639:
503:
260:
1580:
27:
734:
722:
1536:
2617:
46:
269:
2605:
2071:
1962:
2629:
407:
57:
434:, goods were transported between the Netherlands and Poland freely, with Dutch traders gained dominant positions in trade with the Poles, to the expansion of arts and architecture. The Dutch Republic was Poland's largest partner in maritime trade, and as of 1585, Dutch ships made up 52% of the ships passing from the Polish chief port city of
446:
acted as an intermediary in maritime trade between Poland and the
Netherlands, with its 17th-century stock exchange including a painting depicting a townswoman buying goods from a Pole and a Dutchman, embracing the notion that the city's prosperity was based on trade with the East and West,
88:. The two nations have had historically close relations for several hundred years, owing to frequent migrations in both directions, substantial cultural exchange and extensive trade, cemented by the Polish role in the liberation of the Netherlands from Nazi German occupation during
211:, staying in their camps and taking part in the sieges of a number of cities. The so-called Old Dutch style of bastion fortifications became popular in Poland in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, applied in various cities including
559:
launched invasions on both nations. Being victims of Nazi brutality, Poles and Dutch shared common frontier fighting against the Nazis. Dutch prisoners of war were held alike Polish POWs in several
1524:
447:
particularly Poland and the
Netherlands. The Dutch imported mainly grain, wax, flax, tar and beer, while the Poles imported mainly cloth, wine and precious goods, especially
686:, in total €30,3 billion in 2015. There are about 2,500 enterprises operating in the Polish market with Dutch shareholding that are employing over 120,000 people in Poland.
295:
There were also some migrations from Poland to the
Netherlands, and migrations of non-Mennonites from the Netherlands to Poland. Notable Dutch immigrants in Poland included
694:
Polish diaspora exists in the
Netherlands, and is perceived well by the Dutch locals. Polish immigrants form the sixth largest immigration group to the Netherlands.
1502:
1950:
638:
403:, drew inspiration from Polish culture, which they immortalized in their paintings, and a number of Polish painters drew inspiration from Dutch paintings.
1433:
455:
was popular throughout Poland. Some Polish bankers brokered loans and held assets in Dutch banks. During the 1766 Polish monetary reform, the new Polish
1517:
635:
participated in Dutch liberation war against Nazis, and was praised for its valiant efforts on its fight to free both Poland and the
Netherlands.
2654:
1323:
1928:
670:. In the 1970s, economic exchanges resumed and a number of economic treaties were signed between the Netherlands and Poland. Dutchmen supported
192:
county. Many of
Mennonites' technique, cultures, contributions are still remaining in Poland today as an example of historical tolerance of the
1917:
1913:
1249:
1086:
876:
828:
388:
1510:
560:
785:
1445:
674:
to topple the communists in Poland, which was a complete success and overthrowing communist rule in
Central and Eastern Europe together.
482:
got supported in the
Netherlands and sometimes settled there. In the late 18th century, some Dutch Mennonites settled near the cities of
422:
joined
Amsterdam and Rotterdam as one of the Dutch centers for trade with Poland, and merchants from the inland major Polish cities like
26:
1695:
600:
603:. Dutch people, alongside Poles and other nationals, were also among the prisoners of the particularly notorious Nazi German camps in
2649:
2293:
1943:
1908:
1532:
1272:
1871:
1042:
1349:
1619:
1458:
300:
2659:
1569:
1015:
308:
2582:
2578:
2520:
2206:
1892:
1725:
1715:
1307:
1191:
721:
1936:
1690:
1650:
1645:
1540:
750:
2536:
2494:
2354:
1887:
1720:
1710:
1670:
1629:
890:
2130:
1851:
1831:
1776:
1735:
1705:
1700:
1614:
733:
502:
193:
145:
in the
Netherlands, there was no influx of further Dutch monks. At the beginning of the 16th century, Polish humanists
1434:
https://flexwonen.nl/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Prof-Pawel-Kaczmarczyk-Demografische-ontwikkelingen-in-Polen.pdf
2288:
2263:
2030:
1866:
1836:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1660:
1624:
1564:
1052:
1025:
2515:
2268:
2258:
2243:
2156:
2035:
1861:
1846:
1841:
1821:
1806:
1796:
1740:
1730:
1680:
1604:
1599:
1594:
2541:
2484:
2429:
2298:
2278:
2228:
2223:
2171:
2166:
1958:
1856:
1816:
1685:
1665:
1655:
1554:
671:
1375:
1186:. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 256–257, 323, 360, 376, 501, 510.
