917:
285:
for the
Nethinim appear to indicate a foreign provenance, including people of Arab, Ishmaelite, Egyptian, Edomite and Aramaic ethnicities, with nicknames appropriate to slaves. Most of the names of the parents mentioned seem to be feminine in form or meaning, and suggest that the Nethinim could not
223:. The passage has been read as one that confers legitimacy on this class, or, alternatively, criticizing them for acting autonomously. In the latter regard, it is contended that the author of Joshua blames these leaders, independently of the priesthood, for inducting the
62:("Servants of Solomon"). It is likely that the Nethinim descended from non-Israelites. Opinion is divided as to whether the Gibeonites in Joshua are to be connected to the Nethinim of later texts. Others theorize that they were the descendants of
328:, the offspring of illicit unions, and were prohibited from marrying Israellites of good standing, though intermarriage between the last four classes, which included freed slaves, was permitted. A child of such illicit unions was defined as a
307:
At the time of
Nehemiah and Ezra, they were fully integrated into the Judean community, and were signatories to the former's covenant. Several centuries later, their status had declined rapidly. In the 10 genealogical classes
348:
only applied for a certain number of generations or did not apply at all to their daughters, the ban on marriage with
Mamzerim and Nethinim was deemed "perpetual and applies both to males and females".
266:. In all, 612 Nethinim came back from the Exile and were lodged near the "House of the Nethinim" at Ophel, towards the east wall of Jerusalem so as to be near the Temple, where they served under the
1147:
274:). The men of Gibeon, with Melatiah the Gibeonite at their head, repaired a piece of the wall of Jerusalem near the old gate on the west side of the city (
365:
1240:
369:
1192:
270:
and were free of all tolls, from which they must have been supported. They are ordered by David and the princes to serve the
Levites (
286:
trace back to any definite paternity; and this is supported by the enumeration of those who could not "show their father's house" (
1135:
1077:
1052:
1013:
959:
906:
864:
839:
809:
781:
760:
730:
819:
1112:
155:(Ezra 2:43; Neh 11:3), and as Ναθινιν (Ezra 2:58); and on one occasion, translated into Greek as οἱ δεδομένοι
1230:
1220:
1215:
1069:
1225:
1108:
722:
227:
into cultic service in
Jerusalem. In Talmudic tradition, they became associated with the Nethinim.
1145:
Weinberg, Joel P. (January 1975). "Netînîm und "Söhne der
Sklaven Salomos" im 6.—4. Jh. v. u. Z".
1235:
1210:
1005:
932:
536:
357:
1125:
1063:
1036:
999:
892:
850:
823:
716:
1023:
945:
882:
856:
795:
771:
744:
665:
201:
137:
740:
133:
8:
828:
Reflection and
Refraction: Studies in Biblical Historiography in Honour of A. Graeme Auld
214:
160:
39:
1186:
923:
213:
In the Book of Joshua, the
Nethinim are mentioned in a passage concerning the "leaders (
1164:
1096:
986:
125:
93:
1168:
1131:
1073:
1048:
1009:
955:
902:
876:
860:
835:
805:
791:
777:
756:
726:
584:
219:) of the congregation", a term also utilized in the ruling assembling of post-exilic
117:
1156:
978:
941:
831:
752:
101:
414:
The nicknames are of the type: "Speedy, White, Crooked, Taciturn, and
Faithful." (
1160:
1087:
Poppers, H. L. (July 1958). "The
Declassé in the Babylonian Jewish Community".
927:
898:
291:
287:
271:
251:
247:
220:
176:
89:
47:
239:
235:
121:
1204:
969:
Grintz, Jehoshua M. (June 1966). "The Treaty of Joshua with the Gibeonites".
341:
255:
801:
718:
Rebuilding the House of Israel: Architectures of Gender in Jewish Antiquity
188:
97:
82:
55:
405:
Vol.10 ed. Ringren, entry N-T-N "Netinim" mentioned pp. 102, 105, 106, 107
1100:
275:
224:
144:
67:
990:
947:
Hebrew Bible and Ancient Versions: Selected Essays of Robert P. Gordon
1044:
951:
63:
51:
43:
982:
922:
Executive Committee of the Editorial Board; Jacobs, Joseph (1905).
826:. In Rezetko, Robert; Lim, Timothy Henry; Aucker, W. Brian (eds.).
