Bird - Knowledge

4583: 3491: 4646: 3217: 6969: 26388: 3638: 3981: 7974: 4706: 3774: 683: 5503: 7621: 7303: 6862:. This communication can be very complex; some species can operate the two sides of the syrinx independently, allowing the simultaneous production of two different songs. Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), and the warning of other birds of potential predators, sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat. Some birds also use mechanical sounds for auditory communication. The 3124: 6892: 4260: 3318: 7108: 28189: 3589: 7282:. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests can be a simple scrape, with minimal or no lining; most seabird and wader nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid predation, but large or colonial birds—which are more capable of defence—may build more open nests. During nest construction, some species seek out plant matter from plants with parasite-reducing toxins to improve chick survival, and feathers are often used for nest insulation. Some bird species have no nests; the cliff-nesting 4329: 6836: 3425: 8783: 4496: 4296: 4611: 8358: 6615: 3830: 4681: 3540: 1664: 4471: 7729:, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away from the nest at an early age. In most species, chicks leave the nest just before, or soon after, they are able to fly. The amount of parental care after fledging varies; albatross chicks leave the nest on their own and receive no further help, while other species continue some supplementary feeding after fledging. Chicks may also follow their parents during their first 6131: 4831: 4800: 6055: 3889: 8085: 7267: 22469: 3519: 8504: 3159: 26395: 5921: 4440: 27778: 4067: 7656: 25632: 7748: 4214: 8208: 3617: 157: 4193: 6513: 27339: 4862: 6719: 5051: 27344: 6227: 26381: 4883: 193: 4552: 3749: 3710: 3917: 25626: 3246: 4096: 3343: 6922:, which are usually composed of small numbers of many species; these flocks provide safety in numbers but increase potential competition for resources. Costs of flocking include bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds and the reduction of feeding efficiency in certain cases. Some species have a mixed system with breeding pairs maintaining territories, while unmated or young birds live in flocks where they secure mates prior to finding territories. 3861: 3404: 25620: 1526: 7220: 27838: 24143: 3180: 1568: 5385:, both on the left side, but there are exceptions: species in at least 16 different orders of birds have two ovaries. Even these species, however, tend to have a single oviduct. It has been speculated that this might be an adaptation to flight, but males have two testes, and it is also observed that the gonads in both sexes decrease dramatically in size outside the breeding season. Also terrestrial birds generally have a single ovary, as does the 24167: 4990:(1990) is a landmark work on the subject. Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate, but scientists disagree about the relationships among the orders themselves; evidence from modern bird anatomy, fossils and DNA have all been brought to bear on the problem, but no strong consensus has emerged. Fossil and molecular evidence from the 2010s is providing an increasingly clear picture of the evolution of modern bird orders. 8638: 2723: 27953: 2775:, which became so well adapted to hunting fish in marine environments that they lost the ability to fly and became primarily aquatic. The early euornithes also saw the development of many traits associated with modern birds, like strongly keeled breastbones, toothless, beaked portions of their jaws (though most non-avian euornithes retained teeth in other parts of the jaws). Euornithes also included the first avialans to develop true 3948: 27784: 5150: 6145:, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for searching for food and for escaping from predators. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscles, the pectoralis (which accounts for 15% of the total mass of the bird) and the supracoracoideus, as well as a modified forelimb ( 22367: 7167:, also occur. Polygamous breeding systems arise when females are able to raise broods without the help of males. Mating systems vary across bird families but variations within species are thought to be driven by environmental conditions. A unique system is the formation of trios where a third individual is allowed by a breeding pair temporarily into the territory to assist with brood raising thereby leading to higher fitness. 5673: 7805: 4140: 24179: 3016:, a pulse of diversification in all major groups occurred around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event. Modern birds would have expanded from West Gondwana through two routes. One route was an Antarctic interchange in the Paleogene. The other route was probably via Paleocene land bridges between South America and North America, which allowed for the rapid expansion and diversification of Neornithes into the 24155: 5574:, and into arterioles which act as a transportation system to distribute primarily oxygen as well as nutrients to all tissues of the body. As the arterioles move away from the heart and into individual organs and tissues they are further divided to increase surface area and slow blood flow. Blood travels through the arterioles and moves into the capillaries where gas exchange can occur. 1750:. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or "hind wings" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering. 6639:

range of conspecifics; others undertake partial migrations, where only a fraction of the population, usually females and subdominant males, migrates. Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions; in Australia, surveys found that 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerines were partially migratory.

7768:, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism. After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be either 7956:

in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In general,

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have been identified; intersexual selection, also known as female choice; and intrasexual competition, where individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate. Sexually selected traits often evolve to become more pronounced in competitive breeding situations until

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and must be brooded for longer than precocial chicks. The young of many bird species do not precisely fit into either the precocial or altricial category, having some aspects of each and thus fall somewhere on an "altricial-precocial spectrum". Chicks at neither extreme but favouring one or the other

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in which the bird encourages ants to run through their plumage is also thought to help them reduce the ectoparasite load in feathers. Many species will spread out their wings and expose them to direct sunlight and this too is thought to help in reducing fungal and ectoparasitic activity that may lead

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bringing blood back to the heart. Once the blood reaches the heart, it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left

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was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics—teeth, clawed fingers, and a long, lizard-like tail—as well as wings with flight feathers similar to those of modern birds. It is not considered a direct ancestor of birds, though it is possibly closely related to the

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For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate. Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that

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are particularly well known for congregating daily at waterholes. Nesting sandgrouse and many plovers carry water to their young by wetting their belly feathers. Some birds carry water for chicks at the nest in their crop or regurgitate it along with food. The pigeon family, flamingos and penguins

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of oxygen into the tissues. Once the blood has become deoxygenated, it travels through venules then veins and back to the heart. Veins, unlike arteries, are thin and rigid as they do not need to withstand extreme pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called

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Being able to sequence and compare whole genomes gives researchers many types of information, about genes, the DNA that regulates the genes, and their evolutionary history. This has led to reconsideration of some of the classifications that were based solely on the identification of protein-coding

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age for the most recent common ancestor of modern birds but estimates range from the Early Cretaceous to the latest Cretaceous. Similarly, there is no agreement on whether most of the early diversification of modern birds occurred in the Cretaceous and associated with breakup of the supercontinent

1761:, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). Increasingly stiff tails (especially the outermost half) can be seen in the evolution of maniraptoromorphs, and this process culminated in the appearance of the 6638:

are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food availability. Species may also travel shorter distances over part of their range, with individuals from higher latitudes travelling into the existing

6493:. Birds also bathe in water or dust themselves. While some birds dip into shallow water, more aerial species may make aerial dips into water and arboreal species often make use of dew or rain that collect on leaves. Birds of arid regions make use of loose soil to dust-bathe. A behaviour termed as 5556:

layers. The atrium walls tend to be thinner than the ventricle walls, due to the intense ventricular contraction used to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. Avian hearts are generally larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass. This adaptation allows more blood to be pumped to

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Despite being currently one of the most widely used, the crown-group definition of Aves has been criticised by some researchers. Lee and Spencer (1997) argued that, contrary to what Gauthier defended, this definition would not increase the stability of the clade and the exact content of Aves will

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Gauthier and de Queiroz identified four different definitions for the same biological name "Aves", which is a problem. The authors proposed to reserve the term Aves only for the crown group consisting of the last common ancestor of all living birds and all of its descendants, which corresponds to

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in males or females in numerous species of birds, including copulation, pair-bonding, and joint parenting of chicks. Over 130 avian species around the world engage in sexual interactions between the same sex or homosexual behaviours. "Same-sex courtship activities may involve elaborate displays,

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volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure of the ventricular contractions, and become more rigid as they move away from the heart. Blood moves

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which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lungs and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the

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reduces the physiological demands. Some desert birds can obtain their water needs entirely from moisture in their food. Some have other adaptations such as allowing their body temperature to rise, saving on moisture loss from evaporative cooling or panting. Seabirds can drink seawater and have

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Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of

1765:, an ossification of fused tail vertebrae. In the late Cretaceous, about 100 million years ago, the ancestors of all modern birds evolved a more open pelvis, allowing them to lay larger eggs compared to body size. Around 95 million years ago, they evolved a better sense of smell. 8489:. In religious images preserved from the Inca and Tiwanaku empires, birds are depicted in the process of transgressing boundaries between earthly and underground spiritual realms. Indigenous peoples of the central Andes maintain legends of birds passing to and from metaphysical worlds. 7320:, which regulates temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through 6030:

A small number of species, such as ducks and geese, lose all of their flight feathers at once, temporarily becoming flightless. As a general rule, the tail feathers are moulted and replaced starting with the innermost pair. Centripetal moults of tail feathers are however seen in the

7324:, areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of the incubating birds. Incubation can be an energetically demanding process; adult albatrosses, for instance, lose as much as 83 grams (2.9 oz) of body weight per day of incubation. The warmth for the incubation of the eggs of 1690:. The loss of osteoderms otherwise common in archosaurs and acquisition of primitive feathers might have occurred early during this phase. After the appearance of Maniraptoromorpha, the next 40 million years marked a continuous reduction of body size and the accumulation of 5543:

from the atrium through right and left atrioventricular bundle which communicates contraction to the ventricles. The avian heart also consists of muscular arches that are made up of thick bundles of muscular layers. Much like a mammalian heart, the avian heart is composed of

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keep eggs between their body and feet. The absence of nests is especially prevalent in open habitat ground-nesting species where any addition of nest material would make the nest more conspicuous. Many ground nesting birds lay a clutch of eggs that hatch synchronously, with

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are also relatively common. Many species of birds are also hunted for meat. Bird hunting is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely undeveloped areas. The most important birds hunted in North and South America are waterfowl; other widely hunted birds include

2754:(meaning "true birds", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialised in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the Enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal habitats, most early euornithes lacked 7925:

for 90% frequency in avian species) that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding. However, there are ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings. Nevertheless, 43% of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair young.

5389:, an egg-laying mammal. A more likely explanation is that the egg develops a shell while passing through the oviduct over a period of about a day, so that if two eggs were to develop at the same time, there would be a risk to survival. While rare, mostly abortive, 8896:. In the tropics and sub-tropics, relatively more species are expanding due to human activities, particularly due to the spread of crops such as rice whose expansion in south Asia has benefitted at least 64 bird species, though may have harmed many more species. 6554:

Migration is highly demanding energetically, particularly as birds need to cross deserts and oceans without refuelling. Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 km (2,500 mi), although the

7796:. Some brood parasites are adapted to hatch before their host's young, which allows them to destroy the host's eggs by pushing them out of the nest or to kill the host's chicks; this ensures that all food brought to the nest will be fed to the parasitic chicks. 5699:

have been shown to search for prey by detecting the UV reflective urine trail marks left on the ground by rodents. With the exception of pigeons and a few other species, the eyelids of birds are not used in blinking. Instead the eye is lubricated by the

2743:, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to tree-dwelling forms and seed-eaters. While they were the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period, enantiornithes became extinct along with many other dinosaur groups at the end of the 8617:

and vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture. Aircraft, particularly military aircraft, are frequently named after birds. The predatory nature of raptors make them popular choices for fighter aircraft such as the

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are believed to be able to sleep in flight and radar observations suggest that they orient themselves to face the wind in their roosting flight. It has been suggested that there may be certain kinds of sleep which are possible even when in flight.

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ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately. At the other extreme, many seabirds have extended periods of parental care, the longest being that of the

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Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists.

7072:. Birds do not have sweat glands, but can lose water directly through the skin, and they may cool themselves by moving to shade, standing in water, panting, increasing their surface area, fluttering their throat or using special behaviours like 20388: 5016:. As of 2022 the genomes of 542 species of birds had been completed. At least one genome has been sequenced from every order. These include at least one species in about 90% of extant avian families (218 out of 236 families recognised by the 5227:

is keeled for the attachment of flight muscles except in the flightless bird orders. The forelimbs are modified into wings. The wings are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups that lost their wings are the

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Tuttle, Elaina M.; Bergland, Alan O.; Korody, Marisa L.; Brewer, Michael S.; Newhouse, Daniel J.; Minx, Patrick; Stager, Maria; Betuel, Adam; Cheviron, Zachary A.; Warren, Wesley C.; Gonser, Rusty A.; Balakrishnan, Christopher N. (2016).

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Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfil ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand nine species of

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describes the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is permanently present at the nest after chicks have hatched. The main purpose of the guard stage is to aid offspring to thermoregulate and protect them from predation.

6265:. Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight. Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein stored in many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, as additional energy during migration. 8749:

A 2023 archaeological excavation of a 10000-year-old site in Israel yielded hollow wing bones of coots and ducks with perforations made on the side that are thought to have allowed them to be used as flutes or whistles possibly used by

5475:, a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea; the trachea being elongated in some species, increasing the volume of vocalisations and the perception of the bird's size. 8798:

in many bird species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times, although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions, eradicating an estimated 750–1800 species, occurred during the human colonisation of

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Many birds actively defend a territory from others of the same species during the breeding season; maintenance of territories protects the food source for their chicks. Species that are unable to defend feeding territories, such as

5948:, and are used in display, camouflage, and signalling. There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of purposes. Feathers are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin called 15357:

Takahashi, Akinori; Kuroki, Maki; Niizuma, Yasuaki; Watanuki, Yutaka (December 1999). "Parental Food Provisioning Is Unrelated to Manipulated Offspring Food Demand in a Nocturnal Single-Provisioning Alcid, the Rhinoceros Auklet".

1772:(the "bird-chested" avialans) can be associated with the refining of aerodynamics and flight capabilities, and the loss or co-ossification of several skeletal features. Particularly significant are the development of an enlarged, 6848:

pair-bonds. The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where "dances" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements; males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays.

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is a form of short-distance migration in which birds spend the breeding season at higher altitudes and move to lower ones during suboptimal conditions. It is most often triggered by temperature changes and usually occurs when

6762: 1031:, though the exact definitions applied have been inconsistent. Avialae, initially proposed to replace the traditional fossil content of Aves, is often used synonymously with the vernacular term "bird" by these researchers. 8701:. Birds feature in the flag designs of 17 countries and numerous subnational entities and territories. Birds are used by nations to symbolise a country's identity and heritage, with 91 countries officially recognising a 7119:

Ninety-five per cent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both

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and decreases the risks associated with predators. Roosting sites are often chosen with regard to thermoregulation and safety. Unusual mobile roost sites include large herbivores on the African savanna that are used by

1027:, traditionally considered one of the earliest members of Aves, is removed from this group, becoming a non-avian dinosaur instead. These proposals have been adopted by many researchers in the field of palaeontology and 3007:

Attempts to reconcile molecular and fossil evidence using genomic-scale DNA data and comprehensive fossil information have not resolved the controversy. However, a 2015 estimate that used a new method for calibrating

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for reintroductions. Such projects have produced some successes; one study estimated that conservation efforts saved 16 species of bird that would otherwise have gone extinct between 1994 and 2004, including the

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of the brain at a time. The birds tend to exercise this ability depending upon its position relative to the outside of the flock. This may allow the eye opposite the sleeping hemisphere to remain vigilant for

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is rare. In birds, however, it is quite common—more so than in any other vertebrate class. Although territory and nest site defence, incubation, and chick feeding are often shared tasks, there is sometimes a

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Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions. While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the

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often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening "peeks", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from threats.

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Wainright, S.; Haney, J.; Kerr, C.; Golovkin, A.; Flint, M. (1998). "Utilization of nitrogen derived from seabird guano by terrestrial and marine plants at St. Paul, Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska".

5991:" plumages. Moulting is annual in most species, although some may have two moults a year, and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years. Moulting patterns vary across species. In passerines, 5283:) uric acid is excreted along with faeces as a semisolid waste. However, birds such as hummingbirds can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. They also excrete 1313:

always be uncertain because any defined clade (either crown or not) will have few synapomorphies distinguishing it from its closest relatives. Their alternative definition is synonymous to Avifilopluma.

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due to human activity since the 17th century, and hundreds more before then. Human activity threatens about 1,200 bird species with extinction, though efforts are underway to protect them. Recreational

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Chamberlain, D. E.; Vickery, J. A.; Glue, D. E.; Robinson, R. A.; Conway, G. J.; Woodburn, R. J. W.; Cannon, A. R. (2005). "Annual and seasonal trends in the use of garden feeders by birds in winter".

12292: 1556:, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods closely related to birds, the previously clear distinction between non-birds and birds has become blurred. By the 2000s, discoveries in the 6156:

Wing shape and size generally determine a bird's flight style and performance; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight. About 60 extant bird species are

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Enriquez, P. L.; Mikkola, H. (1997). "Comparative study of general public owl knowledge in Costa Rica, Central America and Malawi, Africa". In Duncan, J. R.; Johnson, D. H.; Nicholls, T. H. (eds.).

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in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather.

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which prevent back flow from one chamber to the next during contraction. Being myogenic, the heart's pace is maintained by pacemaker cells found in the sinoatrial node, located on the right atrium.

1614:, have features which may have enabled them to glide or fly. The most basal deinonychosaurs were very small. This evidence raises the possibility that the ancestor of all paravians may have been 6760: 786:, and assigning them, instead, to the broader group Avialae, on the principle that a clade based on extant species should be limited to those extant species and their closest extinct relatives. 6043:, in that it begins with the second innermost pair of feathers and finishes with the central pair of feathers so that the bird maintains a functional climbing tail. The general pattern seen in 5082:

rates than in the tropics. Many species migrate annually over great distances and across oceans; several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, and some

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Davin, Laurent; Tejero, José-Miguel; Simmons, Tal; Shaham, Dana; Borvon, Aurélia; Tourny, Olivier; Bridault, Anne; Rabinovich, Rivka; Sindel, Marion; Khalaily, Hamudi; Valla, François (2023).

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Schamel, D; Tracy, Diane M.; Lank, David B.; Westneat, David F. (2004). "Mate guarding, copulation strategies and paternity in the sex-role reversed, socially polyandrous red-necked phalarope

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the trait begins to limit the individual's fitness. Conflicts between an individual fitness and signalling adaptations ensure that sexually selected ornaments such as plumage colouration and

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is also popular in Australia and New Zealand. Although some hunting, such as that of muttonbirds, may be sustainable, hunting has led to the extinction or endangerment of dozens of species.

7128:, which is especially important for species in which care from both the female and the male parent is required in order to successfully rear a brood. Among many socially monogamous species, 6065:

Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply

13688:"The molecular basis for UV vision in birds: spectral characteristics, cDNA sequence and retinal localization of the UV-sensitive visual pigment of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)" 6788: 6168:

due to an island's inherent condition of isolation. Although flightless, penguins use similar musculature and movements to "fly" through the water, as do some flight-capable birds such as

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that have taken to nesting on a short tree grown for agroforestry beside fields and canals. Several bird species have become commercially significant agricultural pests, and some pose an

15312:"The Craniolingual Morphology of Waterfowl (Aves, Anseriformes) and Its Relationship with Feeding Mode Revealed Through Contrast-Enhanced X-Ray Computed Tomography and 2D Morphometrics" 12718: 7240:

instead; this is thought to offer protection from predators. Colonial breeders defend small nesting sites, and competition between and within species for nesting sites can be intense.

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that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male

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Capillaries are organised into capillary beds in tissues; it is here that blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide waste. In the capillary beds, blood flow is slowed to allow maximum

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have a tendon-locking mechanism that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep. Many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost in trees. A few parrots of the genus

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undertake annual long-distance migrations, usually triggered by the length of daylight as well as weather conditions. These birds are characterised by a breeding season spent in the

15611: 6386:, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study of 5439:, where white- and tan-browed morphs of opposite sex pair, making it appear as if four sexes were involved since any individual is compatible with only a fourth of the population. 22355: 12684: 6761: 13298:

Maina, John N. (November 2006). "Development, structure, and function of a novel respiratory organ, the lung-air sac system of birds: to go where no other vertebrate has gone".

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has cervical, thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions with the number of cervical (neck) vertebrae highly variable and especially flexible, but movement is reduced in the anterior

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Paton, D. C.; Collins, B.G. (1 April 1989). "Bills and tongues of nectar-feeding birds: A review of morphology, function, and performance, with intercontinental comparisons".

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Lee, Michael S. Y.; Cau, Andrea; Naish, Darren; Dyke, Gareth J. (1 August 2014). "Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds".

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in 2009. There have been long-term declines in North American bird populations, with an estimated loss of 2.9 billion breeding adults, about 30% of the total, since 1970.

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is used to navigate by day, and a stellar compass is used at night. Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day by the use of an

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Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the

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Zheng, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Wei, G.; Wang, S.; Xu, X. (15 March 2013). "Hind Wings in Basal Birds and the Evolution of Leg Feathers".

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Croxall, John P.; Silk, J. R.; Phillips, R. A.; Afanasyev, V.; Briggs, D. R. (2005). "Global Circumnavigations: Tracking year-round ranges of nonbreeding Albatrosses".

9524:; Andrea Cau; Hu Dong-Yu; François Escuillié; Wu Wenhao; Gareth Dyke (2013). "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds". 9362:

Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

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have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by posturing and raising of their nape feathers. Ultraviolet light is also used in foraging—

10572: 3490: 17490: 5952:. The distribution pattern of these feather tracts (pterylosis) is used in taxonomy and systematics. The arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, called 8722:, birdsong has influenced composers and musicians in several ways: they can be inspired by birdsong; they can intentionally imitate bird song in a composition, as 5454:. This, however, was later proven to not be the case. These birds do not exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination, but temperature-dependent sex mortality. 20262:"Of irrigation canals and multifunctional agroforestry: Traditional agriculture facilitates Woolly-necked Stork breeding in a north Indian agricultural landscape" 9970: 6650:

also become inhospitable due to lack of food. Some species may also be nomadic, holding no fixed territory and moving according to weather and food availability.

2739:, or "opposite birds", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of 12883:

Birkhead, T. R.; Møller, P. (1993). "Sexual selection and the temporal separation of reproductive events: sperm storage data from reptiles, birds and mammals".

5317:. This is a mucus-covered pouch that allows parents to either dispose of the waste outside the nest or to recycle the waste through their own digestive system. 6047:

is that the primaries are replaced outward, secondaries inward, and the tail from centre outward. Before nesting, the females of most bird species gain a bare

26387: 12300: 11227: 8349:

has grown into a multimillion-dollar industry; for example, an estimated 75% of households in Britain provide food for birds at some point during the winter.

7347:

The diversity of characteristics of birds is great, sometimes even in closely related species. Several avian characteristics are compared in the table below.

17208: 16536: 15138:

Baker, Myron Charles; Baker, Ann Eileen Miller (1 April 1973). "Niche Relationships Among Six Species of Shorebirds on Their Wintering and Breeding Ranges".

13638: 13333: 12577: 6261:

that contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth. Some species such as pigeons and some psittacine species do not have a

518:

island species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly

17147: 16197: 15425: 14860: 12741: 27700: 20679:

Pullis La Rouche, G. (2006). "Birding in the United States: a demographic and economic analysis". In Boere, G. C.; Galbraith, C. A.; Stroud, D. A. (eds.).

17880: 8705:. Birds of prey are highly represented, though some nations have chosen other species of birds with parrots being popular among smaller, tropical nations. 6658:

are overwhelmingly neither migratory nor sedentary but considered to either be dispersive, irruptive, nomadic or undertake small and irregular migrations.

19300:

Keller LF, Grant PR, Grant BR, Petren K (2002). "Environmental conditions affect the magnitude of inbreeding depression in survival of Darwin's finches".

15823:"Bactericidal and fungicidal activity of ant chemicals on feather parasites: an evaluation of anting behavior as a method of self-medication in songbirds" 14780: 14603: 14422: 9503:

Gauthier, J.; de Queiroz, K. (2001). "Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name Aves". In Gauthier, J. A.; Gall, L. F. (eds.).

27671: 19885:

Bond, William J.; Lee, William G.; Craine, Joseph M. (2004). "Plant structural defences against browsing birds: a legacy of New Zealand's extinct moas".

16331: 14308: 7263:

have varying egg colours to improve the chances of spotting a parasite's egg, which forces female parasites to match their eggs to those of their hosts.

5513:

The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a

15016: 7854:

are "honest" traits. Signals must be costly to ensure that only good-quality individuals can present these exaggerated sexual ornaments and behaviours.

7132:(infidelity) is common. Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of 6531:

temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds,

5722:

are large, not very round and capable of only limited movement in the orbits, typically 10–20°. Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide

13829:

Viitala, Jussi; Korplmäki, Erkki; Palokangas, Pälvl; Koivula, Minna (1995). "Attraction of kestrels to vole scent marks visible in ultraviolet light".

7174:. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal 15993: 8446:) embodied the fright, passivity, mourning, and beauty traditionally associated with doves. Birds have themselves been deified, as in the case of the 8098:

Since birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man. Sometimes, these relationships are

6426:

Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the

2779:

and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers, which may have replaced the "hind wing" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability and braking in flight.

28990: 22120:

Blackburn, T.; Cassey, P.; Duncan, R.; Evans, K.; Gaston, K. (24 September 2004). "Avian Extinction and Mammalian Introductions on Oceanic Islands".

6728: 17646:

McKechnie, Andrew E.; Ashdown, Robert A.M.; Christian, Murray B.; Brigham, R. Mark (2007). "Torpor in an African caprimulgid, the freckled nightjar

7170:

Breeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male. Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of

27874: 23055: 19706:"Variation in host specificity between species of avian hemosporidian parasites: evidence from parasite morphology and cytochrome b gene sequences" 19487:

Riehl C, Stern CA (2015). "How cooperatively breeding birds identify relatives and avoid incest: New insights into dispersal and kin recognition".

17031:

Hutto, Richard L. (January 1988). "Foraging Behavior Patterns Suggest a Possible Cost Associated with Participation in Mixed-Species Bird Flocks".

16806:

Templeton, Christopher N.; Greene, E; Davis, K (2005). "Allometry of Alarm Calls: Black-Capped Chickadees Encode Information About Predator Size".

8423:, or interpreting the words of birds while the "auspex" (from which the word "auspicious" is derived) watched their activities to foretell events. 6661:

The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s, a

6551:

regions or opposite hemisphere. Before migration, birds substantially increase body fats and reserves and reduce the size of some of their organs.

16763:

Jouventin, Pierre; Aubin, T; Lengagne, T (June 1999). "Finding a parent in a king penguin colony: the acoustic system of individual recognition".

14573:

Shawkey, Matthew D.; Pillai, Shreekumar R.; Hill, Geoffrey E. (2003). "Chemical warfare? Effects of uropygial oil on feather-degrading bacteria".

8118:

have benefited from human activities. Several species have reconciled to habits of farmers who practice traditional farming. Examples include the

6469:

Feathers, being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi,

172: 28836: 10749: 8373:

Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a

5471:

lungs. Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation. Sound production is achieved using the

15442:

Vickery, J. A. (May 1994). "The Kleptoparasitic Interactions between Great Frigatebirds and Masked Boobies on Henderson Island, South Pacific".

7580:

At the time of their hatching, chicks range in development from helpless to independent, depending on their species. Helpless chicks are termed

6160:, as were many extinct birds. Flightlessness often arises in birds on isolated islands, most likely due to limited resources and the absence of 14732:

Kovacs, Christopher E.; Meyers, RA (2000). "Anatomy and histochemistry of flight muscles in a wing-propelled diving bird, the Atlantic Puffin,

14088: 8028:

Some nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators, and many frugivores play a key role in seed dispersal. Plants and pollinating birds often

5802:

A lack of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (

4645: 17692:

Cabello-Vergel, Julián; Soriano-Redondo, Andrea; Villegas, Auxiliadora; Masero, José A.; Guzmán, Juan M. Sánchez; Gutiérrez, Jorge S. (2021).

16317:"Variation in Altitudinal Migration, Winter Segregation, and Site Tenacity in two subspecies of Dark-eyed Juncos in the southern Appalachians" 7667:

In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species,

2994:, dated to about 85 million years ago, are still too controversial to provide a fossil evidence of modern bird diversification. In 2020, 28862: 27728: 26456: 15763: 9596: 20159:

Dean, W. R. J.; Siegfried, W. ROY; MacDonald, I. A. W. (1990). "The Fallacy, Fact, and Fate of Guiding Behavior in the Greater Honeyguide".

18813:

Cockburn A (1996). "Why do so many Australian birds cooperate? Social evolution in the Corvida". In Floyd R, Sheppard A, de Barro P (eds.).

9475:. Memoirs of the California Academy of Science. Vol. 8. San Francisco, CA: Published by California Academy of Sciences. pp. 1–55. 26637: 26557: 20554:

Keane, Aidan; Brooke, M. de L.; McGowan, P. J. K. (2005). "Correlates of extinction risk and hunting pressure in gamebirds (Galliformes)".

12531:

Packard, Gary C. (1966). "The Influence of Ambient Temperature and Aridity on Modes of Reproduction and Excretion of Amniote Vertebrates".

20644:

Manzi, M.; Coomes, O. T. (2002). "Cormorant fishing in Southwestern China: a Traditional Fishery under Siege. (Geographical Field Note)".

16671: 16625:

Pruett-Jones, S.G.; Pruett-Jones (1 May 1990). "Sexual Selection Through Female Choice in Lawes' Parotia, A Lek-Mating Bird of Paradise".

15562: 14355:

de Beer, S. J.; Lockwood, G. M.; Raijmakers, J. H. F. S.; Raijmakers, J. M. H.; Scott, W. A.; Oschadleus, H. D.; Underhill, L. G. (2001).