2510:
2424:
2253:
2191:
2140:
2085:
1675:
1609:
1559:
511:
2469:
2449:
2389:
2339:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2105:
2060:
2040:
1990:
1168:
650:
However, after the World War II, the Netherlands and Poland was completely cut off for the second time, with
2557:
2489:
2454:
2434:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2379:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2344:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2303:
2181:
2161:
2135:
2045:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
1980:
624:
248:
2479:
2464:
2459:
2444:
2419:
2414:
2384:
2374:
2349:
2283:
2273:
2213:
2120:
2095:
2090:
2055:
2050:
1966:
755:
651:
313:
185:
259:
2595:
2474:
2409:
2218:
2186:
2176:
2115:
2100:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1207:
Rusak, Stanisław (2011). "Obozy Wehrmachtu w okupowanym Ostrzeszowie i polsko-norweska pamięć o nich".
526:, two countries once again established relations. Trade contacts have been revived. The Dutch company
2201:
2196:
2125:
2110:
2005:
381:
377:
352:
were active in Poland, the latter two being court painters of the Polish kings, and Polish painters
158:
373:
360:
were active in the Netherlands. On the other hand, Poland's most renowned 17th-century astronomer,
177:
150:
1184:
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV
391:
were inspired by the Mannerist architecture of the Netherlands. Several Dutch painters, including
1300:
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I
965:
765:
628:
523:
345:
341:
1390:
176:
began to settle in Poland to flee from persecutions across Europe. They settled mainly in the
1302:. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 165, 725, 729.
369:
353:
544:
submarines of the Polish Navy were built in the Netherlands, co-designed by Polish engineer
604:
487:
466:, and for most of next 123 years, there had been no official tie between two. Nonetheless,
463:
208:
530:
has launched an electric lamp factory and a scientific research laboratory in Poland. The
8:
928:
760:
77:
1579:
538:
2621:
1243:
1080:
870:
822:
491:
479:
357:
334:
1303:
1216:
1187:
1048:
1021:
365:
330:
200:
93:
1485:
Bogucka, Maria (2011). "Z dziejów stosunków polsko-holenderskich w XVI–XVII wieku".
531:
1420:
1402:
467:
431:
204:
2070:
2609:
584:
545:
475:
400:
304:
240:
1391:"The Transnationality of Dutch Solidarity with the Polish Opposition 1980-1989"
683:
646:
bid farewell to a convoy of 120 trucks with Christmas packages to Poland (1981)
632:
471:
349:
296:
97:
137:
had expanded since the 13th century. In 1489, Dutch Catholic monks settled in
2643:
2633:
1469:
1220:
863:
Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VI
588:
452:
396:
361:
162:
154:
815:
Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom I
596:
1406:
663:
659:
655:
580:
576:
572:
556:
552:
244:
89:
608:
189:
146:
1535:
620:
612:
592:
568:
564:
519:
443:
337:
322:
232:
224:
220:
142:
122:
81:
50:
2604:
1494:
Leska-Ślęzak, Joanna (2014). "Holenderska misja gospodarcza w Polsce".
173:
616:
439:
138:
1350:"Słońsk: 73. rocznica zagłady więźniów niemieckiego obozu Sonnenburg"
711:
419:
411:
410:
17th-century grain granary with a bas-relief of a Polish nobleman in
392:
318:
134:
130:
435:
423:
326:
278:
268:
228:
212:
126:
121:
Two countries have a long-standing relationship dated back from the
667:
282:
1017:
New Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Gdańsk, Poland and Prussia
462:
Relationship between two countries would have been severed by the
427:
251:, becoming the author of the first manual of such fortifications.
216:
1446:"Polish community in NL works hard for low pay and wants to stay"
1182:
Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022).
643:
527:
406:
286:
181:
166:
483:
1961:
704:
459:
were modeled on Dutch ducats, common in circulation in Poland.
