597:, neurons that fire when mimicking or observing another animal or person that is making some sort of expression, movement, or gesture. This study was again one where neuroscientists used the observations of psychologists to create a model for how the observation worked. The initial observation was that newborn infants mimicked facial expressions that were expressed to them. Scientists were not certain that newborn infants were developed enough to have complex neurons that allowed them to mimic different people and there was something else that allowed them to mimic expressions. Neuroscientists then provided a model for what was occurring and concluded that infants did in fact have these neurons that fired when watching and mimicking facial expressions.
27:
188:
624:. Many neuroscientists have performed studies where the importance of touch is shown in newborn humans. The same results that were shown in rats, also held true for humans. Babies that received less touch and nurture developed slower than babies that received a lot of attention and nurture. Stress levels were also lower in babies that were nurtured regularly and cognitive development was also higher due to increased touch. Human offspring, much like rat offspring, thrive off of nurture, as shown by the various studies of neuroscientists.
2593:
646:
129:
2605:
424:, specifically the brain, and how it can be seen through a lens of biochemical and biophysical processes. Behavioral neuroscience encompasses the whole nervous system, environment and the brain how these areas show us aspects of motivation, learning, and motor skills along with many others. Computational neuroscience uses mathematical models to understand how the brain processes information.
174:. Biomedically-oriented neuroscientists typically engage in applied research. Neuroscientists also have a number of career opportunities outside the realm of research, including careers in industry, science writing, government program management, science advocacy, and education. These individuals most commonly hold doctorate degrees in the sciences, but may also hold a master's degree.
673:
2151:
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as adolescents also gave their offspring the same amount of attention and thus showed that rats raised their offspring similar to how they were raised. These studies were also seen on a microscopic level where different genes were expressed for the rats that were given high amounts of nurture and those same genes were not expressed in the rats who received less attention.
452:. In about 3000 BC the first known written description of the brain also indicated that the location of brain injuries may be related to specific symptoms. This document contrasted common theory at the time. Most of the Egyptians' other writings are very spiritual, describing thought and feelings as responsibilities of the
589:
and thus treatment was not well understood, and oftentimes, was inadequate. The neuroscientists that studied this disorder used the previous observations of psychologists to propose a mechanistic model that gave a better understanding of the disorder at the molecular level. This in turn led to better
616:
and his colleagues found that the offspring of mother rats who provided significant nurture and attention tended to show less fear, responded more positively to stress, and functioned at higher levels and for longer times when fully mature. They also found that the rats who were given much attention
605:
Neuroscientists have also studied the effects of "nurture" on the developing brain. Saul
Schanberg and other neuroscientists did a study on how important nurturing touch is to the developing brains in rats. They found that the rats who were deprived of nurture from the mother for just one hour had
415:
has a unique perspective in that it can be applied in a broad range of disciplines, and thus the fields neuroscientists work in vary. Neuroscientists may study topics from the large hemispheres of the brain to neurotransmitters and synapses occurring in neurons at a micro-level. Some fields that
525:
away from the anatomical focus; he considered the attribution of functions based on location to be crude. Pushing away from the superficial proposals made by Galen and medieval beliefs, Vesalius did not believe that studying anatomy would lead to any significant advances in the understanding of
368:
Neuroscientists typically enroll in a four-year undergraduate program and then move on to a PhD program for graduate studies. Once finished with their graduate studies, neuroscientists may continue doing postdoctoral work to gain more lab experience and explore new laboratory methods. In their
359:
Neuroscience is expecting job growth of about 8% from 2014 to 2024, a considerably greater than average job growth rate when compared to other professions. Factors leading to this growth include an aging population, new discoveries leading to new areas of research, and increasing utilization of
331:
aspects of the nervous system. Once neuroscientists finish their post doctoral programs, 39% go on to perform more doctoral work, while 36% take on faculty jobs. Neuroscientists use a wide range of mathematical methods, computer programs, biochemical approaches and imaging techniques such as
562:
Neuroscientists have been working to show how the brain is far more elastic and able to change than we once thought. They have been using work that psychologists previously reported to show how the observations work, and give a model for it.