9025:"The unexpected survival of an ancient lineage of anseriform birds into the Neogene of Australia: the youngest record of Presbyornithidae" 7896:(reduced survival of offspring) and the magnitude of this effect is influenced by environmental conditions such as low food availability. 5165:, 13 Thigh, 14 Tibio-tarsal articulation, 15 Tarsus, 16 Foot, 17 Tibia, 18 Belly, 19 Flanks, 20 Breast, 21 Throat, 22 Wattle, 23 Eyestripe 2798:. As both species are small aerial and canopy foraging omnivores, a similar ecological niche was inferred for this hypothetical ancestor. 27628: 27012: 14471: 11910:

Sato, Katsufumi; Naito, Y.; Kato, A.; Niizuma, Y.; Watanuki, Y.; Charrassin, J. B.; Bost, C. A.; Handrich, Y.; Le Maho, Y. (1 May 2002).

10300: 7845:

such as size and colour differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situations. Many types of avian

14246: 12692: 11669:

Bravo, Gustavo A.; Schmitt, C. Jonathan; Edwards, Scott V. (3 November 2021). "What Have We Learned from the First 500 Avian Genomes?".

11448:

Cracraft, J. (2013). "Avian Higher-level Relationships and Classification: Nonpasseriforms". In Dickinson, E. C.; Remsen, J. V. (eds.).

6673:, in Wales within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi). Birds navigate during migration using a variety of methods. For 5191:

The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the

3074:, cohort, or infraclass. The number of known living bird species is around 11,000 although sources may differ in their precise numbers. 168: 161: 28039: 27942: 26567: 20680: 20338:

Dolbeer, R.; Belant, J.; Sillings, J. (1993). "Shooting Gulls Reduces Strikes with Aircraft at John F. Kennedy International Airport".

14749: 7950:

appear to avoid inbreeding in two ways. The first is through dispersal, and the second is by avoiding familiar group members as mates.

177: 171: 28609: 18116:"Lifetime Reproductive Benefits of Cooperative Polygamy Vary for Males and Females in the Acorn Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus)" 9385: 7941:, inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative. 6235: 5078:

rates in the tropics; however studies from the 2000s found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes that were offset by greater

3216: 2956: 597: 582: 167: 17076:

Sundar, K. S. Gopi; Grant, John D. A.; Veltheim, Inka; Kittur, Swati; Brandis, Kate; McCarthy, Michael A.; Scambler, Elinor (2019).

14356: 10215: 8055:

through the construction of nests, which provide important microhabitats and food for hundreds of species of invertebrates. Nesting

5894:

was unique in having an elongate forelimb and massive hand which likely functioned in combat or defence as a jointed club or flail.

5129:

created alternative habitats although modern practices of intensive agriculture have negatively impacted farmland bird populations.

1277:

Most researchers define Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to "all

620:, usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes for years, and rarely for life. Other species have breeding systems that are 165: 163: 28810: 21866: 20924: 10858: 5442:

In nearly all species of birds, an individual's sex is determined at fertilisation. However, one 2007 study claimed to demonstrate

655:(bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertiliser. Birds figure throughout human culture. About 120 to 130 species have become 176: 175: 9505:

New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom

8013:. Many grassland birds are granivores. Birds of prey specialise in hunting mammals or other birds, while vultures are specialised 6446:

families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depend on water sources and

28849: 27920: 27902: 23050: 21061: 20537: 16608: 11209: 10282: 10099: 10049:

Li, Q.; Gao, K.-Q.; Vinther, J.; Shawkey, M. D.; Clarke, J. A.; d'Alba, L.; Meng, Q.; Briggs, D. E. G. & Prum, R. O. (2010).

5443: 160: 18071:

Petrie, Marion; Kempenaers, Bart (1998). "Extra-pair paternity in birds: explaining variation between species and populations".

13899:

Williams, David L.; Flach, E (March 2003). "Symblepharon with aberrant protrusion of the nictitating membrane in the snowy owl (

11128: 9381:"Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion" 8021:

bats. A wide range of endo- and ectoparasites depend on birds and some parasites that are transmitted from parent to young have

6821:

primarily using visual and auditory signals. Signals can be interspecific (between species) and intraspecific (within species).

6100:, but may be found further up on the ankle in some birds. Most bird scales do not overlap significantly, except in the cases of 169: 21998:

Brothers, N. P. (1991). "Albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the Japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean".

11829:

Weir, Jason T.; Schluter, D (2007). "The Latitudinal Gradient in Recent Speciation and Extinction Rates of Birds and Mammals".

10874:"Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of 6595:

and make annual round trips of 64,000 km (39,800 mi) to their summer feeding grounds in the North Pacific off Japan,

5373:

tubules that allow sperm to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species. Sperm from multiple males may

21699: 17909:"Ultimate causation of aggressive and forced copulation in birds: Female resistance, the CODE hypothesis, and social monogamy" 16988:

Terborgh, John (2005). "Mixed flocks and polyspecific associations: Costs and benefits of mixed groups to birds and monkeys".

11353:

Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014).

9145:

Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2020).

8450:, which is perceived as Mother Earth by the people of southern India. In the ancient world, doves were used as symbols of the 7937:) when the offspring produced as a result of a mating between close relatives show reduced fitness. In natural populations of 7921:(greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see 7780:

to increase their reproductive output even though they could have raised their own young. One hundred bird species, including

6910:

and increased foraging efficiency. Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where

1298: 24778: 22556: 22274: 22259: 21982: 21850: 21274: 21071: 20965: 20907: 20475: 18707: 18680: 18653: 15294: 14659: 13136: 12667: 10532: 9725: 6753: 2807: 174: 28854: 24799: 21119: 18360:"Competition for breeding sites and site-dependent population regulation in a highly colonial seabird, the common guillemot 13401:

Fitch, W.T. (1999). "Acoustic exaggeration of size in birds via tracheal elongation: comparative and theoretical analyses".

11631: 11515:

Stiller, J., Feng, S., Chowdhury, AA. et al. Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes. Nature (2024).

11354: 11033:

Prum, R. O.; et al. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing".

7634:

The length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in

6277:

for insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from a branch. Those species that seek

6051:

by losing feathers close to the belly. The skin there is well supplied with blood vessels and helps the bird in incubation.

5428:. Male birds have two Z chromosomes (ZZ), and female birds have a W chromosome and a Z chromosome (WZ). A complex system of 29005: 29000: 27867: 21749:"Bone aerophones from Eynan-Mallaha (Israel) indicate imitation of raptor calls by the last hunter-gatherers in the Levant" 6630:

Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food.

6019:

starting from the innermost begin to drop and this proceeds to the outer feathers (centrifugal moult). The greater primary

2959:. This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; most molecular dating studies suggests a Cretaceous 18931:

Alonso, J. C.; Bautista, L. M.; Alonso, J. A. (2004). "Family-based territoriality vs flocking in wintering common cranes

18024:"Variation in mating system among birds: ecological basis revealed by hierarchical comparative analysis of mate desertion" 17509:"Giraffe bed and breakfast: Camera traps reveal Tanzanian yellow-billed oxpeckers roosting on their large mammalian hosts" 17427: 10576: 28408: 21009: 19704:

Križanauskienė, Asta; Hellgren, Olof; Kosarev, Vladislav; Sokolov, Leonid; Bensch, Staffan; Valkiūnas, Gediminas (2006).

16500: 7205:

synchronised dances, gift-giving ceremonies, or behaviours at specific display areas including bowers, arenas, or leks."

6315:

with long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in the separation of

5313:

nestlings (born helpless, under constant parental care) that instead of excreting directly into the nest, they produce a

3637: 173: 21543: 20955: 8698: 164: 24217: 22328: 22069:

Wurster, C.F.; Wurster, D.H.; Strickland, W.N. (1965). "Bird Mortality after Spraying for Dutch Elm Disease with DDT".

21044: 20992: 19623: 18834: 18724: 18311:"Same-sex sexual behavior in birds: expression is related to social mating system and state of development at hatching" 17944: 16962: 16349: 15901: 14962: 13792: 13126: 9974: 5565:

Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to

639:

Many species of birds are economically important as food for human consumption and raw material in manufacturing, with

22482: 16023:

Egevang, Carsten; Stenhouse, Iain J.; Phillips, Richard A.; Petersen, Aevar; Fox, James W.; Silk, Janet R. D. (2010).

13570: 8048:

today. Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect them from the extinct moa.

5983:—"basic" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey–Parkes system as " 5062:

Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the

5032:, for example, may have in common specific adaptations suited to their environment that were developed independently. 28418: 22314: 22288: 21825: 21682: 21099: 21019: 20875: 20143: 19590: 18988: 18734: 18582: 18553: 18452: 18278: 18201: 18174: 16972: 16359: 15533: 14940: 14339: 13883: 13553: 12915:

Guioli, Silvana; Nandi, Sunil; Zhao, Debiao; Burgess-Shannon, Jessica; Lovell-Badge, Robin; Clinton, Michael (2014).

12225: 12110: 12085: 12056: 11958: 11894: 11813: 11788: 11585: 11153:

Clarke, Julia A.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Noriega, Jorge I.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Ketcham, Richard A. (January 2005).

9953: 9926: 9480: 9450: 9340: 8769: 8059:

may affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities of

25631: 22444: 19086:"Immune investment is explained by sexual selection and pace-of-life, but not longevity in parrots (Psittaciformes)" 7772:, which must lay their eggs in the nests of other species because they are incapable of raising their own young, or 1305:, who named Avialae in 1986, re-defined it in 2001 as all dinosaurs that possessed feathered wings used in flapping 28934: 28789: 27937: 27932: 27777: 20897: 16348:

Collar, Nigel J. (1997). "Family Psittacidae (Parrots)". In Josep del Hoyo; Andrew Elliott; Jordi Sargatal (eds.).

14718: 11271: 6898:, the most numerous species of wild bird, form enormous flocks – sometimes tens of thousands strong. 6781: 5466:

of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior

4999: 22033:

Wurster, D.; Wurster, C.; Strickland, W. (July 1965). "Bird Mortality Following DDT Spray for Dutch Elm Disease".

20960:. Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. pp. 120–123. 20865: 17247: 17116: 16571: 15394: 14829: 13669: 12614: 9146: 1676:

Over 40% of key traits found in modern birds evolved during the 60 million year transition from the earliest

28867: 28802: 28481: 27860: 22594: 22436:– Dedicated to bird conservation worldwide; has a database with about 250,000 records on endangered bird species. 22399: 20491: 17878:

Westneat, David F.; Stewart, Ian R.K. (2003). "Extra-pair paternity in birds: Causes, correlates, and conflict".

16410:"Migrating songbirds tested in computer-controlled Emlen funnels use stellar cues for a time-independent compass" 14105:

Dumbacher, J.P.; Beehler, BM; Spande, TF; Garraffo, HM; Daly, JW (October 1992). "Homobatrachotoxin in the genus

12772: 10656: 8601: 5985: 5980: 321: 22474: 18887:. Philadelphia & Washington, D.C.: The Academy of Natural Sciences & The American Ornithologists' Union. 17227: 16894: 16877: 16212: 15839: 15822: 15523: 15477:

Hiraldo, F. C.; Blanco, J. C.; Bustamante, J. (1991). "Unspecialized exploitation of small carcasses by birds".

13490: 12760: 11251: 10776: 9023:

De Pietri, Vanesa L.; Scofield, R. Paul; Zelenkov, Nikita; Boles, Walter E.; Worthy, Trevor H. (February 2016).

8550:

emperors. With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books.

8211:

The use of cormorants by Asian fishermen is in steep decline but survives in some areas as a tourist attraction.

4705: 3980: 3773: 28632: 28476: 28338: 28032: 27996: 27991: 20118: 18524: 16316: 16247: 16230: 14811: 14618: 14453: 14277: 12047:

Bierregaard, R. O. (1994). "Yellow-headed Caracara". In Josep del Hoyo; Andrew Elliott; Jordi Sargatal (eds.).

27338: 19836: 18898:

Schaefer, H. C.; Eshiamwata, G. W.; Munyekenye, F. B.; Böhning-Gaese, K. (2004). "Life-history of two African

18000: 7611: 7603: 6968: 6394:

estimated that the frigatebirds stole at most 40% of their food and on average stole only 5%. Other birds are

1672:, a Cretaceous bird from China that lived 125 million years ago, is the oldest known bird to have a beak. 1622:

and the non-avialan feathered dinosaurs, who primarily ate meat, studies suggest that the first avialans were

170: 28952: 28496: 28491: 28413: 27909: 15027: 12974:"Annual gonadal cycles in birds: Modeling the effects of photoperiod on seasonal changes in GnRH-1 secretion" 11544: 8538:, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the magnificent 6626:. This species has the longest known non-stop migration of any species, up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi). 5973: 5486:. The postcava receives blood from the limbs via the renal portal system. Unlike in mammals, the circulating 26394: 12398:

Skadhauge, E; Erlwanger, KH; Ruziwa, SD; Dantzer, V; Elbrønd, VS; Chamunorwa, JP (2003). "Does the ostrich (

11491: 7973: 7192: 6980:

The high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times.

6096:

of birds are composed of the same keratin as beaks, claws, and spurs. They are found mainly on the toes and

5365:

and it fills with lymphatic fluid instead of blood when erect. When not copulating, it is hidden within the

2963:, while fossil evidence points to a Cenozoic radiation (the so-called 'rocks' versus 'clocks' controversy). 2731:, which lived 93 million years ago, was the first known prehistoric bird relative preserved with teeth. 28995: 28614: 21325: 20468:

Outgrowing the Earth: The Food Security Challenge in an Age of Falling Water Tables and Rising Temperatures

17942:

Sheldon, B (1994). "Male Phenotype, Fertility, and the Pursuit of Extra-Pair Copulations by Female Birds".

16001: 14639:. East Lansing, Michigan: USDA Avian Anatomy Project, Michigan State University. pp. 67, 344, 394–601. 13611: 12127: 8558: 7965:

between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny.

6487: 6013: 26380: 12632: 10985: 7156: 6005: 28732: 28719: 28350: 28302: 28001: 24183: 23040: 20519:"How precise and accurate are data obtained using. an infrared scope on burrow-nesting sooty shearwaters 20194:

Singer, R.; Yom-Tov, Y. (1988). "The Breeding Biology of the House Sparrow Passer domesticus in Israel".

15862:

Clayton, Dale H.; Koop, Jennifer A.H.; Harbison, Christopher W.; Moyer, Brett R.; Bush, Sarah E. (2010).

13069: 8366: 8294:

Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as

8067: 7977: 7201: 6919: 5540: 5502: 5421: 5417: 5045: 3317: 2787: 1537:

Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialised subgroup of

759: 162: 20982: 20415:"Birds, Migration and Emerging Zoonoses: West Nile Virus, Lyme Disease, Influenza A and Enteropathogens" 18723:

Elliot, A (1994). "Family Megapodiidae (Megapodes)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).

14159:"The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation" 13686:

Wilkie, Susan E.; Vissers, P. M.; Das, D.; Degrip, W. J.; Bowmaker, J. K.; Hunt, D. M. (February 1998).

12323: 9713: 9671:

Maryańska, Teresa; Osmólska, Halszka; Wolsan, Mieczysław (2002). "Avialan status for Oviraptorosauria".

8070:, including counts, nest monitoring, and capturing and marking, are used for researching avian ecology. 6902:

While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large

6479: 3028:

in the Northern Hemisphere suggest that Neornithes dispersed out of East Gondwana before the Paleocene.

1011:

Aves can mean the last common ancestor of all the currently living birds and all of its descendants (a "

28554: 28539: 28331: 28188: 28006: 27927: 22822: 21726:"Composers' Appropriation of Pied Butcherbird Song: Henry Tate's "undersong of Australia" Comes of Age" 19763: 17800:

Freed, Leonard A. (1987). "The Long-Term Pair Bond of Tropical House Wrens: Advantage or Constraint?".

16961:

Sekercioglu, Cagan Hakki (2006). "Foreword". In Josep del Hoyo; Andrew Elliott; David Christie (eds.).

14781:"Conditions and significance of night feeding in shorebirds and other water birds in a tropical lagoon" 12077: 9714:"CHAPTER 3 – Crown-Clades, Key Characters and Taxonomic Stability: When Is an Amniote not and Amniote?" 8831: 8458: 8130:. Human activities can also be detrimental, and have threatened numerous bird species with extinction ( 7628: 7328:

comes from the sun, decaying vegetation or volcanic sources. Incubation periods range from 10 days (in

7093: 7089: 6335:

pursue their prey underwater, using their wings or feet for propulsion, while aerial predators such as

6142: 6021: 5997: 1658: 17: 28916: 27343: 19440:"Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms: dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding southern pied babblers" 15590: 11608:. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, no. 9. Cambridge, MA: Nuttall Ornithological Club. 10796: 9236: 8032:, and in some cases a flower's primary pollinator is the only species capable of reaching its nectar. 3123: 28877: 28737: 28637: 28564: 28025: 27897: 25571: 24771: 22737: 22727: 22391: 19149: 14073: 10479: 10382: 8123: 7816: 7376: 7112: 7097: 6250: 5704:, a third eyelid that moves horizontally. The nictitating membrane also covers the eye and acts as a 5074:

occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higher

4259: 696: 613: 484: 166: 47: 25625: 20358: 14675:

McNab, Brian K. (October 1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds".

10598:

Wang, M.; Zheng, X.; O'Connor, J. K.; Lloyd, G. T.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, Z. (2015).

9095:"Phylogenomics and Morphology of Extinct Paleognaths Reveal the Origin and Evolution of the Ratites" 8734:

did, along with many later composers; they can incorporate recordings of birds into their works, as

8626:, while the names of seabirds may be chosen for aircraft primarily used by naval forces such as the 8518:

Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early

6236: 772:

gained wide currency in the 21st century, and is used by many scientists including adherents to the

28939: 28249: 25924: 24869: 23063: 23045: 22448: 20366: 18937: 18786: 17164:

Anne, O.; Rasa, E. (June 1983). "Dwarf mongoose and hornbill mutualism in the Taru desert, Kenya".

15740: 14575: 9585: 9469:

Gauthier, Jacques (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". In Padian, Kevin (ed.).

8925: 8915: 8854: 8562: 8416: 7911: 7085: 5041: 2938: 716: 490:

whose development varies according to species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct

21948: 17266:"Harmonic oscillatory orientation relative to the wind in nocturnal roosting flights of the swift 17078:"Sympatric cranes in northern Australia: abundance, breeding success, habitat preference and diet" 16718:"Sarus crane Antigone antigone trios and their triets: Discovery of a novel social unit in cranes" 13739:"Chromatic and achromatic vision: parameter choice and limitations for reliable model predictions" 12657: 6288:

programmes. Combined, insectivorous birds eat 400–500 million metric tons of arthropods annually.

3588: 628:(one female with many males). Birds produce offspring by laying eggs which are fertilised through 28980: 28261: 27986: 27969: 27915: 27463: 26328: 25619: 23068: 21817: 21618: 21429:

Lasky, E. D. (March 1992). "A Modern Day Albatross: The Valdez and Some of Life's Other Spills".

18574: 17843: 17802: 16925:

Murphy, Stephen; Legge, Sarah; Heinsohn, Robert (2003). "The breeding biology of palm cockatoos (

16088:"Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer" 12533: 11355:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" 8596: 7259:

have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead provided by their plumage. Species that are victims of

6285: 5526: 2811: 2758:

adaptations and likely included shorebird-like species, waders, and swimming and diving species.

192: 22742: 20463: 19145:"Female plumage coloration is sensitive to the cost of reproduction. An experiment in blue tits" 19043:"Egg puncturing by the brood parasitic Greater Honeyguide and potential host counteradaptations" 17987:

Wei, G; Zuo-Hua, Yin; Fu-Min, Lei (2005). "Copulations and mate guarding of the Chinese Egret".

17556:

Buckley, F.G.; Buckley (1 January 1968). "Upside-down Resting by Young Green-Rumped Parrotlets (

15311: 13941:

Land, M. F. (2014). "Eye movements of vertebrates and their relation to eye form and function".

8960:

Field, Daniel J.; Benito, Juan; Chen, Albert; Jagt, John W. M.; Ksepka, Daniel T. (March 2020).

682: 28903: 28659: 28604: 28544: 28166: 27979: 27841: 27440: 27384: 24210: 24159: 23035: 22847: 22797: 22423: 21870: 21632: 21568:

Dupree, N. (1974). "An Interpretation of the Role of the Hoopoe in Afghan Folklore and Magic".

19790:"Geographical Aspects of Bird-Flower Coevolution, with Particular Reference to Central America" 17837:

Gowaty, Patricia A. (1983). "Male Parental Care and Apparent Monogamy among Eastern Bluebirds (

16699: 15997: 15895:

Battley, Phil F.; Piersma, T.; Dietz, M. W.; Tang, S; Dekinga, A.; Hulsman, K. (January 2000).

10474: 8920: 8869: 8816: 8702: 8283:

of geese and ducks), which are used as insulation in clothing and bedding, and seabird faeces (

7575: 7302: 6962: 6769: 6603:. Other seabirds disperse after breeding, travelling widely but having no set migration route. 6494: 6086: 5925: 5447: 5433: 5154: 5114: 4328: 2960: 2795: 2050: 1668: 39: 18670: 18309:

MacFarlane, Geoff R.; Blomberg, Simon P.; Kaplan, Gisela; Rogers, Lesley J. (1 January 2007).

16967:. Vol. 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 48. 15780:

Mario, Principato; Federica, Lisi; Iolanda, Moretta; Nada, Samra; Francesco, Puccetti (2005).

14475: 5482:(or pharyngeal arch), unlike in the mammals where the left aortic arch forms this part of the 5291:

like mammals. This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the bird's

3424: 28898: 27974: 25950: 25515: 22872: 22372: 20689: 19764:"The importance of birds as browsers, pollinators and seed dispersers in New Zealand forests" 18643: 17893: 15282: 15058: 14254: 13873: 13350:

Suthers, Roderick A.; Sue Anne Zollinger (June 2004). "Producing song: the vocal apparatus".

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that begins nesting in India when farmers flood the fields in anticipation of rains, and the

7958: 7944: 7918: 7893: 7869: 7863: 7129: 6642: 6567:, which were recorded travelling an average of 70,900 km (44,100 mi) between their 6303:

amongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit

5662: 5429: 5252: 5122: 4495: 3012:

confirmed that while modern birds originated early in the Late Cretaceous, likely in Western

1605: 728: 43: 32: 21529:

Biology and conservation of owls of the Northern Hemisphere. General Technical Report NC-190

21350: 20693: 18114:

Barve, Sahas; Riehl, C.; Walters, E. L.; Haydock, J.; Dugdale, H. L.; Koenig, W. D. (2021).

14497:

Turner, J. Scott (1997). "On the thermal capacity of a bird's egg warmed by a brood patch".

10548:

Pickrell, John (22 March 2018). "Early birds may have been too hefty to sit on their eggs".

10163:

Turner, Alan H.; Pol, D.; Clarke, J. A.; Erickson, G. M.; Norell, M. A. (7 September 2007).

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in several North American cities after their escape from captivity. Some species, including

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stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include

616:

of predators. The vast majority of bird species are socially (but not necessarily sexually)

28926: 28890: 28841: 28758: 28706: 28522: 28308: 24764: 23500: 22463: 22413: 22387: 22131: 22078: 22042: 22007: 21760: 21215: 21204:"Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art" 20563: 20273: 20168: 20081: 20034: 19980: 19894: 19851: 19652: 19451: 19256: 19207: 19158: 19097: 19006:"Effects of intra- and interspecific brood parasitism on a precocial host, the canvasback, 18980: 18375: 18230: 18080: 17953: 17774: 17705: 17604: 17595:

Carpenter, F. Lynn (1974). "Torpor in an Andean Hummingbird: Its Ecological Significance".

17520: 17448: 17316: 17173: 17089: 17042: 16815: 16729: 16683: 16281: 16154: 16099: 16040: 15486: 15323: 15239: 15202: 15147: 15067: 14118: 14044: 13838: 13428:

Scott, Robert B. (March 1966). "Comparative hematology: The phylogeny of the erythrocyte".

13359: 13223: 13166: 12446: 12242: 11840: 11725: 11369: 11309: 11169: 11042: 10938: 10834: 10694: 10611: 10466: 10394: 10381:

Benton, Michael J.; Dhouailly, Danielle; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria (1 September 2019).

10250: 10181: 10067: 10007: 9694:

Gauthier, J. (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". In Padian, K. (ed.).

9637: 9628:

Senter, P. (2007). "A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)".

9533: 9283: 9106: 9036: 8973: 8873: 8865: 8861: 8619: 8606: 8451: 8378: 8334:. Today, such activities are more common either as hobbies, for entertainment and tourism, 8135: 7953: 7905: 7660: 7311: 7271: 7178:. Females are generally the ones that drive partner selection, although in the polyandrous 7152: 6915: 6818: 6300: 5701: 5677: 5370: 5300: 5186: 5098: 4680: 4470: 3829: 3539: 1710: 1698:

became increasingly less common while braincases enlarged and forelimbs became longer. The

1293:

being sometimes added as a second external specifier in case it is closer to birds than to

391: 27783: 12402:) coprodeum have the electrophysiological properties and microstructure of other birds?". 11682: 10164: 9147:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life" 8790:

once numbered only 22 birds, but conservation measures have raised that to over 500 today.

7879:. Embryo survival (that is, hatching success of fertile eggs) was significantly lower for 7198:

are commonly performed between partners, generally after the birds have paired and mated.

6891: 5596: 5295:. The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening: waste is expelled through it, most birds mate by 4830: 4295: 8: 28559: 28453: 28146: 28048: 26732: 26227: 26093: 25728: 23030: 22922: 22862: 22807: 22587: 22529: 22439: 18310: 16627: 15230:

Jenkin, Penelope M. (1957). "The Filter-Feeding and Food of Flamingoes (Phoenicopteri)".

14956:

Battley, Phil F.; Piersma, T; Dietz, MW; Tang, S; Dekinga, A; Hulsman, K (January 2000).

14365: 13692: 13021:

Farner, Donald S.; Follett, Brian K.; King, James R.; Morton, Msrtin L. (February 1966).

12486: 12135: 11573: 11422: 8935: 8888:

Human activities have allowed the expansion of a few temperate area species, such as the

8827: 8777: 8427: 8291:, sometimes called the Guano War, was fought in part over the control of guano deposits. 8232: 8099: 8079: 7886: 7668: 7251:. Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay 7148: 7125: 6998: 6981: 6942: 6134: 5937: 5642: 5093:

Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been

4799: 3394: 2772: 1773: 1641: 1637: 1351: 629: 625: 621: 617: 609: 605: 22499:– Searchable online research archive; Archives of the following ornithological journals 22135: 22082: 22046: 22011: 21897: 21874: 21789: 21764: 21748: 21725: 21219: 20932: 20589: 20567: 20277: 20231:"Are rice paddies suboptimal breeding habitat for Sarus Cranes in Uttar Pradesh, India?" 20172: 20085: 20038: 19984: 19898: 19855: 19656: 19455: 19260: 19211: 19162: 19101: 18379: 18234: 18084: 17957: 17778: 17709: 17608: 17524: 17452: 17320: 17177: 17093: 17046: 16819: 16733: 16687: 16285: 16158: 16103: 16044: 15490: 15327: 15243: 15206: 15151: 15071: 14122: 14048: 13842: 13363: 13227: 13170: 12450: 12437:

Preest, Marion R.; Beuchat, Carol A. (April 1997). "Ammonia excretion by hummingbirds".

11911: 11844: 11729: 11373: 11313: 11173: 11046: 10942: 10838: 10698: 10615: 10470: 10398: 10254: 10185: 10071: 10011: 9641: 9537: 9287: 9204:

Crouch, N. M. A. (2022). "Interpreting the fossil record and the origination of birds".

9110: 9040: 8977: 5296: 3888: 28985: 28574: 28517: 26860: 26809: 26196: 25419: 24896: 23813: 22877: 22837: 22802: 22155: 22102: 22058: 21922: 21585: 21481: 21446: 21411: 21307: 21247: 21184: 21176: 20870:. Vol. VI. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. pp. 35–36. 20841: 20806: 20756: 20661: 20518: 20439: 20414: 20324: 20211: 20180: 20050: 20006: 19949: 19867: 19863: 19817: 19809: 19741: 19681: 19640: 19573:

Bernstein H, Hopf FA, Michod RE (1987). "The Molecular Basis of the Evolution of Sex".

19555: 19512: 19415: 19390: 19325: 19313: 19120: 19085: 18856: 18829: 18497: 18422: 18264: 18246: 18140: 18115: 18056: 18023: 18004: 17969: 17913: 17860: 17819: 17734: 17693: 17628: 17577: 17482: 17375: 17340: 17265: 17239: 17231: 17189: 17139: 17058: 17013: 16931: 16907: 16839: 16788: 16644: 16589: 16563: 16517: 16297: 16252: 16178: 16122: 16087: 16063: 16024: 15923: 15897:"Empirical evidence for differential organ reductions during trans-oceanic bird flight" 15896: 15844: 15803: 15721: 15659: 15603: 15459: 15417: 15375: 15339: 15263: 15255: 15163: 15124: 15088: 15053: 14984: 14958:"Empirical evidence for differential organ reductions during trans-oceanic bird flight" 14957: 14926: 14903: 14878: 14852: 14803: 14761: 14700: 14692: 14522: 14445: 14403: 14300: 14227: 14183: 14158: 14013: 13966: 13854: 13814: 13787: 13768: 13714: 13687: 13661: 13529:

Hill, Richard W. (2012). Hill, Richard W.; Wyse, Gordon A.; Anderson, Margaret (eds.).