85:
61:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1073:
Zarys gospodarczych dziejów Polski w czasach przedrozbiorowych
199:
The Poles observed and learned the tactics of Dutch commander
797:
795:
507:
456:
448:
236:
247:, who took part in the war on the Dutch side, including the
2562:
1142:
105:
101:
792:
414:, remnant of the historically extensive Dutch–Polish trade
1324:"Świecko (Lager Schwetig): Odnaleziono szczątki 21 osób"
1273:"68 lat temu zlikwidowano obóz hitlerowski w Żabikowie"
1044:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture
909:
842:
840:
838:
125:. Maritime trade between the Polish chief port city of
2593:
1112:
995:
983:
946:
595:. 18 Dutch POWs escaped from the Oflag XXI-C camp in
551:
There were little to no formal connections until the
514:
for liberating the city from German occupation (1944)
1181:
897:
835:
682:
The Netherlands is now Poland's no.1 investor among
172:
The strong tie began in the 16th century when Dutch
583:, Stalag 327, Stalag 357, Stalag 369, Stalag 371,
1169:"World War II in Europe | Holocaust Encyclopedia"
2641:
1233:
442:strait to western Europe. Also the port city of
380:, whereas renowned 18th-century Dutch physicist
1100:Jasiński, Janusz (2005). "Polska a Królewiec".
891:"The immigrants from the Netherlands in Poland"
697:
387:As a result of intense cultural exchange, some
165:established close contacts with Dutch humanist
372:also studied at Leiden and then served in the
1944:
1518:
1236:Miejsca Pamięci Narodowej na terenie Podgórza
340:in Poland as Tylman Gamerski. Dutch painters
321:, inventor who constructed the world's first
1493:
1155:
801:
368:before his return to Poland, Polish Admiral
1951:
1937:
1525:
1511:
1248:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1085:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
875:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
827:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
329:, Poland in 1644, and famous 17th-century
1234:Banaś, Jan; Fijałkowska, Grażyna (2006).
1070:
1040:
865:(in Polish). Warszawa. 1885. p. 256.
817:(in Polish). Warszawa. 1880. p. 563.
430:also reached the Netherlands. During the
1297:
1099:
637:
501:
405:
1484:
1395:Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire
1388:
1118:
1013:
1001:
989:
952:
915:
903:
846:
303:who led Poland to victory in the naval
2655:Bilateral relations of the Netherlands
2642:
1075:(in Polish). Poznań. pp. 208–209.
786:"De lage landen - context bij cultuur"
599:, most likely in cooperation with the
1932:
1506:
1206:
1066:
1064:
857:
855:
662:; while the Netherlands were part of
376:and was one of the commanders of the
1541:Foreign relations of the Netherlands
1459:Embassy of the Netherlands in Warsaw
1291:
751:Foreign relations of the Netherlands
727:Embassy of the Netherlands in Warsaw
301:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy
13:
1376:"The 1st Polish Armoured Division"
1061:
852:
418:From the 15th and 16th centuries,
129:and the Dutch main port cities of
92:. Both nations are members of the
14:
2671:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2069:
1960:
1578:
1534:
1238:(in Polish). Kraków. p. 30.
732:
720:
652:Poland falling to the communists
267:
258:
243:, with Polish military engineer
116:
55:
44:
25:
1478:
1463:
1452:
1438:
1427:
1413:
1382:
1368:
1342:
1316:
1265:
1256:
1227:
1200:
1175:
1161:
1133:
1124:
1093:
1041:Hourihane, Colum (2012-12-06).
1034:
1007:
958:
497:
1470:Embassy of Poland in The Hague
1298:Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009).
1102:Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
921:
883:
807:
778:
739:Embassy of Poland in The Hague
703:Netherlands has an embassy in
389:Mannerist structures in Poland
384:was an immigrant from Poland.
194:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
2660:Bilateral relations of Poland
2579:Diplomatic missions of Poland
1209:Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny
1014:Możejko, Beata (2017-03-31).
771:
2650:Netherlands–Poland relations
698:Resident diplomatic missions
625:1st Polish Armoured Division
561:German prisoner-of-war camps
512:Polish 1st Armoured Division
74:Netherlands–Poland relations
7:
1967:Foreign relations of Poland
1909:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1047:. Oxford University Press.
966:"Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit"
756:Foreign relations of Poland
744:
689:
281:(left) was inspired by the
10:
2676:
1389:Miedema, Christie (2011).
1328:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
642:Thousands of residents of
111:
2571:
2550:
2529:
2503:
2312:
2149:
2078:
2067:
1973:
1901:
1880:
1749:
1638:
1587:
1576:
1547:
1498:(in Polish). No. 12.
1489:(in Polish). No. 24.
710:Poland has an embassy in
382:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
378:Dutch invasions of Brazil
249:Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch
67:
54:
43:
33:
24:
761:Poles in the Netherlands
677:
374:Dutch West India Company
151:Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski
20:Dutch – Polish relations
1071:Rutkowski, Jan (1923).