534:
Research in neuroscience is expanding and becoming increasingly interdisciplinary. Many current research projects involve the integration of computer programs in mapping the human nervous system. The
National Institutes of Health
510:
beliefs generally held true the proposals of Galen, including the attribution of mental processes to specific ventricles in the brain. Functions of regions of the brain were defined based on their texture and composition:
498:
disorders and what caused these disorders to arise. He believed that the cause was backed-up black bile, and that epilepsy was caused by phlegm. Galen's observations on neuroscience were not challenged for many years.
262:
The overall median salary for neuroscientists in the United States was $ 79,940 in May 2014. Neuroscientists are usually full-time employees. Median salaries at common work places in the United States are shown below.
543:, launched in 2009, hopes to establish a highly detailed map of the human nervous system and its millions of connections. Detailed neural mapping could lead the way for advances in the diagnosis and treatment of
494:. When it came to the brain, he believed that sensory sensation was caused in the middle of the brain, while the motor sensations were produced in the anterior portion of the brain. Galen imparted some ideas on
215:, or instead may focus on a systemic level as in behavioural or cognitive studies. A significant portion of nervous system studies is devoted to understanding the diseases that affect the nervous system, like
554:, the study of how certain factors that we face in our everyday lives not only affect us and our genes but also how they will affect our children and change their genes to adapt to the environments we faced.
567:
438:
874:
recording technique, allowing, for the first time, the observation of current flow through individual ion channels. Neher and
Sakmann additionally characterized the specificity of
347:
Imaging techniques allow scientists to observe physical changes in the brain and spinal cord, as signals occur. Neuroscientists can also be part of several different neuroscience
158:
setting. In research-oriented careers, neuroscientists typically spend their time designing and carrying out scientific experiments that contribute to the understanding of the
698:, revealing what would later be determined as individual neurons. Cajal's interpretations of the images produced by Golgi's staining technique led to the adoption of the
369:
undergraduate years, neuroscientists typically take physical and life science courses to gain a foundation in the field of research. Typical undergraduate majors include
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712:(1932) for their discoveries of the general function of neurons, including excitatory and inhibitory signals, and the all-or-nothing response of nerve fibers.
585:. Before neuroscientists had studied this disorder, psychologists did not have a mechanistic understanding as to how this disorder caused high levels of the
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believed instead the heart to be the source of mental processes and that the brain acted as a cooling system for the cardiovascular system.
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1943:
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understanding of the disorder as a whole and greatly changed treatment that led to better lives for patients with the disorder.
1985:
994:
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function was attributed to the posterior ventricle, a harder region of the brain and thus a good place for memory storage.
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348:
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stating the word, "brain", dated to 1700 BC. This work is considered a copy of an original writing as old as 3000 BC.
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Many colleges and universities now have PhD training programs in the neurosciences, often with divisions between
337:
638:
26:
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medications. Government funding for research will also continue to influence the demand for this specialty.
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2194:
2055:
1978:
1286:
845:
397:
333:
1199:
2523:
2498:
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1374:
705:
231:. Research commonly occurs in private, government and public research institutions and universities.
106:
691:
30:
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2174:
2070:
1957:
1880:
1088:
1022:
540:
57:
neuroscientist who was recognized for his staining technique that allowed neurons to be visualized.
2299:
2010:
2005:
1745:
1498:
1171:"Medical Scientists : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
1007:
857:
374:
228:
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cells. Studies of the nervous system may focus on the cellular level, as in studies of the
8:
2472:
2372:
2249:
2219:
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978:
955:
893:
853:
1070:
927:(2014) for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain.
658:
2548:
2442:
2382:
2105:
2085:
1475:
1442:
761:
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740:(1944) for discoveries illustrating the varied timing exhibited by single nerve fibers.