13453: 13383: 13275: 13250: 13210:

Göth, Anne (2007). "Incubation temperatures and sex ratios in Australian brush-turkey (

13187: 13154: 13107: 13042: 13003: 12954: 12896: 12860: 12827: 12808: 12764: 12606: 12558: 12550: 12508: 12481: 12462: 12380: 12029: 11864: 11756: 11713: 11694: 11403: 11330: 11297: 11263: 11201: 11115: 11066: 10961: 10926: 10902: 10873: 10788: 10730: 10632: 10599: 10500: 10436: 10274: 10207: 10145: 10091: 10050: 10031: 9896: 9847: 9783: 9752: 9676: 9653: 9557: 9520: 9407: 9380: 9304: 9271: 9217: 9181: 9067: 9024: 9005: 8812: 8554: 8409: 8357: 8307: 8288: 8170: 8088: 8052: 7997:, others beneath the canopy, and still others on the forest floor. Forest birds may be 7922: 7851: 7709: 7675:, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young. Such 7496: 7424: 7164: 6698: 6647: 6284:

are considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged in

6109: 5463: 5326: 5212: 5192: 5094: 4658: 4166: 3883: 3518: 3513: 3158: 2448: 2400: 1723: 1703: 1572: 1561: 677: 534: 380: 187: 22207: 21464:

Carson, A. (1998). "Vulture Investors, Predators of the 90s: An Ethical Examination".

19582: 18485: 18092: 12415: 11154: 10233: 8961: 8503: 5898:, for instance, may strike with the bony spurs and bite when defending eggs or young. 5517:

for lubrication. The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an

5478:

In birds, the main arteries taking blood away from the heart originate from the right

5450:, for which higher temperatures during incubation resulted in a higher female-to-male 4439: 28885: 28745: 28486: 28344: 28271: 28176: 28161: 28088: 27580: 26839: 26082: 25867: 25471: 24838: 24203: 24166: 23939: 23886: 23836: 22979: 22969: 22912: 22712: 22707: 22647: 22468: 22324: 22310: 22284: 22270: 22255: 22147: 22122: 22094: 22019: 21978: 21846: 21821: 21794: 21776: 21678: 21485: 21270: 21239: 21231: 21188: 21095: 21087: 21067: 21040: 21015: 20988: 20961: 20903: 20871: 20775: 20725: 20471: 20444: 20139: 20114: 19998: 19941: 19906: 19733: 19725: 19686: 19668: 19619: 19596: 19586: 19547: 19516: 19504: 19469: 19464: 19439: 19420: 19317: 19282: 19274: 19225: 19176: 19171: 19144: 19125: 18984: 18950: 18917: 18861: 18799: 18730: 18703: 18676: 18649: 18578: 18549: 18520: 18489: 18470:"Aromatic plants in bird nests as a protection against blood-sucking flying insects?" 18448: 18388: 18359: 18340: 18274: 18268: 18197: 18170: 18164: 18145: 18096: 18043: 17739: 17721: 17663: 17620: 17538: 17474: 17332: 17289: 17005: 16968: 16899: 16831: 16780: 16745: 16652: 16491: 16472: 16431: 16355: 16170: 16127: 16068: 15975: 15928: 15759: 15651: 15595: 15529: 15290: 15093: 14989: 14936: 14930: 14908: 14753: 14655: 14588: 14542:"Elaborate ornaments are costly to maintain: evidence for high maintenance handicaps" 14514: 14335: 14188: 14134: 14005: 13958: 13920: 13916: 13879: 13760: 13719: 13549: 13445: 13375: 13315: 13280: 13235: 13192: 13132: 13099: 13091: 13050: 12995: 12946: 12938: 12865: 12847: 12663: 12513: 12419: 12372: 12221: 12106: 12100: 12081: 12052: 11954: 11931: 11912:"Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume?" 11890: 11856: 11831: 11809: 11784: 11761: 11743: 11698: 11686: 11609: 11581: 11407: 11395: 11335: 11193: 11120: 11070: 11058: 11010: 10966: 10907: 10893: 10850: 10722: 10637: 10528: 10504: 10492: 10440: 10428: 10420: 10348: 10327: 10266: 10199: 10172: 10149: 10137: 10095: 10083: 10058: 10023: 9998: 9949: 9943: 9922: 9900: 9888: 9839: 9788: 9721: 9549: 9476: 9446: 9412: 9398: 9336: 9309: 9221: 9186: 9171: 9124: 9072: 9054: 9009: 8997: 8989: 8910: 8893: 8878: 8839: 8811:

islands. Many bird populations are declining worldwide, with 1,227 species listed as

8787: 8763: 8739: 8735: 8584: 8522:

and carvings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological

8323: 8186: 7981: 7842: 7838: 7809: 7789: 7688: 7640: 7248: 7183: 7171: 7133: 7011: 6973: 6907: 6895: 6851: 6710: 6619: 6556: 6387: 5961: 5929: 5780: 5630: 5522: 5374: 5362: 5260: 4213: 4179: 4066: 4038: 3704: 2791: 1729: 1718: 1681: 1530: 1133: 1116: 724: 700: 601: 351: 22566: 22267:

Latein für Vogelbeobachter: über 3000 ornithologische Begriffe erklärt und erforscht

22159: 22106: 21867:"BirdLife International announces more Critically Endangered birds than ever before" 20054: 20010: 19921: 19871: 19821: 19745: 19329: 18501: 18250: 18008: 17973: 17864: 17823: 17632: 17486: 17243: 17193: 17017: 16911: 16843: 16792: 16301: 16256: 16182: 15848: 15807: 15607: 15343: 15267: 14765: 14704: 14526: 14017: 13970: 13772: 13457: 13387: 13007: 12812: 12562: 12384: 11868: 11267: 10792: 10035: 9851: 9680: 9657: 7590:, immobile and naked; chicks that are mobile and feathered upon hatching are termed 3616: 1709:

The oldest known paravian (and probably the earliest avialan) fossils come from the

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by the parents. Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching.

28388: 28362: 28276: 27811: 27736: 27678: 27271: 27162: 26869: 26547: 26271: 26250: 25560: 25494: 25401: 25038: 23805: 22947: 22619: 22507: 22219: 22186: 22139: 22086: 22050: 22015: 21784: 21768: 21655: 21577: 21473: 21438: 21384: 21299: 21251: 21223: 21168: 20833: 20798: 20760: 20748: 20721: 20653: 20624: 20571: 20434: 20426: 20320: 20281: 20242: 20203: 20176: 20089: 20042: 19988: 19933: 19902: 19859: 19801: 19717: 19676: 19660: 19578: 19539: 19496: 19459: 19410: 19402: 19374: 19369: 19359: 19309: 19264: 19215: 19166: 19143:

Doutrelant, C; Grégoire, A; Midamegbe, A; Lambrechts, M; Perret, P (January 2012).

19115: 19105: 19069: 19064: 19054: 19021: 18954: 18946: 18913: 18851: 18843: 18795: 18481: 18414: 18383: 18335: 18330: 18322: 18238: 18191: 18135: 18127: 18088: 18051: 18035: 17996: 17961: 17922: 17889: 17852: 17811: 17782: 17729: 17713: 17659: 17612: 17569: 17528: 17464: 17456: 17406: 17367: 17344: 17324: 17281: 17223: 17181: 17131: 17097: 17050: 16997: 16940: 16889: 16823: 16772: 16737: 16691: 16636: 16555: 16509: 16462: 16421: 16388: 16289: 16242: 16162: 16117: 16107: 16058: 16048: 15967: 15918: 15910: 15875: 15834: 15793: 15755: 15713: 15686: 15663: 15641: 15585: 15577: 15502: 15494: 15451: 15409: 15367: 15331: 15247: 15210: 15155: 15120: 15083: 15075: 14979: 14971: 14898: 14890: 14844: 14795: 14745: 14684: 14584: 14553: 14506: 14437: 14395: 14292: 14219: 14178: 14170: 14126: 14052: 13997: 13950: 13912: 13858: 13846: 13809: 13801: 13750: 13709: 13701: 13653: 13437: 13410: 13367: 13307: 13270: 13262: 13231: 13182: 13174: 13111: 13081: 13034: 12985: 12958: 12928: 12892: 12855: 12839: 12798: 12790: 12768: 12756: 12598: 12589: 12542: 12503: 12495: 12466: 12454: 12411: 12362: 12021: 11983: 11923: 11848: 11751: 11733: 11678: 11639: 11471: 11385: 11377: 11325: 11317: 11255: 11247: 11205: 11185: 11177: 11110: 11102: 11050: 11000: 10956: 10946: 10897: 10889: 10842: 10780: 10772: 10734: 10712: 10702: 10627: 10619: 10553: 10484: 10410: 10402: 10343: 10278: 10258: 10241: 10211: 10189: 10129: 10075: 10015: 9878: 9829: 9819: 9778: 9768: 9645: 9561: 9541: 9521: 9507:. New Haven, CT: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. pp. 7–41. 9434: 9402: 9394: 9299: 9291: 9209: 9176: 9166: 9158: 9114: 9062: 9044: 8981: 8882: 8850: 8751: 8743: 8727: 8686: 8642: 8623: 8610: 8498: 8405: 8327: 8010: 7990: 7846: 7834: 7765: 7726: 7721: 7597: 7472: 7283: 7107: 7015: 6911: 6855: 6655: 6584: 6383: 6316: 6274: 6165: 6125: 5945: 5727: 5571: 5472: 5208: 5158: 4843: 4812: 4452: 4192: 4061: 3824: 3419: 3114: 3066:, containing all other birds. These two subdivisions have variously been given the 3009: 2783: 2740: 2716:

Mesozoic bird phylogeny simplified after Wang et al., 2015's phylogenetic analysis

1746:, dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) from 1553: 1302: 1194: 782:

of the set of modern birds. This was done by excluding most groups known only from

769: 633: 423: 345: 142: 27852: 22553: 21675:

Music Theory and Natural Order from the Renaissance to the Early Twentieth Century

21581: 21094:(second ed.). New York City, New York: Biblo & Tannen. pp. 491–496. 20752: 19705: 19641:"Who's for dinner? Bird prey diversity and choice in the great evening bat, Ia io" 19559: 17758: 17101: 16695: 14382:

Gargallo, Gabriel (1 June 1994). "Flight Feather Moult in the Red-Necked Nightjar

13639:"Olfaction in Subantarctic seabirds: Its phylogenetic and ecological significance" 11298:"Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds" 9272:"A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds" 8782: 6512: 6093: 5971:; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the " 4861: 28458: 28205: 28197: 27758: 27751: 27714: 27635: 27619: 27199: 27171: 26818: 26446: 26305: 26236: 26108: 26071: 25913: 25898: 25817: 25773: 25752: 25529: 25408: 25365: 25190: 25121: 24854: 24619: 24373: 24339: 24266: 24037: 23865: 23335: 22857: 22842: 22780: 22679: 22607: 22560: 22486: 22269:, aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Susanne Kuhlmannn-Krieg, Verlag DuMont, Köln, 21134: 20575: 19837:"The Role of Flower Width in Hummingbird Bill Length–Flower Length Relationships" 19789: 19110: 18697: 18405: 17616: 17033: 15955: 13125:

Kobayashi, Kazuya; Kitano, Takeshi; Iwao, Yasuhiro; Kondo, Mariko (1 June 2018).

12916: 11093: 10986:"Morphological Clocks in Paleontology, and a Mid-Cretaceous Origin of Crown Aves" 9914: 9360: 8830:. Other threats include overhunting, accidental mortality due to collisions with 8723: 8650: 8627: 8547: 8523: 8435: 8390: 8295: 8279:

Other commercially valuable products from birds include feathers (especially the

8178: 7696: 7287: 7260: 7187: 7065: 6994: 6773: 6662: 6563:

undertake long migrations, with the longest annual migrations including those of

6278: 6157: 6070: 5739: 5646: 5533: 5506: 5487: 5390: 5276: 5200: 5196: 4577: 4486: 4208: 4048: 3942: 3764: 3632: 2977: 2318: 2305: 2264: 2124: 1769: 1758: 1677: 1549: 1440: 1322: 1163: 991: 720: 656: 578: 544: 503: 471: 414: 363: 263: 146: 74: 66: 28750: 22090: 21499: 20286: 20261: 19348:"Breeding synchronization facilitates extrapair mating for inbreeding avoidance" 17077: 15880: 15863: 15054:"Insectivorous birds consume an estimated 400–500 million tons of prey annually" 13022: 12990: 12973: 11086:"Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils" 8962:"Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds" 8677:, but were thought of as thieves across much of Europe and harbingers of war in 8665:, and death in parts of Africa, but are regarded as wise across much of Europe. 8527: 5986: 5641:

is usually highly developed. Water birds have special flexible lenses, allowing

28975: 28797: 28784: 28697: 28425: 28281: 28254: 28126: 27801: 27743: 27707: 27604: 27536: 27511: 27484: 27452: 27096: 27066: 26931: 26770: 26688: 26577: 26317: 26243: 26206: 25704: 25501: 25260: 25156: 25095: 25074: 24488: 24460: 24367: 24147: 24077: 24029: 23963: 23902: 23857: 23844: 23718: 23681: 23532: 23306: 23143: 22897: 22892: 22887: 22867: 22852: 22747: 22722: 22717: 22699: 22580: 21772: 20712: 20311: 20108: 18904: 18545: 17717: 16198:"Bird feeding and irruptions of northern finches:are migrations short stopped?" 16092:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

15741:"The crop milk: a potential new route for carotenoid-mediated parental effects" 15525:

Racing the wind: Water economy and energy expenditure in avian endurance flight

14877:

Hagey, Lee R.; Vidal, Nicolas; Hofmann, Alan F.; Krasowski, Matthew D. (2010).

14208:"Plumage Variation, Plasma Steroids and Social Dominance in Male House Finches" 12267: 11975: 11606:

Species Taxa of North American Birds: A Contribution to Comparative Systematics

11569: 10931:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

10846: 10557: 10406: 9442: 8719: 8714: 8539: 8470: 8447: 8240: 7759: 7742: 7730: 7448: 7317: 7307: 7053: 6946: 6674: 6608: 6507: 6270: 6254: 6242: 6189: 5992: 5911: 5814: 5808: 5731: 5681: 5602: 5537: 5518: 5299:, and females lay eggs from it. In addition, many species of birds regurgitate 4979: 4882: 4856: 4636: 4533: 4465: 4311: 4082: 3929: 3855: 3534: 3472: 3381: 3232: 3211: 3067: 2736: 2526: 2424: 2278: 1996: 1695: 1593: 1405: 1028: 644: 475: 22321:

Collins Bird Guide: The Most Complete Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe

22191: 22174: 21477: 21375:

Boime, Albert (1999). "John James Audubon: a birdwatcher's fanciful flights".

20629: 20612: 19142: 18242: 17411: 17394: 17328: 16944: 15498: 15335: 15079: 13954: 13414: 13311: 13178: 12049:

Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2; New World Vultures to Guineafowl

11738: 11644: 10707: 10682: 9824: 9807: 9753:"The phylogenetic affinities of the bizarre Late Cretaceous Romanian theropod 9649: 9213: 9119: 9094: 8985: 7993:

occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the

7980:, an example of a bird highly specialised in its habitat, in this case in the 7006:

by viewing the outer margins of the flock. This adaptation is also known from

6631: 6614: 4551: 3748: 3709: 28969: 28711: 28642: 28529: 28443: 28319: 28171: 28111: 27821: 27816: 27685: 27545: 27429: 27373: 27052: 26971: 26915: 26885: 26832: 26825: 26711: 26702: 26486: 26466: 26009: 25998: 25884: 25853: 25810: 25759: 25745: 25439: 25171: 25149: 25134: 25052: 24731: 24636: 24499: 24443: 24085: 24069: 23992: 23984: 23818: 23616: 23466: 23353: 23311: 23111: 23103: 23025: 22989: 22907: 22831: 22659: 21780: 21235: 21203: 20246: 20002: 19945: 19729: 19672: 19278: 19026: 19005: 18344: 18047: 17725: 17542: 17117:"Seabird interactions with Dolphins and Tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific" 16903: 16272: 14207: 13764: 13095: 12942: 12851: 12803: 11747: 11690: 11601: 11516: 11155:"Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous" 10424: 9919:

Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds

9843: 9806:

Plotnick, Roy E.; Theodor, Jessica M.; Holtz, Thomas R. (24 September 2015).

9356: 9332: 9267: 9162: 9058: 8993: 8690: 8670: 8561:

were a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to the

8519: 8512: 8486: 8386: 8273: 8236: 8166: 8115: 8107: 7994: 7961:) due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles. 7755: 7704: 7676: 7672: 7612: 7604: 7400: 7255:

eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting

7121: 7007: 6950: 6925:

Birds sometimes also form associations with non-avian species. Plunge-diving

6903: 6880: 6835: 6686: 6682: 6559:

is capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi). Some

6470: 6364: 6356: 6074: 5957: 5949: 5878: 5820: 5650: 5638: 5479: 5330: 5280: 5236: 5106: 5055: 4877: 4825: 4794: 4671: 4605: 4254: 3916: 3911: 3485: 3101: 3047: 3037: 2973: 2834: 2755: 2735:

The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the

1981: 1968: 1831: 1686: 1630: 1577: 1576:

is an important source of information on the early evolution of birds in the

1390: 1102: 862: 764: 755: 712: 687: 593: 570: 565: 495: 467: 339: 317: 105: 28724: 22300:

National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds: Western Region

22294:

National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds: Eastern Region

22143: 21388: 19364: 19347: 19059: 19042: 18326: 17428:"Energy relations of winter roost-site utilization by American goldfinches ( 16827: 16426: 16409: 16166: 16112: 16053: 15646: 15629: 14558: 14541: 14130: 14074:"The incidence, function and ecological significance of petrel stomach oils" 13755: 13738: 13371: 12351:"Can birds be ammonotelic? Nitrogen balance and excretion in two frugivores" 11852: 11452:. Vol. 1 (4th ed.). Aves Press, Eastbourne, U.K. pp. xxi–xli. 11381: 11321: 11005: 10984:

Lee, Michael S. Y.; Cau, Andrea; Naish, Darren; Dyke, Gareth J. (May 2014).

10951: 10488: 10232:

Xu, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Kuang, X.; Zhang, F.; Du, X. (23 January 2003).

10194: 10079: 10019: 9883: 9866: 8337:

Amateur bird enthusiasts (called birdwatchers, twitchers or, more commonly,

8306:

or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some

6693:. These are backed up in some species by their ability to sense the Earth's 6003:

being the first. When the fifth of sixth primary is replaced, the outermost

5974: 3245: 470:. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5.5 cm (2.2 in) 28589: 28402: 28376: 28313: 28215: 28210: 28101: 28071: 27831: 27693: 27420: 27294: 27287: 27226: 27144: 26877: 26756: 26668: 26617: 26587: 26536: 26476: 26294: 26147: 26132: 26117: 26051: 25939: 25891: 25803: 25693: 25548: 25508: 25487: 25480: 25460: 25453: 25446: 25393: 25378: 25314: 25271: 25232: 25102: 25081: 25012: 24990: 24611: 24566: 24471: 24415: 24252: 24171: 23915: 23760: 23576: 23414: 23362: 23234: 23195: 22964: 22952: 22942: 22932: 22629: 22479: 22151: 22098: 21798: 21659: 21243: 20448: 20230: 19737: 19690: 19551: 19530:

Charlesworth D, Willis JH (2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression".

19508: 19500: 19473: 19424: 19406: 19321: 19286: 19229: 19180: 19129: 18865: 18847: 18598: 18493: 18149: 18131: 18100: 18039: 17965: 17927: 17908: 17743: 17691: 17624: 17478: 17358:

Milius, S. (6 February 1999). "Half-asleep birds choose which half dozes".

17336: 17293: 17009: 17001: 16835: 16784: 16776: 16749: 16656: 16476: 16435: 16174: 16131: 16072: 15932: 15914: 15655: 15251: 15097: 14993: 14975: 14912: 14894: 14757: 14192: 14174: 13962: 13924: 13805: 13585: 13379: 13319: 13284: 13266: 13196: 13103: 13023:"A Quantitative Examination of Ovarian Growth in the White-Crowned Sparrow" 12999: 12950: 12869: 12826:

Sasanami, Tomohiro; Matsuzaki, Mei; Mizushima, Shusei; Hiyama, Gen (2013).

12620:

on 24 February 2014 – via Searchable Ornithological Research Archive.

12517: 12423: 12376: 12148: 11935: 11927: 11860: 11765: 11399: 11339: 11197: 11124: 11106: 11062: 11014: 10970: 10911: 10854: 10726: 10641: 10496: 10432: 10270: 10203: 10141: 10087: 10027: 9892: 9792: 9553: 9430: 9416: 9313: 9295: 9190: 9128: 9076: 9001: 8889: 8614: 8413: 8394: 8382: 8346: 8331: 8280: 8174: 8147: 8111: 7751: 7520: 7244: 7233: 7193: 7160: 6986: 6864: 6694: 6651: 6564: 6544: 6517: 6414:

Water is needed by many birds although their mode of excretion and lack of

6391: 6352: 5915: 5723: 5713: 5705: 5666: 5583: 5566: 5514: 5491: 5338: 5307: 5138: 5110: 5071: 4983: 4623: 4434: 4117: 4095: 3967: 3743: 3583: 3570: 3342: 3333: 3295: 3153: 3021: 3001: 3000:

from the Maastrichtian was described, it appears to be a close relative of

2869: 2333: 1931: 1735: 1585: 1456: 1377: 1176: 998: 661: 502:, gave birds the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to the 407: 24195: 22418: 22375:

was created from a revision of this article dated 5 January 2008

20046: 19600: 17395:"The evolution of communal roosting in birds: origin and secondary losses" 17285: 16467: 16450: 15979: 15798: 15781: 15599: 14750:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(200005)244:2<109::AID-JMOR2>3.0.CO;2-0

14518: 14138: 14009: 13984:

Martin, Graham R.; Katzir, G (1999). "Visual fields in Short-toed Eagles,

13723: 13637:

Lequette, Benoit; Verheyden, Christophe; Jouventin, Pierre (August 1989).

13449: 13155:"Divergence and Functional Degradation of a Sex Chromosome-like Supergene" 13054: 12008:

Arendt, Wayne J. (1 January 1988). "Range Expansion of the Cattle Egret, (

11714:"Dense sampling of bird diversity increases power of comparative genomics" 11613: 8084: 7957:

inbreeding is avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (

6488: 6054: 6014: 5203:

that house the eyeballs are large and separated from each other by a bony

3860: 3403: 28823: 28691: 28682: 28594: 28579: 28569: 28549: 28438: 28131: 28116: 27656: 27566: 27501: 27242: 27192: 27123: 27075: 26900: 26846: 26794: 26741: 26627: 26597: 26516: 26280: 26030: 26020: 25683: 25522: 25287: 25246: 25217: 25210: 25178: 25088: 25022: 24962: 24949: 24908: 24787: 24528: 24428: 23976: 23823: 23629: 23608: 23597: 23562: 23429: 23419: 23377: 23268: 23135: 22937: 22762: 22757: 22689: 22674: 22642: 22223: 21700:"NJIT professor finds nothing cuckoo in serenading our feathered friends" 20925:"The Enduring Symbolism of Doves, From Ancient Icon to Biblical Mainstay" 18897: 18620: 18469: 18028:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences

17469: 16449:

Deutschlander, Mark E.; Phillips, J. B.; Borland, S. C. (15 April 1999).

16393: 16376: 16270:

Chan, Ken (2001). "Partial migration in Australian landbirds: a review".

15971: 15677:

Hallager, Sara L. (1994). "Drinking methods in two species of bustards".

14474:. Bird Division, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Archived from 12843: 10600:"The oldest record of ornithuromorpha from the early cretaceous of China" 8930: 8905: 8835: 8694: 8678: 8631: 8570: 8342: 8249: 8162: 8127: 8119: 8029: 8022: 8006: 7998: 7962: 7873: 7777: 7544: 7341: 7321: 7237: 7073: 7069: 7061: 7041: 6872: 6623: 6588: 6521: 6431: 6415: 6371: 6324: 6308: 6304: 6292: 6262: 6205: 6121: 6082: 6048: 6040: 6032: 6006: 5941: 5895: 5784: 5719: 5688: 5654: 5626: 5606: 5545: 5467: 5405: 5346: 5334: 5174: 5126: 5063: 5013: 4781: 4546: 4130: 3975: 3963: 3739: 3722: 3684: 3611: 3308: 3240: 3043: 2996: 2989: 2985: 2767: 2727: 2550: 2081: 1610: 1545: 1306: 1283: 1146: 1012: 779: 751: 527: 80: 21949:"Vanishing: More Than 1 in 4 Birds Has Disappeared in the Last 50 Years" 21227: 21120:"Generative landscapes: the step mountain motif in Tiwanaku iconography" 20984:

Medieval Venuses and Cupids: Sexuality, Hermeneutics, and English Poetry

20070:"Seabird guano as a determinant of rocky intertidal community structure" 19922:"Checklist and Bibliography on the Occurrence of Insects in Birds Nests" 19391:"Dispersal as a means of inbreeding avoidance in a wild bird population" 13086: 12101:

Weijden, Wouter van der; Terwan, Paul; Guldemond, Adriaan, eds. (2010).

11476: 11463: 11181: 11054: 10262: 10133: 9545: 9049: 6130: 5779:

A few species are able to use chemical defences against predators; some

5726:, while birds with eyes on the front of their heads, such as owls, have 3179: 28534: 28395: 28151: 28066: 27721: 27589: 27396: 27280: 27250: 27217: 27185: 27151: 27137: 27130: 26954: 26924: 26718: 26678: 26607: 26496: 26425: 26412: 26340: 26287: 26163: 26140: 26125: 26061: 25988: 25876: 25846: 25839: 25782: 25738: 25432: 25321: 25305: 25294: 25253: 25239: 25203: 25164: 25142: 24724: 24663: 24516: 24401: 24355: 24289: 24093: 23955: 23894: 23873: 23705: 23689: 23624: 23569: 23541: 23473: 23438: 23316: 23164: 22999: 22974: 22732: 22062: 21589: 21415: 21311: 21290:

Clarke, CP (1908). "A Pedestal of the Platform of the Peacock Throne".

21180: 21159:

Meighan, C.W. (1966). "Prehistoric Rock Paintings in Baja California".

20902:. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. p. 335. 20845: 20810: 20739:

Routledge, S.; Routledge, K. (1917). "The Bird Cult of Easter Island".

20665: 20215: 20094: 20069: 19953: 19813: 19269: 19244: 19220: 19195: 18958: 18569:

Jones, DN; Dekker, René WRJ; Roselaar, Cees S (1995). "The Megapodes".

18426: 17581: 17460: 17379: 17235: 17185: 17143: 17062: 16648: 16567: 16521: 16513: 16231:"Do partial and regular migrants differ in their responses to weather?" 15725: 15507: 15463: 15421: 15379: 15215: 15182: 15167: 14856: 14807: 14696: 14449: 14407: 14304: 14231: 13665: 13533:(Third ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. pp. 647–678. 13441: 13046: 12610: 12554: 12033: 11189: 10717: 10623: 9773: 9470: 8808: 8795: 8662: 8588: 8543: 8482: 8303: 8182: 8103: 8009:. Aquatic birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating, and piracy or 7781: 7692: 7329: 7296: 7266: 7252: 7179: 7175: 7049: 6876: 6840: 6825: 6809: 6797: 6744: 6600: 6580: 6480: 6474: 6447: 6439: 6427: 6420: 6340: 6173: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6036: 5936:

Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in

5884: 5826: 5796: 5792: 5750: 5610: 5553: 5549: 5394: 5369:

compartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent. Female birds have

5366: 5354: 5288: 5161:, 7 Scapulars, 8 Median coverts, 9 Tertials, 10 Rump, 11 Primaries, 12 5079: 5075: 5067: 4700: 4696: 4675: 4404: 4282: 4086: 3842: 3735: 3462: 3285: 3174: 3071: 3063: 2947: 2858: 2751: 2510: 2376: 2290: 2247: 2034: 1913: 1856: 1806: 1754: 1699: 1597: 1525: 790:

meaning number 4 below. They assigned other names to the other groups.

747: 665: 556: 552: 523: 459: 410: 358: 302: 237: 125: 90: 22572: 21975:

Conserving Bird Biodiversity: General Principles and their Application

21450: 20430: 19993: 19968: 19721: 19664: 18729:. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 17786: 17533: 17508: 15690: 14057: 14032: 14001: 13705: 12933: 12499: 12367: 12350: 12151:, David Dobkin, and Darryl Wheye. 1988. Simon and Schuster, New York.) 11390: 10415: 9834: 9586:"The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process" 7747: 6685:. Orientation with the stellar compass depends on the position of the 6022: 5998: 2790:

of all Neornithes might have had a beak similar to that of the modern

1663: 1567: 956:

The birds' phylogenetic relationships to major living reptile groups.

