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The fall of the Ming dynasty and the rise of the Qing dynasty was a watershed in the development of this trend of philological thought. Scholars in the evidential scholarship tradition attacked the heterodox and subjective ideals of "Song learning" as having betrayed the true teachings of
Confucius,
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Evidential scholars reacted to the innovations of Neo-Confucianism by turning back to the original classics, employing philological techniques to try to authenticate the real words of
Confucius. This involved the comparison of different texts in great detail. This school of learning came to be called
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This Qing era revival movement called for rationalist and practical evidential research in fields such as astronomy, linguistics, mathematics, geography and technology, to counter the metaphysical speculation of Neo-Confucianism. These scholars also sought to reform the
Imperial examinations which
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which involved the collection of the entire
Chinese canon of studies on the mind, nature, government and humanity. While this work was firmly grounded in Neo-Confucian orthodoxy, the philological expertise of evidential scholars was drawn on to ensure the authenticity of the canon. Han Learning
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While it may appear to be concerned with philological minutiae, the debate between the Neo-Confucianists and the adherents of Han learning had considerable repercussions, weakening the cosmological underpinnings of the imperial state, although not its political dominance. Han
Learning and Song
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in Japan). Same as Han learning stood in the opposition to the intellectual trend of the three previous dynasties, Han medicine was a reaction against the standard of Song-Ming medicine (the so-called "neo-Confucianization of the body").
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influences into the
Confucianist tradition, introducing a new cosmology emphasising the moral nature of the cosmos. Neo-Confucianism was adopted as
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resulting in decadence, individualism, and factionalism in the Ming court. This was blamed for bringing about the fall of the Ming dynasty.
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played a major role in providing annotations and evidential scholarship on regulations and edicts, together with works of philosophers.
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The Han
Learning scholars played an important role in many intellectual works sponsored by the Qing court. They were involved in the
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A remarkable parallel to the revival of Han learning in the late imperial period is provided by development of the
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Classicism, politics, and kingship: the Chang-chou school of New Text
Confucianism in late imperial China
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290:) had proved that various parts of the sacred classics were in fact later forgeries of the Han dynasty.
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went further and rejected Han learning in an attempt to recover pre-Han
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Learning were eventually blended into a new school of thought during the late Qing.
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According to B. Elman, many Han
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The Birth of the Modern World 1780-1915: Global connections and comparisons
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a devout nationalist who was first a revolutionary and an
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commentaries as being closer to the original texts.
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232:(12th century). Neo-Confucianism had incorporated
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282:By the mid-eighteenth century, Han learning (
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174:. The focus of the movement was to reject
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
271:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
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1969:
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349:a fervent anti-Manchu polemicist; and
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434:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 78.
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1320:Chen Hongmou
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1636:Xiong Shili
1621:Tang Chun-i
1616:Sun Yat-sen
1611:Qiu Renzong
1606:Mou Zongsan
1556:Kang Youwei
1501:Feng Youlan
1466:P. C. Chang
1456:Cai Yuanpei
1440:Zeng Guofan
1425:Yu Zhengxie
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1340:Fang Lanfen
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1072:Zhang Zhihe
1008:Xiahou Xuan
948:Bao Jingyan
791:Zhuang Zhou
359:Yuan Shikai
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1626:Tang Yijie
1601:Mao Zedong
1586:Lin Yutang
1551:Jin Yuelin
1546:Jiang Qing
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1491:Chu Anping
1476:Chen Duxiu
1405:Wang Fuzhi
1395:Tan Sitong
1390:Pan Pingge
1385:Liu Yiming
1267:Luo Rufang
1188:Zhou Dunyi
1173:Wang Chuyi
1163:Wang Anshi
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347:Tan Sitong
323:Duan Yucai
303:Wang Fuzhi
158:), or the
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1933:Shan shui
1866:Zhengming
1641:Xu Fuguan
1566:Li Shicen
1541:Ray Huang
1526:Hu Qiaomu
1496:Fang Keli
1486:Ch'ien Mu
1471:Chen Daqi
1400:Tang Zhen
1345:Fang Quan
1257:Liu Bowen
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1237:Jiao Hong
1222:Chen Jiru
1183:Zhang Zai
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1067:Wang Tong
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1087:Liu Yuxi
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953:Fan Zhen
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400:See also
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1939:Society
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1531:Hu Shih
1516:Gu Zhun
1375:Ma Qixi
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1910:Ethics
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1596:Lu Xun
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1252:Li Zhi
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880:Liu An
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