38:
352:
749:(1847). The value of these works is impaired somewhat by Baur's habit of making the history of dogma conform to the formulae of Hegel's philosophy, a procedure "which only served to obscure the truth and profundity of his conception of history as a true development of the human mind" (Pfleiderer). Baur, however, soon came to attach more importance to personality, and to distinguish more carefully between religion and philosophy. The change is noticeable in his
926:
785:, from notes and lectures which the author left behind him. Pfleiderer describes this work, especially the first volume, as a classic for all time. "Taken as a whole, it is the first thorough and satisfactory attempt to explain the rise of Christianity and the Church on strictly historical lines, i.e. as a natural development of the religious spirit of our race under the combined operation of various human causes" (
391:(Kerygmata Petrou) soon after the Jewish war of 70; successive revisions of it were anti-Basilidian, anti-Valentinian, and anti-Marcionite respectively. Baur placed the completed form, ‘‘H’’, soon after the middle of the 2nd century, and Schliemann (1844) agreed, placing ‘‘R’’, as a revision, between 211 and 230. Other writers dated both ‘‘H’’ and ‘‘R’’ to between the 2nd and 4th centuries:
381:
Throughout the middle of the 19th century this theory, in many forms, was dominant in
Germany. The demonstration, mainly by English scholars, of the impossibility of the late dates ascribed to the New Testament documents (four Epistles of St. Paul and the Apocalypse were the only documents generally
378:
the Church in the second half of the 2nd century. The Fourth Gospel is a monument of this reconciliation, in which Rome took a leading part, having invented the fiction that both Peter and Paul were the founders of her Church, both having been martyred at Rome, and on the same day, in perfect union.
372:
was a leader of the
Pauline sect in its survival in the 2nd century, using only the Pauline Gospel, St. Luke (in its original form), and the Epistles of St. Paul (without the Pastoral Epistles). The Clementine literature had its first origin in the Apostolic Age, and belonged to the original Jewish,
367:
sect in the 4th century. This Judeo-Christian sect at that date rejected St. Paul as an apostate. It was assumed that this 4th century opinion represented the
Christianity of the Twelve Apostles; Paulinism was originally a heresy, and a schism from the Jewish Christianity of James and Peter and the
609:
We are rich in our
Christian faith, we become poor if we enter into a compromise with anti-Trinitarianism in any form. F. C. Baur, the father of the Tubingen School, who cannot be accused of being a friend of traditional orthodoxy, was correct in his statement that Christianity would have lost its
377:
never existed; it is a nickname for St. Paul. The Acts of the
Apostles, compiled in the 2nd century, have borrowed their mention of Simon from the earliest form of the Clementines. Catholicism under the presidency of Rome was the result of the adjustment between the Petrine and Pauline sections of
217:
Baur's views were radical, but "one thing is certain: New
Testament study, since his time, has had a different colour" (H.S. Nash). He had a number of followers, who in many cases modified his positions, and the groundwork laid by Baur continues to be built upon in the twenty-first century.
495:, the trend of which is suggested by the title (in English, 'The Christ Party in the Corinthian Community, the Opposition of Pauline and Petrine Christianity in the earliest Church, the apostle Peter in Rome'). Baur contends that the apostle
301:. The learning of the work was fully recognized, and in 1826 the author was called to Tübingen as professor of theology. It is with Tübingen that his greatest literary achievements are associated. His earlier publications here treated of
382:
admitted as being of early date), and the proofs of the authenticity of the
Apostolic Fathers and of the use of St. John's Gospel by Justin, Papias, and Ignatius, gradually brought Baur's theories into discredit. Of the original school,
386:
may be considered the last survivor (died 1907). He was induced to admit that Simon Magus was a real personage, though he persisted that in the
Clementines he is meant for St. Paul. In 1847 Hilgenfeld dated the original nucleus of the
483:. In doing so, he had adopted completely the Hegelian philosophy of history. "Without philosophy," he has said, "history is always for me dead and dumb." The change of view is illustrated clearly in the essay, published in the
631:, "he carried a sweeping hypothesis into the examination of the New Testament." He considers those writings alone genuine in which the conflict between Jewish-Christians and Gentile-Christians is clearly marked. In his
669:
is later and arose independently; Mark represents a still later development according to Baur; the account in John is idealistic: it "does not possess historical truth, and cannot and does not really lay claim to it."