28771: 28369: 28266: 28093: 28076: 28017: 27826: 27806: 27642: 27597: 27559: 27552: 27109: 27042: 27022: 27002: 26992: 26982: 26786: 26779: 26748: 26213: 26040: 25832: 25714: 25386: 25328: 25280: 25224: 25110: 24979: 24881: 24829: 24655: 24345: 24319: 24246: 24053: 24008: 23797: 23590: 23507: 23491: 23480: 23390: 23326: 23285: 22984: 22785: 22772: 22752: 22652: 19639:

Gong, Lixin; Shi, Biye; Wu, Hui; Feng, Jiang; Jiang, Tinglei (2021).

18514: 17694:"Urohidrosis as an overlooked cooling mechanism in long-legged birds" 17439: 16741: 15539: 15259: 13850: 12458: 9613:

Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka, eds. (2004).

8846: 8804: 8800: 8731: 8592: 8466: 8398: 8315: 8257: 8219:, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, 8139: 8014: 8002: 7930: 7822: 7655: 7624: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7337: 7292: 7279: 7214: 7036: 7031: 7026:

Many sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their

6604: 6572: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6527:

Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of

6452: 6395: 6312: 6221: 6201: 6164:

land predators. Flightlessness is almost exclusively correlated with

6044: 5890: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5803: 5764: 5756: 5658: 5634: 5622: 5618: 5605:

is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the

5578: 5451: 5398: 5314: 5310: 5292: 5264: 5220: 5170: 5162: 5144: 5102: 5029: 4564: 4290: 4183: 3971: 3811: 3398: 3077: 3017: 2901: 2881: 2776: 2497: 2099: 2021: 1953: 1881: 1762: 987: 983: 971: 963: 897: 882: 774: 735: 586: 479: 451: 289: 250: 204: 130: 28653: 27952: 22054: 21303: 21172: 20837: 20802: 20657: 20613:"The international wild bird trade: what's wrong with blanket bans?" 20302: 20207: 19969:"Ecology of Lepidoptera associated with bird nests in mid-Wales, UK" 19937: 19805: 19703: 19543: 18418: 17573: 17371: 17135: 17054: 16640: 16559: 16293: 15717: 15455: 15413: 15371: 15159: 14848: 14799: 14441: 14399: 14296: 14223: 13657: 13038: 12602: 12025: 11987: 11259: 10784: 8207: 8041: 7182:, this is reversed: plainer males choose brightly coloured females. 5920: 3947: 2722: 1560:

Province of northeast China, which demonstrated many small theropod

1271:

Cladogram showing the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau, 2018.

485: 478:. There are over 11,000 living species, more than half of which are 28815: 28776: 28676: 28433: 28106: 28081: 27889: 27649: 27521: 27178: 27116: 26938: 26892: 26506: 26257: 26181: 25825: 25789: 25335: 25067: 24820: 24811: 24625: 24553: 24541: 24303: 24274: 24227: 24021: 23751: 23726: 23672: 23583: 23555: 23445: 23409: 23401: 23383: 23278: 23263: 23247: 22994: 22957: 22790: 21442: 20899:

The Culture of Animals in Antiquity: A Sourcebook with Commentaries

20303:"Ornithology and integrated pest management: Red-winged blackbirds 19437: 17856: 17815: 16876:

Dodenhoff, Danielle J.; Stark, Robert D.; Johnson, Eric V. (2001).

16717: 15704:

MacLean, Gordon L. (1 June 1983). "Water Transport by Sandgrouse".

15581: 14688: 14510: 14354: 13788:"Ultraviolet sexual dimorphism and assortative mating in blue tits" 12742:"The 20-cm Spiny Penis of the Argentine Lake Duck (Oxyura vittata)" 12546: 11529: 9757:

bondoc(Dinosauria, Maniraptora): Dromaeosaurid or flightless bird?"

9617:(Second ed.). University of California Press. pp. 861 pp. 8682: 8646: 8637: 8580: 8330:, used since at least 1 AD, remained important as recently as 8319: 8269: 8245: 8231:

account for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticated

8190: 8143: 8017:. Birds are also preyed upon by a range of mammals including a few 7700: 7684: 7635: 7325: 7256: 7137: 7057: 7020: 7003: 6938: 6548: 6464: 6443: 6435: 6348: 6197: 6078: 6073:; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an 6058: 5868: 5832: 5692: 5614: 5386: 5350: 5342: 5284: 5215:

and absent in the later vertebrae. The last few are fused with the

5025: 4640: 4414: 3013: 2981: 2980:

proved that the diversification of modern birds started before the

2952: 2877: 2845: 2750:

Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the

2744: 1714: 1623: 1615: 1557: 1541: 1538: 1423: 1278: 1066: 997:

Aves can mean those advanced archosaurs with feathers (alternately

822: 704: 648: 600:). Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and 540: 537: 515: 499: 455: 276: 224: 120: 115: 100: 95: 85: 70: 38:"Birds", "Aves", and "Avifauna" redirect here. For other uses, see 21402:

Chandler, A. (1934). "The Nightingale in Greek and Latin Poetry".

20778:. Longmans, Green and Co. p. 214 – via Wayback Machine. 19834: 15026:. Australian Government – Land and Water Australia. Archived from 13609: 12479: 12321: 12125: 9698:. San Francisco, California: Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci. pp. 1–55. 9326: 7647:

and are fed by the parents for up to an additional 14 months. The

5672: 5066:'s breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in 5050: 526:, have further evolved for swimming. The study of birds is called 28947: 28828: 28286: 28230: 28220: 27663: 27409: 27257: 27082: 26657: 25967: 25796: 25662: 25649: 25583: 24738: 24577: 24423: 23931: 23784: 23663: 23548: 23514: 23452: 23273: 23127: 23119: 22812: 22684: 22669: 22501: 22250:(17-volume encyclopaedia), Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 1992–2010. ( 19835:

Temeles, E.; Linhart, Y.; Masonjones, M.; Masonjones, H. (2002).

18519:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 16–17, 26. 18296:

Biological exuberance: Animal homosexuality and natural diversity

17207:

Gauthier-Clerc, Michael; Tamisier, Alain; Cézilly, Frank (2000).

16878:"Do woodpecker drums encode information for species recognition?" 13828: 13737:

Olsson, Peter; Lind, Olle; Kelber, Almut; Simmons, Leigh (2018).

13128:

Reproductive and Developmental Strategies: The Continuity of Life

11450:

The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World

10165:"A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight" 8842: 8575: 8462: 8338: 8228: 8216: 8131: 8092: 8056: 8018: 7880: 7830: 7804: 7785: 7680: 7229: 6930: 6926: 6690: 6576: 6560: 6399: 6336: 6328: 6296: 6258: 6246: 6150: 5953: 5907: 5856: 5788: 5768: 5696: 5609:

is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the

5382: 5358: 5272: 5248: 5229: 5224: 5149: 5105:. Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild 5097:

by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the

5087: 5083: 5009: 4315: 3364: 3312: 3118: 3059: 3055: 2968: 2894: 2841: 2575: 2251: 1791: 1747: 1691: 1601: 1589: 1533:

showing the relationship between modern birds and other dinosaurs

1471: 1335: 1289: 1209: 1005: 802: 783: 640: 560: 548: 519: 511: 447: 369: 135: 110: 24567:

Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)

22458: 22453: 21092:

The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and Its Survival in Greek Religion

20413:

Reed, K. D.; Meece, J. K.; Henkel, J. S.; Shukla, S. K. (2003).

17645: 16085: 16022: 12825: 12348: 11083: 10927:"Developmental origins of mosaic evolution in the avian cranium" 10115: 7219: 6937:, which push shoaling fish towards the surface. Some species of 6423:

inside the head that eliminate excess salt out of the nostrils.

5742:

but is covered by feathers, although in some birds, such as the

962:' position is uncertain: Some authorities embed them inside the 28141: 27234: 27032: 26647: 26526: 25001: 24805: 24644: 24601: 24590: 24240: 24061: 24000: 23776: 23768: 23697: 23637: 23521: 23459: 23342: 23009: 23004: 22882: 20987:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 81. 18403:

Booker, L; Booker, M (1991). "Why Are Cuckoos Host Specific?".

17209:"Sleep-Vigilance Trade-off in Gadwall during the Winter Period" 16229:

Nilsson, Anna L.K.; Alerstam, Thomas; Nilsson, Jan-Åke (2006).

15738: 15563:"The role of hyperthermia in the water economy of desert birds" 15395:"Predation and kleptoparasitism by migrating Parasitic Jaegers" 15052:

Nyffeler, M.; Şekercioğlu, Ç. H.; Whelan, C. J. (August 2018).

14251:

Body Hot Spots: The Anatomy of Human Social Organs and Behavior

13785: 12397: 10326:

Mayr, G.; Pohl, B.; Hartman, S.; Peters, D. S. (January 2007).

9921:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 171–224. 8674: 8666: 8533: 8478: 8474: 8454: 8311: 8261: 8202: 8045: 7826: 7793: 7716: 7712:

in which one mate undertakes all or most of a particular duty.

7644: 7333: 7045: 6670: 6666: 6596: 6568: 6528: 6403: 6281: 6177: 6161: 6011:

begin to drop. After the innermost tertiaries are moulted, the

5836:) use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon. The steamer ducks ( 5709: 5661:

in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones. They also have

5425: 5409: 5256: 5216: 5204: 5090:

have been recorded diving up to 300 metres (980 ft) deep.

5005: 4187: 3051: 3046:

Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the

2472: 2351: 2231:

Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau

1515:

Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau

959: 869: 829: 750:, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade 507: 214: 24756: 22491: 21066:. London and New York City: Routledge. pp. 34–37, 74–75. 20709: 20138:(Second ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 18308: 17676: 16451:"The case for light-dependent magnetic orientation in animals" 15356: 15024:

Land, Water & Wool Northern Tablelands Property Fact Sheet

14779:

Robert, Michel; McNeil, Raymond; Leduc, Alain (January 1989).

14104: 12914: 12480:

Mora, J.; Martuscelli, J; Ortiz Pineda, J; Soberon, G (1965).

12349:

Tsahar, Ella; Martínez Del Rio, C; Izhaki, I; Arad, Z (2005).

11352: 9022: 8287:), which is a valuable source of phosphorus and nitrogen. The 6949:, in which they forage together and warn each other of nearby 6583:, with one bird covering 81,600 km (50,700 mi), and 5275:, through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a 1004:

Aves can mean those feathered dinosaurs that fly (alternately

555:

sense of the term, and their closest living relatives are the

435: 28911: 28291: 28225: 25059: 23947: 23734: 23297: 21531:. St. Paul, Minnesota: USDA Forest Service. pp. 160–166. 20492:"Poultry species: Gateway to poultry production and products" 19618:. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 19040: 18902:

warblers: low annual fecundity and long post-fledging care".

17206: 11152: 9945:

Unearthing the Dragon: The Great Feathered Dinosaur Discovery

9498: 9496: 9494: 9492: 8849:

and pesticide use), competition and predation from nonnative

8566: 8508: 8431: 8420: 8374: 8284: 8265: 8060: 6868: 6859: 6635: 6592: 6360: 6226: 6209: 6027:

are moulted in synchrony with the primary that they overlap.

5968: 5873: 5483: 5378: 5118: 4319: 4286: 4139: 3768: 1777: 1753:

Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the

833: 732: 652: 463: 330: 28763: 24461:

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)

20109:

Sutherland, William J.; Newton, Ian; Green, Rhys E. (2004).

18702:. National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association. p. 50. 16857:

Miskelly, C. M. (July 1987). "The identity of the hakawai".

16448: 16144: 13988:(Accipitridae), and the function of binocularity in birds". 12482:"The regulation of urea-biosynthesis enzymes in vertebrates" 12293:"The Surprising Closest Relative of the Huge Elephant Birds" 10525:

Glorified Dinosaurs: The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds

10380: 9144: 8063:, which may enrich the local soil and the surrounding seas. 7048:

accompanied with a reduction of their metabolic rates. This

6993:

Some birds have also demonstrated the capacity to fall into

6611:

often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons.

6402:, are specialised carrion eaters, while others, like gulls, 6085:

from ants, which birds receive through a behaviour known as

6035:. The centrifugal moult is modified in the tail feathers of 5940:

not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate

23923: 23290: 23253: 23223: 22637: 22433: 22172: 21646:

Head, Matthew (1997). "Birdsong and the Origins of Music".

19243:

Hemmings, N. L.; Slate, J.; Birkhead, T. R. (29 May 2012).

17228:

10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0307:SVTOIG]2.0.CO;2

16895:

10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0143:DWDEIF]2.0.CO;2

16354:. Vol. 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 15956:"Metabolic constraints on long-distance migration in birds" 15840:

10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1262:BAFAOA]2.0.CO;2

15180: 15017:"Birds on New England wool properties – A woolgrower guide" 14830:"Grit Use by House Sparrows: Effects of Diet and Grit Size" 12761:

10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0820:TCSPOT]2.0.CO;2

11252:

10.1206/0003-0090(2004)286<0001:mptaso>2.0.co;2

10777:

10.1206/0003-0090(2004)286<0001:MPTASO>2.0.CO;2

10116:

Xing Xu; Hailu You; Kai Du; Fenglu Han (28 July 2011). "An

8820: 8565:. Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example, 8443: 8401: 8299: 8253: 7027: 6934: 6829: 6379: 6375: 6344: 6332: 6320: 6146: 5862: 5744: 5413: 5268: 4490: 4323: 4134: 4090: 3337: 2762: 647:

birds being important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers.

429: 22542: 22536: 22246:

Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.).

22119: 20023: 18750:

Metz, V. G.; Schreiber, E. A. (2002). "Great Frigatebird (

17307:

Rattenborg, Niels C. (2006). "Do birds sleep in flight?".

16408:

Mouritsen, Henrik; Larsen, Ole Næsbye (15 November 2001).

16248:

10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[537:DPARMD]2.0.CO;2

15181:

Cherel, Yves; Bocher, P; De Broyer, C; Hobson, KA (2002).

14876: 14719:"Flightlessness - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 13636: 13151: 12715:"Ornithology, 3rd Edition – Waterfowl: Order Anseriformes" 10680: 10597: 9712:

Lee, Michael S. Y.; Spencer, Patrick S. (1 January 1997).

9489: 9329:

Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks

8864:

groups work to protect birds, either by passing laws that

5525:. The atrium and ventricles of each side are separated by 5173:

that shows many unusual adaptations, mostly to facilitate

2955:

or occurred later and potentially as a consequence of the

1684:, i.e. the first dinosaurs closer to living birds than to 24045: 22902: 22664: 22281:

National Geographic Field Guide to Birds of North America

19438:

Nelson-Flower MJ, Hockey PA, O'Ryan C, Ridley AR (2012).

19041:

Spottiswoode, C. N.; Colebrook-Robjent, J. F. R. (2007).

18830:"Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds" 18001:

10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[527:CAMGOT]2.0.CO;2

17075: 16716:

Roy, Suhridam; Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2022).

15051: 13349: 12828:"Sperm Storage in the Female Reproductive Tract in Birds" 12685:"How Chickens Lost Their Penises (And Ducks Kept Theirs)" 11568: 10362: 8658: 8155: 8151: 8037: 7792:, are obligate parasites, though the most famous are the 6678: 6193: 6169: 6066: 5760: 5735: 5645:

for vision in air and water. Some species also have dual

5232: 5101:, for example, has been introduced around the world as a 3236: 491: 22068: 22032: 21746: 20824:

Thankappan Nair, P. (1974). "The Peacock Cult in Asia".

19577:. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 24. pp. 323–370. 18216: 18113: 16624: 15861: 15779: 13610:

Ehrlich, Paul R.; David S. Dobkin; Darryl Wheye (1988).

13124: 12322:

Ehrlich, Paul R.; David S. Dobkin; Darryl Wheye (1988).

12126:

Ehrlich, Paul R.; David S. Dobkin; Darryl Wheye (1988).

11973: 11711: 9612: 8477:, the goddess of wisdom and patron deity of the city of 8161:

Birds can act as vectors for spreading diseases such as

6249:, and various small animals, including other birds. The 5377:

through this mechanism. Most female birds have a single

5279:

or external urethral opening and (with exception of the

754:. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined 22496: 20789:

Hauser, A. J. (1985). "Jonah: In Pursuit of the Dove".

20496:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

20111:

Bird Ecology and Conservation. A Handbook of Techniques

18467: 18120:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

17681:(4 ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 390–396. 16672:"Male Blue Petrels reveal their body mass when calling" 15894: 15476: 15183:"Food and feeding ecology of the sympatric thin-billed 14955: 14206:

Belthoff, James R.; Dufty; Gauthreaux (1 August 1994).

14205: 14163:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

13736: 13020: 11228:"Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of 10750:"Morphology, Phylogenetic Taxonomy, and Systematics of 10162: 9808:"Jurassic Pork: What Could a Jewish Time Traveler Eat?" 9670: 7695:, but has been observed in species as different as the 7115:

has elaborate breeding plumage used to impress females.

6477:. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by 5157:): 1 Beak, 2 Head, 3 Iris, 4 Pupil, 5 Mantle, 6 Lesser 2984:

era. The affinities of an earlier fossil, the possible

21351:"On Birds and Beauty - The Metropolitan Museum of Art" 20158: 19299: 16762: 16228: 13685: 11884: 10120:-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae". 9429: 9327:

del Hoyo, Josep; Andy Elliott; Jordi Sargatal (1992).

7208: 6858:, are the major means by which birds communicate with 6212:

feed when the tides are appropriate, by day or night.

5876:

metacarpal to punch and hammer opponents. The jacanas

5457: 5195:. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show 719:

system currently in use. Birds are categorised as the

21843:

Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds

21113: 21111: 20412: 20337: 19242: 19193: 18648:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 88. 16875: 13603: 10681:

Brusatte, S.L.; O'Connor, J.K.; Jarvis, J.D. (2015).

10325: 9365:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 824. 8794:

Human activities have caused population decreases or

8389:

served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of

7808:

The peacock tail in flight, the classic example of a

6451:

have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid called

5763:, these feathers form tufts which resemble ears. The 5557:

meet the high metabolic need associated with flight.

438: 27616: 27577: 27533: 27517: 27507: 27497: 27268: 27214: 27093: 27063: 27048: 27038: 27028: 27018: 27008: 26998: 26988: 26978: 26967: 26912: 26857: 26806: 26767: 26729: 26699: 26684: 26674: 26664: 26653: 26643: 26633: 26623: 26613: 26603: 26593: 26583: 26573: 26563: 26553: 26543: 26532: 26522: 26512: 26502: 26492: 26482: 26472: 26462: 26452: 26442: 26314: 26268: 26224: 26193: 26176: 26105: 26089: 26078: 26067: 26057: 26047: 26036: 26026: 26016: 26005: 25994: 25984: 25936: 25910: 25864: 25770: 25725: 25710: 25700: 25689: 25679: 25557: 25362: 25035: 25018: 25008: 24997: 24986: 24975: 22208:"Bird use of rice fields in the Indian subcontinent" 20895: 18930: 17881:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

16805: 13067: 11909: 11671:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

11600: 10570: 9805: 9716:. In Sumida, Stuart S.; Martin, Karen L. M. (eds.). 8215:

Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called

5617:

controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and

4978:

The classification of birds is a contentious issue.

3004:, the earliest diverging lineage within Neognathae. 2523: 2241: 2047: 1373: 1348: 1316: 1191: 1160: 1130: 1098: 1062: 581:

and diversified dramatically around the time of the

432: 27882: 23194: 22173:Butchart, S.; Stattersfield, A.; Collar, N (2006). 19572: 19245:"Inbreeding causes early death in a passerine bird" 19196:"Inbreeding causes early death in a passerine bird" 18568: 16924: 16869: 16669: 11951:

The Pheasant: Ecology, Management, and Conservation

11948: 11668: 10048: 9237:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves" 8959: 7671:of the same species—usually close relatives of the 7052:shows in nearly a hundred other species, including 6914:is common and multiple eyes can provide a valuable 5774: 426: 22569:— University of California Museum of Paleontology. 21108: 21028: 20864:Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer (1990). 20863: 20738: 20553: 19529: 18357: 14276:Humphrey, Philip S.; Parkes, K. C. (1 June 1959). 13875:Ornithology in Laboratory and Field. Fifth Edition 13507:Hoagstrom, C.W. (2002). "Vertebrate Circulation". 12917:"Gonadal Asymmetry and Sex Determination in Birds" 11240:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 10765:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 10456: 10363:Ivanov, M.; Hrdlickova, S.; Gregorova, R. (2001). 9971:"Study traces dinosaur evolution into early birds" 9941: 9751:Cau, Andrea; Brougham, Tom; Naish, Darren (2015). 9502: 8657:Perceptions of bird species vary across cultures. 6886: 6485:often with the application of secretions from the 6273:strategies can vary widely by species. Many birds 6081:. This may be supplemented with the secretions of 5058:has expanded dramatically due to human activities. 2801: 1301:(that is, one based on physical characteristics). 651:, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. 21602: 21264: 21039:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. 18784:Ekman, J. (2006). "Family living amongst birds". 18599:"AnAge: The animal ageing and longevity database" 15232:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 14778: 14572: 14329: 14081:Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society 13332:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 11885:Schreiber, Elizabeth Anne; Joanna Burger (2001). 10872:Clarke, J. A.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F. (March 2006). 10573:"Birds survived dino extinction with keen senses" 10298: 9265: 8826:The most commonly cited human threat to birds is 7274:construct elaborate suspended nests out of grass. 6208:(active during twilight hours), and many coastal 5888:have an expanded, blade-like radius. The extinct 28967: 22205: 21011:Festivals of Attica: An Archaeological Companion 20678: 20300: 19345: 18515:Collias, Nicholas E.; Collias, Elsie C. (1984). 18468:Lafuma, L.; Lambrechts, M.; Raymond, M. (2001). 18070: 17986: 16590:"Courtship behaviour of the Wandering Albatross 15782:"The alterations of plumage of parasitic origin" 15560: 15191:prions at Iles Kerguelen, Southern Indian Ocean" 14278:"An approach to the study of molts and plumages" 14037:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 13786:Andersson, S.; J. Ornborg; M. Andersson (1998). 12578:"Pellet Regurgitation by Captive Sparrow Hawks ( 12071: 10823:"From snout to beak: the loss of teeth in birds" 10452: 10450: 10376: 10374: 9750: 9593:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 8553:Among the most famous of these bird artists was 8341:) number in the millions. Many homeowners erect 6976:, tuck their head into their back when sleeping. 5901: 5712:has a fan shaped blood supply system called the 3031: 27:Warm-blooded vertebrates with wings and feathers 22539:– A free library of videos of the world's birds 21672: 21526: 20823: 20133: 19616:Eros and Evolution: A Natural Philosophy of Sex 19136: 18758:. Philadelphia: The Birds of North America Inc. 18542:The Petrels: Their Ecology and Breeding Systems 17906: 17877: 16715: 16407: 16033:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 15627: 11705: 10983: 10871: 10527:. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. 10231: 10051:"Plumage color patterns of an extinct dinosaur" 9995: 9696:The origin of birds and the evolution of flight 9472:The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight 9464: 9462: 9261: 9259: 9257: 6961:"Roosting" redirects here. For other uses, see 6669:in the United States returned to its colony in 691:is often considered the oldest known true bird. 671: 573:. According to recent estimates, modern birds ( 159: 24853: 24265: 22550:, from the International Field Guides database 22543:The Institute for Bird Populations, California 22309:, Princeton University Press, second edition. 22175:"How many bird extinctions have we prevented?" 21014:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. 20859: 20857: 20855: 19388: 17907:Gowaty, Patricia A.; Buschhaus, Nancy (1998). 17555: 16956: 16954: 15739:Eraud C; Dorie A; Jacquet A; Faivre B (2008). 14828:Gionfriddo, James P.; Best (1 February 1995). 14827: 14325: 14323: 14321: 14275: 14157:Longrich, N.R.; Olson, S.L. (5 January 2011). 13474:Whittow, G. (2000). Whittow, G. Causey (ed.). 12882: 12791:"Ostrich penis clears up evolutionary mystery" 12633:"What Are Fecal Sacs? Bird Diapers, Basically" 10820: 10518: 10516: 10514: 9917:(2002). "Looking for the True Bird Ancestor". 9746: 9744: 9606: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9379:Livezey, Bradley C.; Zusi, RL (January 2007). 9088: 9086: 7833:tail being perhaps the most famous example of 5995:are replaced one at a time with the innermost 5587:ventricle where it is pumped out to the body. 5169:Compared with other vertebrates, birds have a 5086:species come ashore only to breed, while some 3080:of modern bird relationships based on Stiller 1768:A third stage of bird evolution starting with 28033: 27868: 24772: 24211: 22588: 21645: 20193: 19884: 19638: 19523: 19480: 19431: 19382: 19293: 19187: 18749: 16535:Thomas, Betsy Trent; Strahl (1 August 1990). 15821:Revis, Hannah C.; Waller, Deborah A. (2004). 15392: 14156: 13936: 13934: 13898: 13515:. Pasadena, California: Salem Press: 217–219. 13509:Magill's Encyclopedia of Science: Animal Life 13502: 13500: 12739: 12436: 11291: 11289: 10924: 10447: 10371: 9016: 8345:near their homes to attract various species. 8102:, like the cooperative honey-gathering among 7569: 6077:, inhibiting the growth of feather-degrading 1640:to be found, and it provided support for the 1297:. Avialae is also occasionally defined as an 768:. However, an earlier definition proposed by 23102: 22563:– Interactive identification of all UK birds 21080: 21034: 20896:Lewis, Sian; Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2018). 20610: 20359:"Will Wind Turbines Ever Be Safe for Birds?" 20259: 20134:Bonney, Rick; Rohrbaugh, Ronald Jr. (2004). 20067: 19920:Berner, Lewis; Hicks, Ellis A. (June 1959). 19566: 19077: 18402: 18263: 18022:Owens, Ian P. F.; Bennett, Peter M. (1997). 18021: 17759:"Displays of Count Raggi's Bird-of-Paradise 17506: 16534: 15110: 14925: 14731: 13983: 12074:Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World 11974:Spreyer, Mark F.; Enrique H. Bucher (1998). 11828: 11346: 10814: 10674: 10367:. Netherlands: Rebo Publishers. p. 312. 10319: 9989: 9687: 9459: 9374: 9372: 9254: 9092: 8352: 6406:, or other birds of prey, are opportunists. 5932:allows it to blend in with its surroundings. 5306:It is a common but not universal feature of 778:. Gauthier defined Aves to include only the 24414: 24225: 22206:Sundar, K. S. Gopi; Subramanya, S. (2010). 20947: 20867:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament 20852: 20643: 19919: 18675:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 109. 18662: 18645:The Painted Stork: Ecology and Conservation 18623:. University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology 18438: 18436: 18298:. New York: St. Martin's. pp. 479–655. 17507:Palmer, Meredith S.; Packer, Craig (2018). 16960: 16951: 15820: 15289:. Oxford University Press. pp. 42–44. 15280: 14348: 14318: 13940: 13878:. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. p. 11. 13489:Molnar, Charles; Gair, Jane (14 May 2015). 13469: 13467: 13345: 13343: 13251:"Temperature-dependent sex ratio in a bird" 12046: 11028: 11026: 11024: 10865: 10511: 9962: 9741: 9568: 9378: 9083: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8757: 8531: 8073: 7776:, which sometimes lay eggs in the nests of 7340:birds) to over 80 days (in albatrosses and 6828:'s mimicry of a large predator to ward off 5008:had been sequenced for only two birds, the 1713:of China, which has been dated to the late 1618:, have been able to glide, or both. Unlike 585:66 million years ago, which killed off the 28040: 28026: 27875: 27861: 24960: 24779: 24765: 24654: 24218: 24204: 22595: 22581: 22467: 22283:, National Geographic, 7th edition, 2017. 21972: 21053: 20464:"3: Moving Up the Food Chain Efficiently." 20260:Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2021). 19967:Boyes, Douglas H.; Lewis, Owen T. (2019). 19966: 19486: 19341: 19339: 19194:Hemmings NL, Slate J, Birkhead TR (2012). 18773:. Cambridge University Press. p. 453. 18689: 17306: 15630:"The Salt-Secreting Gland of Marine Birds" 15591:11370/6edc6940-c2e8-4c96-832e-0b6982dd59c1 15137: 14879:"Complex Evolution of Bile Salts in Birds" 13931: 13871: 13497: 13488: 13068:Ramachandran, R.; McDaniel, C. D. (2018). 11783:. Amsterdam: Academic Press. p. 463. 11517:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1 11286: 10977: 10225: 10109: 10042: 9968: 9711: 9621: 9140: 9138: 8492: 6918:. This has led to the development of many 6879:drum for long-distance communication, and 6192:, but some birds, such as many species of 5787:against an aggressor, and some species of 5497: 1309:, and the birds that descended from them. 1042: Maniraptoromorpha 604:, and participating in such behaviours as 28610:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 26423: 22190: 21788: 21633:"List of National Birds of All Countries" 21117: 21035:Deacy, Susan; Villing, Alexandra (2001). 20891: 20889: 20887: 20773: 20628: 20438: 20285: 20093: 19992: 19757: 19755: 19680: 19463: 19414: 19373: 19363: 19268: 19219: 19170: 19119: 19109: 19068: 19058: 19025: 18970: 18968: 18855: 18635: 18387: 18334: 18273:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 18139: 18055: 17926: 17733: 17677:Gill, Frank B.; Prum, Richard O. (2019). 17594: 17532: 17468: 17410: 17392: 16893: 16850: 16587: 16466: 16425: 16392: 16246: 16121: 16111: 16062: 16052: 15947: 15922: 15879: 15838: 15797: 15645: 15589: 15506: 15214: 15087: 14983: 14949: 14935:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 14902: 14557: 14182: 14056: 13813: 13754: 13713: 13506: 13491:"21.3. Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels" 13274: 13248: 13186: 13085: 12989: 12932: 12910: 12908: 12906: 12885:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 12859: 12802: 12575: 12507: 12404:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 12391: 12366: 12272:Fernbank Science Center's Ornithology Web 11880: 11878: 11755: 11737: 11643: 11632:"Learning about birds from their genomes" 11625: 11623: 11475: 11389: 11329: 11114: 11004: 10960: 10950: 10925:Felice, Ryan N.; Goswami, Anjali (2018). 10901: 10716: 10706: 10683:"The Origin and Diversification of Birds" 10631: 10478: 10414: 10347: 10336:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 10193: 10156: 9882: 9833: 9823: 9782: 9772: 9516: 9514: 9406: 9386:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 9369: 9303: 9197: 9180: 9170: 9118: 9066: 9048: 6906:. The principal benefits of flocking are 5361:. Its length is thought to be related to 5263:from their bloodstream and excrete it as 5132: 715:modified that work in 1758 to devise the 624:(one male with many females) or, rarely, 559:. Birds are descendants of the primitive 145:or early Late Cretaceous origin based on 28991:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances 22383:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 22366: 21997: 21840: 21648:Journal of the Royal Musical Association 21401: 20516: 20389:"Birds Are Vanishing From North America" 19761: 19346:Kingma, SA; Hall, ML; Peters, A (2013). 19003: 18827: 18812: 18433: 18358:Kokko, H; Harris, M; Wanless, S (2004). 18293: 17894:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132439 17425: 17263: 17163: 17115:Au, David W.K.; Pitman (1 August 1986). 17114: 16987: 16856: 16374: 16314: 15953: 15888: 15676: 15309: 15014: 14381: 14152: 14150: 14148: 13524: 13522: 13464: 13340: 12211: 12209: 12207: 12205: 12203: 12201: 12199: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12177: 11806:Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World 11781:The Speciation and Biogeography of Birds 11664: 11662: 11447: 11021: 10591: 10547: 9693: 9468: 9355: 8948: 8781: 8636: 8502: 8397:who whispered news into the ears of the 8356: 8206: 8193:that can also be transmitted to humans. 8083: 7972: 7857: 7803: 7746: 7683:, which includes such birds as the true 7654: 7643:, whose chicks take up to six months to 7619: 7301: 7299:) by their parents soon after hatching. 7265: 7218: 7106: 6967: 6890: 6834: 6613: 6511: 6225: 6129: 6108:. The scales of birds are thought to be 6053: 5919: 5671: 5501: 5416:. The sex of birds is determined by the 5393:is not unknown in birds and eggs can be 5148: 5049: 2721: 1662: 1566: 1524: 681: 474:to the 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) 24346:Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids) 22602: 21946: 21816:(2nd ed.). Oxford & New York: 21691: 21619:"Flag description - the World Factbook" 21292:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 21158: 21086: 19794:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 19336: 19083: 18442: 17941: 16086:Shaffer, Scott A.; et al. (2006). 15703: 15441: 15393:Bélisle, Marc; Giroux (1 August 1995). 15008: 14601: 14539: 14247:"How We Use and Show Our Social Organs" 13543: 13473: 12832:Journal of Reproduction and Development 12624: 12576:Balgooyen, Thomas G. (1 October 1971). 12530: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12165: 12163: 12161: 12159: 12157: 12105:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 4. 11084:Ericson, Per G.P.; et al. (2006). 11077: 10522: 9135: 8189:over long distances. Some of these are 8158:are common causes of death for birds). 7899: 7883:mating pairs than for unrelated pairs. 7719:varies dramatically. The chicks of the 6956: 5444:temperature-dependent sex determination 3024:. On the other hand, the occurrence of 1742:The well-known probable early avialan, 596:preserve knowledge across generations ( 14: 28968: 28047: 25660: 21947:Axelson, Gustave (19 September 2019). 21895: 21811: 21723: 21567: 21463: 21289: 21201: 20980: 20953: 20884: 20788: 20386: 20228: 19787: 19752: 19613: 18974: 18965: 18879:Gaston, AJ (1994). "Ancient Murrelet ( 18878: 18722: 18668: 18591: 18539: 18189: 17836: 17357: 16711: 16709: 16670:Genevois, F.; Bretagnolle, V. (1994). 16489: 16347: 16195: 15994:"Long-distance Godwit sets new record" 15310:Li, Zhiheng; Clarke, Julia A. (2016). 15229: 14496: 14071: 13548:. UK: Dorling Kindersley. p. 16. 13394: 12971: 12903: 12788: 12007: 11875: 11803: 11778: 11629: 11620: 11295: 11225: 10747: 9627: 9511: 9234: 9203: 8227:tons of eggs were produced worldwide. 8196: 7917:result in severe fitness costs due to 7202:Homosexual behaviour has been observed 5771:, but it is not spiral as in mammals. 5408:. Meaning they have two sexes: either 5320: 2957:Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event 2937:Major groups of modern birds based on 2761:The latter included the superficially 1600:. Together, these form a group called 1548:, a group of theropods which includes 632:. They are usually laid in a nest and 28658: 28657: 28021: 27856: 27360: 27359: 26410: 25647: 24947: 24798: 24760: 24199: 23087: 22576: 21697: 21541: 21428: 21374: 21059: 21007: 20923:Resig, Dorothy D. (9 February 2013). 20922: 20776:"Birds in legend, fable and folklore" 20461: 20356: 18783: 18768: 18695: 18601:. Human Ageing and Genomics Resources 18445:Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour 18166:Birds of the World and their Behavior 18162: 17799: 17756: 17030: 16375:Matthews, G.V.T. (1 September 1953). 15561:Tieleman, B.I.; Williams, JB (1999). 15521: 14674: 14649: 14634: 14604:"The Adaptive Significance of Anting" 14145: 14033:"Physiology and anatomy of avian ear" 14030: 13568: 13519: 13427: 13400: 13297: 12691:. National Geographic. Archived from 12689:Phenomena: Not Exactly Rocket Science 12630: 11976:"Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus)" 11949:Hill, David; Peter Robertson (1988). 11683:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012121-085928 11659: 11578:Phylogeny and classification of birds 11420: 10657:"Why Do Birds Have Such Skinny Legs?" 9865:Prum, Richard O. (19 December 2008). 9707: 9705: 8595:and a sailor is the central theme of 7286:lays its eggs on bare rock, and male 6409: 5153:External anatomy of a bird (example: 4988:Phylogeny and Classification of Birds 1608:members of Deinonychosauria, such as 583:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 28953:AAFCA22F-1980-4B62-9149-8887F1C1FDC1 28917:E1E0B077-76F6-D736-3B27-36617A705C73 28878:dcced4e7-06b1-466e-9d85-5a384501dac2 28803:f2fd1555-ab1f-40f7-9cbf-abebff1ffbda 24154: 21326:"Birds of Mughal India – Shangri La" 20916: 20543:from the original on 9 October 2022. 18641: 18613: 17496:from the original on 9 October 2022. 17153:from the original on 9 October 2022. 16614:from the original on 9 October 2022. 16337:from the original on 9 October 2022. 16269: 15769:from the original on 9 October 2022. 15628:Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut (1 May 1960). 15617:from the original on 9 October 2022. 15431:from the original on 9 October 2022. 15281:Hughes, Baz; Green, Andy J. (2005). 14866:from the original on 9 October 2022. 14420: 14314:from the original on 9 October 2022. 14094:from the original on 9 October 2022. 13872:Pettingill, Olin Sewall Jr. (1985). 13528: 13209: 13070:"Parthenogenesis in birds: a review" 12682: 12215: 12154: 11712:Feng, Shaohong; et al. (2020). 11580:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 11527: 11521: 11032: 10365:The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils 10221:from the original on 9 October 2022. 10105:from the original on 9 October 2022. 9913: 9864: 9602:from the original on 9 October 2022. 8040:were important browsers, as are the 7929:Inbreeding depression occurs in the 7111:Like others of its family, the male 7090:Animal sexual behaviour § Birds 6137:in the downstroke of flapping flight 5687:Many birds show plumage patterns in 5570:through the arteries, which undergo 5125:far beyond their original ranges as 24178: 22265:Lederer, Roger; Carol Burr (2014). 18885:The Birds of North America, No. 132 18883:)". In Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.). 18817:. Melbourne: CSIRO. pp. 21–42. 18771:Skua and Penguin. Predator and Prey 18754:)". In Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.). 18223:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17274:The Journal of Experimental Biology 17166:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17108: 16929:): a case of a slow life history". 16706: 16501:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 16377:"Navigation in the Manx Shearwater" 14332:Ornithology in Laboratory and Field 14244: 13943:Journal of Comparative Physiology A 12662:. Academic Press. 21 January 2019. 12012:) in the Greater Caribbean Basin". 11808:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11550:from the original on 9 October 2022 11492:"October 2022 | Clements Checklist" 11296:Jarvis, E. D.; et al. (2014). 10571:Agency France-Presse (April 2011). 9942:Norell, Mark; Mick Ellison (2005). 9630:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9583: 8439: 7799: 7209:Territories, nesting and incubation 6455:that they provide to their chicks. 6215: 5462:Birds have one of the most complex 5458:Respiratory and circulatory systems 5432:with two morphs is involved in the 5242: 5187:Bird_anatomy § Skeletal_system 2794:and a skull similar to that of the 1596:, which include dromaeosaurids and 1592:, are the closest relatives of the 1584:The consensus view in contemporary 1544:and, more specifically, members of 746:Aves and a sister group, the order 24: 22353: 22302:, National Audubon Society, Knopf. 22296:, National Audubon Society, Knopf. 22248:Handbook of the Birds of the World 22234: 21265:Tennyson, A; Martinson, P (2006). 20692:. pp. 841–846. Archived from 20387:Zimmer, Carl (19 September 2019). 20325:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb01048.x 20181:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00272.x 19864:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00243.x 19314:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01434.x 18977:Cuckoos, Cowbirds and other Cheats 18835:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 18756:The Birds of North America, No 681 18726:Handbook of the Birds of the World 17945:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 17264:Bäckman, Johan; A (1 April 2002). 16964:Handbook of the Birds of the World 16537:"Nesting Behavior of Sunbitterns ( 16351:Handbook of the Birds of the World 15939:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 15902:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 15125:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1989.tb01457.x 15000:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 14963:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 13793:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 12897:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00933.x 11215:from the original on 10 June 2020. 10654: 10234:"Four-winged dinosaurs from China" 9973:. Associated Press. Archived from 9720:. Academic Press. pp. 61–84. 9702: 9093:Yonezawa, T.; et al. (2017). 7736: 6875:drive air through their feathers, 6808:Problems playing these files? See 6747:, a common North American songbird 6717: 6112:to those of reptiles and mammals. 5956:, may vary within species by age, 5944:, provide insulation that aids in 5625:with notable exceptions including 5597:Bird anatomy § Nervous system 5180: 2786:in the avian skull found that the 1780:, and the loss of grasping hands. 1652: 1636:is well known as one of the first 1058: 569:) which first appeared during the 482:, or "perching" birds. Birds have 155: 25: 29017: 23056:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 22334: 21973:Norris, K; Pain, D, eds. (2002). 21898:"Birds at risk reach record high" 19575:Molecular Genetics of Development 18447:. University of Cambridge Press. 18073:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16492:"Badge size in the house sparrow 16029:reveals longest animal migration" 15954:Klaassen, Marc (1 January 1996). 15786:Italian Journal of Animal Science 14472:"Birds of the World, Biology 532" 14469: 13249:Göth, A; Booth, DT (March 2005). 12072:Juniper, Tony; Mike Parr (1998). 10827:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10821:Louchart, A.; Viriot, L. (2011). 10575:. Cosmos Magazine. Archived from 10387:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10288:from the original on 2 June 2020. 9969:Borenstein, Seth (31 July 2014). 9812:Evolution: Education and Outreach 9235:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). 8770:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 8607:term as a metaphor for a 'burden' 7679:is particularly common among the 7102: 6547:and a non-breeding season in the 5621:building. Most birds have a poor 5590: 5223:. The ribs are flattened and the 2808:Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy of birds 2242:Early diversity of bird ancestors 1694:(juvenile-like) characteristics. 1588:is that the flying theropods, or 1564:, contributed to this ambiguity. 1317:Dinosaurs and the origin of birds 1015:", in this sense synonymous with 547:. Likewise, birds are considered 28187: 27951: 27837: 27836: 27782: 27776: 27342: 27337: 26393: 26386: 26379: 25630: 25624: 25618: 24489:Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) 24177: 24165: 24153: 24142: 24141: 24032:(New World vultures and condors) 22365: 22199: 22166: 22113: 22026: 21991: 21966: 21940: 21915: 21889: 21859: 21834: 21805: 21740: 21730:Journal of Music Research Online 21724:Taylor, Hollis (21 March 2011). 21717: 21698:Reich, Ronni (15 October 2010). 21666: 21639: 21625: 21611: 21596: 21561: 21535: 21520: 21492: 21457: 21422: 21395: 21368: 21343: 21318: 21283: 21258: 21195: 21152: 21001: 20974: 20817: 20782: 20767: 20732: 20726:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00430.x 20703: 20672: 20637: 20604: 20582: 20547: 20510: 20484: 20455: 20419:Clinical Medicine & Research 20406: 20380: 20350: 20331: 20294: 20253: 20222: 20187: 20152: 20127: 20102: 20061: 20017: 19960: 19913: 19907:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12720.x 19878: 19828: 19781: 19697: 19632: 19607: 19465:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01983.x 19236: 19172:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01889.x 19034: 18997: 18951:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03290.x 18924: 18918:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00276.x 18891: 18872: 18821: 18806: 18800:10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03666.x 18777: 18762: 18743: 18716: 18562: 18533: 18508: 18461: 18396: 18389:10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00813.x 18351: 18302: 18287: 18257: 18210: 18183: 18156: 18107: 18064: 18015: 17980: 17935: 17900: 17871: 17830: 17793: 17750: 17685: 17670: 17664:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.04116.x 17639: 17588: 17549: 17500: 17419: 17386: 17351: 17300: 17257: 17200: 17157: 17069: 17024: 16981: 16918: 16799: 16756: 16663: 16618: 16581: 16528: 16483: 16442: 16401: 16368: 16341: 16308: 16263: 16222: 16189: 16138: 16079: 16016: 15986: 15864:"How Birds Combat Ectoparasites" 15855: 15814: 15773: 15760:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04053.x 15732: 15697: 15670: 15621: 15554: 15515: 15470: 15435: 15386: 15350: 15303: 15274: 15223: 15174: 15131: 15104: 15045: 14919: 14870: 14821: 14772: 14725: 14711: 14668: 14643: 14628: 14595: 14589:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2003.03193.x 14566: 14533: 14490: 14463: 14414: 14375: 14269: 14238: 14199: 14098: 14065: 14024: 13977: 13917:10.1046/j.1463-5224.2003.00250.x 13892: 13865: 13822: 13779: 13730: 13679: 13630: 13562: 13537: 13482: 13421: 13291: 13242: 13236:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01709.x 13203: 13145: 13118: 12240: 12147:Based on The Birder's Handbook ( 11630:Holmes, Bob (10 February 2022). 10894:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x 10349:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00245.x 10328:"The tenth skeletal specimen of 9399:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x 8872:bird habitat or by establishing 8697:, birds are a popular choice on 8106:and African peoples such as the 7703:. Among most groups of animals, 7295:chicks led away from the nests ( 7278:Bird eggs are usually laid in a 7247:with hard shells made mostly of 7147:Other mating systems, including 7040:roost hanging upside down. Some 7014:is common because it lowers the 6786: 6758: 6733: 6704: 5775:Defence and intraspecific combat 5708:in many aquatic birds. The bird 5000:list of sequenced animal genomes 4881: 4860: 4829: 4798: 4704: 4679: 4644: 4609: 4581: 4550: 4494: 4469: 4438: 4327: 4294: 4258: 4212: 4191: 4138: 4094: 4065: 3979: 3946: 3915: 3887: 3859: 3828: 3772: 3747: 3708: 3636: 3615: 3587: 3538: 3517: 3489: 3423: 3402: 3341: 3316: 3244: 3215: 3178: 3157: 3122: 3050:, which includes the flightless 3042:All modern birds lie within the 422: 191: 78: 27883:Lists of dinosaurs by continent 24948: 24786: 21845:. University of Chicago Press. 