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4709:) emphasize that Confucianism is by no means a monolithic or static scope of traditional thought, but rather implies different currents that can be used quite arbitrarily and selectively by modern ideologies, which are marked by their function of legitimizing the state power. Considering the historical development of the concept of harmony we need to ask ourselves to what extent are the philosophical traditions based on historic assumptions, and to what extent are they merely a product of the ideological and political demands of the current period.
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2490:, an academic at the Institute for World Religions in Beijing, took a leading role. Chen wrote that Confucianism faced the task of providing solutions to three major problems of contemporary Chinese society: political reconstruction, cultural identity, and religious faith. While agreeing with Jiang's rejection of the metaphysical emphasis of "Overseas New Confucianism", Chen argues that Confucianism is best seen as a
4517:
amongst all beings, thus being the reality. Xiong incorporates the
Confucian and Buddhist concept of self-mastery of one's desires, by arguing that failing to control one's desires and individual mind, one will be "a heap of dead matter". Xiong's view is that one should perceive objects of the world internally, since what is external is ultimately also internal and that they are one as both Mind and Reality.
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Philosophy must be integrated in contemporary
Chinese philosophy for more solidity. Xiong recognized Buddhism's dark view of human nature, but also recognized that there are brighter sides to human nature. For this reason, he rejected the Buddhist learning of "daily decrease" which dictated that the practice to suppress one's dark nature was necessary.
4540:
These different systems, after a series of philosophical reasoning and interpretation, arrive at a same philosophical truth. He believes that our physical limitations, i.e., our physical being, create these different systems and different cultures. Being that our mind, i.e., form, is still manifested
4511:
If they are separable, function will differ from original reality and exist independently, and in that way function will have its own original reality. We should not seek for some entity outside function and name it original reality. Furthermore, if original reality exists independent of function, it
4492:
In order to incorporate
Buddhism with Confucianism as a part of his contemporary Chinese philosophy encompassing various Eastern philosophies, Xiong proposed a correction of Buddhist learning of daily decrease. Xiong understood the basis behind "daily decrease" to be Buddhism's metaphysical belief of
4472:
Xiong Shili (1885–1968) is widely regarded as the thinker who laid down the basis for the revival of
Confucianism as new Confucianism in the twentieth century. Much of the basis of new Confucianism comes from Xiong's New Doctrine. Proficient in Buddhist classics, Xiong argued that classics of Eastern
635:
movement of various
Chinese traditions and has been regarded as containing religious overtones; it advocates for certain Confucianist elements of society – such as social, ecological, and political harmony – to be applied in a contemporary context in synthesis with Western philosophies such
4536:
Mou
Zongsan is considered to be one of the more influential second generation philosophers. Mou's general philosophy on metaphysics stays in line with Xiong's. He embellishes upon Xiong's theories on Mind and Reality to apply it to a more socio-political aspect. Mou claims universality exists in all
4552:
He claims that history should be perceived and interpreted as something that has both historical necessity i.e., also dialectical necessity, and moral necessity. For there are two types of judgment: moral and historical. Mou states, that Greek or
Chinese, these basic necessities behind history and
4685:
The promotion of "Harmonious
Society" demonstrated that Hu Jintao's ruling philosophy had departed from that of his predecessors. Near the end of his tenure in 2011, Hu appeared to extend the ideology to an international dimension, with a focus on the international peace and cooperation, which is
4544:
Mou's political philosophy is more clearly showed as he discusses the historical necessity that follows the particularity of human beings. Different nations and different systems' existence can be explained mainly because of this historical necessity. Mou asserts that historical necessity exists
4516:
His view on this unity can be seen in his earlier works such as New
Treatise on the Uniqueness of Consciousness. In New Treatise, he argues that the Reality is equal to the Mind. This Mind does not refer to one's individual mind but the universal presence in which there is a universality of mind
4673:
The philosophy is recognized as a response to the increasing social injustice and inequality emerging in mainland
Chinese society as a result of unchecked economic growth, which has led to social conflict. The governing philosophy was therefore shifted around economic growth to overall societal
4594:
The Manifesto presents a vision of Chinese culture as having a fundamental unity throughout history, of which Confucianism is the highest expression. The particular interpretation of Confucianism given by the Manifesto is deeply influenced by neo-Confucianism, and in particular the version of
4499:, in his examination of Xiong, describes this as the "Separation theory". Meanwhile, Xiong's theory behind correcting the "daily decrease" rested heavily upon what Yu describes as the "Sameness Thesis". Xiong, in his New Doctrine, calls this Dharma-nature
4476:
He arrived at such conclusion after his examination of Classic Confucianism. While Confucianism also examines the negative aspect of human nature, thus the necessity to habituate oneself with ritual, the purpose of the practice of ritual and attainment of
2497:
Chen distanced himself from several rivals: Mou Zongsan's Confucianism as the "perfect teaching" seemed too informed by emotion; Jiang Qing's notion that China should be a Confucian state that unified the political and religious was too simplistic;
4537:
philosophical truth. Which suggests that political and social theories of the world can be connected in essence. Mou argues in his lectures that particularity exists because of the different systems that are established in different cultures.
52:
1148:
With the start of the communist regime in China in 1949, many of the leading intellectuals left the mainland to Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States. Notable figures of this second-generation (1950–1979) include individuals like
4453:. The third generation is not determined via figures unlike previous generations, but new Confucianism from 1980. Xiong and his follower's attempts to reconstruct Confucianism gave new Confucianism its Chinese name, xīn rú jiā.
4493:
the "unbridgeable split between an absolute unchanging reality (Dharma-nature or fa-xing), and a constantly changing and conditional phenomenal world (Dharma-characters or fa-xing) (Xiong, 1994, pp. 69–77, 84–5, 111–12).
2467:, sharply demarcated themselves from the "Overseas New Confucianism" developed by Mou and others. According to Jiang, Confucian thought can be divided into two currents, "Mind Confucianism" and "Political Confucianism".
2470:
Confucianism, he posits, has for over a millennium been confined to Mind Confucianism at the expense of Political Confucianism, leaving the true thought of Confucius "mutilated". Jiang argues for the restoration of
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is a useless reality. In that case, if it is not a dead thing, it must be a dispensable thing. Thinking back and forth, I believe that original reality and function are not separable. (Xiong, 1985, p. 434)
4607:. The Manifesto argues that while China must learn from the West modern science and democracy, the West must learn from China, and the Confucian tradition in particular, "a more all-encompassing wisdom."
2435:
4575:. It did not come into common use until the late 1970s. New Confucianism is often associated with the essay, "A Manifesto on Chinese Culture to the World," which was published in 1958 by
4433:
New Confucianism is a political, ethical, and social philosophy using metaphysical ideas from both Western and Eastern philosophy. It is categorized into three generations, starting with
4651:) dates back to the time of Confucius. As a result, the philosophy has been characterized as deriving from new Confucianism. In modern times, it developed into a key feature of former
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1878:
5241:
Rošker, Jana S. (2016). The Rebirth of the Moral Self: the Second Generation of Modern Confucians and their Modernization Discourses. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press,
5252:
Rošker, Jana S. “The Concept of Harmony in Contemporary P. R. China and in Taiwanese Modern Confucianism”. Asian studies, ISSN 2232-5131, vol. 1 (17), issue 2.