470:fleeing persecution in
314:Poland–Sweden relations
2551:Multilateral relations
1914:Diplomatic missions of
1496:Cywilizacja i Polityka
1407:10.3406/rbph.2011.8358
766:Dutch people in Poland
647:
627:joined as part of the
515:
510:thank soldiers of the
415:
346:Peeter Danckers de Rij
342:Hans Vredeman de Vries
203:and Spanish commander
159:Krzysztof Szydłowiecki
141:, however, due to the
1421:"Welcome to the NPCC"
641:
563:in Poland, including
505:
409:
370:Krzysztof Arciszewski
354:Krzysztof Lubieniecki
277:The Great Armoury in
2294:United Arab Emirates
464:Partitions of Poland
307:of 1627 against the
180:, and later also in
2572:Diplomatic missions
1277:Poznań Nasze Miasto
929:"Johannes Hevelius"
893:. 17 November 2017.
672:Solidarity movement
591:, Oflag VIII-C and
522:and the rebirth of
488:Gródek Jagielloński
78:bilateral relations
21:
16:Bilateral relations
1918:in the Netherlands
654:controlled by the
648:
516:
492:Austrian Partition
416:
358:Teodor Lubieniecki
335:Tylman van Gameren
19:
2591:
2590:
2210:
1926:
1925:
1309:978-0-253-35328-3
1193:978-0-253-06089-1
1156:Leska-Ślęzak 2014
1139:Rutkowski, p. 221
1130:Rutkowski, p. 223
918:, pp. 69–71.
802:Leska-Ślęzak 2014
601:Polish resistance
468:Polish immigrants
366:Leiden University
364:, studied at the
299:, Admiral of the
209:Eighty Years' War
201:Maurice of Orange
94:Council of Europe
71:
70:
2667:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2521:Papua New Guinea
2207:Kurdistan Region
2204:
2073:
1965:
1964:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1696:Kurdistan Region
1582:
1539:
1538:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1448:. 24 April 2018.
1442:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1401:(3): 1307–1330.
1386:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1215:. Opole: 73–74.
1204:
1198:
1197:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
962:
956:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
894:
887:
881:
880:
874:
866:
859:
850:
844:
833:
832:
826:
818:
811:
805:
799:
790:
789:
782:
736:
724:
432:Dutch Golden Age
309:Swedish invaders
271:
262:
205:Ambrogio Spinola
59:
58:
48:
47:
29:
22:
18:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2602:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2567:
2546:
2525:
2499:
2308:
2145:
2074:
2065:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1927:
1922:
1897:
1876:
1745:
1634:
1583:
1574:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1487:Czasy Nowożytne
1481:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1098:
1094:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
974:
972:
964:
963:
959:
951:
947:
937:
935:
927:
926:
922:
914:
910:
902:
898:
889:
888:
884:
868:
867:
861:
860:
853:
845:
836:
820:
819:
813:
812:
808:
800:
793:
784:
783:
779:
774:
747:
740:
737:
728:
725:
700:
692:
680:
589:Stalag Luft VII
585:Stalag Luft III
546:Kazimierz Leski
500:
401:Caspar Netscher
305:Battle of Oliwa
293:
292:
291:
290:
274:
273:
272:
264:
263:
119:
114:
60:
56:
49:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2637:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:European Union
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2537:Czechoslovakia
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2495:United Kingdom
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2355:Czech Republic
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1872:United Kingdom
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1491:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1462:
1451:
1437:
1426:
1412:
1381:
1367:
1341:
1315:
1308:
1290:
1264:
1255:
1226:
1199:
1192:
1174:
1160:
1158:, p. 167.
1141:
1132:
1123:
1111:
1092:
1060:
1053:
1033:
1026:
1006:
994:
982:
957:
945:
920:
908:
896:
882:
851:
834:
806:
804:, p. 166.
791:
776:
775:
773:
770:
769:
768:
763:
758:
753:
746:
743:
742:
741:
738:
731:
729:
726:
719:
716:
715:
708:
699:
696:
691:
688:
684:European Union
679:
676:
633:United Kingdom
499:
496:
350:Pieter Soutman
297:Arend Dickmann
276:
275:
266:
265:
257:
256:
255:
254:
253:
118:
115:
113:
110:
98:European Union
69:
68:
65:
64:
53:
41:
40:
38:
35:
34:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2672:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:United States
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:United States
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1371:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:(in Polish).
1210:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1136:
1127:
1121:, p. 64.
1120:
1115:
1107:
1104:(in Polish).
1103:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1054:9780195395365
1050:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1027:9781351805438
1023:
1020:. Routledge.