21544:"Owls in Mythology and Culture" 20611:Cooney, R.; Jepson, P. (2006). 20266:Global Ecology and Conservation 20068:Bosman, A.; Hockey, A. 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Cambridge University Press. 20791:Journal of Biblical Literature 20074:Marine Ecology Progress Series 19771:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 19389:Szulkin M, Sheldon BC (2008). 16676:Ethology Ecology and Evolution 16594:at Bird Island, South Georgia" 15522:Engel, Sophia Barbara (2005). 15195:Marine Ecology Progress Series 13314:(inactive 11 September 2024). 12631:Jones, Benji (7 August 2018). 11982:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 10383:"The Early Origin of Feathers" 9349: 9320: 9228: 8754:people to lure birds of prey. 8661:are associated with bad luck, 8605:, which led to the use of the 8591:. The relationship between an 8404:. In several civilisations of 8114:, as when species such as the 6347:plunge dive after their prey. 13: 1: 28615:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust 22548:List of field guides to birds 22513:Journal of Field Ornithology' 22480:North American Birds for Kids 21923:"Nearly 3 Billion Birds Gone" 21873:. 14 May 2009. Archived from 21582:10.1080/0015587X.1974.9716553 21269:. Wellington: Te Papa Press. 21037:Athena in the Classical World 20753:10.1080/0015587X.1917.9719006 20357:Bryce, Emma (16 March 2016). 19583:10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60012-7 18486:10.1016/S0376-6357(01)00191-7 18093:10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01232-9 17426:Buttemer, William A. (1985). 17102:10.1080/01584197.2018.1537673 16696:10.1080/08927014.1994.9522988 15113:Australian Journal of Ecology 14654:. Westport: Greenwood Press. 14423:"The tail molt of small owls" 13990:Brain, Behavior and Evolution 12416:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00006-0 12299:. 22 May 2014. Archived from 11429:. Eastern Kentucky University 9673:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 8941: 8613:metaphors derive from birds; 8457:(later known as Ishtar), the 7596:. Altricial chicks need help 7586:, and tend to be born small, 6839:The startling display of the 6241:are varied and often include 5902:Feathers, plumage, and scales 5613:coordinates movement and the 3032:Classification of bird orders 1757:period. Many groups retained 741: 589:and all non-avian dinosaurs. 450:, toothless beaked jaws, the 22537:The Internet Bird Collection 22424:Resources in other libraries 22020:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90031-4 21896:Kinver, Mark (13 May 2009). 21605:A Complete Guide to Heraldry 21500:"US Warplane Aircraft Names" 21267:Extinct Birds of New Zealand 21202:Conard, Nicholas J. (2003). 20590:"The Guano War of 1865–1866" 20576:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.011 19111:10.1371/journal.pone.0053066 18571:Bird Families of the World 3 17617:10.1126/science.183.4124.545 16588:Pickering, S. P. C. (2001). 16490:Möller, Anders Pape (1988). 16211:(4): 113–121. Archived from 16000:. 4 May 2007. Archived from 15868:The Open Ornithology Journal 13478:. San Diego: Academic Press. 12268:"Skeleton of a typical bird" 12051:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 11953:. Oxford: BSP Professional. 8746:, they can duet with birds. 7774:non-obligate brood parasites 6920:mixed-species feeding flocks 6854:, which are produced in the 6501: 6230:Feeding adaptations in beaks 6183: 5799:in their skin and feathers. 5357:, which is never present in 5325:Most male birds do not have 3062:, and the extremely diverse 1023:Under the fourth definition 672:Evolution and classification 664:is an important part of the 504:loss of flight in some birds 498:. Wings, which are modified 7: 29006:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 29001:Santonian first appearances 28351:Jonathan Livingston Seagull 28303:The Conference of the Birds 25648: 24320:Appendicularia (larvaceans) 24096:(woodpeckers and relatives) 22567:Are Birds Really Dinosaurs? 22091:10.1126/science.148.3666.90 20682:Waterbirds around the world 20287:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01793 20229:Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2009). 20113:. Oxford University Press. 16315:Rabenold, Kerry N. (1985). 15881:10.2174/1874453201003010041 15528:. University of Groningen. 14358:SAFRING Bird Ringing Manual 14072:Warham, John (1 May 1977). 13584:(1–2): 1–20. Archived from 12991:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.08.004 11604:; Short, Lester L. (1970). 8899: 8708: 8587:as an erotic symbol in his 8419:, priests were involved in 8367:Master of the Playing Cards 8150:kills and predation by pet 8110:. Other times, they may be 8068:avian ecology field methods 8025:and show host-specificity. 7978:Gran Canaria blue chaffinch 7079: 7044:go into a nightly state of 6634:species such as the boreal 5981:Humphrey–Parkes terminology 5541:signal transduction pathway 5333:(with the exception of the 5046:List of birds by population 4993: 2900:(all other birds including 765:Archaeopteryx lithographica 760:most recent common ancestor 545:only known living dinosaurs 10: 29022: 28633:Human–dinosaur coexistence 28332:A History of British Birds 28138:In mythology and religion 24747:denote paraphyletic groups 24626:Squamata (scaled reptiles) 23958:(cormorants and relatives) 23051:Extinct species since 1500 22517:North American Bird Bander 22454:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 22241:All the Birds of the World 22218:(Special Issue 1): 44–70. 21773:10.1038/s41598-023-35700-9 21603:Fox-Davies, A. C. (1985). 21466:Journal of Business Ethics 20954:Cyrino, Monica S. (2010). 20774:Ingersoll, Ernest (1923). 17718:10.1038/s41598-021-99296-8 17513:African Journal of Ecology 16025:"Tracking of Arctic terns 14637:Avian Anatomy – integument 14540:Walther, Bruno A. (2005). 14330:Pettingill Jr. OS (1970). 13612:"The Avian Sense of Smell" 13476:Sturkie's Avian Physiology 11980:The Birds of North America 10847:10.1016/j.tree.2011.09.004 10558:10.1038/d41586-018-03447-3 10407:10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018 9029:Royal Society Open Science 8767: 8761: 8712: 8669:were considered sacred in 8511:with design of birds from 8496: 8200: 8077: 7968: 7910:Incestuous matings by the 7903: 7861: 7814: 7740: 7715:The point at which chicks 7663:feeding fully grown chicks 7629:white-breasted woodswallow 7573: 7570:Parental care and fledging 7212: 7094:Seabird breeding behaviour 7083: 6960: 6832:and protect young chicks. 6708: 6505: 6462: 6219: 6119: 5905: 5818:), the spur-winged goose ( 5680:as it covers the eye of a 5594: 5184: 5142: 5136: 5039: 5024:genes. Waterbirds such as 5018:Howard and Moore Checklist 4997: 3035: 2805: 2245: 1659:List of fossil bird genera 1656: 1644:in the late 19th century. 1320: 758:as all descendants of the 699:of birds was developed by 675: 29: 28666: 28638:Category:Birds and humans 28625: 28565:Henry Constantine Richter 28507: 28469: 28239: 28196: 28185: 28059: 27960: 27949: 27888: 27796: 27774: 27615: 27576: 27532: 27493: 27482: 27451: 27428: 27419: 27404: 27395: 27372: 27368: 27355: 27335: 27305: 27267: 27213: 27161: 27104: 27092: 27062: 26963: 26952: 26911: 26856: 26805: 26766: 26728: 26698: 26438: 26434: 26419: 26406: 26377: 26339: 26313: 26304: 26267: 26223: 26192: 26172: 26161: 26104: 25980: 25976: 25965: 25935: 25909: 25863: 25769: 25724: 25675: 25671: 25656: 25643: 25616: 25582: 25556: 25547: 25470: 25427: 25418: 25373: 25361: 25357: 25304: 25270: 25198: 25189: 25129: 25120: 25047: 25033: 24971: 24956: 24943: 24907: 24889: 24880: 24862: 24849: 24794: 24718: 24664:Crocodilia (crocodilians) 24635: 24620:Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) 24610: 24599: 24586: 24575: 24562: 24551: 24537: 24526: 24512: 24497: 24484: 24469: 24456: 24441: 24410: 24399: 24363: 24354: 24335: 24328: 24315: 24302: 24298: 24287: 24261: 24235: 24137: 24088:(kingfishers and rollers) 24020: 23975: 23942:(albatrosses and petrels) 23914: 23885: 23856: 23835: 23826:(swifts and hummingbirds) 23808:(nightjars and relatives) 23796: 23759: 23750: 23717: 23680: 23671: 23662: 23658: 23632:(pheasants and relatives) 23607: 23531: 23490: 23428: 23400: 23376: 23352: 23325: 23246: 23233: 23190: 23163: 23159: 23098: 23094: 23083: 23079: 23018: 22921: 22821: 22771: 22698: 22628: 22615: 22419:Resources in your library 22192:10.1017/S0030605306000950 20929:BAR Magazine Bib-arch.org 20630:10.1017/S0030605306000056 20340:Wildlife Society Bulletin 20301:Dolbeer, Richard (1990). 19762:Clout, M; Hay, J (1989). 19150:Journal of Animal Ecology 18881:Synthliboramphus antiquus 18828:Cockburn, Andrew (2006). 18368:Journal of Animal Ecology 18243:10.1007/s00265-004-0825-2 18163:Short, Lester L. (1993). 17329:10.1007/s00114-006-0120-3 17082:Emu - Austral Ornithology 16945:10.1017/S0952836903004175 16205:North America Bird Bander 15499:10.1080/00063659109477089 15336:10.1007/s11692-015-9345-4 15080:10.1007/s00114-018-1571-z 14635:Lucas, Alfred M. (1972). 14602:Ehrlich, Paul R. (1986). 14334:. Burgess Publishing Co. 13955:10.1007/s00359-014-0964-5 13415:10.1017/S095283699900504X 13312:10.1017/S1464793106007111 13179:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.069 13131:. Springer. p. 290. 11889:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 11739:10.1038/s41586-020-2873-9 11645:10.1146/knowable-021022-1 10748:Clarke, Julia A. (2004). 10708:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.003 10523:Chiappe, Luis M. (2007). 9825:10.1186/s12052-015-0047-2 9650:10.1017/S1477201907002143 9439:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 9214:10.1101/2022.05.19.492716 9172:21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C 9120:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.029 8986:10.1038/s41586-020-2096-0 8673:and symbols of virtue in 8649:prominently features the 8377:, such as in the Cult of 8353:In religion and mythology 8173:, mycobacteriosis (avian 7923:Promiscuity#Other animals 7912:purple-crowned fairy wren 7817:Sexual selection in birds 7377:Ruby-throated hummingbird 7223:Bird nest fell from tree. 7113:Raggiana bird-of-paradise 7098:Sexual selection in birds 7068:, even enters a state of 6251:digestive system of birds 6115: 5872:) use a bony knob on the 4875: 4854: 4847: 4823: 4816: 4792: 4785: 4694: 4669: 4662: 4634: 4627: 4603: 4596: 4575: 4568: 4544: 4537: 4527: 4484: 4463: 4456: 4432: 4425: 4418: 4408: 4309: 4280: 4273: 4252: 4245: 4206: 4177: 4170: 4160: 4153: 4128: 4121: 4080: 4059: 4052: 4042: 3961: 3940: 3933: 3909: 3902: 3881: 3874: 3853: 3846: 3822: 3815: 3805: 3762: 3733: 3726: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3678: 3630: 3609: 3602: 3581: 3574: 3532: 3511: 3504: 3483: 3476: 3466: 3456: 3417: 3392: 3385: 3375: 3368: 3331: 3306: 3299: 3289: 3230: 3209: 3202: 3172: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3112: 3105: 3095: 2898: 2874: 2862: 2838: 2828: 2589: 2571: 2564: 2546: 2539: 2521: 2514: 2493: 2486: 2468: 2461: 2445: 2438: 2420: 2413: 2397: 2390: 2372: 2365: 2347: 2329: 2322: 2301: 2294: 2275: 2268: 2122: 2095: 2077: 2070: 2063: 2045: 2038: 2017: 2010: 1992: 1985: 1964: 1957: 1927: 1909: 1902: 1895: 1877: 1870: 1852: 1845: 1827: 1820: 1802: 1795: 1759:primitive characteristics 1469: 1453: 1437: 1419: 1401: 1394: 1371: 1364: 1346: 1339: 1207: 1189: 1181: 1158: 1151: 1128: 1121: 1096: 1089: 1060: 1052: 1044: 910: 895: 887: 867: 855: 827: 815: 807: 386: 379: 336: 328: 188:Scientific classification 186: 153: 58: 48:Avifauna (disambiguation) 28250:Bird-and-flower painting 27943:Australian and Antarctic 24725:Ascidiacea (sea squirts) 24517:Actinistia (coelacanths) 23987:(seriemas and relatives) 23966:(pelicans and relatives) 22521:Studies in Avian Biology 22449:National Audubon Society 22323:, Collins, 2nd edition. 22252:Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks 21673:Clark, Suzannah (2001). 21138:(Automatic PDF download) 20981:Tinkle, Theresa (1996). 20367:National Audubon Society 20247:10.1525/cond.2009.080032 20136:Handbook of Bird Biology 19926:The Florida Entomologist 19788:Stiles, F. Gary (1981). 18938:Journal of Avian Biology 18787:Journal of Avian Biology 18696:Scott, Lynnette (2008). 18294:Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). 18196:. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 17652:Journal of Avian Biology 15748:Journal of Avian Biology 15360:Journal of Avian Biology 15285:. In Kear, Janet (ed.). 14617:(4): 835. Archived from 14576:Journal of Avian Biology 14388:Journal of Avian Biology 13905:Veterinary Ophthalmology 13544:Barbara, Taylor (2004). 12804:10.1038/nature.2011.9600 12683:Yong, Ed (6 June 2013). 12297:Science & Innovation 12128:"Adaptations for Flight" 11804:Brooke, Michael (2004). 10301:"On the Origin of Birds" 9437:(1997). "Bird Origins". 9241:Project: The Taxonomicon 8926:List of individual birds 8916:Climate change and birds 8758:Threats and conservation 8563:National Audubon Society 8465:, and the Greek goddess 8318:have long been used for 8074:Relationship with humans 7770:obligate brood parasites 7086:Category:Avian sexuality 7050:physiological adaptation 6943:mutualistic relationship 6843:mimics a large predator. 6370:Some species, including 6245:, fruit, plants, seeds, 5783:can eject an unpleasant 5536:uses calcium to cause a 5349:(but fully developed in 5042:Lists of birds by region 2976:, the last stage of the 2946:Most studies agree on a 2939:Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy 1281:closer to birds than to 986:closer to birds than to 717:taxonomic classification 24275:Leptocardii (lancelets) 24080:(hornbills and hoopoes) 23995:(falcons and relatives) 22559:5 November 2013 at the 22319:Svensson, Lars (2010). 22305:Svensson, Lars (2010). 22144:10.1126/science.1101617 22000:Biological Conservation 21818:Oxford University Press 21478:10.1023/A:1017974505642 21389:10.1111/1467-8365.00184 21330:www.shangrilahawaii.org 21088:Nilsson, Martin Persson 20592:. World History at KMLA 20556:Biological Conservation 19710:Journal of Parasitology 18699:Wildlife Rehabilitation 18575:Oxford University Press 17844:The American Naturalist 17803:The American Naturalist 17763:and congeneric species" 17412:10.1093/beheco/10.6.675 17393:Beauchamp, Guy (1999). 17309:Die Naturwissenschaften 16828:10.1126/science.1108841 16427:10.1242/jeb.204.22.3855 16167:10.1126/science.1106042 16113:10.1073/pnas.0603715103 16054:10.1073/pnas.0909493107 15647:10.1161/01.CIR.21.5.955 14677:The American Naturalist 14131:10.1126/science.1439786 13372:10.1196/annals.1298.041 13027:The Biological Bulletin 12534:The American Naturalist 11887:Biology of Marine Birds 11853:10.1126/science.1135590 11468:IOC World Bird List 9.2 11382:10.1126/science.1251981 11322:10.1126/science.1253451 10952:10.1073/pnas.1716437115 10489:10.1126/science.1228753 10195:10.1126/science.1144066 10080:10.1126/science.1186290 10020:10.1126/science.1252243 9884:10.1126/science.1168808 8845:, pollution (including 8597:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 8493:In culture and folklore 8426:They may also serve as 7501:Spheniscus magellanicus 7477:Phoebastria immutabilis 7429:Geococcyx californianus 6367:are primarily grazers. 6291:Nectar feeders such as 6286:biological pest control 5527:atrioventricular valves 5498:Heart type and features 5418:Z and W sex chromosomes 5341:(with the exception of 2812:dinosaur classification 563:(whose members include 462:rate, a four-chambered 28605:BirdLife International 28545:John Gerrard Keulemans 28497:of the Tower of London 28358:In theatre and ballet 28167:Driven grouse shooting 24429:Hyperoartia (lampreys) 24064:(trogons and quetzals) 23876:(cranes and relatives) 23146:(emus and cassowaries) 23036:Glossary of bird terms 22848:Confuciusornithiformes 22525:Pacific Coast Avifauna 22475:Essays on bird biology 22434:Birdlife International 22361: 22341:Listen to this article 22243:, Lynx Edicions, 2020. 21871:BirdLife International 21812:Fuller, Errol (2000). 21133:: 1–69. Archived from 20826:Asian Folklore Studies 20462:Brown, Lester (2005). 19501:10.1002/bies.201500120 19407:10.1098/rspb.2007.0989 19027:10.1093/beheco/8.2.153 18848:10.1098/rspb.2005.3458 18669:Khanna, D. R. (2005). 18621:"Animal diversity web" 18132:10.1098/rspb.2021.0579 18040:10.1098/rspb.1997.0152 17966:10.1098/rspb.1994.0089 17002:10.1002/ajp.1350210203 16777:10.1006/anbe.1999.1086 15998:BirdLife International 15915:10.1098/rspb.2000.0986 15570:Physiol. Biochem. Zool 15287:Ducks, Geese and Swans 15252:10.1098/rstb.1957.0004 14976:10.1098/rspb.2000.0986 14895:10.1525/auk.2010.09155 14384:Caprimulgus ruficollis 14175:10.1098/rspb.2010.2117 14031:Saito, Nozomu (1978). 13806:10.1098/rspb.1998.0315 13267:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0247 12740:McCracken, KG (2000). 11928:10.1242/jeb.205.9.1189 11236:(Avialae: Ornithurae)" 11226:Clarke, J. A. (2004). 11107:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 10758:(Avialae: Ornithurae)" 9948:. New York: Pi Press. 9296:10.1126/sciadv.1501005 9163:10.1093/molbev/msaa191 8921:Glossary of bird terms 8817:BirdLife International 8791: 8654: 8532: 8515: 8370: 8369:, 15th-century Germany 8212: 8095: 7985: 7945:Southern pied babblers 7812: 7762: 7664: 7631: 7576:Parental care in birds 7314: 7275: 7224: 7116: 6977: 6972:Many birds, like this 6899: 6844: 6770:tooth-billed bowerbird 6722: 6648:the normal territories 6627: 6524: 6398:; some of these, like 6231: 6138: 6062: 5933: 5926:disruptively patterned 5684: 5510: 5490:in birds retain their 5448:Australian brushturkey 5437:Zonotrichia albicollis 5434:white-throated sparrow 5329:penises. Males within 5251:, birds are primarily 5166: 5155:yellow-wattled lapwing 5133:Anatomy and physiology 5127:agricultural expansion 5115:yellow-headed caracara 5059: 4608:(trogons and quetzals) 3058:) and the weak-flying 2961:evolutionary radiation 2796:Eurasian golden oriole 2732: 2051:Confuciusornithiformes 1702:evolved into complex, 1673: 1669:Confuciusornis sanctus 1581: 1534: 692: 342:(ratites and tinamou) 180: 40:Birds (disambiguation) 28899:Paleobiology Database 25516:Paralitherizinosaurus 23905:(kagu and sunbittern) 23868:(gulls and relatives) 22873:Songlingornithiformes 22838:Omnivoropterygiformes 22485:9 August 2010 at the 22360: 21841:Steadman, D. (2006). 21404:The Classical Journal 21060:Deacy, Susan (2008). 21008:Simon, Erika (1983). 20690:The Stationery Office 20517:Hamilton, S. (2000). 20047:10.1007/s002270050297 19973:Ecological Entomology 19645:Ecology and Evolution 19614:Michod, R.E. (1994). 19375:10.1093/beheco/art078 19365:10.1093/beheco/art078 19249:Nature Communications 19070:10.1093/beheco/arm025 19060:10.1093/beheco/arm025 19004:Sorenson, M. (1997). 18981:T. & A. D. Poyser 18474:Behavioural Processes 18336:10.1093/beheco/arl065 18327:10.1093/beheco/arl065 17757:Frith, C. B. (1981). 17648:Caprimulgus tristigma 17286:10.1242/jeb.205.7.905 16927:Probosciger aterrimus 16468:10.1242/jeb.202.8.891 15799:10.4081/ijas.2005.296 15140:Ecological Monographs 15059:The Science of Nature 14738:Journal of Morphology 14650:Roots, Clive (2006). 14559:10.1093/beheco/arh135 14499:Physiological Zoology 13756:10.1093/beheco/arx133 13618:. Stanford University 13569:Sales, James (2005). 12789:Marcus, Adam (2011). 12330:. Stanford University 11532:NEORNITHES: 46 Orders 11496:www.birds.cornell.edu 11006:10.1093/sysbio/syt110 10604:Nature Communications 8785: 8774:List of extinct birds 8640: 8557:, whose paintings of 8506: 8497:Further information: 8360: 8210: 8087: 7976: 7959:inbreeding depression 7919:inbreeding depression 7894:inbreeding depression 7870:inbreeding depression 7864:Inbreeding depression 7858:Inbreeding depression 7841:. Commonly occurring 7829:behaviours, with the 7807: 7750: 7658: 7623: 7305: 7272:golden-backed weavers 7269: 7222: 7130:extra-pair copulation 7110: 6971: 6953:and other predators. 6894: 6838: 6721: 6643:Altitudinal migration 6622:migrating north from 6617: 6515: 6355:, and some ducks are 6301:lories, and lorikeets 6229: 6133: 6057: 5979:" plumage, or—in the 5967:Plumage is regularly 5923: 5866:) and stone curlews ( 5824:), the torrent duck ( 5730:and can estimate the 5675: 5505: 5430:disassortative mating 5420:, rather than by the 5152: 5053: 2725: 1666: 1570: 1528: 1299:apomorphy-based clade 729:Phylogenetic taxonomy 707:in their 1676 volume 685: 179: 44:Aves (disambiguation) 33:Bird (disambiguation) 28798:Fauna Europaea (new) 28523:The Birds of America 28309:Ode to a Nightingale 24645:Testudines (turtles) 23727:Phoenicopteriformes 22554:RSPB bird identifier 22464:Encyclopedia of Life 22392:More spoken articles 22224:10.1675/063.033.s104 21660:10.1093/jrma/122.1.1 20161:Conservation Biology 19084:Edwards, DB (2012). 18769:Young, Euan (1994). 18642:Urfi, A. J. (2011). 17928:10.1093/icb/38.1.207 17253:on 27 December 2004. 16702:on 24 December 2007. 16394:10.1242/jeb.30.3.370 15972:10.1242/jeb.199.1.57 15316:Evolutionary Biology 14421:Mayr, Ernst (1954). 13675:on 25 December 2013. 13591:on 26 September 2007 13430:Annals of Hematology 12844:10.1262/jrd.2013-038 12243:"The Avian Skeleton" 12216:Gill, Frank (1995). 11779:Newton, Ian (2003). 9584:Cau, Andrea (2018). 8685:, birds, especially 8653:, its national bird. 8620:F-16 Fighting Falcon 8559:North American birds 8452:Mesopotamian goddess 8223:tons of poultry and 8136:avian lead poisoning 8124:Woolly-necked Storks 7954:Cooperative breeding 7906:Inbreeding avoidance 7900:Inbreeding avoidance 7725:murrelets, like the 7661:calliope hummingbird 7610: 7602: 7381:Archilochus colubris 7312:brown-headed cowbird 7191: 7076:to cool themselves. 6957:Resting and roosting 6916:early warning system 6852:Bird calls and songs 6697:through specialised 6571:breeding grounds in 6486: 6478: 6234: 6149:) that serves as an 6069:secretions from the 6020: 6012: 6004: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5842:), geese and swans ( 5702:nictitating membrane 5678:nictitating membrane 5665:, likely to mediate 5099:ring-necked pheasant 4468:(New World vultures) 3488:(pigeons and doves) 2788:last common ancestor 1711:Tiaojishan Formation 1678:bird-line archosaurs 1638:transitional fossils 762:of modern birds and 606:cooperative breeding 483: 446:), characterised by 31:For other uses, see 28996:Feathered dinosaurs 28560:Roger Tory Peterson 27890:Non-avian dinosaurs 26733:Patagopterygiformes 26228:Confuciusornithidae 26094:Scansoriopterygidae 25729:Scansoriopterygidae 24739:Reptilia (reptiles) 24447:(jawed vertebrates) 23698:Mesitornithiformes 23692:(doves and pigeons) 23026:Families and orders 22888:Ichthyornithiformes 22863:Patagopterygiformes 22136:2004Sci...305.1955B 22130:(5692): 1955–1958. 22083:1965Sci...148...90W 22047:1965Ecol...46..488W 22012:1991BCons..55..255B 21765:2023NatSR..13.8709D 21431:The English Journal 21228:10.1038/nature02186 21220:2003Natur.426..830C 20646:Geographical Review 20568:2005BCons.126..216K 20305:Agleaius phoeniceus 20278:2021GEcoC..3001793K 20173:1990ConBi...4...99D 20086:1986MEPS...32..247B 20039:1998MarBi.131...63W 19985:2019EcoEn..44....1B 19899:2004Oikos.104..500B 19856:2002Biotr..34...68T 19657:2021EcoEv..11.8400G 19456:2012JAnEc..81..876N 19261:2012NatCo...3..863H 19212:2012NatCo...3..863H 19163:2012JAnEc..81...87D 19102:2012PLoSO...753066E 18975:Davies, N. (2000). 18842:(1592): 1375–1383. 18540:Warham, J. (1990). 18443:Hansell, M (2000). 18380:2004JAnEc..73..367K 18265:Attenborough, David 18235:2004BEcoS..57..110S 18085:1998TEcoE..13...52P 18034:(1385): 1103–1110. 17958:1994RSPSB.257...25S 17779:1981EmuAO..81..193F 17761:Paradisaea raggiana 17710:2021NatSR..1120018C 17609:1974Sci...183..545C 17525:2018AfJEc..56..882P 17453:1985Oecol..68..126B 17360:Science News Online 17321:2006NW.....93..413R 17178:1983BEcoS..12..181A 17094:2019EmuAO.119...79S 17047:1988Oikos..51...79H 16820:2005Sci...308.1934T 16814:(5730): 1934–1937. 16734:2022Ecol..103E3707R 16688:1994EtEcE...6..377G 16286:2001EmuAO.101..281C 16159:2005Sci...307..249C 16104:2006PNAS..10312799S 16098:(34): 12799–12802. 16045:2010PNAS..107.2078E 15491:1991BirdS..38..200H 15328:2016EvBio..43...12L 15244:1957RSPTB.240..401J 15207:2002MEPS..228..263C 15185:Pachyptila belcheri 15152:1973EcoM...43..193B 15072:2018SciNa.105...47N 14927:Attenborough, David 14478:on 26 February 2012 14371:on 19 October 2017. 14169:(1716): 2333–2337. 14123:1992Sci...258..799D 14049:1978ASAJ...64....3S 13843:1995Natur.373..425V 13693:Biochemical Journal 13364:2004NYASA1016..109S 13352:Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 13228:2007AusEc..32..378G 13171:2016CBio...26..344T 13087:10.1530/REP-17-0728 12487:Biochemical Journal 12451:1997Natur.386..561P 12303:on 14 December 2018 12136:Stanford University 12014:Colonial Waterbirds 11845:2007Sci...315.1574W 11839:(5818): 1574–1576. 11730:2020Natur.587..252F 11574:Jon Edward Ahlquist 11541:John Boyd's website 11528:Boyd, John (2007). 11477:10.14344/ioc.ml.9.2 11423:"Bird biogeography" 11374:2014Sci...344..898M 11314:2014Sci...346.1320J 11308:(6215): 1320–1331. 11182:10.1038/nature03150 11174:2005Natur.433..305C 11055:10.1038/nature15697 11047:2015Natur.526..569P 10943:2018PNAS..115..555F 10876:Yixianornis grabaui 10839:2011TEcoE..26..663L 10699:2015CBio...25.R888B 10661:Scientific American 10616:2015NatCo...6.6987W 10471:2013Sci...339.1309Z 10465:(6125): 1309–1312. 10399:2019TEcoE..34..856B 10263:10.1038/nature01342 10255:2003Natur.421..335X 10186:2007Sci...317.1378T 10180:(5843): 1378–1381. 10134:10.1038/nature10288 10072:2010Sci...327.1369L 10066:(5971): 1369–1372. 10012:2014Sci...345..562L 9877:(5909): 1799–1800. 9867:"Who's Your Daddy?" 9642:2007JSPal...5..429S 9546:10.1038/nature12168 9538:2013Natur.498..359G 9288:2015SciA....1E1005C 9111:2017CBio...27...68Y 9050:10.1098/rsos.150635 9041:2016RSOS....350635D 8978:2020Natur.579..397F 8936:List of bird genera 8874:captive populations 8778:Raptor conservation 8738:first did; or like 8197:Economic importance 8080:Human uses of birds 8053:ecosystem engineers 7963:Cross-fertilisation 7877:Taeniopygia guttata 7852:courtship behaviour 7549:Meleagris gallopavo 7136:in ducks and other 7064:. One species, the 6883:use tools to drum. 6498:to feather damage. 6351:, three species of 6135:Restless flycatcher 6075:antimicrobial agent 5464:respiratory systems 5422:X and Y chromosomes 5321:Reproductive system 5070:. The highest bird 3395:Phoenicopteriformes 2773:Hesperornithiformes 1704:pennaceous feathers 1642:theory of evolution 1562:feathered dinosaurs 1352:Scansoriopterygidae 1187: 1050: 731:places Aves in the 630:sexual reproduction 543:and constitute the 28575:Archibald Thorburn 28518:John James Audubon 27912:(former continent) 26861:Songlingornithidae 26810:Hongshanornithidae 26197:Omnivoropterygidae 26109:Jeholornithiformes 25420:Therizinosauroidea 24591:Mammalia (mammals) 24503:(lobe-finned fish) 24475:(bony vertebrates) 24040:(eagles and hawks) 23940:Procellariiformes 23845:Opisthocomiformes 23814:Steatornithiformes 23041:List by population 22878:Hongshanornithidae 22803:Evolution of birds 22362: 21753:Scientific Reports 21542:Lewis, DP (2005). 21161:American Antiquity 21118:Smith, S. (2011). 