4507:. Xiong argues that unlike how Buddhism perceives these two worlds, these two worlds are a unity. Xiong's reasoning is shown in his 1985 version of New Doctrine:
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as a core focus of Confucian thought, for renewed attention to Confucian constitutional structures, and for the establishment of Confucianism as an official
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in 1919, in which Confucianism was blamed for China’s weakness and decline in the face of Western aggression, a major Chinese philosopher of the time,
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Arnold, Perris. “Music as Propaganda: Art at the Command of Doctrine in the People's Republic of China”. Ethnomusicology 27, no. 1 (1983): 1–28.
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neo-Confucianism, and new Confucianism. This third generation has been instrumental in grounding Confucianism in non-Asian contexts, such as
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after 1978, Confucian thought experienced a revival in mainland China. An emerging current of "Mainland New Confucians", led initially by
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In the early 21st century, the most prominent representatives of the new Confucian movement outside of China have been the students of
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on American lines, compatible with democracy, and that political life can express a religious aspect without a formal state religion.
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fundamental human character are the same, and therefore universality in philosophical truth exists even behind politics and history.
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3600:
2335:
2315:
2027:
1888:
1145:, sought a revival of Chinese philosophy as challenged and influenced by the questions and techniques of modern Western philosophy.
1122:. Confucianism was attacked as unscientific and contrary to the progress of a modern China. One notable figure during this time was
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1923:
1976:
137:
5207:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute; Distributed by Harvard University Press.
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and exists within this physical world, we should not let these limitations prevent us from practicing philosophical reasoning.
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or metaphysical necessity but because of what he calls a development of the spirit, what he labels as dialectical necessity.
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1989:
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1126:, who studied Buddhism in depth in his youth but later sought a reformation of the Confucian philosophical framework.
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is not focused on restricting the darker aspects of human nature but developing the "fundamental goodness", i.e., the
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system for the new Confucian movement and believed Chinese learning was superior to Western learning. Another figure,
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Solé-Farràs, Jesús. "Harmony in Contemporary New Confucianism and in Socialism with Chinese Characteristics".
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4591:. This work is often referred to as the "New Confucian Manifesto", although that phrase never occurs in it.
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as the first generation philosophers who set the basis. The second generation consists of Xiong's students,
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2514:, there is a variety of translations in the Chinese. Many Taiwan-based writers will tend to use the term
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740:
4833:
Fan, Ruiping (2011). "The Rise of Political Confucianism in Contemporary China". In Fan, Ruiping (ed.).
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Fan, Ruiping (2011). "The Rise of Political Confucianism in Contemporary China". In Fan, Ruiping (ed.).
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1165:. Mou, in particular, was grounded in classic Chinese philosophical traditions and argued that
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1994:
1971:
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644:. Its philosophies have emerged as a focal point of discussion between Confucian scholars in
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This article is about the 20th century movement. For the Song and Ming dynasty schools, see
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Chen, Ming (2009). "Modernity and Confucian Political Philosophy in a Globalizing World".
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5221:"Manifesto For A Reappraisal Of Sinology And The Reconstruction Of Chinese Culture", in
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Billioud, Sébastien; Thoraval, Joël (2008). "The Contemporary Revival of Confucianism:
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1189:" consolidating their beliefs and drawing attention to their philosophical movement.
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518:
336:
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190:
169:
4706:
2502:'s program to transform Confucianism into a state religion was "hardly applicable".
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in China and elsewhere as part of a new Confucian political program. Others (e.g.,
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The first generation of new Confucians (1921–1949) came about as a response to the
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A Manifesto for a Re-appraisal of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Culture
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645:
400:
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4701:, advocate the restoration of meritocratic Confucian institutions such as the
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said to lead to a "harmonious world". The administration of Hu's successor,
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1200:, promoted the idea that Confucianism saw three epochs: the classical pre-
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4430:(1885–1968), established and re-constructed Confucianism as a response.
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The term itself was first used as early as 1963, in two articles in the
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4950:"Kang Xiaoguang: Social Science, Civil Society, and Confucian Religion"
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5138:"China's Party Leadership Declares New Priority: 'Harmonious Society'"
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Lost Soul: "Confucianism" in Contemporary Chinese Academic Discourse
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was, in many ways, a Western Confucius. These three worked with the
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Reconstructionist Confucianism: Rethinking Morality after the West
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New Confucianism is a school of Chinese philosophy influenced by
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1177:
in Hong Kong. One of New Asia's most prominent graduates was
5227:. Vol. 2. Columbia University Press. pp. 550–555.
4678:, it was set to be one of the national goals for the ruling
8709:
7704:
7629:
4110:
2816:
2510:
Whereas the English rendering of the movement is generally
1374:
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616:. It is deeply influenced by, but not identical with, the
8599:
6241:
2640:) with an emphasis on the period of modernization after
8663:
4837:
The Renaissance of Confucianism in Contemporary China
4814:
The Renaissance of Confucianism in Contemporary China
4787:
Reinventing Confucianism: The New Confucian Movement
4662:, developed in the mid-2000s, re-introduced by the
3591:
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress
1879:
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress
5184:Cheng, Chung-Ying; Bunnin, Nicholas, eds. (2002).
4915:
4913:
4834:
4811:
2570:) to emphasize the movement's continuity with the
8872:
5223:De Bary, Wm. Theodore; Lufrano, Richard (2000).
5111:"Modern Confucianism and the Concept of Harmony"
4919:
5254:https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/as/article/view/398
4910:
16:20th–21st century Confucianist revival movement
5222:
5156:
7389:
5293:
4924:or the Religious Dimension of Confucianism".
4399:
3825:Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates
2482:Other Mainland New Confucians debated a more
2436:
2033:Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates
1095:
547:
5164:“China yearns for Hu's 'harmonious society'”
1223:
5183:
5044:
5017:
4780:
4778:
4776:
2584:Many within Mainland China prefer the term
1472:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
588:
7396:
7382:
5300:
5286:
4690:, has used the philosophy more sparingly.
4556:
4406:
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3868:Yuen Long Tin Shui Wai Democratic Alliance
3677:Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council
2443:
2429:
1102:
1088:
554:
540:
507:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue
5090:"Confucian concept of harmonious society"
5051:. Springer Science & Business Media.
4965:
4885:
4784:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
3601:Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers
2336:Chinese Canadian Conservative Association
1889:Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers
4773:
4757:New Confucianism: A Critical Examination
3636:New Territories Association of Societies
1924:New Territories Association of Societies
1141:, following the neo-Confucian school of
601:that began in the early 20th century in
5202:
5073:China's Leaders Rediscover Confucianism
5021:China in Search of a Harmonious Society
4997:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 127–146.
4855:
4754:
4732:
3735:Republic of China (Taiwan, pro-Beijing)
1984:Republic of China (Taiwan, pro-Beijing)
1811:Republic of China (Taiwan, pro-Beijing)
8873:
7403:
4741:
4595:neo-Confucianism most associated with
4324:World League for Freedom and Democracy
4048:People's Republic of China (Mainland)
2271:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
2131:Triad § Chinese government connections
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5281:
4988:
4986:
4984:
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4610:
4603:, as opposed to that associated with
4368:People's Republic of China portal
3557:People's Republic of China (Mainland)
3310:People's Republic of China (Mainland)
2405:People's Republic of China portal
5188:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
4871:
4728:
4726:
4520:
3875:Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue)
3712:Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue)
3606:Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions
3596:Federation of Public Housing Estates
3459:Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue)
2486:political attitude to Confucianism.
1894:Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions
1884:Federation of Public Housing Estates
1482:2020 Hong Kong national security law
1118:and its iconoclastic stance against
868:Simplification of Chinese characters
612:. It primarily developed during the
5272:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4832:
4809:
4456:
4021:Institute of Revolutionary Practice
3746:Chinese Unification Promotion Party
3581:Business and Professionals Alliance
1990:Chinese Unification Promotion Party
1869:Business and Professionals Alliance
729:Eastward spread of Western learning
13:
5108:
4992:
4973:
4789:. Taipei: Taipei Ricci Institute.