507:
party that wished to set up its own form of
Christian religion instead of his universal Christianity. He found traces of a keen conflict of parties in the post-apostolic age, which have passed into the mainstream of
591:
is a different person from the Paul of these genuine
Epistles, the author being a Paulinist who, with an eye to the different parties in the Church, is at pains to represent Peter as far as possible as a
270:
635:(1847) he turns his attention to the Gospels, and here again finds that the authors were conscious of the conflict of parties; the Gospels reveal a mediating or conciliatory tendency (
339:(Pflederer 1890 p. 285) observes, "the choice not less than the treatment of these subjects is indicative of the large breadth of view and the insight of the historian into the
269:
as professor. This move marked a turning-point in his life, for he now set to work on the investigations on which his reputation rests. He had already, in 1817, written a review of
681:. Before it could become a universal religion, it had to struggle with Jewish limitations and to overcome them. The early Christians were Jewish-Christians, to whom Jesus was the
701:, and Paul the "Apostle to the Gentiles", and this struggle continued down to the middle of the 2nd century. In short, the conflict between Petrinism and Paulinism is, as
938:
1129:
493:
Die Christuspartei in der korinthischen Gemeinde, der Gegensatz des paulinischen und petrinischen Christentums in der ältesten Kirche, der Apostel Petrus in Rom
1094:
1047:
214:, gave the School's theories their most vigorous expression. The School's influence peaked in the 1840s, but was waning by the early twentieth century.
266:
210:
followed Baur's lead and edited the Tübingen School's journal, though he was less radical than Baur. A patristic scholar and philosopher at Tübingen,
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257:, and at this early stage in his career he seems to have been under the influence of the old Tübingen School. But at the same time the philosophers
830:"Schwegler, Albert" and "Tübingen School." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
821:"Hilgenfeld, Adolf" and "Tübingen School." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
1084:
901:"Harnack, Adolf" and "Tübingen School." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
243:
554:, of the 2nd century, and consequently that the Pastoral Epistles were produced in the middle of the 2nd century in opposition to Gnosticism.
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781:
was published in five volumes during the years 1853-1863, partly by Baur himself, partly by his son, Ferdinand Baur, and his son-in-law,
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615:
641:) on the part of the writers or redactors. The Gospels, in fact, are adaptations or redactions of an older Gospel, such as the
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Baur was a theologian and historian as well as a Biblical critic. As early as 1834 he published a strictly theological work,
298:
293:("Symbol and mythology: the natural religion of Antiquity", 1824–1825), it became evident that he had made a deeper study of
842:"Tübingen School." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
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801:
The Tübingen School was at the height of its influence in the 1840s, but lost ground to later historical analysis. Since
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Kritische Untersuchungen über die kanonischen Evangelien, ihr Verhältniss zu einander, ihren Charakter und Ursprung
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proposed very early dates for the synoptics and Acts (c. 1910), the Tübingen School has been generally abandoned.
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Gegensatz des Katholicismus und Protestantismus nach den Prinzipien und Hauptdogmen der beiden Lehrbegriffe
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R. 3rd century: Strunzius (on Bardesanes, 1710), Weismann (17l8), Mosheim, Kleuker, Schmidt (Kirchengesch.)
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H. 2nd century: Clericus, Beausobre, Flügge, Münscher, Hoffmann, Döllinger, Hilgers; (middle of 2nd) Hase.
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Die christliche Lehre von der Dreieinigkeit und Menschwerdung Gottes in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung
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Die christliche Lehre von der Versöhnung in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung bis auf die neueste Zeit
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When, a few years after his appointment at Blaubeuren, he published his first important work,
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Baur's theory starts with the supposition that Christianity was gradually developed out of
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399:(Sixtus of Siena) (1520-1569), David Blondel (David Blondellus Catalaunensis) (1590-1655),
363:, and his ideas about the Clementines on St. Epiphanius, who found the writings used by an
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19:"Tübingen School" redirects here. For the influential group of modern Plato scholars, see
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character as the universal religion of mankind if Arianism had been triumphant at Nicea.
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Paulus, der Apostel Jesu Christi, sein Leben und Wirken, seine Briefe und seine Lehre
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Meantime Baur had exchanged one master in philosophy for another, Schleiermacher for
759:
Die christliche Kirche von Anfang des vierten bis zum Ende das sechsten Jahrhunderts
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H. end of 2nd century: Schröck, Cölln, Gieseler (3rd ed.), Schenkel, Gfrörer, Lücke.
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Paul, the apostle of Jesus Christ, his life and work, his Epistles and his Doctrine
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951:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 540–541.
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Petrine, legal Church. It is directed wholly against St. Paul and his sect.