20935:on 31 January 2013 20530:Marine Ornithology 20393:The New York Times 20196:Ornis Scandinavica 20095:10.3354/meps032247 19352:Behavioral Ecology 19270:10.1038/ncomms1870 19221:10.1038/ncomms1870 19047:Behavioral Ecology 19014:Behavioral Ecology 19008:Aythya valisineria 18315:Behavioral Ecology 18219:Phalaropus lobatus 18190:Burton, R (1985). 18126:(1957): 20210579. 17914:American Zoologist 17698:Scientific Reports 17461:10.1007/BF00379484 17399:Behavioral Ecology 17186:10.1007/BF00290770 16932:Journal of Zoology 16601:Marine Ornithology 16514:10.1007/BF00295107 15216:10.3354/meps228263 14817:on 4 October 2014. 14734:Fratercula arctica 14546:Behavioral Ecology 14459:on 4 October 2014. 14245:Guthrie, R. Dale. 13986:Circaetus gallicus 13743:Behavioral Ecology 13442:10.1007/BF01632827 13403:Journal of Zoology 13300:Biological Reviews 12921:Sexual Development 10993:Systematic Biology 10882:Journal of Anatomy 10624:10.1038/ncomms7987 9774:10.7717/peerj.1032 9445:. pp. 41–96. 8792: 8689:, often appear in 8655: 8555:John James Audubon 8516: 8371: 8308:endangered species 8289:War of the Pacific 8213: 8171:campylobacteriosis 8096: 8089:Industrial farming 8066:A wide variety of 8051:Many birds act as 7986: 7843:sexual dimorphisms 7813: 7763: 7710:division of labour 7705:male parental care 7665: 7632: 7497:Magellanic penguin 7425:Greater roadrunner 7315: 7276: 7225: 7117: 6978: 6900: 6896:Red-billed queleas 6845: 6723: 6628: 6620:bar-tailed godwits 6525: 6473:feather mites and 6410:Water and drinking 6388:great frigatebirds 6257:for storage and a 6253:is unique, with a 6232: 6139: 6063: 5934: 5848:), the solitaire ( 5720:Eyes of most birds 5685: 5631:New World vultures 5511: 5213:thoracic vertebrae 5193:respiratory system 5167: 5060: 4659:Picodynastornithes 4167:Austrodyptornithes 3945:(owlet-nightjars) 3884:Steatornithiformes 3514:Mesitornithiformes 2733: 2449:Songlingornithidae 2401:Hongshanornithidae 1724:Anchiornis huxleyi 1674: 1582: 1573:Anchiornis huxleyi 1535: 982:Aves can mean all 693: 678:Evolution of birds 181: 28963: 28962: 28886:Open Tree of Life 28660:Taxon identifiers 28651: 28650: 28586:Conservationists 28555:Richard Lewington 28345:The Ugly Duckling 28162:Cormorant fishing 28089:Bird conservation 28015: 28014: 27850: 27849: 27792: 27791: 27772: 27771: 27768: 27767: 27672:Lutetodontopteris 27581:Gastornithiformes 27478: 27477: 27474: 27473: 27362:Aves / Neornithes 27351: 27350: 27333: 27332: 27329: 27328: 27325: 27324: 27307:Aves / Neornithes 27209: 27208: 26948: 26947: 26840:Parahongshanornis 26402: 26401: 26375: 26374: 26371: 26370: 26367: 26366: 26363: 26362: 26359: 26358: 26157: 26156: 26083:Archaeopterygidae 25961: 25960: 25868:Archaeopterygidae 25639: 25638: 25614: 25613: 25610: 25609: 25606: 25605: 25602: 25601: 25543: 25542: 25539: 25538: 25472:Therizinosauridae 25353: 25352: 25349: 25348: 25345: 25344: 24939: 24938: 24935: 24934: 24931: 24930: 24927: 24926: 24839:Maniraptoriformes 24754: 24753: 24736:³orders of class 24722:¹orders of class 24714: 24713: 24710: 24709: 24706: 24705: 24702: 24701: 24698: 24697: 24694: 24693: 24690: 24689: 24686: 24685: 24682: 24681: 24678: 24677: 24542:Dipnoi (lungfish) 24437: 24436: 24395: 24394: 24391: 24390: 24387: 24386: 24383: 24382: 24283: 24282: 24193: 24192: 24133: 24132: 24129: 24128: 24125: 24124: 24121: 24120: 24117: 24116: 24113: 24112: 24109: 24108: 24105: 24104: 23926:(loons or divers) 23895:Phaethontiformes 23887:Phaethontimorphae 23837:Opisthocomiformes 23806:Caprimulgiformes 23746: 23745: 23735:Podicipediformes 23654: 23653: 23650: 23649: 23646: 23645: 23372: 23371: 23155: 23154: 23112:Struthioniformes 22980:Waterfowl hunting 22913:Gastornithiformes 22908:Aepyornithiformes 22898:Lithornithiformes 22445:Birds and Science 22440:Bird biogeography 22400:Library resources 22358: 22275:978-3-8321-9491-8 22260:978-84-87334-10-8 21984:978-0-521-78949-3 21852:978-0-226-77142-7 21355:www.metmuseum.org 21276:978-0-909010-21-8 21214:(6968): 830–832. 21140:on 6 January 2019 21073:978-0-415-30066-7 20967:978-0-415-77523-6 20909:978-1-315-20160-3 20477:978-1-84407-185-2 20431:10.3121/cmr.1.1.5 19994:10.1111/een.12669 19722:10.1645/GE-873R.1 19665:10.1002/ece3.7667 19651:(13): 8400–8409. 19495:(12): 1303–1308. 19401:(1635): 703–711. 18709:978-1-931439-23-7 18682:978-81-7141-933-3 18655:978-1-4419-8468-5 18270:The Life of Birds 17787:10.1071/MU9810193 17603:(4124): 545–547. 17558:Forpus passerinus 17534:10.1111/aje.12505 17430:Carduelis tristis 16494:Passer domesticus 16153:(5707): 249–250. 16027:Sterna paradisaea 16004:on 2 October 2013 15909:(1439): 191–195. 15296:978-0-19-861008-3 15283:"Feeding Ecology" 15015:Reid, N. (2006). 14970:(1439): 191–195. 14932:The Life of Birds 14661:978-0-313-33545-7 14470:Payne, Robert B. 14117:(5083): 799–801. 14058:10.1121/1.2004193 14002:10.1159/000006582 13837:(6513): 425–427. 13800:(1395): 445–450. 13706:10.1042/bj3300541 13700:(Pt 1): 541–547. 13616:Birds of Stanford 13531:Animal Physiology 13138:978-4-431-56609-0 12934:10.1159/000358406 12669:978-0-12-813252-4 12500:10.1042/bj0960028 12445:(6625): 561–562. 12368:10.1242/jeb.01495 12328:Birds of Stanford 12132:Birds of Stanford 11724:(7833): 252–257. 11636:Knowable Magazine 11421:Ritchison, Gary. 11368:(6186): 898–900. 11168:(7023): 305–308. 11041:(7574): 569–573. 10693:(19): R888–R898. 10534:978-0-86840-413-4 10249:(6921): 335–340. 10128:(7357): 465–470. 10006:(6196): 562–566. 9727:978-0-12-676460-4 9532:(7454): 359–362. 9522:Godefroit, Pascal 9357:Linnaeus, Carolus 8972:(7799): 397–401. 8911:Biodiversity loss 8894:European starling 8879:California condor 8840:long-line fishing 8788:California condor 8764:Bird conservation 8740:Beatrice Harrison 8736:Ottorino Respighi 8428:religious symbols 8328:Messenger pigeons 8191:zoonotic diseases 8187:cryptosporidiosis 7948:Turdoides bicolor 7915:Malurus coronatus 7890:Geospiza scandens 7839:Fisherian runaway 7810:Fisherian runaway 7689:Australian magpie 7649:chick guard stage 7641:great frigatebird 7567: 7566: 7525:Aquila chrysaetos 7405:Passer domesticus 7249:calcium carbonate 7236:, often breed in 7184:Courtship feeding 7134:forced copulation 7016:loss of body heat 7012:Communal roosting 6974:American flamingo 6908:safety in numbers 6791: 6763: 6738: 6711:Bird vocalisation 6585:sooty shearwaters 6557:bar-tailed godwit 6317:ecological niches 5930:African scops owl 5806:), some jacanas ( 5781:Procellariiformes 5667:achromatic vision 5509:of an avian heart 5404:Birds are solely 5363:sperm competition 5261:nitrogenous waste 5255:, that is, their 5207:(partition). The 5054:The range of the 4975: 4974: 4966: 4965: 4957: 4956: 4948: 4947: 4939: 4938: 4930: 4929: 4921: 4920: 4912: 4911: 4903: 4902: 4894: 4893: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4761: 4753: 4752: 4744: 4743: 4735: 4734: 4726: 4725: 4717: 4716: 4516: 4515: 4507: 4506: 4394: 4393: 4385: 4384: 4376: 4375: 4367: 4366: 4358: 4357: 4349: 4348: 4340: 4339: 4234: 4233: 4225: 4224: 4180:Procellariiformes 4107: 4106: 4039:Phaethoquornithes 4028: 4027: 4019: 4018: 4010: 4009: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3991: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3784: 3705:Opisthocomiformes 3667: 3666: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3648: 3560: 3559: 3551: 3550: 3445: 3444: 3436: 3435: 3354: 3353: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3265: 3257: 3256: 3191: 3190: 2966:The discovery of 2944: 2943: 2931: 2930: 2922: 2921: 2913: 2912: 2792:hook-billed vanga 2741:ecological niches 2720: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2691: 2683: 2682: 2674: 2673: 2665: 2664: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2628: 2620: 2619: 2611: 2610: 2602: 2601: 2239: 2238: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2215: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2197: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2170: 2162: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2144: 2143: 2135: 2134: 2111: 2110: 1943: 1942: 1730:Xiaotingia zhengi 1687:Tyrannosaurus rex 1682:maniraptoromorphs 1531:phylogenetic tree 1523: 1522: 1509: 1508: 1500: 1499: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1481: 1275: 1274: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1247: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1229: 1228: 1220: 1219: 1134:Ornithomimosauria 1117:Maniraptoriformes 1078: 1077: 979: 978: 950: 949: 941: 940: 932: 931: 923: 922: 844: 843: 725:Linnaean taxonomy 701:Francis Willughby 577:) evolved in the 413:constituting the 401: 400: 395: 352:Notopalaeognathae 346:Struthionimorphae 324: 16:(Redirected from 29013: 28956: 28955: 28943: 28942: 28930: 28929: 28920: 28919: 28907: 28906: 28894: 28893: 28881: 28880: 28871: 28870: 28858: 28857: 28845: 28844: 28832: 28831: 28819: 28818: 28806: 28805: 28793: 28792: 28780: 28779: 28767: 28766: 28754: 28753: 28741: 28740: 28728: 28727: 28715: 28714: 28702: 28701: 28700: 28687: 28686: 28685: 28655: 28654: 28191: 28042: 28035: 28028: 28019: 28018: 27955: 27877: 27870: 27863: 27854: 27853: 27840: 27839: 27812:Deinonychosauria 27787: 27786: 27780: 27737:Protodontopteryx 27679:Macrodontopteryx 27618: 27579: 27535: 27519: 27509: 27499: 27491: 27490: 27426: 27425: 27402: 27401: 27370: 27369: 27357: 27356: 27346: 27341: 27272:Cimolopterygidae 27270: 27216: 27163:Hesperornithidae 27102: 27101: 27095: 27065: 27050: 27040: 27030: 27020: 27010: 27000: 26990: 26980: 26969: 26961: 26960: 26914: 26859: 26808: 26769: 26731: 26701: 26686: 26676: 26666: 26655: 26645: 26635: 26625: 26615: 26605: 26595: 26585: 26575: 26565: 26555: 26545: 26534: 26524: 26514: 26504: 26494: 26484: 26474: 26464: 26454: 26444: 26436: 26435: 26432: 26431: 26421: 26420: 26408: 26407: 26397: 26391: 26390: 26383: 26316: 26311: 26310: 26272:Jinguofortisidae 26270: 26251:Eoconfuciusornis 26226: 26195: 26178: 26170: 26169: 26107: 26091: 26080: 26069: 26059: 26049: 26038: 26028: 26018: 26007: 25996: 25986: 25978: 25977: 25974: 25973: 25938: 25912: 25866: 25772: 25727: 25712: 25702: 25691: 25681: 25673: 25672: 25669: 25668: 25658: 25657: 25645: 25644: 25634: 25628: 25622: 25572:Oviraptorosauria 25561:Oviraptorosauria 25559: 25554: 25553: 25495:Nanshiungosaurus 25425: 25424: 25402:Jianchangosaurus 25371: 25370: 25364: 25359: 25358: 25196: 25195: 25127: 25126: 25045: 25044: 25039:Alvarezsauroidea 25037: 25020: 25010: 24999: 24988: 24977: 24969: 24968: 24958: 24957: 24945: 24944: 24887: 24886: 24860: 24859: 24851: 24850: 24844: 24843: 24796: 24795: 24781: 24774: 24767: 24758: 24757: 24652: 24651: 24608: 24607: 24604: 24584: 24583: 24580: 24560: 24559: 24556: 24535: 24534: 24531: 24510: 24509: 24506: 24504: 24482: 24481: 24478: 24476: 24454: 24453: 24450: 24448: 24424:Myxini (hagfish) 24412: 24411: 24408: 24407: 24404: 24361: 24360: 24333: 24332: 24313: 24312: 24308: 24300: 24299: 24296: 24295: 24292: 24263: 24262: 24220: 24213: 24206: 24197: 24196: 24181: 24180: 24169: 24157: 24156: 24145: 24144: 24097: 24089: 24081: 24073: 24070:Leptosomiformes 24065: 24057: 24049: 24041: 24038:Accipitriformes 24033: 24012: 24011:(perching birds) 24004: 23996: 23988: 23967: 23959: 23951: 23943: 23935: 23932:Sphenisciformes 23927: 23906: 23898: 23877: 23869: 23866:Charadriiformes 23848: 23827: 23809: 23788: 23780: 23777:Musophagiformes 23772: 23757: 23756: 23738: 23730: 23709: 23701: 23693: 23678: 23677: 23669: 23668: 23660: 23659: 23633: 23620: 23398: 23397: 23394: 23387: 23300: 23293: 23257: 23244: 23243: 23240: 23231: 23230: 23227: 23192: 23191: 23188: 23187: 23161: 23160: 23147: 23139: 23131: 23123: 23115: 23100: 23099: 23096: 23095: 23085: 23084: 23081: 23080: 22948:Bird collections 22903:Dinornithiformes 22808:Darwin's finches 22798:Origin of flight 22738:Seabird breeding 22728:Sexual selection 22597: 22590: 22583: 22574: 22573: 22471: 22382: 22380: 22369: 22368: 22359: 22349: 22347: 22342: 22228: 22227: 22203: 22197: 22196: 22194: 22170: 22164: 22163: 22117: 22111: 22110: 22066: 22030: 22024: 22023: 21995: 21989: 21988: 21970: 21964: 21963: 21961: 21959: 21944: 21938: 21937: 21935: 21933: 21919: 21913: 21912: 21910: 21908: 21893: 21887: 21886: 21884: 21882: 21863: 21857: 21856: 21838: 21832: 21831: 21809: 21803: 21802: 21792: 21744: 21738: 21737: 21721: 21715: 21714: 21712: 21710: 21695: 21689: 21688: 21670: 21664: 21663: 21643: 21637: 21636: 21629: 21623: 21622: 21615: 21609: 21608: 21600: 21594: 21593: 21565: 21559: 21558: 21556: 21554: 21539: 21533: 21532: 21524: 21518: 21517: 21515: 21513: 21504: 21496: 21490: 21489: 21461: 21455: 21454: 21426: 21420: 21419: 21399: 21393: 21392: 21372: 21366: 21365: 21363: 21361: 21347: 21341: 21340: 21338: 21336: 21322: 21316: 21315: 21287: 21281: 21280: 21262: 21256: 21255: 21199: 21193: 21192: 21156: 21150: 21149: 21147: 21145: 21139: 21124: 21115: 21106: 21105: 21084: 21078: 21077: 21057: 21051: 21050: 21032: 21026: 21025: 21005: 20999: 20998: 20978: 20972: 20971: 20951: 20945: 20944: 20942: 20940: 20931:. Archived from 20920: 20914: 20913: 20893: 20882: 20881: 20861: 20850: 20849: 20821: 20815: 20814: 20786: 20780: 20779: 20771: 20765: 20764: 20736: 20730: 20729: 20707: 20701: 20700: 20699:on 4 March 2011. 20698: 20687: 20676: 20670: 20669: 20641: 20635: 20634: 20632: 20608: 20602: 20601: 20599: 20597: 20586: 20580: 20579: 20551: 20545: 20544: 20542: 20527: 20521:Puffinus griseus 20514: 20508: 20507: 20505: 20503: 20488: 20482: 20481: 20459: 20453: 20452: 20442: 20410: 20404: 20403: 20401: 20399: 20384: 20378: 20377: 20375: 20373: 20354: 20348: 20347: 20335: 20329: 20328: 20298: 20292: 20291: 20289: 20257: 20251: 20250: 20226: 20220: 20219: 20191: 20185: 20184: 20156: 20150: 20149: 20131: 20125: 20124: 20106: 20100: 20099: 20097: 20065: 20059: 20058: 20021: 20015: 20014: 19996: 19964: 19958: 19957: 19917: 19911: 19910: 19882: 19876: 19875: 19841: 19832: 19826: 19825: 19785: 19779: 19778: 19768: 19759: 19750: 19749: 19716:(6): 1319–1324. 19701: 19695: 19694: 19684: 19636: 19630: 19629: 19611: 19605: 19604: 19570: 19564: 19563: 19527: 19521: 19520: 19484: 19478: 19477: 19467: 19435: 19429: 19428: 19418: 19386: 19380: 19379: 19377: 19367: 19358:(6): 1390–1397. 19343: 19334: 19333: 19308:(6): 1229–1239. 19297: 19291: 19290: 19272: 19240: 19234: 19233: 19223: 19191: 19185: 19184: 19174: 19140: 19134: 19133: 19123: 19113: 19081: 19075: 19074: 19072: 19062: 19038: 19032: 19031: 19029: 19001: 18995: 18994: 18972: 18963: 18962: 18928: 18922: 18921: 18895: 18889: 18888: 18876: 18870: 18869: 18859: 18825: 18819: 18818: 18810: 18804: 18803: 18781: 18775: 18774: 18766: 18760: 18759: 18747: 18741: 18740: 18720: 18714: 18713: 18693: 18687: 18686: 18672:Biology of Birds 18666: 18660: 18659: 18639: 18633: 18632: 18630: 18628: 18617: 18611: 18610: 18608: 18606: 18595: 18589: 18588: 18566: 18560: 18559: 18537: 18531: 18530: 18512: 18506: 18505: 18465: 18459: 18458: 18440: 18431: 18430: 18400: 18394: 18393: 18391: 18355: 18349: 18348: 18338: 18306: 18300: 18299: 18291: 18285: 18284: 18261: 18255: 18254: 18214: 18208: 18207: 18187: 18181: 18180: 18160: 18154: 18153: 18143: 18111: 18105: 18104: 18068: 18062: 18061: 18059: 18019: 18013: 18012: 17984: 17978: 17977: 17939: 17933: 17932: 17930: 17904: 17898: 17897: 17875: 17869: 17868: 17834: 17828: 17827: 17797: 17791: 17790: 17754: 17748: 17747: 17737: 17689: 17683: 17682: 17674: 17668: 17667: 17643: 17637: 17636: 17592: 17586: 17585: 17553: 17547: 17546: 17536: 17504: 17498: 17497: 17495: 17472: 17436: 17423: 17417: 17416: 17414: 17390: 17384: 17383: 17355: 17349: 17348: 17304: 17298: 17297: 17261: 17255: 17254: 17252: 17246:. Archived from 17213: 17204: 17198: 17197: 17161: 17155: 17154: 17152: 17121: 17112: 17106: 17105: 17073: 17067: 17066: 17028: 17022: 17021: 16985: 16979: 16978: 16958: 16949: 16948: 16922: 16916: 16915: 16897: 16873: 16867: 16866: 16854: 16848: 16847: 16803: 16797: 16796: 16771:(6): 1175–1183. 16765:Animal Behaviour 16760: 16754: 16753: 16742:10.1002/ecy.3707 16713: 16704: 16703: 16698:. Archived from 16667: 16661: 16660: 16622: 16616: 16615: 16613: 16598: 16592:Diomedea exulans 16585: 16579: 16578: 16577:on 5 March 2016. 16576: 16570:. Archived from 16545: 16532: 16526: 16525: 16487: 16481: 16480: 16470: 16446: 16440: 16439: 16429: 16420:(8): 3855–3865. 16405: 16399: 16398: 16396: 16372: 16366: 16365: 16345: 16339: 16338: 16336: 16321: 16312: 16306: 16305: 16267: 16261: 16260: 16250: 16226: 16220: 16219: 16218:on 29 July 2014. 16217: 16202: 16193: 16187: 16186: 16142: 16136: 16135: 16125: 16115: 16083: 16077: 16076: 16066: 16056: 16039:(5): 2078–2081. 16020: 16014: 16013: 16011: 16009: 15990: 15984: 15983: 15951: 15945: 15936: 15926: 15892: 15886: 15885: 15883: 15859: 15853: 15852: 15842: 15833:(4): 1262–1268. 15818: 15812: 15811: 15801: 15777: 15771: 15770: 15768: 15745: 15736: 15730: 15729: 15701: 15695: 15694: 15674: 15668: 15667: 15649: 15625: 15619: 15618: 15616: 15593: 15567: 15558: 15552: 15551: 15549: 15547: 15538:. Archived from 15519: 15513: 15512: 15510: 15474: 15468: 15467: 15439: 15433: 15432: 15430: 15399: 15390: 15384: 15383: 15354: 15348: 15347: 15307: 15301: 15300: 15278: 15272: 15271: 15238:(674): 401–493. 15227: 15221: 15220: 15218: 15178: 15172: 15171: 15135: 15129: 15128: 15108: 15102: 15101: 15091: 15049: 15043: 15042: 15040: 15038: 15033:on 15 March 2011 15032: 15021: 15012: 15006: 14997: 14987: 14953: 14947: 14946: 14923: 14917: 14916: 14906: 14874: 14868: 14867: 14865: 14834: 14825: 14819: 14818: 14816: 14810:. Archived from 14785: 14776: 14770: 14769: 14729: 14723: 14722: 14715: 14709: 14708: 14672: 14666: 14665: 14652:Flightless Birds 14647: 14641: 14640: 14632: 14626: 14625: 14624:on 5 March 2016. 14623: 14608: 14599: 14593: 14592: 14570: 14564: 14563: 14561: 14537: 14531: 14530: 14494: 14488: 14487: 14485: 14483: 14467: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14452:. Archived from 14427: 14418: 14412: 14411: 14379: 14373: 14372: 14370: 14364:. Archived from 14363: 14352: 14346: 14345: 14327: 14316: 14315: 14313: 14282: 14273: 14267: 14266: 14264: 14262: 14253:. Archived from 14242: 14236: 14235: 14203: 14197: 14196: 14186: 14154: 14143: 14142: 14102: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14078: 14069: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14028: 14022: 14021: 13981: 13975: 13974: 13938: 13929: 13928: 13901:Nyctea scandiaca 13896: 13890: 13889: 13869: 13863: 13862: 13851:10.1038/373425a0 13826: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13783: 13777: 13776: 13758: 13734: 13728: 13727: 13717: 13683: 13677: 13676: 13674: 13668:. Archived from 13643: 13634: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13623: 13607: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13596: 13590: 13575: 13566: 13560: 13559: 13541: 13535: 13534: 13526: 13517: 13516: 13504: 13495: 13494: 13486: 13480: 13479: 13471: 13462: 13461: 13425: 13419: 13418: 13398: 13392: 13391: 13347: 13338: 13337: 13331: 13323: 13295: 13289: 13288: 13278: 13246: 13240: 13239: 13212:Alectura lathami 13207: 13201: 13200: 13190: 13149: 13143: 13142: 13122: 13116: 13115: 13089: 13080:(6): R245–R257. 13065: 13059: 13058: 13018: 13012: 13011: 12993: 12969: 12963: 12962: 12936: 12912: 12901: 12900: 12880: 12874: 12873: 12863: 12823: 12817: 12816: 12806: 12786: 12780: 12779: 12778:on 4 March 2016. 12777: 12771:. Archived from 12746: 12737: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12717:. Archived from 12711: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12700: 12680: 12674: 12673: 12654: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12643: 12628: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12613:. Archived from 12586: 12580:Falco sparverius 12573: 12567: 12566: 12541:(916): 667–682. 12528: 12522: 12521: 12511: 12477: 12471: 12470: 12459:10.1038/386561a0 12434: 12428: 12427: 12400:Struthio camelus 12395: 12389: 12388: 12370: 12361:(6): 1025–1034. 12346: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12335: 12319: 12313: 12312: 12310: 12308: 12289: 12283: 12282: 12280: 12278: 12264: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12238: 12232: 12231: 12213: 12152: 12146: 12144: 12142: 12123: 12117: 12116: 12098: 12092: 12091: 12078:Christopher Helm 12069: 12063: 12062: 12044: 12038: 12037: 12005: 11999: 11998: 11996: 11994: 11971: 11965: 11964: 11946: 11940: 11939: 11922:(9): 1189–1197. 11907: 11901: 11900: 11882: 11873: 11872: 11826: 11820: 11819: 11801: 11795: 11794: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11759: 11741: 11709: 11703: 11702: 11666: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11647: 11627: 11618: 11617: 11598: 11592: 11591: 11566: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11549: 11538: 11525: 11519: 11513: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11488: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11460: 11454: 11453: 11445: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11434: 11418: 11412: 11411: 11393: 11359: 11350: 11344: 11343: 11333: 11293: 11284: 11283: 11281: 11279: 11270:. Archived from 11223: 11217: 11216: 11214: 11159: 11150: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11134:on 25 March 2009 11133: 11127:. Archived from 11118: 11090: 11081: 11075: 11074: 11030: 11019: 11018: 11008: 10990: 10981: 10975: 10974: 10964: 10954: 10922: 10916: 10915: 10905: 10869: 10863: 10862: 10861:on 28 July 2014. 10857:. Archived from 10818: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10801: 10795:. Archived from 10762: 10745: 10739: 10738: 10720: 10710: 10678: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10635: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10584: 10568: 10562: 10561: 10545: 10539: 10538: 10520: 10509: 10508: 10482: 10480:10.1.1.1031.5732 10454: 10445: 10444: 10418: 10378: 10369: 10368: 10360: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10312: 10296: 10290: 10289: 10287: 10238: 10229: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10197: 10169: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10055: 10046: 10040: 10039: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9977:on 8 August 2014 9966: 9960: 9959: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9915:Paul, Gregory S. 9911: 9905: 9904: 9886: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9837: 9827: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9786: 9776: 9748: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9709: 9700: 9699: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9668: 9662: 9661: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9610: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9590: 9581: 9566: 9565: 9518: 9509: 9508: 9500: 9487: 9486: 9466: 9457: 9456: 9435:Philip J. Currie 9427: 9421: 9420: 9410: 9376: 9367: 9366: 9353: 9347: 9346: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9307: 9282:(11): e1501005. 9263: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9184: 9174: 9142: 9133: 9132: 9122: 9090: 9081: 9080: 9070: 9052: 9020: 9014: 9013: 8957: 8883:Norfolk parakeet 8860:Governments and 8851:invasive species 8744:David Rothenberg 8624:Harrier Jump Jet 8537: 8499:Birds in culture 8441: 8326:, respectively. 8226: 8222: 8203:Pet § Birds 8011:kleptoparasitism 7847:sexual selection 7835:sexual selection 7800:Sexual selection 7766:Brood parasitism 7727:ancient murrelet 7722:Synthliboramphus 7614: 7606: 7598:thermoregulating 7473:Laysan albatross 7350: 7349: 7288:emperor penguins 7284:common guillemot 7195: 6912:ambush predation 6800:drumming on wood 6793: 6792: 6765: 6764: 6740: 6739: 6720: 6587:, which nest in 6490: 6482: 6384:kleptoparasitism 6238: 6216:Diet and feeding 6126:Flightless birds 6024: 6016: 6008: 6000: 5988: 5976: 5946:thermoregulation 5854:), sheathbills ( 5795:have a powerful 5728:binocular vision 5572:vasoconstriction 5243:Excretory system 5201:orbital cavities 5123:spread naturally 5004:As of 2010, the 4885: 4864: 4850: 4849: 4844:Psittacopasserae 4833: 4819: 4818: 4813:Eufalconimorphae 4802: 4788: 4787: 4708: 4683: 4665: 4664: 4648: 4630: 4629: 4613: 4599: 4598: 4585: 4580:(cuckoo roller) 4571: 4570: 4554: 4540: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4498: 4473: 4459: 4458: 4453:Accipitrimorphae 4442: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4331: 4298: 4276: 4275: 4262: 4248: 4247: 4216: 4195: 4173: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4142: 4124: 4123: 4098: 4069: 4062:Phaethontiformes 4055: 4054: 4045: 4044: 3983: 3950: 3936: 3935: 3919: 3905: 3904: 3891: 3877: 3876: 3863: 3849: 3848: 3832: 3825:Caprimulgiformes 3818: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3776: 3751: 3729: 3728: 3712: 3698: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3640: 3619: 3605: 3604: 3591: 3577: 3576: 3542: 3521: 3507: 3506: 3493: 3479: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3459: 3458: 3427: 3420:Podicipediformes 3406: 3388: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3345: 3320: 3302: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3248: 3219: 3205: 3204: 3182: 3161: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3126: 3115:Struthioniformes 3108: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3010:molecular clocks 2865: 2864: 2831: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2784:mosaic evolution 2567: 2566: 2542: 2541: 2525: 2517: 2516: 2489: 2488: 2464: 2463: 2441: 2440: 2416: 2415: 2393: 2392: 2368: 2367: 2325: 2324: 2297: 2296: 2271: 2270: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2049: 2041: 2040: 2013: 2012: 1988: 1987: 1960: 1959: 1905: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1873: 1872: 1848: 1847: 1823: 1822: 1798: 1797: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1776:sternum and the 1397: 1396: 1375: 1367: 1366: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1303:Jacques Gauthier 1195:Oviraptorosauria 1193: 1184: 1183: 1162: 1154: 1153: 1132: 1124: 1123: 1100: 1092: 1091: 1064: 1055: 1054: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1033: 975: 890: 889: 858: 857: 818: 817: 810: 809: 798: 797: 793: 792: 770:Jacques Gauthier 756:phylogenetically 721:biological class 487: 445: 444: 441: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 390: 316: 196: 195: 158: 143:Early Cretaceous 140: 77: 62:Temporal range: 56: 55: 51: 36: 21: 29021: 29020: 29016: 29015: 29014: 29012: 29011: 29010: 28966: 28965: 28964: 28959: 28951: 28946: 28938: 28933: 28925: 28923: 28915: 28910: 28902: 28897: 28889: 28884: 28876: 28874: 28866: 28861: 28853: 28848: 28840: 28835: 28827: 28822: 28814: 28809: 28801: 28796: 28788: 28783: 28775: 28770: 28762: 28757: 28749: 28744: 28736: 28731: 28723: 28718: 28710: 28705: 28696: 28695: 28690: 28681: 28680: 28675: 28662: 28652: 28647: 28621: 28503: 28465: 28235: 28192: 28183: 28055: 28046: 28016: 28011: 27956: 27947: 27884: 27881: 27851: 27846: 27788: 27781: 27764: 27759:Tympanonesiotes 27752:Pseudodontornis 27715:Palaeochenoides 27636:Caspiodontornis 27620:Pelagornithidae 27611: 27572: 27528: 27470: 27447: 27415: 27391: 27364: 27347: 27321: 27301: 27263: 27205: 27200:Parahesperornis 27172:Asiahesperornis 27157: 27088: 27058: 26957: 26944: 26907: 26852: 26819:Archaeornithura 26801: 26762: 26724: 26694: 26447:Archaeorhynchus 26428: 26415: 26398: 26385: 26355: 26335: 26306:Ornithothoraces 26300: 26263: 26237:Changchengornis 26219: 26188: 26166: 26153: 26100: 26072:Anchiornithidae 25970: 25957: 25931: 25925:Dromaeosauridae 25914:Dromaeosauridae 25905: 25899:Anchiornithidae 25859: 25818:Liaoningvenator 25774:Anchiornithidae 25765: 25753:Scansoriopteryx 25720: 25665: 25652: 25635: 25598: 25578: 25535: 25530:Therizinosaurus 25466: 25414: 25409:Lingyuanosaurus 25366:Therizinosauria 25341: 25300: 25266: 25191:Parvicursorinae 25185: 25122:Alvarezsauridae 25116: 25041: 25029: 24965: 24952: 24923: 24903: 24876: 24870:Avemetatarsalia 24855:Avemetatarsalia 24845: 24801: 24800: 24790: 24785: 24755: 24750: 24730:²subclasses of 24674: 24650: 24631: 24600: 24595: 24576: 24571: 24552: 24547: 24527: 24522: 24502: 24501: 24498: 24493: 24474: 24473: 24470: 24465: 24446: 24445: 24442: 24433: 24400: 24379: 24374:Aplousobranchia 24350: 24340:Stolidobranchia 24324: 24306: 24305: 24288: 24279: 24267:Cephalochordata 24257: 24231: 24224: 24194: 24189: 24101: 24095: 24087: 24079: 24078:Bucerotiformes 24072:(cuckoo-roller) 24071: 24063: 24055: 24047: 24039: 24031: 24030:Cathartiformes 24016: 24010: 24002: 24001:Psittaciformes 23994: 23986: 23971: 23965: 23964:Pelecaniformes 23957: 23949: 23941: 23933: 23925: 23910: 23904: 23903:Eurypygiformes 23896: 23881: 23875: 23867: 23852: 23846: 23831: 23825: 23807: 23792: 23786: 23778: 23770: 23742: 23736: 23728: 23713: 23707: 23706:Pterocliformes 23699: 23691: 23642: 23631: 23618: 23603: 23527: 23486: 23424: 23389: 23388: 23381: 23380: 23368: 23348: 23321: 23298: 23291: 23251: 23250: 23238: 23237: 23221: 23220: 23217: 23215: 23213: 23211: 23209: 23207: 23205: 23203: 23201: 23199: 23197: 23182: 23180: 23178: 23176: 23174: 23172: 23170: 23168: 23166: 23151: 23145: 23144:Casuariiformes 23137: 23136:Apterygiformes 23129: 23121: 23113: 23090: 23075: 23046:Lists by region 23014: 22924: 22917: 22858:Chaoyangiformes 22843:Jeholornithidae 22817: 22781:Origin of birds 22767: 22748:Brood parasites 22694: 22624: 22611: 22601: 22561:Wayback Machine 22530:Wilson Bulletin 22487:Wayback Machine 22430: 22429: 22428: 22408: 22407: 22403: 22396: 22395: 22384: 22378: 22376: 22373:This audio file 22370: 22363: 22354: 22351: 22345: 22344: 22340: 22337: 22307:Birds of Europe 22237: 22235:Further reading 22232: 22231: 22204: 22200: 22171: 22167: 22118: 22114: 22077:(3666): 90–91. 