1019:
1018:
1010:
1004:, p. 68.
1003:
998:
992:, p. 71.
991:
986:
971:
967:
961:
955:, p. 66.
954:
949:
934:
930:
924:
917:
912:
906:, p. 69.
905:
900:
892:
886:
878:
872:
864:
858:
856:
849:, p. 65.
848:
843:
841:
839:
830:
824:
816:
810:
803:
798:
796:
787:
781:
777:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
735:
730:
723:
718:
717:
713:
709:
706:
702:
701:
695:
687:
685:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
645:
640:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
542:
536:
535:
529:
525:
521:
513:
509:
506:Residents of
504:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
453:Delft pottery
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
413:
408:
404:
402:
398:
397:Ferdinand Bol
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:Jan Heweliusz
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
302:
298:
288:
284:
280:
270:
261:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:Vistula delta
175:
170:
168:
164:
163:Jan Dantyszek
160:
156:
155:Piotr Tomicki
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
117:Early history
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
66:
63:
52:
42:
39:
37:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2439:
2289:Turkmenistan
2264:Saudi Arabia
2031:South Africa
1826:
1570:South Africa
1495:
1486:
1479:Bibliography
1465:
1454:
1440:
1429:
1415:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1370:
1360:13 September
1358:. Retrieved
1353:
1344:
1334:13 September
1332:. Retrieved
1327:
1318:
1299:
1293:
1283:13 September
1281:. Retrieved
1276:
1267:
1262:Rusak, p. 86
1258:
1235:
1229:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1183:
1177:
1163:
1135:
1126:
1119:Bogucka 2011
1114:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1072:
1043:
1036:
1016:
1009:
1002:Bogucka 2011
997:
990:Bogucka 2011
985:
973:. Retrieved
969:
960:
953:Bogucka 2011
948:
936:. Retrieved
932:
923:
916:Bogucka 2011
911:
904:Bogucka 2011
899:
885:
862:
847:Bogucka 2011
814:
809:
780:
693:
681:
664:Western Bloc
660:Eastern Bloc
656:Soviet Union
649:
581:Stalag XXI-D
577:Stalag XXI-C
573:Stalag XXI-A
557:Nazi Germany
553:World War II
550:
540:
533:
517:
498:20th century
461:
438:through the
417:
386:
312:
294:
245:Adam Freytag
198:
171:
120:
90:World War II
80:between the
73:
72:
2622:Netherlands
2516:New Zealand
2485:Switzerland
2440:Netherlands
2269:South Korea
2259:Philippines
2244:North Korea
2157:Afghanistan
2036:South Sudan
1893:New Zealand
1726:South Korea
1716:Philippines
1356:(in Polish)
1330:(in Polish)
1279:(in Polish)
631:led by the
613:Brzeg Dolny
593:Oflag XXI-C
569:Stalag II-D
565:Stalag II-B
520:World War I
494:of Poland.
323:aerial lift
311:(see also:
207:during the
143:Reformation
123:Middle Ages
82:Netherlands
51:Netherlands
2644:Categories
2542:Yugoslavia
2430:Luxembourg
2299:Uzbekistan
2279:Tajikistan
2229:Kyrgyzstan
2224:Kazakhstan
2172:Bangladesh
2167:Azerbaijan
1691:Kazakhstan
1651:Bangladesh
1646:Azerbaijan
970:Britannica
933:Britannica
772:References
597:Ostrzeszów
518:After the
333:architect
174:Mennonites
2583:in Poland
2511:Australia
2425:Lithuania
2254:Palestine
2192:Indonesia
2141:Venezuela
2086:Argentina
1888:Australia
1721:Singapore
1711:Palestine
1671:Indonesia
1630:Venezuela
1354:dzieje.pl
1244:cite book
1221:0137-5199
1108:(1): 131.
1081:cite book
975:28 August
938:28 August
871:cite book
823:cite book
712:The Hague
609:Miłoszyce
444:Królewiec
420:Dordrecht
412:Amsterdam
393:Rembrandt
319:Adam Wybe
233:Królewiec
190:Berdyczów
147:Jan Łaski
135:Rotterdam
131:Amsterdam
2610:Politics
2470:Slovakia
2450:Portugal
2390:Holy See
2340:Bulgaria
2249:Pakistan
2239:Mongolia
2234:Malaysia
2106:Colombia
2079:Americas
2061:Zimbabwe
2041:Tanzania
1991:Ethiopia
1852:Slovenia
1832:Portugal
1777:Bulgaria
1736:Thailand
1706:Pakistan
1701:Malaysia
1615:Suriname
1588:Americas
745:See also
690:Diaspora
668:Cold War
605:Żabikowo
338:ennobled
289:(right).
