:'
485:(
477:'
471:'
469:(
362:.
132:'
19:(
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