715:
216:
20:
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2402:
2377:
2229:
2189:
1480:
1462:
1458:
970:
695:
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Working with doctors to perform experimental studies of new drugs on willing patients
166:
seeks to add information to our current understanding of the nervous system, whereas
151:
98:
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136:
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2110:
2045:
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1466:
1443:"Contributions of Neuroscience to Our Understanding of Cognitive Development"
907:
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storage, release, and inactivation. Their work included the discovery of the
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727:
687:
607:
594:
582:
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341:
328:
132:
122:
50:
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The effects of nurture and touch were not only studied in rats, but also in
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2095:
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1994:
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959:
903:
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783:
709:
522:
412:
86:
74:
34:
170:
seeks to address a specific problem, such as developing a treatment for a
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1925:
889:
875:
871:
863:
676:
551:
507:
491:
212:
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110:
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pathways upon neurotransmitter binding, as well as the establishment of
2573:
2274:
719:
645:
586:
579:
578:, a disorder that heavily damages the brain due to toxic levels of the
566:
483:
324:
238:
Developing experiments and leading groups of people in supporting roles
147:
90:
82:
941:(2017) "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the
432:
420:, and behavioural neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscientists study human
2518:
2209:
990:
755:
467:
449:
437:
244:
Research and development of new treatments for neurological disorders
70:
38:
1287:"How To Become A Cognitive Neuroscientist | CareersinPsychology.org"
466:
believed that the brain was the locus of mental processes. However,
135:(1843–1926), Italian physician, neuroscientist, and namesake of the
2427:
897:
751:
456:. This idea was widely accepted and can be found into 17th century
114:
54:
490:' functions along with giving a foundational understanding of the
128:
502:
370:
195:
Neuroscientists focus primarily on the study and research of the
143:
118:
94:
78:
1345:"Computational neuroscience - Latest research and news | Nature"
162:
and its function. They can engage in basic or applied research.
1963:
1229:"What Should I Expect from a Neuroscience Job? (with pictures)"
621:
512:
457:
241:
Conducting theoretical and computational neuronal data analysis
102:
633:
Neuroscientists awarded Nobel Prizes in physiology or medicine
1828:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000 - Speed Read"
1799:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991 - Speed Read"
1770:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 - Speed Read"
1693:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970 - Speed Read"
1664:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963 - Speed Read"
1610:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944 - Speed Read"
1581:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936 - Speed Read"
1552:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932 - Speed Read"
1523:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906 - Speed Read"
479:
463:
453:
208:
200:
794:(1970) for the discovery of the mechanisms responsible for
750:(1949) for discovery of the functional organization of the
600:
351:
where they can publish and read different research topics.
2150:
1258:"Neuroscience College Degree Programs - The College Board"
1135:"Neuroscientist: Job Description, Duties and Requirements"
816:(1977) for discovering the production on the brain of the
974:
529:
448:
Some of the first writings about the brain come from the
250:
Following safety and sanitation procedures and guidelines
1085:"Neuroscience Jobs Available in a Variety of Industries"
557:
142:
Neuroscientists generally work as researchers within a
1404:
486:. In terms of neuroscience, Galen described the seven
993:. Before his work at the NSA, he was a researcher at
949:
433:
Egyptian understanding and early Greek philosophers
776:and macroscopic currents through their use of the
1421:. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. pp. 843–847.
2623:
1899:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017"
1881:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014"
1857:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004"
1746:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981"
1722:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977"
1499:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013"
754:and for the controversial therapeutic value of
1640:"John Sutherland: Should they de-Nobel Moniz?"
772:(1963) for discovering the ionic basis of the
503:Medieval European beliefs and Andreas Vesalius
19:Not to be confused with the academic journal,
1979:
2514:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
910:(2004) for their discoveries concerning the
639:List of nobel prizes related to neuroscience
416:combine psychology and neurobiology include
323:Neuroscientists research and study both the
1447:Current Directions in Psychological Science
1440:
407:
234:Some common tasks for neuroscientists are:
1986:
1972:
1637:
550:Neuroscientists are also at work studying
1474:
1441:Diamond, Adele; Amso, Dima (2008-04-01).
1406:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2–3.
1316:"Cognitive & Behavioral Neuroscience"
1018:International Brain Research Organization
986:, who also holds a Ph.D. in neuroscience.
627:
45:in Medicine in 1906 for his discovery of
671:
661:(2013) for the discovery of the precise
644:
601:Effects of early experience on the brain
565:
436:
199:. The nervous system is composed of the
186:
127:
25:
989:Dr. Cameron Goodkin, main character in
965:Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus
574:One recent behavioral study is that of
2624:
1401:
834:(1981) for discoveries concerning the
530:Current and developing research topics
1967:
1934:Nora Volkow: Motivated Neuroscientist
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1416:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1364:
900:as a primary acting neurotransmitter.
681:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
654:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2604:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
606:reduced functions in processes like
558:Behavioral and developmental studies
892:(2000) for the discovery of neural
836:cerebral hemispheres specialization
318:
16:Individual who studies neuroscience
13:
1956:maintained by Eric Chudler at the
1425:
1361:
1221:
1200:"Where Are the Neuroscience Jobs?"