283:Vleeshal
186:Michalin
76:are the
2596:Portals
2504:Oceania
2490:Ukraine
2455:Romania
2435:Moldova
2405:Ireland
2400:Iceland
2395:Hungary
2380:Germany
2370:Finland
2365:Estonia
2360:Denmark
2345:Croatia
2335:Belgium
2330:Belarus
2325:Austria
2320:Albania
2304:Vietnam
2182:Georgia
2162:Armenia
2136:Uruguay
2046:Tunisia
2026:Senegal
2021:Nigeria
2016:Namibia
2011:Morocco
1981:Algeria
1902:Related
1881:Oceania
1867:Ukraine
1837:Romania
1812:Hungary
1802:Germany
1792:Finland
1787:Denmark
1782:Croatia
1772:Belgium
1767:Belarus
1762:Austria
1757:Albania
1661:Georgia
1625:Uruguay
1565:Morocco
666:of the
658:at the
644:Utrecht
617:Świecko
528:Philips
490:in the
480:Prussia
476:Austria
440:Øresund
331:Baroque
287:Haarlem
241:Żółkiew
188:in the
184:and in
182:Masovia
167:Erasmus
139:Chełmno
112:History
2634:Poland
2530:Former
2480:Sweden
2465:Serbia
2460:Russia
2445:Norway
2420:Latvia
2415:Kosovo
2385:Greece
2375:France
2350:Cyprus
2313:Europe
2284:Turkey
2274:Taiwan
2214:Israel
2121:Mexico
2096:Canada
2091:Brazil
2056:Zambia
2051:Uganda
1974:Africa
1862:Sweden
1847:Serbia
1842:Russia
1827:Poland
1822:Kosovo
1807:Greece
1797:France
1750:Europe
1741:Turkey
1731:Taiwan
1681:Israel
1605:Mexico
1600:Canada
1595:Brazil
1548:Africa
1306:
1219:
1190:
1051:
1024:
705:Warsaw
629:Allies
623:. The
621:Słońsk
524:Poland
472:Russia
457:ducats
449:pearls
436:Gdańsk
424:Kraków
327:Gdańsk
279:Gdańsk
229:Elbląg
225:Łańcut
221:Zamość
213:Gdańsk
127:Gdańsk
86:Poland
62:Poland
2475:Spain
2410:Italy
2219:Japan
2187:India
2177:China
2116:Haiti
2101:Chile
2001:Libya
1996:Kenya
1986:Egypt
1857:Spain
1817:Italy
1686:Japan
1666:India
1656:China
1555:Kenya
678:Trade
555:when
541:Orzeł
508:Breda
428:Toruń
237:Brody
217:Toruń
2563:NATO
2202:Iraq
2197:Iran
2150:Asia
2126:Peru
2111:Cuba
2006:Mali
1676:Iran
1639:Asia
1610:Peru
1560:Mali
1362:2024
1336:2024
1304:ISBN
1285:2024
1250:link
1217:ISSN
1188:ISBN
1087:link
1049:ISBN
1022:ISBN
977:2024
940:2024
877:link
829:link
619:and
539:ORP
537:and
532:ORP
486:and
484:Lwów
478:and
426:and
399:and
356:and
348:and
239:and
161:and
133:and
106:OECD
104:and
102:NATO
84:and
1403:doi
534:Sęp
325:in
317:),
285:in
2646::
2581:/
1916:/
1399:89
1397:.
1393:.
1352:.
1326:.
1275:.
1246:}}
1242:{{
1213:34
1144:^
1083:}}
1079:{{
1063:^
968:.
931:.
873:}}
869:{{
854:^
837:^
825:}}
821:{{
794:^
615:,
611:,
607:,
587:,
579:,
575:,
571:,
567:,
548:.
474:,
451:.
395:,
344:,
235:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
215:,
196:.
169:.
157:,
153:,
149:,
108:.
100:,
96:,
2598::
2209:)
2205:(
1952:e
1945:t
1938:v
1526:e
1519:t
1512:v
1423:.
1409:.
1405::
1378:.
1364:.
1338:.
1312:.
1287:.
1252:)
1223:.
1196:.
1171:.
1106:2
1089:)
1057:.
1030:.
979:.
942:.
879:)
831:)
788:.
714:.
707:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