4674:balance and harmony. Along with a
4202:Conservative localism in Hong Kong
717:Constitutional Protection Movement
593:'new Confucianism') is an
14:
8902:
5260:
4723:
4653:Communist Party general secretary
3888:Republic of China (Taiwan, other)
3763:Republic of China (Taiwan, other)
2291:Scientific Outlook on Development
887:Translation of foreign literature
873:Romanization of Chinese languages
7357:
7356:
7343:
5170:. Last modified 11 October 2006.
4841:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp.
4818:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp.
4373:
4361:
4349:
4337:
2410:
2398:
2386:
1249:
605:, and further developed in post-
471:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
51:
8891:Contemporary Chinese philosophy
5269:entry by David Elstein in the
5186:Contemporary Chinese Philosophy
5130:
5121:
5102:
5082:
5065:
5038:
5011:
4995:Contemporary Chinese Philosophy
3252:Republic of China (before 1949)
1502:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
1442:Three Stricts and Three Honests
878:Writing with vernacular Chinese
5307:
5018:Guo And Guo (15 August 2008).
4967:10.4000/chinaperspectives.4928
4940:
4865:
4826:
4803:
4660:Scientific Development Concept
4647:
4638:
4630:
4525:
4461:
4255:Three Principles of the People
3830:Hong Kong Progressive Alliance
2636:
2627:
2619:
2610:
2601:
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2557:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2523:
2505:
2038:Hong Kong Progressive Alliance
890:Sorting out national heritages
583:
1:
7040:
5045:Ruiping Fan (11 March 2010).
4712:
4676:moderately prosperous society
4658:'s signature ideology of the
3850:Progressive Hong Kong Society
3835:Liberal Democratic Federation
3815:Co-operative Resources Centre
3032:Republic of China (1912-1949)
2647:
2516:contemporary new Confucianism
2058:Progressive Hong Kong Society
2043:Liberal Democratic Federation
1380:Eight Honors and Eight Shames
1216:and Western scholars such as
1196:. One of the most prominent,
1129:Borrowing from the school of
23:. For Han dynasty group, see
6829:Ordinary language philosophy
5320:
5225:Sources of Chinese Tradition
4717:
4356:Republic of China portal
3820:Federation for the Stability
3756:Patriot Alliance Association
2028:Federation for the Stability
2005:Patriot Alliance Association
1161:; all three are students of
7:
6879:Contemporary utilitarianism
6794:Internalism and externalism
4948:Ownby, David (April 2009),
4785:Bresciani, Umberto (2001).
4755:Makeham, John, ed. (2003).
3899:The Motorists' Party of ROC
3705:United Citizens Association
3700:New Macau Development Union
3047:Self-Strengthening Movement
2971:Empire of China (1915–1916)
1967:United Citizens Association
1962:New Macau Development Union
950:League of Left-Wing Writers
741:Boxer Indemnity Scholarship
500:Indonesian Confucian Church
10:
8907:
7526:Hundred Schools of Thought
6143:Svatantrika and Prasangika
5782:
5176:
4668:National People's Congress
4614:
4560:
4529:
4465:
4422:. After the events of the
4179:Taiwan (Republic of China)
4076:Republic of China (Taiwan)
883:National Language Movement
663:
18:
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5403:
5365:Philosophy of mathematics
5355:Philosophy of information
5330:
5326:
5315:
4307:History of the Kuomintang
3718:Chinese Nationalist Party
3641:Politihk Social Strategic
2236:Conservatism in Hong Kong
1929:Politihk Social Strategic
1224:Mainland New Confucianism
917:Doubting Antiquity School
851:East-west cultural debate
702:Coronation of Yuan Shikai
574:
464:Confucian ritual religion
4896:10.1177/0392192109102159
4220:Authoritarian capitalism
3611:Kowloon West New Dynamic
2455:Following the period of
2373:Socialist market economy
2368:One country, two systems
2191:Hong Kong Economic Times
1899:Kowloon West New Dynamic
1242:Neoconservatism in China
362:Spring and Autumn Annals
242:Progressive Confucianism
68:Spring and Autumn period
7521:Nine Schools of Thought
6834:Postanalytic philosophy
6775:Experimental philosophy
4946:For Kang's program see
4693:Some scholars, notably
4557:New Confucian Manifesto
4344:Conservatism portal
3973:Classic of Filial Piety
3894:Congress Party Alliance
3863:123 Democratic Alliance
3809:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing)
3575:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing)
3563:Chinese Communist Party
3338:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing)
2947:Chinese economic reform
2586:modern new Confucianism
2393:Conservatism portal
2326:Anti-Japanese sentiment
2231:Authoritarian socialism
2177:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing)
2022:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing)
1863:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing)
1855:Chinese Communist Party
1690:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing)
1497:Chinese economic reform
1187:New Confucian Manifesto
1185:, in 1958 they issued "
707:National Protection War
438:Classic of Filial Piety
274:Confucianism by country
8824:State consequentialism
6967:Social constructionism
5979:Hellenistic philosophy
5395:Theoretical philosophy
5370:Philosophy of religion
5360:Philosophy of language
5203:Makeham, John (2008).
4759:. New York: Palgrave.
4514:
4503:and Dharma-characters
4240:Party-state capitalism
4191:Variants and movements
4083:Chung T'ien Television
3987:The Revolutionary Army
3980:Farewell to Revolution
3840:New Hong Kong Alliance
3054:White Terror in Taiwan
3027:Project National Glory
2331:Anti-Tibetan sentiment
2241:Conservative socialism
2048:New Hong Kong Alliance
1512:Wolf warrior diplomacy
8886:Chinese Confucianists
7841:Northern and Southern
7350:Philosophy portal
6869:Scientific skepticism
6849:Reformed epistemology
5375:Philosophy of science
5267:"Modern Confucianism"
4664:Hu–Wen Administration
4509:
4485:of human beings that
4318:Taiwanese nationalism
3751:For Public Good Party
3695:Macau-Guangdong Union
3010:Martial law in Taiwan
2666:Conservatism in China
2457:reform and opening-up
2341:Conservatism in China
1995:For Public Good Party
1972:Union for Development
1957:Macau-Guangdong Union
1507:Sinicization of Tibet
1417:Revisionism (Marxism)
1370:Democratic centralism
945:Crescent Moon Society
736:Scientific Revolution
493:Holy Confucian Church
82:Warring States period
25:New Text Confucianism
6770:Critical rationalism
6477:Edo neo-Confucianism
6321:Acintya bheda abheda
6300:Renaissance humanism
6011:School of the Sextii
5385:Practical philosophy
5380:Political philosophy
5098:. 18 September 2011.
5079:, 14 September 2006.
4735:China Media Research
4380:Hong Kong portal
4245:Carl Schmitt Thought
3916:Pro-Kuomintang camp
3658:Hong Kong (centrist)
2800:Imperial examination
2473:political legitimacy
2417:Communism portal
2281:Deng Xiaoping Theory
2261:Carl Schmitt Thought
1218:Wm. Theodore de Bary
1133:, Xiong developed a
856:Total Westernization
672:New Culture Movement
394:Doctrine of the Mean
228:Lingnan Confucianism
125:Fundamental concepts
7471:School of Diplomacy
6341:Nimbarka Sampradaya
6252:Korean Confucianism
5999:Academic Skepticism
5142:The Washington Post
5024:. Lexington Books.