950:Neuroscientists in popular culture
870:(1991) for the development of the
694:(1906) for the development of the
182:
14:
2648:
2494:Development of the nervous system
1918:
1156:
593:Another recent study was that of
253:Dissecting experimental specimens
73:who has specialised knowledge in
2603:
2592:
2591:
2149:
1993:
1940:(2004) Volume 4, pages 243–247.
1930:National Institute on Drug Abuse
1887:from the original on 2014-10-07.
1459:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00563.x
1391:from the original on 2016-03-03.
1042:"the definition of neurobiology"
804:quantal neurotransmitter release
1891:
1873:
1849:
1838:from the original on 2016-04-01
1820:
1809:from the original on 2016-04-01
1791:
1780:from the original on 2016-04-01
1762:
1738:
1714:
1703:from the original on 2016-04-01
1685:
1674:from the original on 2016-04-01
1656:
1638:Sutherland, John (2004-08-02).
1631:
1620:from the original on 2016-04-01
1602:
1591:from the original on 2016-04-01
1573:
1562:from the original on 2016-04-01
1544:
1533:from the original on 2016-04-23
1515:
1491:
1410:
1395:
1375:"Early History of Neuroscience"
1337:
1308:
1297:from the original on 2016-03-29
1279:
1268:from the original on 2016-04-20
1239:from the original on 2016-04-16
1210:from the original on 2016-03-17
1181:from the original on 2016-03-25
1145:from the original on 2016-03-26
1116:from the original on 2015-04-08
1052:from the original on 2017-02-02
338:computed tomography angiography
177:
125:aspect in health and disease.
1944:Women in neuroscience research
1419:Neuroscience, Early History of
1250:
1192:
1127:
1102:
1077:
1063:
1034:
852:(1986) for their discovery of
482:made a considerable impact on
354:
1:
2335:Social cognitive neuroscience
1028:
1013:List of women neuroscientists
41:neuroscientist, received the
2310:Molecular cellular cognition
1950:Office of Science Education.
1382:Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
1071:"Definition of Neuroscience"
722:(1936) for the discovery of
363:
7:
2529:Neurodevelopmental disorder
2504:Neural network (biological)
2499:Neural network (artificial)
1001:
49:. He shared the prize with
10:
2655:
2056:Computational neuroscience
1954:To Become a Neuroscientist
1262:bigfuture.collegeboard.org
973:, Ph.D, main character in
748:AntĂłnio Caetano Egas Moniz
636:
427:
334:magnetic resonance imaging
277:Colleges and universities
18:
2587:
2524:Neurodegenerative disease
2481:
2368:Evolutionary neuroscience
2343:
2283:
2158:
2147:
2019:
2001:
301:Research and Development
257:
2489:Brain–computer interface
2438:Neuromorphic engineering
2363:Educational neuroscience
2270:Nutritional neuroscience
2175:Clinical neurophysiology
2071:Integrative neuroscience
1958:University of Washington
1402:McBean, Douglas (2012).
1023:Society for Neuroscience
679:, co-winner of the 2000
541:Human Connectome Project
526:thinking and the brain.
521:redirected the study of
473:
408:Interdisciplinary fields
345:
342:diffusion tensor imaging
2300:Behavioral neuroscience
1938:Molecular Interventions
1417:Gross, Charles (1987).
1373:Gross, Charles (1987).
1320:www.psychology.ucsd.edu
1291:careersinpsychology.org
1008:List of neuroscientists
858:epidermal growth factor
610:and hormone secretion.