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404:
538:. In this Baur attempts to prove that the false teachers mentioned in the
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R. 2nd or 3rd century: Schröck, Stark, Lumper, Krabbe, Locherer, Gersdorf.
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The Formation of Historical Theology: A Study of Ferdinand Christian Baur
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The theory is further developed in a later work (1835, the year in which
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Das Christenthum und die christliche Kirche der drei ersten Jahrhunderte
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were creating a wide and deep impression. In 1817 Baur returned to the
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H. 2nd or 3rd century: Neander, Krabbe, Baur, Ritter, Paniel, Dähne.
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in the same manner, publishing his results in 1845 under the title
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136:
65:
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
335:("On Christianity in Platonism: Socrates and Christ") in 1837. As
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puts it, the key to the literature of the 1st and 2nd centuries.
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Ausführlichere Vorlesungen uber die christliche Dogmengeschichte
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H. 2nd century (beginning): Credner, Bretschneider, Kern, Rothe.
328:
250:
200:). This and the rest of Baur's work had a profound impact upon
333:Über das Christliche im Platonismus oder Socrates und Christus
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689:. Thus there was some antagonism between the Jewish apostles
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181:
291:
Symbolik und Mythologie oder die Naturreligion des Altertums
1032:
A Philological introduction to Greek and Latin for students
623:
Baur was prepared to apply his theory to the whole of the
789:, p. 288). Baur's lectures on the history of dogma,
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bears the closest relationship to this original Gospel (
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852:
850:
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765:, in which the change of view is specially pronounced.
415:(Nourri) (1647-1724), Johann Georg Heinsius (d. 1733),
733:(1833). This was followed by his larger histories of
359:
Baur rested his ideas about the New Testament on the
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845:
46:(Steel engraving by Christoph Friedrich Dörr, 1830s)
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419:(1768-1835), Christian Wilhelm Flügge (1773-1828),
281:(ii. 656); its tone was moderate and conservative.
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192:represented the synthesis of two opposing theses:
234:. After training at the theological seminary of
196:(Petrine Christianity) and Gentile Christianity (
1061:
587:are genuinely Pauline, and that the Paul of the
793:, were published later by his son (1865–1868).
169:theologian and founder and leader of the (new)
448:R. 4th century: Corrodi, Lentz (Dogmengesch.).
165:(21 June 1792 – 2 December 1860) was a German
1130:Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
687:breach with Judaism, the Temple, and the Law
603:
1023:Church History of the First Three Centuries
1014:Church History of the First Three Centuries
751:Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtschreibung
1095:19th-century German Protestant theologians
747:Lehrbuch der christlichen Dogmengeschichte
180:where Baur studied and taught). Following
36:
685:. Paul, on the other hand, represented a
1090:19th-century Christian biblical scholars
407:(1637-1713), Casimir Oudin (1638-1717),
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838:
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557:He next proceeded to investigate other
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487:for 1831, on the Christ-party in the
317:religious system") appeared in 1831,
1085:People from the Duchy of Württemberg
833:
679:List of events in early Christianity
616:Modern Anti-Trinitarianism and Islam
571:. In this he contends that only the
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536:Über die sogenannten Pastoralbriefe
515:
242:. Here he studied for a time under
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267:theological seminary at Blaubeuren
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1141:
1039:F.C. Baur on the Higher Criticism
995:
761:(1859), works preparatory to his
721:on the lines of Schleiermacher's
596:and Paul as far as possible as a
581:Second Epistle to the Corinthians
411:(Natalis Alexander) (1639-1724),
937:Canney, Maurice Arthur (1911). "
924:
769:Death and posthumous publication
433:Friedrich August Gottreu Tholuck
417:Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller
311:Das manichäische Religionssystem
1120:German male non-fiction writers
460:H. 3rd century: Mill, Mosheim,
341:comparative history of religion
204:of biblical and related texts.
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815:
745:(3 vols., 1841–1843), and the
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1:
1125:University of Tübingen alumni
1035:translated by Paul Kegen 1879
990:. New York: Harper & Row.
808:
16:German theologian (1792–1860)
425:Johann Georg Veit Engelhardt
7:
971:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
708:
429:Johann Karl Ludwig Gieseler
421:Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider
190:second century Christianity
21:Plato's unwritten doctrines
10:
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908:
725:, and a vigorous reply to
522:Paul of Tarsus and Judaism
519:
246:, grandson of the eminent
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939:Baur, Ferdinand Christian
604:Early Christian conflicts
540:Second Epistle to Timothy
238:, he went in 1809 to the
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1105:German biblical scholars
1050:26 November 2011 at the
1018:1878 English translation
573:Epistle to the Galatians
437:August Friedrich Gfrörer
355:Ferdinand Christian Baur
299:Friedrich Schleiermacher
163:Ferdinand Christian Baur
30:Ferdinand Christian Baur
986:Hodgson, P. C. (1966).