4993:Yu, Jiyuan (2002).
4635:traditional Chinese
4545:neither because of
4424:May Fourth Movement
4312:Liberalism in China
4235:Hui pan-nationalism
4031:Western Hills Group
4011:Confucius Institute
4006:Blue Shirts Society
3857:Hong Kong (pro-ROC)
3690:Alliance for Change
3684:Macau (pro-Beijing)
3671:Hong Kong (pro-ROC)
3436:Macau (pro-Beijing)
3042:Tongzhi Restoration
2728:Neoauthoritarianism
2637:xiàn dài xīn rú xué
2624:traditional Chinese
2611:xiàn dài xīn rú jiā
2598:traditional Chinese
2567:dāng dài xīn rú xué
2554:traditional Chinese
2541:dāng dài xīn rú jiā
2528:traditional Chinese
2363:New Economic Policy
2246:Hui pan-nationalism
2198:Oriental Daily News
2121:Confucius Institute
1977:Women's Association
1952:Alliance for Change
1946:Macau (pro-Beijing)
1788:Macau (pro-Beijing)
1214:Boston Confucianism
1116:May Fourth movement
976:The Critical Review
756:May Fourth Movement
614:May Fourth Movement
478:Temple of Confucius
250:Hermeneutic schools
7405:Chinese philosophy
6962:Post-structuralism
6864:Scientific realism
6819:Quinean naturalism
6799:Logical positivism
6755:Analytical Marxism
5974:Peripatetic school
5886:Chinese naturalism
5413:Aesthetic response
5340:Applied philosophy
5077:The New York Times
4954:China Perspectives
4926:China Perspectives
4627:simplified Chinese
4623:harmonious society
4617:Harmonious Society
4611:Harmonious Society
4265:Xi Jinping Thought
4214:Related ideologies
4148:Central Daily News
3845:Professional Forum
3781:Historical parties
3728:People First Party
3664:Professional Power
3626:New People's Party
3465:Chiang (Ching-kuo)
3258:Chiang (Ching-kuo)
3000:Manchu Restoration
2988:Hua–Yi distinction
2959:Dynasties of China
2616:simplified Chinese
2590:simplified Chinese
2546:simplified Chinese
2520:simplified Chinese
2296:Xi Jinping Thought
2266:Social imperialism
2225:Related ideologies
2053:Professional Forum
2017:Historical parties
1914:New People's Party
1487:Anti-Secession Law
1432:Syncretic politics
962:Major publications
911:Schools of thought
751:Russian Revolution
731:
712:Manchu Restoration
693:
610:contemporary China
485:Confucian churches
414:Three Commentaries
8868:
8867:
8716:Mandate of Heaven
8588:
8587:
7371:
7370:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7023:
7022:
6750:Analytic feminism
6722:
6721:
6684:Kierkegaardianism
6646:Transcendentalism
6606:Neo-scholasticism
6452:Classical Realism
6429:
6428:
6201:
6200:
6016:Neopythagoreanism
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5390:Social philosophy
5247:978-962-996-688-1
5234:978-0-231-11271-0
5195:978-0-631-21725-1
5144:. 12 October 2006
5058:978-90-481-3156-3
5031:978-0-7391-3042-1
4796:978-957-9390-07-1
4766:978-1-4039-6140-2
4621:The concept of a
4547:logical necessity
4521:Second Generation
4416:
4415:
4250:State nationalism
4118:United Daily News
3936:Pro-Beijing camp
3920:Republic of China
3787:Progressive Party
3769:Young China Party
3741:Chinese New Party
3723:Chinese New Party
3621:New Century Forum
3470:Chiang (Kai-shek)
3263:Chiang (Kai-shek)
3037:Shanghai massacre
3022:New Life Movement
2942:Chinese Civil War
2862:Mandate of Heaven
2780:Ancestral worship
2701:Dai Jitao Thought
2453:
2452:
2075:Pro-Beijing camp
1909:New Century Forum
1112:
1111:
899:Education reforms
894:Feminist movement
793:Anti-Confucianism
787:
746:French Revolution
727:
697:Second Revolution
688:
591:
564:
563:
337:Book of Documents
330:Classic of Poetry
8898:
8881:New Confucianism
8745:Self-cultivation
8650:Neo-Confucianism
8385:Chung-ying Cheng
7543:
7542:
7444:New Confucianism
7439:Neo-Confucianism
7398:
7391:
7384:
7375:
7374:
7360:
7359:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7063:
7062:
7054:
7053:
7037:
7036:
6927:Frankfurt School
6874:Transactionalism
6824:Normative ethics
6804:Legal positivism
6780:Falsificationism
6765:Consequentialism
6760:Communitarianism
6733:
6732:
6601:New Confucianism
6440:
6439:
6247:Neo-Confucianism
6212:
6211:
6021:Second Sophistic
6006:Middle Platonism
5849:
5848:
5790:
5789:
5779:
5778:
5622:Epiphenomenalism
5489:Consequentialism
5423:Institutionalism
5328:
5327:
5317:
5316:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5279:
5278:
5238:
5218:
5199:
5171:
5160:
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5151:
5149:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5086:
5080:
5071:Daniel A. Bell,
5069:
5063:
5062:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4990:
4971:
4970:
4969:
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4917:
4908:
4907:
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4824:
4823:
4817:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4782:
4771:
4770:
4752:
4739:
4738:
4730:
4666:during the 2005
4649:
4640:
4632:
4457:First Generation
4408:
4401:
4394:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4260:Three Represents
4104:Commercial Times
4090:China Television
3881:Republican Party
3792:Republican Party
3530:Soong (Mei-ling)
3419:Tsang (Yok-sing)
2981:Tributary system
2691:Communitarianism
2667:
2652:
2651:
2638:
2629:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2595:
2579:neo-Confucianism
2568:
2559:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2525:
2512:new Confucianism
2445:
2438:
2431:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2346:Economy of China
2316:Anti-Americanism
2286:Three Represents
2276:State capitalism
2251:Market socialism
1771:Tsang (Yok-sing)
1348:Authoritarianism
1315:New Confucianism
1253:
1243:
1228:
1227:
1181:. Together with
1175:New Asia College
1104:
1097:
1090:
983:A Madman's Diary
937:New Confucianism
932:Creation Society
798:Social Darwinism
783:
668:
667:
633:neo-conservative
618:neo-Confucianism
603:Republican China
592:
589:
585:
576:
567:New Confucianism
556:
549:
542:
514:Phoenix churches
429:Ceremonial Rites
235:New Confucianism
211:Neo-Confucianism
55:
32:
31:
21:Neo-Confucianism
8906:
8905:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8897:
8896:
8895:
8871:
8870:
8869:
8864:
8782:
8683:Three teachings
8584:
8535:Tsang Lap Chuen
8348:
8210:
8119:
8101:
8017:
8013:
8005:
7954:
7936:
7845:
7839:
7823:
7732:
7714:
7532:
7530:
7476:School of Names
7419:Agriculturalism
7407:
7402:
7372:
7367:
7344:
7342:
7321:
7285:
7185:
7147:
7094:
7048:
7047:
7019:
7008:Russian cosmism
6981:
6977:Western Marxism
6942:New Historicism
6907:Critical theory
6893:
6889:Wittgensteinian
6785:Foundationalism
6718:
6655:
6636:Social contract
6492:Foundationalism
6425:
6407:
6391:Illuminationism
6376:Aristotelianism
6362:
6351:Vishishtadvaita
6304:
6256:
6197:
6164:
6035:
5964:Megarian school
5959:Eretrian school
5900:
5861:Agriculturalism
5838:
5784:
5765:
5712:
5684:
5641:
5593:
5550:
5534:Incompatibilism
5503:
5475:
5427:
5399:
5322:
5311:
5306:
5263:
5258:
5235:
5215:
5196:
5179:
5174:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5107:
5103:
5095:The Korea Times
5088:
5087:
5083:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5016:
5012:
5005:
4991:
4974:
4945:
4941:
4918:
4911:
4887:10.1.1.944.4487
4870:
4866:
4854:
4850:
4831:
4827:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4783:
4774:
4767:
4753:
4742:
4731:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4680:communist party
4619:
4613:
4565:
4559:
4534:
4528:
4523:
4470:
4464:
4459:
4412:
4374:
4372:
4362:
4360:
4350:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4329:
4328:
4278:
4270:
4269:
4215:
4207:
4206:
4192:
4184:
4183:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4138:
4133:The Epoch Times
4123:
4073:
4058:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4001:
3993:
3992:
3960:
3952:
3951:
3912:
3904:
3903:
3885:
3872:
3854:
3806:
3782:
3774:
3773:
3760:
3732:
3709:
3681:
3668:
3655:
3651:Silent Majority
3572:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3475:Chiang (Wan-an)
3456:
3433:
3335:
3307:
3249:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3122:Jiang (Shigong)
3072:
3064:
3063:
3015:Language policy
2993:Four Barbarians
2937:Boxer Rebellion
2932:Boluan Fanzheng
2922:
2914:
2913:
2807:Chinese culture
2775:
2767:
2766:
2676:
2665:
2650:
2508:
2449:
2411:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2321:Anti-Falun Gong
2311:
2303:
2302:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2174:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2018:
2010:
2009:
1981:
1943:
1939:Silent Majority
1860:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1808:
1785:
1687:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1550:Jiang (Shigong)
1525:
1517:
1516:
1492:Boluan Fanzheng
1467:
1459:
1458:
1360:Chinese culture
1338:
1330:
1329:
1261:
1241:
1226:
1108:
1079:
1078:
1004:
996:
995:
963:
955:
954:
941:Research Clique
912:
904:
903:
863:Democratization
841:
833:
832:
769:
761:
760:
691:1911 Revolution
686:
678:
666:
560:
531:
530:
459:
451:
450:
353:Book of Changes
310:
308:Confucian texts
300:
299:
275:
267:
266:
246:
206:
198:
197:
162:Sangang Wuchang
126:
118:
117:
63:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8904:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8862:
8861:
8860:
8853:Metaphilosophy
8850:
8845:
8840:
8833:
8828:
8827:
8826:
8821:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8790:
8788:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8780:
8773:
8766:
8759:
8754:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8730:
8725:
8718:
8713:
8706:
8699:
8692:
8685:
8680:
8673:
8666:
8661:
8654:
8653:
8652:
8647:
8637:
8630:
8623:
8616:
8609:
8602:
8596:
8594:
8590:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8465:Lee Shui-chuen
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8356:
8354:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8334:Zhang Xuecheng
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8220:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8117:
8112:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8072:Wang Chongyang
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8023:
8021:
8011:Five Dynasties
8007:
8006:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7941:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7848:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7834:
7832:Three Kingdoms
7828:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7725:
7719:
7716:
7715:
7713:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7551:
7549:
7540:
7534:
7533:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7495:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7426:
7421:
7415:
7413:
7409:
7408:
7401:
7400:
7393:
7386:
7378:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7365:
7353:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7293:
7291:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7206:
7201:
7195:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7157:
7155:
7153:Middle Eastern
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7104:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7071:
7069:
7060:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7041:
7033:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6989:
6987:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6917:Existentialism
6914:
6912:Deconstruction
6909:
6903:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6745:Applied ethics
6741:
6739:
6730:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6709:Nietzscheanism
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6669:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6651:Utilitarianism
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6549:Transcendental
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6487:Existentialism
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6417:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6372:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6275:Augustinianism
6272:
6266:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6188:Zoroastrianism
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6045:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6031:Church Fathers
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5913:
5911:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5857:
5855:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5804:
5798:
5796:
5786:
5785:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5651:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5560:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5546:Libertarianism
5543:
5542:
5541:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5409:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5350:Metaphilosophy
5347:
5342:
5336:
5334:
5324:
5323:
5313:
5312:
5305:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5262:
5261:External links
5259:
5257:
5256:
5250:
5239:
5233:
5219:
5213:
5200:
5194:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5155:
5129:
5120:
5109:Rosker, Jana.
5101:
5081:
5064:
5057:
5037:
5030:
5010:
5003:
4972:
4939:
4909:
4864:
4856:Makeham (2008)
4848:
4825:
4802:
4795:
4772:
4765:
4740:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4707:Jana S. Rošker
4699:Daniel A. Bell
4615:Main article:
4612:
4609:
4561:Main article:
4558:
4555:
4530:Main article:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4466:Main article:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4370:
4358:
4346:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4300:Hanfu Movement
4292:
4287:
4279:
4277:Related topics
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4230:Han chauvinism
4227:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4197:Anti-communism
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
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4158:
4151:
4137:
4136:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4072:
4071:
4068:Sing Tao Daily
4057:
4056:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3925:mainland China
3922:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3884:
3883:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3797:Royalist Party
3794:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3680:
3679:
3667:
3666:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3571:
3570:
3554:
3552:Extant parties
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3495:Hau (Pei-tsun)
3492:
3490:Hau (Lung-pin)
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3414:Tsang (Donald)
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3214:Imperial China
3211:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:Xueheng School
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3007:
3005:Nanjing decade
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2976:Imperial China
2973:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:1992 Consensus
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:Zhonghua minzu
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2827:Exceptionalism
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:Genealogy Book
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2738:Traditionalist
2735:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2646:
2507:
2504:
2500:Kang Xiaoguang
2492:civil religion
2477:state religion
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:Related topics
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:Post-communism
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2205:Sing Tao Daily
2201:
2194:
2187:
2184:Headline Daily
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2148:Mainland China
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1859:
1858:
1849:Mainland China
1846:
1844:Extant parties
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1766:Tsang (Donald)
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1617:Mainland China
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1477:1992 Consensus
1474:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:Zhonghua minzu
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1225:
1222:
1204:Confucianism,
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1003:Notable people
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
986:
979:
972:
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
953:
952:
947:
942:
939:
934:
929:
924:
922:Xueheng School
919:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
896:
891:
888:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
859:
858:
853:
846:Westernization
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
789:
788:
776:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
675:
674:
665:
662:
646:mainland China
562:
561:
559:
558:
551:
544:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
522:
521:
516:
510:
509:
503:
502:
496:
495:
489:
488:
481:
480:
474:
473:
467:
466:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
441:
433:
432:
425:
417:
416:
410:
409:
405:
404:
401:Great Learning
397:
389:
388:
381:
373:
372:
366:
365:
357:
356:
349:
341:
340:
333:
325:
324:
318:
317:
311:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
259:
253:
252:
245:
244:
238:
237:
231:
230:
225:
219:
218:
213:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
188:
181:
174:
166:
165:
157:
156:
149:
142:
135:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
78:
77:
71:
70:
64:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8903:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8838:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8774:
8772:
8771:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8752:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8723:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8707:
8705:
8704:
8700:
8698:
8697:
8693:
8691:
8690:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8678:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8642:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8624:
8622:
8621:
8617:
8615:
8614:
8610:
8608:
8607:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8591:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8565:Zhang Dongsun
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8485:Liang Shuming
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8351:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8191:Wang Yangming
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8104:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7749:Dongfang Shuo
7747:
7745:
7744:Dong Zhongshu
7742:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7717:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7489:
7488:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7399:
7394:
7392:
7387:
7385:
7380:
7379:
7376:
7364:
7363:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7290:Miscellaneous
7288:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7043:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7016:
7015:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:Miscellaneous
6984:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6972:Structuralism
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6957:Postmodernism
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6947:Phenomenology
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6884:Vienna Circle
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6814:Moral realism
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6616:Phenomenology
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6556:Individualism
6554:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6422:
6421:Judeo-Islamic
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6397:ʿIlm al-Kalām
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6346:Shuddhadvaita
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6280:Scholasticism
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5776:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5731:Conceptualism
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5660:Particularism
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5627:Functionalism
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5612:Eliminativism
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5517:Compatibilism
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:Particularism
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5298:
5296:
5291:
5289:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5216:
5214:9780674028111
5210:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5124:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5060:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5014:
5006:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4922:Anshen liming
4916:
4914:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4829:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4806:
4798:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4768:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4736:
4729:
4727:
4722:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4601:Wang Yangming
4598:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4469:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4000:Organisations
3997:
3996:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3616:Liberal Party
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:Soong (James)
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3452:Ho (Iat Seng)
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:Lee (Dominic)
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Ip (Kwok-him)
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Chan (Joephy)
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:Intellectuals
3068:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Law and order
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Authoritarian
2679:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:Deng Xiaoping
2458:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2155:Beijing Daily
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:Organisations
2112:
2111:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:Liberal Party
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1804:Ho (Iat Seng)
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Lee (Dominic)
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
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1716:Ip (Kwok-him)
1714:
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1701:Chan (Joephy)
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1658:Wang (Qishan)
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1653:Wang (Huning)
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1648:Li (Xiannian)
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1167:Immanuel Kant
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1127:
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8848:Epistemology
8835:
8775:
8768:
8761:
8757:Yin and yang
8749:
8740:Human nature
8732:
8728:Filial piety
8720:
8708:
8701:
8694:
8687:
8675:
8668:
8656:
8645:Confucianism
8639:
8632:
8625:
8618:
8611:
8604:
8575:Zhou Guoping
8570:Zhang Shenfu
8555:Yin Haiguang
8550:Yang Changji
8495:Liu Xiaofeng
8480:Liang Qichao
8365:Carsun Chang
8353:20th century
8339:Zhuang Cunyu
8269:Hong Liangji
8229:Chen Menglei
8224:Chen Hongmou
8206:Zhan Ruoshui
8166:Liu Zongzhou
8136:Hong Zicheng
8131:Huang Zongxi
8037:Fan Zhongyan
8015:Ten Kingdoms
8001:Linji Yixuan
7996:Liu Zongyuan
7585:Gongsun Long
7547:Eastern Zhou
7538:Philosophers
7516:
7512:Mixed School
7497:
7490:
7443:
7434:Han learning
7429:Confucianism
7355:
7341:
7012:
7003:Postcritique
6993:Kyoto School
6952:Posthumanism
6932:Hermeneutics
6787: /
6728:Contemporary
6704:Newtonianism
6667:Cartesianism
6626:Reductionism
6600:
6462:Conservatism
6457:Collectivism
6395:
6123:Sarvāstivadā
6101:Anekantavada
6026:Neoplatonism
5994:Epicureanism
5927:Pythagoreans
5866:Confucianism
5832:Contemporary
5822:Early modern
5726:Anti-realism
5680:Universalism
5637:Subjectivism
5433:Epistemology
5270:
5224:
5204:
5185:
5167:
5158:
5146:. Retrieved
5141:
5132:
5123:
5115:academia.edu
5114:
5104:
5093:
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4867:
4851:
4836:
4828:
4813:
4805:
4786:
4756:
4734:
4692:
4684:
4672:
4648:héxié shèhuì
4646:
4622:
4620:
4597:Lu Xiangshan
4593:
4589:Zhang Junmai
4572:
4566:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4432:
4420:Confucianism
4417:
4282:
4153:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
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4066:
4060:
4059:
4054:Global Times
4047:
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3808:
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3761:
3734:
3733:
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3710:
3683:
3682:
3670:
3669:
3657:
3656:
3631:New Prospect
3574:
3573:
3556:
3555:
3458:
3457:
3435:
3434:
3394:Lee (Starry)
3337:
3336:
3309:
3308:
3251:
3250:
3213:
3212:
3117:Jiang (Qing)
2951:
2906:
2887:Social order
2882:Sinocentrism
2877:Sinicization
2837:Filial piety
2785:Asian values
2752:
2743:Confucianism
2635:
2609:
2585:
2583:
2565:
2539:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2496:
2481:
2469:
2454:
2212:The Standard
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2162:Global Times
2160:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2091:United front
2021:
2020:
1983:
1982:
1945:
1944:
1919:New Prospect
1862:
1861:
1848:
1847:
1810:
1809:
1787:
1786:
1746:Lee (Starry)
1689:
1688:
1616:
1615:
1545:Jiang (Qing)
1451:
1422:Social order
1314:
1191:
1183:Zhang Junmai
1147:
1135:metaphysical
1128:
1120:Confucianism
1113:
1054:Shen Congwen
989:
981:
974:
967:
936:
828:New humanism
726:
630:
599:Confucianism
597:movement of
595:intellectual
582:
566:
565:
458:Organization
443:
436:
427:
420:
399:
392:
383:
376:
360:
351:
344:
335:
328:
249:
234:
223:Taigu school
216:Han Learning
191:
184:
177:
170:
161:
152:
145:
138:
130:
113:Gongsun Hong
45:Confucianism
29:
8819:Role ethics
8804:Metaphysics
8580:Zhou Zuoren
8540:Xiong Shili
8525:Tang Chun-i
8520:Sun Yat-sen
8515:Qiu Renzong
8510:Mou Zongsan
8460:Kang Youwei
8405:Feng Youlan
8370:P. C. Chang
8360:Cai Yuanpei
8344:Zeng Guofan
8329:Yu Zhengxie
8259:Gong Zizhen
8254:Feng Guifen
8244:Fang Lanfen
8176:Qian Dehong
7976:Zhang Zhihe
7912:Xiahou Xuan
7852:Bao Jingyan
7695:Zhuang Zhou
6998:Objectivism
6937:Neo-Marxism
6899:Continental
6809:Meta-ethics
6789:Coherentism
6694:Hegelianism
6631:Rationalism
6591:Natural law
6571:Materialism
6497:Historicism
6467:Determinism
6358:Navya-Nyāya
6133:Sautrāntika
6128:Pudgalavada
6064:Vaisheshika
5917:Presocratic
5817:Renaissance
5756:Physicalism
5741:Materialism
5647:Normativity
5632:Objectivism
5617:Emergentism
5607:Behaviorism
5556:Metaphysics
5522:Determinism
5461:Rationalism
5162:Zhong, Wu.
4695:Yan Xuetong
4581:Mou Zongsan
4532:Mou Zongsan
4526:Mou Zongsan
4489:writes of.