375:behavioral neuroscience
191:A dissected sheep brain
33:, the father of modern
2295:Affective neuroscience
2076:Molecular neuroscience
2031:Behavioral epigenetics
726:and identification of
696:silver staining method
692:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
683:
666:release control system
656:
628:Famous neuroscientists
571:
545:neurological disorders
445:
418:cognitive neuroscience
379:cognitive neuroscience
192:
139:
58:
31:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
2358:Cultural neuroscience
2353:Consumer neuroscience
2195:Neurogastroenterology
2051:Cellular neuroscience
958:, title character of
675:
648:
576:phenylketonuria (PKU)
569:
440:
190:
172:neurological disorder
131:
113:and especially their
29:
2330:Sensory neuroscience
2170:Behavioral neurology
2141:Systems neuroscience
850:Rita Levi-Montalcini
652:, co-winner of 2014
478:In the Middle Ages,
81:that deals with the
2637:Science occupations
2473:Social neuroscience
2373:Global neurosurgery
2250:Neurorehabilitation
2220:Neuro-ophthalmology
2205:Neurointensive care
2036:Behavioral genetics
982:. She is played by
979:The Big Bang Theory
956:Victor Frankenstein
894:signal transduction
854:nerve growth factor
706:Charles Sherrington
269:Common Work Places
47:the neuron doctrine
2549:Neuroimmune system
2443:Neurophenomenology
2383:Neural engineering
2106:Neuroendocrinology
2086:Neural engineering
1832:www.nobelprize.org
1803:www.nobelprize.org
1774:www.nobelprize.org
1697:www.nobelprize.org
1668:www.nobelprize.org
1614:www.nobelprize.org
1585:www.nobelprize.org
1556:www.nobelprize.org
1527:www.nobelprize.org
1204:www.sciencemag.org
744:Walter Rudolf Hess
684:
657:
572:
446:
272:Median Annual Pay
217:multiple sclerosis
193:
140:
59:
21:The Neuroscientist
2619:
2618:
2468:Paleoneurobiology
2403:Neuroepistemology
2378:Neuroanthropology
2344:Interdisciplinary
2230:Neuropharmacology
2190:Neuroepidemiology
971:Amy Farrah Fowler
856:(NGF) as well as
832:Torsten N. Wiesel
814:Andrew V. Schally
724:neurotransmitters
663:neurotransmitters
316:
315:
152:government agency
99:molecular biology
2644:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2594:
2509:Detection theory
2393:Neurocriminology
2320:Neurolinguistics
2235:Neuroprosthetics
2153:
2116:Neuroinformatics
2066:Imaging genetics
1988:
1981:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1913:
1912:
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1909:
1895:
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1888:
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1390:
1379:
1370:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1322:. Archived from
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1254:
1248:
1247:
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1215:
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1151:
1150:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1087:. Archived from
1081:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1038:
943:circadian rhythm
939:Michael W, Young
912:olfactory system
800:synaptic vesicle
796:neurotransmitter
784:Sir Bernard Katz
778:squid giant axon
774:action potential
659:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
519:Andreas Vesalius
346:
319:Work environment
266:
265:
168:applied research
2654:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
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2632:Neuroscientists
2622:
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2620:
2615:
2583:
2569:Neurotechnology
2564:Neuroplasticity
2559:Neuromodulation
2554:Neuromanagement
2477:
2448:Neurophilosophy
2345:
2339:
2325:Neuropsychology
2286:
2279:
2240:Neuropsychiatry
2200:Neuroimmunology
2185:Neurocardiology
2161:
2154:
2145:
2136:Neurophysiology
2126:Neuromorphology
2081:Neural decoding
2022:
2015:
1997:
1992:
1924:Interview with
1921:
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1103:
1094:
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1083:
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1078:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1004:
952:
935:Michael Rosbash
931:Jeffrey C. Hall
925:May-Britt Moser
921:Edvard I. Moser
824:Roger W. Sperry
818:peptide hormone
810:Roger Guillemin
770:Sir John Eccles
734:Joseph Erlanger
700:neuron doctrine
650:May-Britt Moser
641:
635:
630:
603:
570:L-phenylalanine
560:
532:
505:
476:
435:
430:
410:
366:
357:
321:
309:Pharmaceutical
260:
185:
183:Job description
180:
137:Golgi apparatus
107:neural circuits
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2652:
2651:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2617:
2616:
2614:
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2601:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2579:Self-awareness
2576:
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2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2534:Neurodiversity
2531:
2526:
2521:
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2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
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2479:
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2455:
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2440:
2435:
2433:Neuromarketing
2430:
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2415:
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2408:Neuroesthetics
2405:
2400:
2398:Neuroeconomics
2395:
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2365:
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2355:
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2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Neuroradiology
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Neuropathology
2222:
2217:
2215:Neuro-oncology
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2156:
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2148:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2101:Neurochemistry
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1920:
1919:External links
1917:
1915:
1914:
1903:NobelPrize.org
1890:
1872:
1861:NobelPrize.org
1848:
1819:
1790:
1761:
1750:NobelPrize.org
1737:
1726:NobelPrize.org
1713:
1684:
1655:
1630:
1601:
1572:
1543:
1514:
1503:NobelPrize.org
1490:
1453:(2): 136–141.