345:
333:
332:. Whereas the Biblical prohibitions against intermarriage with the
325:
184:
164:
875:
313:
278:
7), while the Nethinim dwelt at Ophel on the east side (ib. 26).
267:
172:
894:
The Pious Sage in Job: Eliphaz in the Context of Wisdom Theodicy
1185:
852:
Joshua 1-12: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary
797:
The Significance of Yavneh and Other Essays in Jewish Hellenism
282:
259:
128:(1611). It is also the most common academic spelling. The form
542:
258:), and means "given" or "dedicated," i.e., to the temple. The
337:
231:
745:"The Exclusion of Netinim and Proselytes in 4Q Florilegium"
936:. Vol. 9. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 233.
921:
671:
629:
617:
566:
1041:
Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions
692:
436:
434:
641:
607:
605:
680:
590:
554:
518:
431:
1065:
Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses
653:
602:
506:
482:
458:
1148:Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
886:. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
230:The Nethinim are mentioned at the return from the
88:, "to give." The noun form occurs 18 times in the
446:
1202:
824:"Gibeon and the Gibeonites in the Old Testament"
470:
403:The Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament
50:(where it is found in its verbal form) to the
494:
107:
1196:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). p. 421.
399:Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament
320:(people of whose paternity is unknown) and
92:of the Hebrew Bible, always in the plural (
769:
739:
698:
548:
116:is one of several Hebrew words which are
46:. The term was applied originally in the
1144:
971:Journal of the American Oriental Society
873:
512:
30:, lit. "given ones", or "subjects"), or
1086:
848:
647:
623:
572:
440:
364:to refer to members not claiming to be
1203:
1183:
1123:
1061:
997:
968:
940:
890:
686:
635:
596:
560:
524:
464:
415:
352:
104:3:26,31; 7:46,60,73; 10:28; 11:3,21).
16:Temple assistants in ancient Jerusalem
1034:
1022:
790:
714:
659:
611:
488:
476:
302:
1127:Analytical lexicon to the Septuagint
242:. The original form of the name was
1241:Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem
818:
452:
13:
1107:
500:
297:
14:
1252:
1177:
773:The A to Z of Jehovah's Witnesses
58:, they are counted alongside the
915:
880:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
281:Many of the names enumerated in
187:follows the Hebrew, except that
578:
530:
408:
368:who are selected to assist the
234:and particularly enumerated in
208:
167:renders the term as ἰερόδουλοι
1124:Taylor, Bernard Alwyn (2009).
770:Chryssides, George D. (2009).
391:
382:
66:war captives, as described in
1:
707:
140:(1911) article "Nathinites".
100:2:43,58,70; 7:7,24; 8:17,20;
425:
262:also uses the singular form
73:
38:, was the name given to the
7:
1190:. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
1070:University of Toronto Press
1001:Jewish Slavery in Antiquity
874:Driscoll, James F. (1911).
849:Dozeman, Thomas B. (2015).
10:
1257:
1161:10.1515/zatw.1975.87.3.355
998:Hezser, Catherine (2005).
715:Baker, Cynthia M. (2002).
199:pl., equivalent of Hebrew
108:Translations and spellings
1062:Penton, M. James (2015).
1035:Orlin, Eric, ed. (2015).
723:Stanford University Press
324:(foundlings) but beneath
250:(consonantal reading) of
23:
891:Dunham, Kyle C. (2016).
375:
316:, they are ranked above
136:and consequently in the
1193:Encyclopædia Britannica
1184:Jacobs, Joseph (1911).
1006:Oxford University Press
933:The Jewish Encyclopedia
537:Antiquities of the Jews
171:"temple servants". The
930:; et al. (eds.).
587:, Yebamot 71a, 78b-79a
180:
42:assistants in ancient
1089:Jewish Social Studies
883:Catholic Encyclopedia
857:Yale University Press
749:Studies in Qumran Law
741:Baumgarten, Joseph M.
138:Catholic Encyclopedia
1231:Slavery in antiquity
1117:Strong's Concordance
834:. pp. 113–138.
638:, pp. 109, 137.
134:Douay-Rheims Version
81:is derived from the
1221:Judaism and slavery
1216:Hebrew Bible people
776:. Scarecrow Press.
673:Jewish Encyclopedia
626:, pp. 154–155.