948:Encyclopædia Britannica
919:Development of Theology
787:Development of Theology
773:Baur died, aged 68, in
413:Denis-Nicolas Le Nourry
1110:New Testament scholars
717:, a strong defence of
621:
470:H. 4th century: Lentz.
401:Jean-Baptiste Cotelier
356:
325:Die christliche Gnosis
259:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
255:Johann Albrecht Bengel
240:University of Tübingen
178:University of Tübingen
122:University of Tübingen
92:Kingdom of Württemberg
1115:Christian theologians
643:Gospel of the Hebrews
607:
585:Epistle to the Romans
464:, Gieseler (2nd ed.).
389:Clementine literature
354:
1080:People from Fellbach
589:Acts of the Apostles
564:Acts of the Apostles
485:Tübinger Zeitschrift
347:Simon Magus and Paul
320:Apollonius von Tyana
279:Archiv für Theologie
198:Pauline Christianity
70:Duchy of Württemberg
967:The Tübingen School
963:Harris, H. (1975).
875:, pp. 540–541.
550:, particularly the
305:and the history of
275:Biblische Theologie
263:Friedrich Schelling
194:Jewish Christianity
188:, Baur argued that
171:Tübingen School of
147:School or tradition
111:Academic background
1100:Christ myth theory
627:; in the words of
357:
43:Dr. F. C. von Baur
803:Adolf von Harnack
779:Kirchengeschichte
763:Kirchengeschichte
489:Corinthian Church
475:Hegel's influence
435:(1799-1877), and
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651:of the Egyptians
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544:Epistle to Titus
534:was published),
516:Pauline epistles
512:historiography.
505:Jewish Christian
395:R. 2nd century:
384:Adolf Hilgenfeld
331:") in 1835, and
212:Albert Schwegler
208:Adolf Hilgenfeld
202:higher criticism
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918:
897:
868:
826:
817:
800:
790:
786:
778:
772:
762:
758:
757:(1853), and
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
730:
722:
714:
712:
703:Karl Schwarz
672:
663:Urevangelium
662:
636:
632:
622:
608:
568:
562:
556:
535:
531:
525:
492:
484:
478:
439:(1803-1861).
405:William Cave
380:
358:
332:
327:("Christian
324:
318:
310:
290:
288:
278:
274:
244:Ernst Bengel
225:
216:
206:
170:
162:
161:
82:(1860-12-02)
62:21 June 1792
42:
1075:1860 deaths
1070:1792 births
890:Canney 1911
873:Canney 1911
861:Canney 1911
677:, see also
552:Marcionites
375:Simon Magus
361:Clementines
285:Early works
222:Early years
99:Nationality
1064:Categories
978:0198266421
809:References
629:H. S. Nash
532:Leben Jesu
520:See also:
315:Manichaean
295:philosophy
236:Blaubeuren
167:Protestant
133:Discipline
117:Alma mater
58:1792-06-21
1054:, summary
727:J. Möhler
598:Petrinist
594:Paulinist
323:in 1832,
303:mythology
271:G. Kaiser
232:Cannstatt
186:dialectic
1048:Archived
917:(1890).
775:Tübingen
753:(1852),
741:(1838),
731:Symbolik
709:Theology
647:of Peter
613:—
561:and the
548:Gnostics
546:are the
462:Gallandi
365:Ebionite
228:Schmiden
173:theology
137:Theology
88:Tübingen
66:Schmiden
1027:English
945:(ed.).
935::
909:Sources
777:. The
683:Messiah
675:Judaism
659:Matthew
638:Tendenz
501:Corinth
370:Marcion
230:, near
975:
941:". In
929:
618:, 1912
368:rest;
329:Gnosis
313:("The
251:critic
102:German
1025:Vol 2
1016:Vol 1
735:dogma
695:James
691:Peter
653:, or
577:First
503:by a
481:Hegel
307:dogma
182:Hegel
973:ISBN
699:John
697:and
667:Luke
583:and
579:and
542:and
497:Paul
261:and
77:Died
52:Born
729:'s
343:."
273:'s
1066::
880:^
847:^
835:^
737:,
693:,
649:,
645:,
600:.
575:,
530:'
491:,
309:.
253:,
90:,
68:,
981:.
60:)
56:(
23:.
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