1424:
1409:
1394:
1360:
1349:www.nature.com
1336:
1307:
1278:
1249:
1220:
1206:. 2011-11-18.
1191:
1155:
1126:
1101:
1076:
1062:
1046:Dictionary.com
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
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1020:
1015:
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1000:
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998:
987:
968:
960:Mary Shelley's
951:
948:
947:
946:
928:
914:
901:
886:Paul Greengard
882:Arvid Carlsson
879:
861:
843:
828:David H. Hubel
821:
807:
792:Julius Axelrod
781:
759:
741:
738:Herbert Gasser
731:
716:Sir Henry Dale
713:
703:
670:
669:
634:
631:
629:
626:
622:newborn humans
614:Michael Meaney
602:
599:
595:mirror neurons
559:
556:
531:
528:
504:
501:
488:cranial nerves
475:
472:
434:
431:
429:
426:
409:
406:
404:neuroscience.
365:
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197:nervous system
184:
181:
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176:
164:Basic research
160:nervous system
77:, a branch of
67:neurobiologist
63:neuroscientist
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2463:Neurotheology
2461:
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2458:Neurorobotics
2456:
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2453:Neuropolitics
2451:
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2426:
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2418:Neuroethology
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2321:
2318:
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2315:Motor control
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Chronobiology
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
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2292:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:Neurovirology
2263:
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2137:
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2132:
2129:
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2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Neurogenetics
2109:
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2102:
2099:
2097:
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2082:
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2059:
2057:
2054:
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2049:
2047:
2046:Brain-reading
2044:
2042:
2041:Brain mapping
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
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1900:
1894:
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1808:
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1800:
1794:
1779:
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1765:
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1747:
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1717:
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1413:
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1398:
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1376:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1326:on 2016-04-01
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
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1292:
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1259:
1253:
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1111:
1105:
1091:on 2015-03-10
1090:
1086:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1021:
1019:
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1014:
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1009:
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1005:
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981:
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969:
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954:
953:
944:
940:
936:
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926:
922:
918:
915:
913:
909:
908:Linda B. Buck
905:
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
880:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:Stanley Cohen
844:
842:respectively.
841:
840:visual system
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:
819:
815:
811:
808:
805:
801:
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789:
788:Ulf von Euler
785:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:Andrew Huxley
763:
760:
758:respectively.
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:
739:
735:
732:
729:
728:acetylcholine
725:
721:
717:
714:
711:
707:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:Camillo Golgi
686:
685:
682:
678:
674:
667:
664:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:
640:
625:
623:
618:
615:
611:
609:
608:DNA synthesis
598:
596:
591:
588:
584:
583:phenylalanine
581:
577:
568:
564:
555:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
527:
524:
520:
516:
514:
509:
500:
497:
496:mental health
493:
489:
485:
484:human anatomy
481:
471:
469:
465:
461:
459:
455:
451:
443:
439:
425:
423:
422:consciousness
419:
414:
405:
403:
399:
398:computational
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
361:
352:
350:
349:organizations
343:
339:
335:
330:
329:psychological
326:
311:
308:
307:
303:
300:
299:
295:
293:Laboratories
292:
291:
287:
284:
283:
279:
276:
275:
271:
268:
267:
264:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
189:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:, or private
153:
149:
145:
138:
134:
133:Camillo Golgi
130:
126:
124:
123:psychological
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
56:
52:
51:Camillo Golgi
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
2608:
2596:
2544:Neuroimaging
2539:Neurogenesis
2423:Neurohistory
2388:Neurobiotics
2287:neuroscience
2255:Neurosurgery
2180:Epileptology
2162:neuroscience
2131:Neurophysics
2121:Neurometrics
2096:Neurobiology
2091:Neuroanatomy
2061:Connectomics
1995:Neuroscience
1937:
1928:, Director,
1906:. Retrieved
1902:
1893:
1875:
1864:. Retrieved
1860:
1851:
1840:. Retrieved
1831:
1822:
1811:. Retrieved
1802:
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1773:
1764:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:
1740:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
1705:. Retrieved
1696:
1687:
1676:. Retrieved
1667:
1658:
1647:. Retrieved
1644:the Guardian
1643:
1633:
1622:. Retrieved
1613:
1604:
1593:. Retrieved
1584:
1575:
1564:. Retrieved
1555:
1546:
1535:. Retrieved
1526:
1517:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:
1493:
1450:
1446:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1381:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:
1339:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:the original
1319:
1310:
1299:. Retrieved
1290:
1281:
1270:. Retrieved
1261:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1232:
1223:
1212:. Retrieved
1203:
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1174:
1147:. Retrieved
1138:
1129:
1118:. Retrieved
1104:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:the original
1079:
1065:
1054:. Retrieved
1045:
1036:
984:Mayim Bialik
977:
963:
917:John O'Keefe
904:Richard Axel
876:ion channels
868:Bert Sakmann
762:Alan Hodgkin
710:Edgar Adrian
619:
612:
604:
592:
573:
561:
549:
539:) sponsored
533:
523:neuroscience
517:
506:
477:
462:
447:
442:Hieroglyphic
413:Neuroscience
411:
383:
367:
358:
322:
261:
233:
229:Lou Gehrig's
213:ion channels
194:
178:Job overview
141:
87:biochemistry
75:neuroscience
66:
62:
60:
35:neuroscience
2413:Neuroethics
2260:Neurotology
1926:Nora Volkow
1175:www.bls.gov
962:1818 novel
890:Eric Kandel
872:patch-clamp
864:Erwin Neher
677:Eric Kandel
552:epigenetics
492:spinal cord
355:Job outlook
225:Parkinson's
221:Alzheimer's
205:spinal cord
111:glial cells
43:Nobel Prize
2626:Categories
2574:Neurotoxin
2275:Psychiatry
1908:2020-09-06
1866:2018-11-20
1842:2016-03-28
1813:2016-03-28
1784:2016-03-28
1755:2018-11-20
1731:2018-11-20
1707:2016-03-28
1678:2016-03-28
1649:2018-11-20
1624:2016-03-28
1595:2016-03-28
1566:2016-03-28
1537:2016-03-28
1508:2018-11-20
1354:2020-11-16
1330:2016-03-30
1301:2016-03-29
1272:2016-03-30
1243:2016-03-29
1214:2016-03-29
1185:2016-03-29
1149:2016-03-29
1120:2015-04-22
1095:2015-03-12
1056:2017-01-27
1029:References
720:Otto Loewi
637:See also:
587:amino acid
580:amino acid
325:biological
312:$ 150,000
285:Hospitals
148:university
119:biological
115:behavioral
91:psychology
83:physiology
2519:Neurochip
2285:Cognitive
2210:Neurology
1946:from the
1467:0963-7214
1139:Study.com
1110:"Careers"
991:Stitchers
756:leucotomy
468:Aristotle
450:Egyptians
394:molecular
386:cognitive
364:Education
304:$ 90,200
296:$ 82,700
288:$ 73,590
280:$ 58,140
71:scientist
2598:Category
2482:Concepts
2428:Neurolaw
2160:Clinical
1885:Archived
1836:Archived
1807:Archived
1778:Archived
1701:Archived
1672:Archived
1618:Archived
1589:Archived
1560:Archived
1531:Archived
1485:18458793
1386:Archived
1295:Archived
1266:Archived
1237:Archived
1233:wiseGEEK
1208:Archived
1179:Archived
1143:Archived
1114:Archived
1050:Archived
1002:See also
898:dopamine
838:and the
752:midbrain
508:Medieval
390:cellular
156:industry
2610:Commons
2023:science
2011:History
2006:Outline
1476:2366939
428:History
402:systems
371:biology
144:college
103:neurons
95:anatomy
79:biology
69:) is a
55:Italian
39:Spanish
2346:fields
1936:" in
1483:
1473:
1465:
860:(EGF).
768:, and
513:memory
458:Europe
377:, and
340:, and
258:Salary
227:, and
121:, and
109:, and
37:and a
2021:Basic
1389:(PDF)
1378:(PDF)
975:CBS's
480:Galen
474:Galen
464:Plato
454:heart
209:nerve
201:brain
53:, an
1481:PMID
1463:ISSN
937:and
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