575:, pp. 414–416.
551:, p. 78, n.12.
358:Jehovah's Witnesses
353:Jehovah's Witnesses
312:) set forth in the
897:. Eugene, Oregon:
877:"Nathinites"
792:Cohen, Shaye J. D.
303:Rabbinical Judaism
159:"the given ones" (
126:King James Version
1137:978-1-565-63516-6
1113:"H5411 - Nathiyn"
1079:978-1-442-61605-9
1054:978-1-134-62552-9
1015:978-0-199-28086-5
961:978-0-754-65617-3
942:Gordon, Robert P.
908:978-1-4982-8563-6
866:978-0-300-14975-3
841:978-9-004-14512-2
811:978-3-161-50375-7
783:978-0-810-86891-5
762:978-9-004-05394-6
732:978-0-804-74029-6
585:Babylonian Talmud
151:as οἱ Ναθιναῖοι,
1248:
1226:Prisoners of war
1197:
1189:
1187:"Nethinim"
1172:
1141:
1120:
1104:
1083:
1068:(3rd ed.).
1058:
1031:
1019:
994:
965:
937:
919:
918:
912:
887:
879:
870:
845:
815:
787:
766:
736:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
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627:
621:
615:
609:
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594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
419:
412:
406:
401:English edition
395:
389:
386:
183:. In Syriac the
132:is found in the
54:. Later, in the
25:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1201:
1200:
1180:
1175:
1138:
1130:. Hendrickson.
1080:
1055:
1016:
962:
928:Singer, Isidore
916:
909:
867:
842:
812:
784:
763:
733:
710:
705:
699:Chryssides 2009
697:
693:
685:
681:
670:
666:
658:
654:
646:
642:
634:
630:
622:
618:
610:
603:
595:
591:
583:
579:
571:
567:
559:
555:
549:Baumgarten 1977
547:
543:
535:
531:
523:
519:
511:
507:
499:
495:
487:
483:
475:
471:
463:
459:
451:
447:
439:
432:
428:
423:
422:
413:
409:
396:
392:
387:
383:
378:
355:
305:
300:
298:Interpretations
211:
147:transliterates
110:
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1254:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1236:Social classes
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:Book of Joshua
1199:
1198:
1179:
1178:External links
1176:
1174:
1173:
1155:(3): 355–371.
1142:
1136:
1121:
1105:
1095:(3): 153–179.
1084:
1078:
1059:
1053:
1032:
1020:
1014:
995:
983:10.2307/596424
977:(2): 113–126.
966:
960:
938:
913:
907:
899:Wipf and Stock
888:
871:
865:
846:
840:
816:
810:
788:
782:
767:
761:
737:
731:
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:
691:
689:, p. 172.
679:
677:, p. 233.
664:
662:, p. 207.
652:
650:, p. 155.
640:
628:
616:
601:
599:, p. 134.
589:
577:
565:
563:, p. 133.
553:
541:
529:
527:, p. 383.
517:
505:
493:
491:, p. 651.
481:
469:
457:
455:, p. 136.
445:
443:, p. 415.
429:
427:
424:
421:
420:
418:, p. 134)
407:
390:
380:
379:
377:
374:
370:Governing Body
354:
351:
304:
301:
299:
296:
221:Yehud Medinata
210:
207:
157:hoi dedoménoi,
153:hoi Nathinaioi
143:In Greek, the
118:transliterated
109:
106:
90:Masoretic Text
83:Canaanite verb
75:
72:
48:Book of Joshua
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1154:
1151:(in German).
1150:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:Strong, James
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
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1075:
1071:
1067:
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872:
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843:
837:
833:
829:
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821:
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813:
807:
803:
799:
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793:
789:
785:
779:
775:
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768:
764:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
728:
724:
720:
719:
713:
712:
701:, p. 62.
700:
695:
688:
683:
676:
674:
668:
661:
656:
649:
644:
637:
632:
625:
620:
614:, p. 95.
613:
608:
606:
598:
593:
586:
581:
574:
569:
562:
557:
550:
545:
538:
533:
526:
521:
514:
513:Driscoll 1911
509:
502:
497:
490:
485:
478:
473:
467:, p. 83.