4468:Xiong Shili
4462:Xiong Shili
4443:Mou Zongsan
4439:Feng Youlan
4435:Xiong Shili
4428:Xiong Shili
4295:Han Chinese
4097:China Times
4016:Group of 89
3802:Unity Party
3586:Civil Force
3447:Ho (Edmund)
3369:Ip (Regina)
3344:Chan (Gary)
3278:Hu (Hanmin)
3268:Dai (Jitao)
3209:Politicians
2902:Technocracy
2892:Sovereignty
2867:Meritocracy
2847:Irredentism
2832:Familialism
2795:Bureaucracy
2711:Nationalist
2506:Terminology
2126:Group of 89
2000:Labor Party
1874:Civil Force
1799:Ho (Edmund)
1721:Ip (Regina)
1696:Chan (Gary)
1612:Politicians
1447:Unification
1437:Technocracy
1407:Meritocracy
1395:Irredentism
1390:Imperialism
1355:Bureaucracy
1293:Nationalist
1281:Party-state
1198:Tu Wei-ming
1194:Mou Zongsan
1163:Xiong Shili
1155:Mou Zongsan
1139:Feng Youlan
1124:Xiong Shili
1069:Kang Youwei
969:La Jeunesse
722:Warlord Era
638:rationalism
628:dynasties.
519:Xuanyuanism
408:Other texts
101:Western Han
8875:Categories
8858:Legitimacy
8560:Yu Dunkang
8530:Tang Yijie
8505:Mao Zedong
8490:Lin Yutang
8455:Jin Yuelin
8450:Jiang Qing
8425:He Guanghu
8395:Chu Anping
8380:Chen Duxiu
8309:Wang Fuzhi
8299:Tan Sitong
8294:Pan Pingge
8289:Liu Yiming
8171:Luo Rufang
8092:Zhou Dunyi
8077:Wang Chuyi
8067:Wang Anshi
8047:Lu Jiuyuan
7927:Yan Zhitui
7917:Xie Daoyun
7819:Yang Xiong
7804:Wang Chong
7779:Kong Anguo
7640:Shen Buhai
7635:Shang Yang
7590:Guan Zhong
7560:Chunyu Kun
7481:Naturalism
7297:Amerindian
7204:Australian
7143:Vietnamese
7123:Indonesian
6672:Kantianism
6621:Positivism
6611:Pragmatism
6586:Naturalism
6566:Liberalism
6544:Subjective
6482:Empiricism
6386:Avicennism
6331:Bhedabheda
6215:East Asian
6138:Madhyamaka
6118:Abhidharma
5984:Pyrrhonism
5751:Nominalism
5746:Naturalism
5675:Skepticism
5665:Relativism
5655:Absolutism
5584:Naturalism
5494:Deontology
5466:Skepticism
5451:Naturalism
5441:Empiricism
5405:Aesthetics
5309:Philosophy
5168:Asia Times
5148:20 January
5004:0631217258
4928:(3): 104.
4858:, p.
4713:References
4688:Xi Jinping
4577:Tang Junyi
4447:Tang Junyi
4320:(opposing)
4314:(opposing)
4290:Falun Gong
3959:Literature
3646:Roundtable
3389:Lee (John)
3225:Emperor Wu
2872:Patriotism
2774:Principles
2706:Monarchism
2675:Ideologies
2648:Philosophy
2642:May Fourth
2465:Jiang Qing
1934:Roundtable
1857:(factions)
1741:Lee (John)
1412:Patriotism
1337:Principles
1271:Capitalism
1260:Ideologies
1179:Yu Yingshi
1151:Tang Junyi
1064:Zhu Ziqing
1014:Chen Duxiu
927:Communists
813:Liberalism
768:Ideologies
685:Background
656:, and the
584:xīn rú jiā
370:Four Books
8837:Shan shui
8770:Zhengming
8545:Xu Fuguan
8470:Li Shicen
8445:Ray Huang
8430:Hu Qiaomu
8400:Fang Keli
8390:Ch'ien Mu
8375:Chen Daqi
8304:Tang Zhen
8249:Fang Quan
8161:Liu Bowen
8151:Lai Zhide
8141:Jiao Hong
8126:Chen Jiru
8087:Zhang Zai
8052:Shao Yong
8027:Cheng Hao
7971:Wang Tong
7872:Guo Xiang
7794:Liu Xiang
7774:Jing Fang
7685:Yuan Xian
7665:Ximen Bao
7620:Lie Yukou
7575:Duanmu Ci
7565:Confucius
7451:Huang–Lao
7176:Pakistani
7138:Taiwanese
7085:Ethiopian
7058:By region
7044:By region
6859:Scientism
6854:Systemics
6714:Spinozism
6641:Socialism
6576:Modernism
6539:Objective
6447:Anarchism
6381:Averroism
6270:Christian
6222:Neotaoism
6193:Zurvanism
6183:Mithraism
6178:Mazdakism
5949:Cyrenaics
5876:Logicians
5509:Free will
5471:Solipsism
5418:Formalism
4934:1996-4617
4904:220786168
4882:CiteSeerX
4860:Chapter 9
4718:Citations
4703:censorate
4656:Hu Jintao
4585:Xu Fuguan
4569:Hong Kong
4497:Jiyuan Yu
4451:Xu Fuguan
4174:Hong Kong
4168:By region
4061:Hong Kong
4026:Want Want
3940:Hong Kong
3930:Hong Kong
3911:Alliances
3245:Duke Zhou
3220:Duke Shao
3087:Confucius
2897:Tradition
2842:Hierarchy
2790:Authority
2686:Chiangism
2488:Chen Ming
2351:Hong Kong
2096:Hong Kong
2079:Hong Kong
2070:Alliances
1643:Li (Peng)
1343:Authority
1173:to found
1159:Xu Fuguan
1034:Li Dazhao
1019:Guo Moruo
990:The Tiger
823:Communism
818:Socialism
808:Modernism
803:Anarchism
785:Scientism
774:Democracy
654:Hong Kong
487:and sects
290:Indonesia
146:Zhengming
75:Confucius
8831:Ink wash
8809:Politics
8799:Theology
8658:Ming yun
8634:Jing zuo
8593:Concepts
8475:Li Zehou
8440:Hua Gang
8410:Gan Yang
8319:Yan Yuan
8314:Wei Yuan
8284:Lin Zexu
8264:Gu Yanwu
8239:Fang Bao
8234:Dai Zhen
8196:Wu Cheng
8186:Wang Gen
8057:Shen Kuo
8032:Cheng Yi
7991:Liu Yuxi
7897:Sengzhao
7857:Fan Zhen
7759:Huan Tan
7739:Ban Zhao
7690:Zhang Yi
7680:Yang Zhu
7645:Shen Dao
7555:Bu Shang
7456:Legalism
7424:Buddhism
7362:Category
7317:Yugoslav
7307:Romanian
7214:Scottish
7199:American
7128:Japanese
7108:Buddhist
7090:Africana
7080:Egyptian
6922:Feminist
6844:Rawlsian
6839:Quietism
6737:Analytic
6689:Krausism
6596:Nihilism
6561:Kokugaku
6524:Absolute
6519:Idealism
6507:Humanism
6295:Occamism
6262:European
6207:Medieval
6153:Yogacara
6113:Buddhist
6106:Syādvāda
5989:Stoicism
5954:Cynicism
5942:Sophists
5937:Atomists
5932:Eleatics
5871:Legalism
5812:Medieval
5736:Idealism
5690:Ontology
5670:Nihilism
5574:Idealism
5332:Branches
5321:Branches
4874:Diogenes
4573:Rensheng
4571:journal
4155:Shen Bao
4126:Overseas
3966:Analects
3567:factions
3273:Dai (Li)
2953:Dang Guo
2760:Legalism
2696:Cultural
2657:a series
2655:Part of
1288:Cultural
1233:a series
1231:Part of
840:Practice
642:humanism
631:It is a
526:Shengdao
378:Analects
262:New Text
257:Old Text
37:a series
35:Part of
8843:Society
8620:Jian'ai
8435:Hu Shih
8420:Gu Zhun
8279:Ma Qixi
8181:Wang Ji
8146:Jiao Yu
8062:Su Song
8042:Hu Hong
7932:Zhi Dun
7922:Xun Can
7907:Wang Bi
7902:Wang Su
7892:Ji Kang
7887:Huiyuan
7877:Fu Xuan
7867:Ge Hong
7814:Xun Yue
7809:Wang Fu
7799:Ma Rong
7769:Jia Kui
7710:Zou Yan
7670:Xu Xing
7655:Sun Tzu
7625:Mencius
7600:Hui Shi
7595:Han Fei
7570:Deng Xi
7507:Yangism
7499:Xuanxue
7466:Marxism
7412:Schools
7312:Russian
7281:Spanish
7276:Slovene
7266:Maltese
7261:Italian
7241:Finland
7209:British
7191:Western
7181:Turkish
7166:Islamic
7161:Iranian
7113:Chinese
7100:Eastern
7067:African
7014:more...
6699:Marxism
6529:British
6472:Dualism
6368:Islamic
6326:Advaita
6316:Vedanta
6290:Scotism
6285:Thomism
6227:Tiantai
6170:Persian
6158:Tibetan
6148:Śūnyatā
6089:Cārvāka
6079:Ājīvika
6074:Mīmāṃsā
6054:Samkhya
5969:Academy
5922:Ionians
5896:Yangism
5853:Chinese
5844:Ancient
5807:Western
5802:Ancient
5761:Realism
5718:Reality
5708:Process
5589:Realism
5569:Dualism
5564:Atomism
5446:Fideism
5177:Sources
4487:Mencius
4225:Fascism
2921:History
2857:Loyalty
2822:Elitism
2484:liberal
2169:Guancha
1466:History
1427:Statism
1385:Elitism
1171:Qian Mu
1059:Yu Dafu
1044:Mao Dun
1029:Lao She
1024:Hu Shih
779:Science
664:History
620:of the
607:Mao era
571:Chinese
385:Mencius
205:Schools
139:Ganying
89:Mencius
8814:Ethics
8787:Topics
8722:Wu wei
8500:Lu Xun
8324:Yu Yue
8274:Ji Yun
8156:Li Zhi
8097:Zhu Xi
8082:Ye Shi
7981:Han Yu
7966:Jizang
7882:He Yan
7862:Fan Ye
7789:Lu Jia
7784:Liu An
7764:Jia Yi
7754:Dou Wu
7700:Zichan
7650:Su Qin
7610:Li Kui
7492:Daoxue
7486:Taoism
7461:Mohism
7271:Polish
7251:German
7246:French
7231:Danish
7221:Canada
7171:Jewish
7133:Korean
7118:Indian
6660:People
6581:Monism
6534:German
6502:Holism
6435:Modern
6413:Jewish
6336:Dvaita
6309:Indian
6232:Huayan
6084:Ajñana
6041:Indian
5906:Greco-
5891:Taoism
5881:Mohism
5827:Modern
5794:By era
5783:By era
5698:Action
5579:Monism
5499:Virtue
5481:Ethics
5245:
5231:
5211:
5192:
5055:
5028:
5001:
4932:
4902:
4884:
4880:: 94.
4793:
4763:
4645::
4643:pinyin
4637::
4629::
4605:Zhu Xi
4449:, and
4284:Baizuo
4141:Former
2733:Social
2634::
2632:pinyin
2626::
2618::
2608::
2606:pinyin
2600::
2592::
2564::
2562:pinyin
2556::
2548::
2538::
2536:pinyin
2530::
2522::
2459:under
2101:Taiwan
1320:Social
1157:, and
1143:Zhu Xi
1039:Lu Xun
1009:Ba Jin
650:Taiwan
581::
579:pinyin
573::
315:Ruzang
8794:Logic
8777:Ziran
8415:Gu Su
8201:Xu Ai
7986:Li Ao
7961:Fu Yi
7675:Xunzi
7660:Wu Qi
7615:Li Si
7605:Laozi
7580:Gaozi
7302:Aztec
7256:Greek
7236:Dutch
7226:Czech
7075:Bantu
6512:Anti-
6059:Nyaya
6049:Hindu
5909:Roman
5703:Event
5345:Logic
4960:(4),
4900:S2CID
4043:Media
3945:Macau
3399:Leung
3321:Jiang
3293:Soong
3240:Zhang
3187:Zheng
3182:Zhang
3177:Xiong
3147:Shang
3142:Liang
3077:Chang
2721:Ultra
2628:現代新儒學
2620:现代新儒学
2602:現代新儒家
2594:现代新儒家
2558:當代新儒學
2550:当代新儒学
2532:當代新儒家
2524:当代新儒家
2356:Macau
2143:Media
2084:Macau
1817:Chang
1751:Leung
1638:Jiang
1600:Zheng
1595:Zhang
1325:Ultra
1308:Ultra
285:Japan
280:Korea
94:Xunzi
8763:Yong
8710:Tian
8689:Shen
8670:Qing
8627:Jing
8216:Qing
8115:Ming
8110:Yuan
8019:Song
7950:Tang
7705:Zisi
7630:Mozi
6403:Sufi
6237:Chan
6096:Jain
6069:Yoga
5599:Mind
5539:Hard
5527:Hard
5243:ISBN
5229:ISBN
5209:ISBN
5190:ISBN
5150:2011
5053:ISBN
5026:ISBN
4999:ISBN
4958:2009
4930:ISSN
4845:–38.
4822:–38.
4791:ISBN
4761:ISBN
4737:: 3.
4697:and
4639:和諧社會
4631:和谐社会
4599:and
4587:and
4505:yong
4483:duan
4437:and
4111:TVBS
3515:Lien
3500:Hung
3442:Chui
3429:Yung
3424:Tung
3409:Quat
3404:Liao
3374:Kwok
3326:Wang
3303:Yuan
3235:Yuan
3230:Yang
3172:Xiao
3162:Wang
3132:Kang
3082:Chen
2817:Duty
2576:Ming
2572:Song
1832:Hung
1827:Chiu
1822:Chou
1794:Chui
1781:Yung
1776:Tung
1761:Quat
1756:Liao
1726:Kwok
1673:Zhou
1668:Yang
1628:Deng
1623:Chen
1585:Xiao
1575:Wang
1530:Bell
1375:Duty
1210:Ming
1206:Song
640:and
626:Ming
624:and
622:Song
590:lit.
445:Erya
153:Xiao
132:Tian
8734:Xin
8677:Ren
8600:Tao
7945:Sui
7837:Jin
7728:Han
7723:Qin
6677:Neo
6242:Zen
4962:doi
4892:doi
4479:ren
3535:Sun
3510:Lee
3505:Jaw
3485:Han
3480:Chu
3379:Lam
3354:Fok
3298:Sun
3288:Lin
3197:Zou
3192:Zhu
3157:Tan
3152:Tam
3127:Jin
3112:Jaw
3097:Gan
3092:Dai
2964:Han
2753:New
2748:Neo
2716:Han
2614:or
2544:or
1731:Lam
1706:Fok
1678:Zhu
1590:Yan
1570:Tan
1565:Tam
1555:Jin
1535:Gan
1303:Neo
1298:Han
1202:Han
636:as
575:新儒家
185:Xin
178:Ren
8877::
8751:Yi
8703:Ti
8696:Si
8664:Qi
8640:Li
8613:Fa
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