466:
461:
454:
449:
442:
437:
435:
430:
417:
411:
404:
400:
394:
385:
381:
373:
371:
367:
363:
360:use the term
359:
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
295:
293:
289:
284:
279:
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269:
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261:
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127:
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119:
115:
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99:
95:
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87:
84:
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71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
1191:
1152:
1146:
1126:
1116:
1092:
1088:
1064:
1040:
1027:
1000:
974:
970:
946:
931:
893:
881:
851:
827:
802:Mohr Siebeck
796:
772:
748:
717:
694:
682:
675:, Vol 9 1905
672:
667:
655:
648:Poppers 1958
643:
631:
624:Poppers 1958
619:
592:
580:
573:Dozeman 2015
568:
556:
544:
532:
520:
508:
496:
484:
472:
460:
448:
441:Dozeman 2015
410:
402:
398:
393:
384:
361:
356:
329:
321:
317:
309:
306:
280:
263:
246:, as in the
243:
229:
215:
212:
209:Hebrew Bible
200:
196:
195:with Syriac
192:
189:1 Chronicles
168:
156:
152:
148:
142:
129:
120:rather than
113:
112:In English,
111:
85:
78:
77:
60:Avdei Shlomo
59:
56:Book of Ezra
35:
31:
27:
19:
18:
687:Penton 2015
636:Hezser 2005
597:Dunham 2016
561:Grintz 1966
525:Taylor 2009
465:Gordon 2016
416:Dunham 2016
388:Joshua 9:27
256:Numbers 3:9
1205:Categories
1024:"Nethinim"
924:"Nethinim"
708:References
660:Baker 2002
612:Cohen 2010
489:Orlin 2015
366:"anointed"
225:Gibeonites
191:9 renders
169:ierodouloi
145:Septuagint
130:Nathinites
122:translated
68:Numbers 31
52:Gibeonites
36:Nathineans
32:Nathinites
1169:170746034
1045:Routledge
1037:"Netinim"
1028:Net Bible
952:Routledge
820:Day, John
477:Net Bible
426:Citations
342:Egyptians
338:Ammonites
288:Ezra 2:60
276:Neh. iii.
272:Ezra 8:20
252:Ezra 8:17
74:Etymology
64:Midianite
44:Jerusalem
24:נְתִינִים
944:(2016).
822:(2007).
794:(2010).
743:(1977).
539:, 11.1.6
453:Day 2007
362:Nethinim
346:Edomites
334:Moabites
326:mamzerim
318:shetukim
292:Neh 7:62
244:Nethunim
185:Peshitta
181:Nathinæi
165:Josephus
149:Nethinim
114:Nethinim
26:
20:Nethinim
1101:4465617
322:assufim
314:Mishnah
310:yuhasin
268:Levites
216:nesi'im
193:netinim
173:Vulgate
161:1 Chron
124:in the
79:Netinim
28:nəṯīnīm
1167:
1134:
1099:
1076:
1051:
1012:
991:596424
989:
958:
920:
905:
863:
838:
808:
780:
759:
729:
501:Strong
283:Ezra 2
264:Nathin
260:Talmud
236:Ezra 2
197:geyora
163:9:2).
94:1 Chr.
40:Temple
1165:S2CID
1097:JSTOR
987:JSTOR
926:. In
832:Brill
753:Brill
397:e.g.
376:Notes
330:natin
254:(cf.
248:ketiv
240:Neh 7
232:Exile
202:gerim
177:Latin
96:9:2;
86:N-T-N
1132:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1010:ISBN
956:ISBN
903:ISBN
861:ISBN
836:ISBN
806:ISBN
778:ISBN
757:ISBN
727:ISBN
344:and
238:and
175:has
102:Neh.
98:Ezra
1157:doi
979:doi
294:).
34:or
1207::
1163:.
1153:87
1115:.
1111:.
1093:20
1091:.
1072:.
1047:.
1043:.
1039:.
1026:.
1008:.
1004:.
985:.
975:86
973:.
954:.
950:.
901:.
859:.
855:.
830:.
804:.
800:.
755:.
751:.
747:.
725:.
721:.
604:^
433:^
372:.
340:,
336:,
290:;
179::
70:.
1171:.
1159::
1140:.
1119:.
1103:.
1082:.
1057:.
1030:.
1018:.
993:.
981::
964:.
911:.
869:.
844:.
814:.
786:.
765:.
735:.
515:.
503:.
479:.
308:(
204:.
22:(
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