22055:10.2307/1934880 22031: 22027: 21996: 21992: 21985: 21971: 21967: 21957: 21955: 21953:All About Birds 21945: 21941: 21931: 21929: 21921: 21920: 21916: 21906: 21904: 21902:BBC News Online 21894: 21890: 21880: 21878: 21877:on 17 June 2013 21865: 21864: 21860: 21853: 21839: 21835: 21828: 21810: 21806: 21745: 21741: 21722: 21718: 21708: 21706: 21696: 21692: 21685: 21671: 21667: 21644: 21640: 21631: 21630: 21626: 21617: 21616: 21612: 21601: 21597: 21566: 21562: 21552: 21550: 21540: 21536: 21525: 21521: 21511: 21509: 21507:uswarpalnes.net 21502: 21498: 21497: 21493: 21462: 21458: 21427: 21423: 21400: 21396: 21373: 21369: 21359: 21357: 21349: 21348: 21344: 21334: 21332: 21324: 21323: 21319: 21304:10.2307/3252550 21298:(10): 182–183. 21288: 21284: 21277: 21263: 21259: 21200: 21196: 21173:10.2307/2694739 21157: 21153: 21143: 21141: 21137: 21127:Ancient America 21122: 21116: 21109: 21102: 21085: 21081: 21074: 21058: 21054: 21047: 21033: 21029: 21022: 21006: 21002: 20995: 20979: 20975: 20968: 20952: 20948: 20938: 20936: 20921: 20917: 20910: 20894: 20885: 20878: 20862: 20853: 20838:10.2307/1177550 20822: 20818: 20803:10.2307/3260591 20787: 20783: 20772: 20768: 20737: 20733: 20708: 20704: 20696: 20685: 20677: 20673: 20658:10.2307/4140937 20642: 20638: 20609: 20605: 20595: 20593: 20588: 20587: 20583: 20552: 20548: 20540: 20525: 20515: 20511: 20501: 20499: 20490: 20489: 20485: 20478: 20460: 20456: 20411: 20407: 20397: 20395: 20385: 20381: 20371: 20369: 20355: 20351: 20336: 20332: 20299: 20295: 20258: 20254: 20227: 20223: 20208:10.2307/3676463 20192: 20188: 20157: 20153: 20146: 20132: 20128: 20121: 20107: 20103: 20066: 20062: 20022: 20018: 19965: 19961: 19938:10.2307/3492142 19918: 19914: 19883: 19879: 19839: 19833: 19829: 19806:10.2307/2398801 19786: 19782: 19766: 19760: 19753: 19702: 19698: 19637: 19633: 19626: 19612: 19608: 19593: 19571: 19567: 19544:10.1038/nrg2664 19538:(11): 783–796. 19532:Nat. Rev. Genet 19528: 19524: 19485: 19481: 19436: 19432: 19395:Proc. Biol. Sci 19387: 19383: 19344: 19337: 19298: 19294: 19241: 19237: 19192: 19188: 19141: 19137: 19082: 19078: 19039: 19035: 19002: 18998: 18991: 18973: 18966: 18929: 18925: 18896: 18892: 18877: 18873: 18826: 18822: 18811: 18807: 18782: 18778: 18767: 18763: 18748: 18744: 18737: 18721: 18717: 18710: 18694: 18690: 18683: 18667: 18663: 18656: 18640: 18636: 18626: 18624: 18619: 18618: 18614: 18604: 18602: 18597: 18596: 18592: 18585: 18567: 18563: 18556: 18538: 18534: 18527: 18513: 18509: 18466: 18462: 18455: 18441: 18434: 18419:10.2307/3565958 18401: 18397: 18356: 18352: 18307: 18303: 18292: 18288: 18281: 18262: 18258: 18215: 18211: 18204: 18188: 18184: 18177: 18161: 18157: 18112: 18108: 18069: 18065: 18020: 18016: 17985: 17981: 17952:(1348): 25–30. 17940: 17936: 17905: 17901: 17876: 17872: 17835: 17831: 17798: 17794: 17755: 17751: 17690: 17686: 17675: 17671: 17644: 17640: 17593: 17589: 17574:10.2307/1366517 17554: 17550: 17505: 17501: 17493: 17434: 17424: 17420: 17391: 17387: 17372:10.2307/4011301 17356: 17352: 17305: 17301: 17262: 17258: 17250: 17211: 17205: 17201: 17162: 17158: 17150: 17136:10.2307/1368877 17119: 17113: 17109: 17074: 17070: 17055:10.2307/3565809 17029: 17025: 16986: 16982: 16975: 16959: 16952: 16923: 16919: 16874: 16870: 16855: 16851: 16804: 16800: 16761: 16757: 16714: 16707: 16668: 16664: 16641:10.2307/2409431 16623: 16619: 16611: 16596: 16586: 16582: 16574: 16560:10.2307/1368675 16543: 16541:) in Venezuela" 16539:Eurypyga helias 16533: 16529: 16488: 16484: 16447: 16443: 16406: 16402: 16373: 16369: 16362: 16346: 16342: 16334: 16319: 16313: 16309: 16294:10.1071/MU00034 16268: 16264: 16227: 16223: 16215: 16200: 16194: 16190: 16143: 16139: 16084: 16080: 16021: 16017: 16007: 16005: 15992: 15991: 15987: 15952: 15948: 15893: 15889: 15860: 15856: 15819: 15815: 15778: 15774: 15766: 15743: 15737: 15733: 15718:10.2307/1309104 15702: 15698: 15675: 15671: 15626: 15622: 15614: 15565: 15559: 15555: 15545: 15543: 15542:on 5 April 2020 15536: 15520: 15516: 15475: 15471: 15456:10.2307/1369318 15440: 15436: 15428: 15414:10.2307/1369185 15397: 15391: 15387: 15372:10.2307/3677021 15355: 15351: 15308: 15304: 15297: 15279: 15275: 15228: 15224: 15179: 15175: 15160:10.2307/1942194 15136: 15132: 15109: 15105: 15050: 15046: 15036: 15034: 15030: 15019: 15013: 15009: 14954: 14950: 14943: 14924: 14920: 14875: 14871: 14863: 14849:10.2307/1368983 14832: 14826: 14822: 14814: 14800:10.2307/4087761 14783: 14777: 14773: 14730: 14726: 14717: 14716: 14712: 14673: 14669: 14662: 14648: 14644: 14633: 14629: 14621: 14606: 14600: 14596: 14571: 14567: 14538: 14534: 14495: 14491: 14481: 14479: 14468: 14464: 14456: 14442:10.2307/4081571 14425: 14419: 14415: 14400:10.2307/3677029 14380: 14376: 14368: 14361: 14353: 14349: 14342: 14328: 14319: 14311: 14297:10.2307/4081839 14280: 14274: 14270: 14260: 14258: 14257:on 21 June 2007 14243: 14239: 14224:10.2307/1369464 14204: 14200: 14155: 14146: 14103: 14099: 14091: 14076: 14070: 14066: 14029: 14025: 13982: 13978: 13939: 13932: 13897: 13893: 13886: 13870: 13866: 13827: 13823: 13784: 13780: 13735: 13731: 13684: 13680: 13672: 13658:10.2307/1368131 13641: 13635: 13631: 13621: 13619: 13608: 13604: 13594: 13592: 13588: 13578:Folia Zoologica 13573: 13567: 13563: 13556: 13542: 13538: 13527: 13520: 13505: 13498: 13487: 13483: 13472: 13465: 13426: 13422: 13399: 13395: 13348: 13341: 13325: 13324: 13296: 13292: 13255:Biology Letters 13247: 13243: 13216:Austral Ecology 13208: 13204: 13159:Current Biology 13150: 13146: 13139: 13123: 13119: 13066: 13062: 13039:10.2307/1539953 13019: 13015: 12970: 12966: 12913: 12904: 12881: 12877: 12824: 12820: 12787: 12783: 12775: 12744: 12738: 12734: 12724: 12722: 12721:on 22 June 2015 12713: 12712: 12708: 12698: 12696: 12681: 12677: 12670: 12656: 12655: 12651: 12641: 12639: 12629: 12625: 12617: 12603:10.2307/1365774 12584: 12574: 12570: 12529: 12525: 12478: 12474: 12435: 12431: 12396: 12392: 12347: 12343: 12333: 12331: 12320: 12316: 12306: 12304: 12291: 12290: 12286: 12276: 12274: 12266: 12265: 12261: 12251: 12249: 12239: 12235: 12228: 12214: 12155: 12140: 12138: 12124: 12120: 12113: 12099: 12095: 12088: 12070: 12066: 12059: 12045: 12041: 12026:10.2307/1521007 12006: 12002: 11992: 11990: 11988:10.2173/bna.322 11972: 11968: 11961: 11947: 11943: 11908: 11904: 11897: 11883: 11876: 11827: 11823: 11816: 11802: 11798: 11791: 11777: 11773: 11710: 11706: 11667: 11660: 11650: 11648: 11628: 11621: 11599: 11595: 11588: 11570:Sibley, Charles 11567: 11563: 11553: 11551: 11547: 11536: 11526: 11522: 11514: 11510: 11500: 11498: 11490: 11489: 11485: 11462: 11461: 11457: 11446: 11442: 11432: 11430: 11419: 11415: 11357: 11351: 11347: 11294: 11287: 11277: 11275: 11274:on 19 June 2015 11224: 11220: 11212: 11157: 11151: 11147: 11137: 11135: 11131: 11094:Biology Letters 11088: 11082: 11078: 11031: 11022: 10988: 10982: 10978: 10923: 10919: 10870: 10866: 10833:(12): 663–673. 10819: 10815: 10805: 10803: 10802:on 3 March 2009 10799: 10760: 10746: 10742: 10687:Current Biology 10679: 10675: 10665: 10663: 10655:Elbein, Asher. 10653: 10649: 10596: 10592: 10582: 10580: 10579:on 2 April 2015 10569: 10565: 10546: 10542: 10535: 10521: 10512: 10455: 10448: 10379: 10372: 10361: 10357: 10324: 10320: 10310: 10308: 10307:on 16 June 2012 10297: 10293: 10285: 10236: 10230: 10226: 10218: 10167: 10161: 10157: 10114: 10110: 10102: 10053: 10047: 10043: 9994: 9990: 9980: 9978: 9967: 9963: 9956: 9940: 9936: 9929: 9912: 9908: 9863: 9859: 9804: 9800: 9749: 9742: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9718:Amniote Origins 9710: 9703: 9692: 9688: 9669: 9665: 9626: 9622: 9611: 9607: 9599: 9588: 9582: 9569: 9519: 9512: 9501: 9490: 9483: 9467: 9460: 9453: 9428: 9424: 9377: 9370: 9354: 9350: 9343: 9325: 9321: 9266:Claramunt, S.; 9264: 9255: 9245: 9243: 9233: 9229: 9202: 9198: 9143: 9136: 9099:Current Biology 9091: 9084: 9021: 9017: 8958: 8949: 8944: 8902: 8780: 8766: 8760: 8717: 8711: 8651:Sisserou Parrot 8628:HU-16 Albatross 8501: 8495: 8461:mother goddess 8408:, particularly 8391:Hugin and Munin 8381:, in which the 8355: 8224: 8220: 8205: 8199: 8179:avian influenza 8128:aviation hazard 8082: 8076: 7971: 7908: 7902: 7866: 7860: 7819: 7802: 7745: 7739: 7737:Brood parasites 7616: 7608: 7578: 7572: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7261:brood parasites 7217: 7211: 7197: 7126:biparental care 7105: 7100: 7082: 7066:common poorwill 7054:owlet-nightjars 6995:slow-wave sleep 6966: 6959: 6947:dwarf mongooses 6929:associate with 6889: 6815: 6814: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6794: 6787: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6774:spangled drongo 6766: 6759: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6731: 6724: 6718: 6713: 6707: 6663:Manx shearwater 6607:nesting in the 6510: 6504: 6492: 6484: 6467: 6461: 6412: 6240: 6224: 6218: 6188:Most birds are 6186: 6141:Most birds can 6128: 6120:Main articles: 6118: 6071:uropygial gland 6026: 6018: 6010: 6002: 5993:flight feathers 5990: 5978: 5928:plumage of the 5918: 5906:Main articles: 5904: 5860:), some guans ( 5777: 5738:lacks external 5657:(UV) sensitive 5599: 5593: 5563: 5534:sinoatrial node 5500: 5488:red blood cells 5460: 5391:parthenogenesis 5323: 5277:urinary bladder 5245: 5197:cranial sutures 5189: 5183: 5181:Skeletal system 5147: 5141: 5135: 5048: 5038: 5002: 4996: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4913: 4904: 4895: 4772: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4718: 4703:and relatives) 4643:and relatives) 4578:Leptosomiformes 4517: 4508: 4487:Accipitriformes 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4235: 4226: 4209:Sphenisciformes 4108: 4049:Eurypygimorphae 4029: 4020: 4011: 4002: 3993: 3943:Aegotheliformes 3795: 3786: 3765:Charadriiformes 3668: 3659: 3650: 3633:Musophagiformes 3561: 3552: 3446: 3437: 3355: 3340:and relatives) 3315:and relatives) 3276: 3267: 3258: 3192: 3040: 3034: 2978:Late Cretaceous 2932: 2923: 2914: 2814: 2804: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2319:Ornithuromorpha 2306:Archaeorhynchus 2265:Ornithothoraces 2254: 2244: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2125:Ornithothoraces 2112: 1944: 1770:Ornithothoraces 1661: 1655: 1653:Early evolution 1649:true ancestor. 1594:deinonychosaurs 1554:oviraptorosaurs 1510: 1501: 1492: 1483: 1441:Dromaeosauridae 1325: 1323:Origin of birds 1319: 1266: 1257: 1248: 1239: 1230: 1221: 1164:Alvarezsauridae 1079: 992:Avemetatarsalia 957: 951: 942: 933: 924: 845: 744: 680: 674: 579:Late Cretaceous 489: 472:bee hummingbird 425: 421: 406:are a group of 364:Pangalloanserae 315: 264:Avemetatarsalia 190: 182: 178: 156: 149: 147:molecular clock 139: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 67:Late Cretaceous 65: 64: 63: 60: 52: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 29019: 29009: 29008: 29003: 28998: 28993: 28988: 28983: 28981:Animal classes 28978: 28961: 28960: 28958: 28957: 28944: 28931: 28921: 28908: 28895: 28882: 28872: 28859: 28846: 28833: 28820: 28807: 28794: 28785:Fauna Europaea 28781: 28768: 28755: 28742: 28729: 28716: 28703: 28688: 28672: 28670: 28664: 28663: 28649: 28648: 28646: 28645: 28640: 28635: 28629: 28627: 28623: 28622: 28620: 28619: 28618: 28617: 28612: 28607: 28601:Organisations 28599: 28598: 28597: 28592: 28584: 28583: 28582: 28577: 28572: 28567: 28562: 28557: 28552: 28547: 28542: 28537: 28532: 28527: 28511: 28509: 28505: 28504: 28502: 28501: 28500: 28499: 28489: 28484: 28479: 28473: 28471: 28467: 28466: 28464: 28463: 28462: 28461: 28456: 28448: 28447: 28446: 28441: 28436: 28428: 28423: 28422: 28421: 28416: 28411: 28409:Animated films 28406: 28399: 28392: 28382: 28381: 28380: 28373: 28366: 28356: 28355: 28354: 28347: 28342: 28335: 28325: 28324: 28323: 28316: 28311: 28306: 28296: 28295: 28294: 28289: 28284: 28282:Gallic rooster 28279: 28274: 28269: 28259: 28258: 28257: 28255:Feather tights 28252: 28243: 28241: 28237: 28236: 28234: 28233: 28228: 28223: 28218: 28213: 28208: 28202: 28200: 28194: 28193: 28186: 28184: 28182: 28181: 28180: 28179: 28174: 28169: 28164: 28156: 28155: 28154: 28149: 28144: 28136: 28135: 28134: 28129: 28127:Model organism 28121: 28120: 28119: 28114: 28109: 28104: 28096: 28091: 28086: 28085: 28084: 28079: 28069: 28063: 28061: 28057: 28056: 28045: 28044: 28037: 28030: 28022: 28013: 28012: 28010: 28009: 28004: 27999: 27997:South American 27994: 27992:North American 27989: 27984: 27983: 27982: 27972: 27966: 27964: 27958: 27957: 27950: 27948: 27946: 27945: 27940: 27938:South American 27935: 27933:North American 27930: 27925: 27924: 27923: 27913: 27907: 27906: 27905: 27894: 27892: 27886: 27885: 27880: 27879: 27872: 27865: 27857: 27848: 27847: 27845: 27844: 27834: 27829: 27824: 27819: 27814: 27809: 27804: 27802:Archaeornithes 27797: 27794: 27793: 27790: 27789: 27775: 27773: 27770: 27769: 27766: 27765: 27763: 27762: 27755: 27748: 27744:Protopelicanus 27740: 27733: 27725: 27718: 27711: 27708:Osteodontornis 27704: 27697: 27690: 27682: 27675: 27668: 27660: 27653: 27646: 27639: 27632: 27624: 27622: 27613: 27612: 27610: 27609: 27605:Dromornithidae 27601: 27594: 27585: 27583: 27574: 27573: 27571: 27570: 27563: 27556: 27549: 27541: 27539: 27537:Dromornithidae 27530: 27529: 27527: 27526: 27515: 27512:Perplexicervix 27505: 27494: 27488: 27485:Incertae sedis 27480: 27479: 27476: 27475: 27472: 27471: 27469: 27468: 27467: 27466: 27464:Pangalliformes 27457: 27455: 27453:Pangalliformes 27449: 27448: 27446: 27445: 27444: 27443: 27434: 27432: 27423: 27417: 27416: 27414: 27413: 27405: 27399: 27393: 27392: 27390: 27389: 27388: 27387: 27378: 27376: 27366: 27365: 27353: 27352: 27349: 27348: 27336: 27334: 27331: 27330: 27327: 27326: 27323: 27322: 27320: 27319: 27318: 27317: 27311: 27309: 27303: 27302: 27300: 27299: 27291: 27284: 27276: 27274: 27265: 27264: 27262: 27261: 27254: 27247: 27239: 27231: 27222: 27220: 27211: 27210: 27207: 27206: 27204: 27203: 27196: 27189: 27182: 27175: 27167: 27165: 27159: 27158: 27156: 27155: 27148: 27141: 27134: 27127: 27120: 27113: 27105: 27099: 27097:Hesperornithes 27090: 27089: 27087: 27086: 27079: 27071: 27069: 27067:Ichthyornithes 27060: 27059: 27057: 27056: 27046: 27036: 27026: 27016: 27006: 26996: 26986: 26976: 26964: 26958: 26953: 26950: 26949: 26946: 26945: 26943: 26942: 26935: 26932:Similiyanornis 26928: 26920: 26918: 26909: 26908: 26906: 26905: 26897: 26889: 26882: 26874: 26865: 26863: 26854: 26853: 26851: 26850: 26843: 26836: 26829: 26822: 26814: 26812: 26803: 26802: 26800: 26799: 26791: 26783: 26775: 26773: 26771:Ambiortiformes 26764: 26763: 26761: 26760: 26753: 26745: 26737: 26735: 26726: 26725: 26723: 26722: 26715: 26707: 26705: 26696: 26695: 26693: 26692: 26689:Zhongjianornis 26682: 26672: 26662: 26651: 26641: 26631: 26621: 26611: 26601: 26591: 26581: 26578:Jianchangornis 26571: 26561: 26551: 26541: 26530: 26520: 26510: 26500: 26490: 26480: 26470: 26460: 26450: 26439: 26429: 26424: 26417: 26416: 26404: 26403: 26400: 26399: 26378: 26376: 26373: 26372: 26369: 26368: 26365: 26364: 26361: 26360: 26357: 26356: 26354: 26353: 26352: 26351: 26345: 26343: 26337: 26336: 26334: 26333: 26332: 26331: 26329:Enantiornithes 26322: 26320: 26318:Enantiornithes 26308: 26302: 26301: 26299: 26298: 26291: 26284: 26276: 26274: 26265: 26264: 26262: 26261: 26254: 26247: 26244:Confuciusornis 26240: 26232: 26230: 26221: 26220: 26218: 26217: 26210: 26207:Omnivoropteryx 26202: 26200: 26190: 26189: 26187: 26186: 26173: 26167: 26162: 26159: 26158: 26155: 26154: 26152: 26151: 26144: 26137: 26129: 26122: 26113: 26111: 26102: 26101: 26099: 26098: 26087: 26076: 26065: 26055: 26045: 26034: 26024: 26014: 26003: 25992: 25981: 25971: 25966: 25963: 25962: 25959: 25958: 25956: 25955: 25954: 25953: 25944: 25942: 25933: 25932: 25930: 25929: 25928: 25927: 25918: 25916: 25907: 25906: 25904: 25903: 25895: 25888: 25881: 25872: 25870: 25861: 25860: 25858: 25857: 25850: 25843: 25836: 25829: 25822: 25814: 25807: 25800: 25793: 25786: 25778: 25776: 25767: 25766: 25764: 25763: 25756: 25749: 25742: 25734: 25732: 25722: 25721: 25719: 25718: 25708: 25705:Pneumatoraptor 25698: 25687: 25676: 25666: 25661: 25654: 25653: 25641: 25640: 25637: 25636: 25617: 25615: 25612: 25611: 25608: 25607: 25604: 25603: 25600: 25599: 25597: 25596: 25595: 25594: 25588: 25586: 25580: 25579: 25577: 25576: 25575: 25574: 25565: 25563: 25551: 25545: 25544: 25541: 25540: 25537: 25536: 25534: 25533: 25526: 25519: 25512: 25505: 25502:Neimongosaurus 25498: 25491: 25484: 25476: 25474: 25468: 25467: 25465: 25464: 25457: 25450: 25443: 25436: 25428: 25422: 25416: 25415: 25413: 25412: 25405: 25398: 25390: 25383: 25374: 25368: 25355: 25354: 25351: 25350: 25347: 25346: 25343: 25342: 25340: 25339: 25332: 25325: 25318: 25310: 25308: 25302: 25301: 25299: 25298: 25291: 25284: 25276: 25274: 25268: 25267: 25265: 25264: 25261:Trierarchuncus 25257: 25250: 25243: 25236: 25229: 25221: 25214: 25207: 25199: 25193: 25187: 25186: 25184: 25183: 25175: 25168: 25161: 25157:Bonapartenykus 25153: 25146: 25139: 25130: 25124: 25118: 25117: 25115: 25114: 25107: 25099: 25096:Shishugounykus 25092: 25085: 25078: 25075:Bonapartenykus 25071: 25064: 25056: 25048: 25042: 25034: 25031: 25030: 25028: 25027: 25016: 25006: 24995: 24984: 24972: 24966: 24961: 24954: 24953: 24941: 24940: 24937: 24936: 24933: 24932: 24929: 24928: 24925: 24924: 24922: 24921: 24920: 24919: 24913: 24911: 24905: 24904: 24902: 24901: 24900: 24899: 24890: 24884: 24878: 24877: 24875: 24874: 24873: 24872: 24863: 24857: 24847: 24846: 24842: 24841: 24832: 24823: 24814: 24808: 24792: 24791: 24784: 24783: 24776: 24769: 24761: 24752: 24751: 24749: 24748: 24742: 24734: 24728: 24719: 24716: 24715: 24712: 24711: 24708: 24707: 24704: 24703: 24700: 24699: 24696: 24695: 24692: 24691: 24688: 24687: 24684: 24683: 24680: 24679: 24676: 24675: 24673: 24672: 24667: 24660: 24658: 24649: 24648: 24641: 24639: 24633: 24632: 24630: 24629: 24623: 24616: 24614: 24605: 24597: 24596: 24594: 24593: 24587: 24581: 24573: 24572: 24570: 24569: 24563: 24557: 24549: 24548: 24546: 24545: 24538: 24532: 24524: 24523: 24521: 24520: 24513: 24507: 24495: 24494: 24492: 24491: 24485: 24479: 24467: 24466: 24464: 24463: 24457: 24451: 24439: 24438: 24435: 24434: 24432: 24431: 24426: 24420: 24418: 24405: 24397: 24396: 24393: 24392: 24389: 24388: 24385: 24384: 24381: 24380: 24378: 24377: 24371: 24368:Phlebobranchia 24364: 24358: 24352: 24351: 24349: 24348: 24343: 24336: 24330: 24326: 24325: 24323: 24322: 24316: 24310: 24293: 24285: 24284: 24281: 24280: 24278: 24277: 24271: 24269: 24259: 24258: 24256: 24255: 24249: 24243: 24236: 24233: 24232: 24223: 24222: 24215: 24208: 24200: 24191: 24190: 24188: 24187: 24175: 24163: 24151: 24138: 24135: 24134: 24131: 24130: 24127: 24126: 24123: 24122: 24119: 24118: 24115: 24114: 24111: 24110: 24107: 24106: 24103: 24102: 24100: 24099: 24091: 24086:Coraciiformes 24083: 24075: 24067: 24062:Trogoniformes 24059: 24051: 24043: 24035: 24026: 24024: 24018: 24017: 24015: 24014: 24009:Passeriformes 24006: 23998: 23993:Falconiformes 23990: 23985:Cariamiformes 23981: 23979: 23973: 23972: 23970: 23969: 23961: 23953: 23948:Ciconiiformes 23945: 23937: 23929: 23920: 23918: 23912: 23911: 23909: 23908: 23900: 23891: 23889: 23883: 23882: 23880: 23879: 23871: 23862: 23860: 23858:Cursorimorphae 23854: 23853: 23851: 23850: 23841: 23839: 23833: 23832: 23830: 23829: 23821: 23816: 23811: 23802: 23800: 23794: 23793: 23791: 23790: 23782: 23774: 23765: 23763: 23754: 23748: 23747: 23744: 23743: 23741: 23740: 23732: 23723: 23721: 23719:Mirandornithes 23715: 23714: 23712: 23711: 23703: 23695: 23690:Columbiformes 23686: 23684: 23682:Columbimorphae 23675: 23666: 23656: 23655: 23652: 23651: 23648: 23647: 23644: 23643: 23641: 23640: 23635: 23627: 23622: 23617:Meleagridinae 23613: 23611: 23605: 23604: 23602: 23601: 23594: 23587: 23580: 23573: 23566: 23559: 23552: 23545: 23537: 23535: 23533:Odontophoridae 23529: 23528: 23526: 23525: 23518: 23511: 23504: 23496: 23494: 23488: 23487: 23485: 23484: 23477: 23470: 23463: 23456: 23449: 23442: 23434: 23432: 23426: 23425: 23423: 23422: 23417: 23412: 23406: 23404: 23395: 23374: 23373: 23370: 23369: 23367: 23366: 23358: 23356: 23350: 23349: 23347: 23346: 23339: 23331: 23329: 23323: 23322: 23320: 23319: 23314: 23312:Stictonettinae 23309: 23307:Dendrocygninae 23304: 23303: 23302: 23295: 23283: 23282: 23281: 23276: 23271: 23260: 23258: 23241: 23228: 23185: 23157: 23156: 23153: 23152: 23150: 23149: 23141: 23133: 23125: 23117: 23108: 23106: 23092: 23091: 23077: 23076: 23074: 23073: 23072: 23071: 23066: 23060:Notable birds 23058: 23053: 23048: 23043: 23038: 23033: 23028: 23022: 23020: 23016: 23015: 23013: 23012: 23010:Egg collecting 23007: 23002: 22997: 22992: 22987: 22982: 22977: 22972: 22967: 22962: 22961: 22960: 22950: 22945: 22940: 22935: 22929: 22927: 22919: 22918: 22916: 22915: 22910: 22905: 22900: 22895: 22893:Hesperornithes 22890: 22885: 22880: 22875: 22870: 22868:Ambiortiformes 22865: 22860: 22855: 22853:Enantiornithes 22850: 22845: 22840: 22835: 22827: 22825: 22819: 22818: 22816: 22815: 22810: 22805: 22800: 22795: 22794: 22793: 22788: 22777: 22775: 22769: 22768: 22766: 22765: 22760: 22755: 22750: 22745: 22740: 22735: 22730: 22725: 22720: 22715: 22710: 22704: 22702: 22696: 22695: 22693: 22692: 22687: 22682: 22677: 22672: 22667: 22662: 22657: 22656: 22655: 22645: 22640: 22634: 22632: 22626: 22625: 22623: 22622: 22616: 22613: 22612: 22600: 22599: 22592: 22585: 22577: 22571: 22570: 22564: 22551: 22545: 22540: 22534: 22494: 22489: 22477: 22472: 22456: 22451: 22442: 22437: 22427: 22426: 22421: 22416: 22410: 22409: 22398: 22397: 22385: 22371: 22364: 22352: 22339: 22338: 22336: 22335:External links 22333: 22332: 22331: 22329:978-0007268146 22317: 22303: 22297: 22291: 22278: 22263: 22244: 22236: 22233: 22230: 22229: 22198: 22165: 22112: 22041:(4): 488–499. 22025: 22006:(3): 255–268. 21990: 21983: 21965: 21939: 21914: 21888: 21858: 21851: 21833: 21826: 21804: 21739: 21716: 21690: 21683: 21665: 21638: 21624: 21610: 21595: 21576:(3): 173–193. 21560: 21534: 21519: 21491: 21472:(5): 543–555. 21456: 21443:10.2307/820195 21421: 21394: 21383:(5): 728–755. 21367: 21342: 21317: 21282: 21275: 21257: 21194: 21167:(3): 372–392. 21151: 21107: 21100: 21079: 21072: 21052: 21046:978-9004121423 21045: 21027: 21020: 21000: 20994:978-0804725156 20993: 20973: 20966: 20946: 20915: 20908: 20883: 20876: 20851: 20816: 20781: 20766: 20747:(4): 337–355. 20731: 20720:(3): 563–575. 20702: 20671: 20652:(4): 597–603. 20636: 20603: 20581: 20562:(2): 216–233. 20546: 20509: 20483: 20476: 20454: 20405: 20379: 20349: 20330: 20319:(2): 309–322. 20293: 20252: 20241:(4): 611–623. 20221: 20202:(2): 139–144. 20186: 20151: 20144: 20126: 20119: 20101: 20060: 20027:Marine Biology 20016: 19959: 19912: 19893:(3): 500–508. 19877: 19827: 19800:(2): 323–351. 19780: 19751: 19696: 19631: 19625:978-0201442328 19624: 19606: 19591: 19565: 19522: 19479: 19450:(4): 876–883. 19430: 19381: 19335: 19292: 19235: 19186: 19135: 19096:(12): e53066. 19076: 19053:(4): 792–799. 19033: 19020:(2): 153–161. 18996: 18989: 18964: 18945:(5): 434–444. 18923: 18912:(3): 427–437. 18890: 18871: 18820: 18805: 18794:(4): 289–298. 18776: 18761: 18742: 18735: 18715: 18708: 18688: 18681: 18661: 18654: 18634: 18612: 18590: 18583: 18561: 18554: 18546:Academic Press 18532: 18525: 18507: 18480:(2): 113–120. 18460: 18453: 18432: 18413:(3): 301–309. 18395: 18374:(2): 367–376. 18350: 18301: 18286: 18279: 18256: 18229:(2): 110–118. 18209: 18202: 18182: 18175: 18155: 18106: 18063: 18014: 17995:(4): 527–530. 17979: 17934: 17921:(1): 207–225. 17899: 17870: 17857:10.1086/284047 17851:(2): 149–160. 17829: 17816:10.1086/284728 17810:(4): 507–525. 17792: 17773:(4): 193–201. 17749: 17684: 17669: 17658:(3): 261–266. 17638: 17587: 17548: 17519:(4): 882–884. 17499: 17447:(1): 126–132. 17418: 17405:(6): 675–687. 17385: 17350: 17315:(9): 413–425. 17299: 17280:(7): 905–910. 17256: 17222:(2): 307–313. 17199: 17172:(3): 181–190. 17156: 17130:(3): 304–317. 17107: 17068: 17023: 16980: 16973: 16950: 16939:(4): 327–339. 16917: 16868: 16849: 16798: 16755: 16705: 16682:(3): 377–383. 16662: 16635:(3): 486–501. 16617: 16580: 16554:(3): 576–581. 16527: 16508:(5): 373–378. 16482: 16461:(8): 891–908. 16441: 16400: 16387:(2): 370–396. 16367: 16360: 16340: 16330:(4): 805–819. 16307: 16280:(4): 281–292. 16262: 16241:(2): 537–547. 16221: 16188: 16137: 16078: 16015: 15985: 15946: 15887: 15854: 15813: 15792:(3): 296–299. 15772: 15754:(2): 247–251. 15731: 15712:(6): 365–369. 15696: 15685:(4): 763–764. 15669: 15640:(5): 955–967. 15620: 15582:10.1086/316640 15553: 15534: 15514: 15485:(3): 200–207. 15469: 15450:(2): 331–340. 15434: 15408:(3): 771–781. 15385: 15349: 15302: 15295: 15273: 15222: 15187:and Antarctic 15173: 15146:(2): 193–212. 15130: 15119:(4): 473–506. 15103: 15044: 15007: 14948: 14941: 14918: 14889:(4): 820–831. 14869: 14820: 14771: 14744:(2): 109–125. 14724: 14710: 14689:10.1086/285697 14683:(4): 628–642. 14667: 14660: 14642: 14627: 14594: 14583:(4): 345–349. 14565: 14532: 14511:10.1086/515854 14505:(4): 470–480. 14489: 14462: 14436:(2): 172–178. 14413: 14394:(2): 119–124. 14374: 14347: 14340: 14317: 14268: 14237: 14218:(3): 614–625. 14198: 14144: 14097: 14064: 14023: 13976: 13949:(2): 195–214. 13930: 13891: 13884: 13864: 13821: 13778: 13749:(2): 273–282. 13729: 13678: 13652:(3): 732–735. 13629: 13602: 13561: 13554: 13546:pockets: birds 13536: 13518: 13496: 13481: 13463: 13436:(6): 340–351. 13420: 13393: 13358:(1): 109–129. 13339: 13306:(4): 545–579. 13290: 13241: 13222:(4): 278–285. 13202: 13165:(3): 344–350. 13144: 13137: 13117: 13060: 13013: 12964: 12927:(5): 227–242. 12902: 12891:(4): 295–311. 12875: 12838:(4): 334–338. 12818: 12781: 12755:(3): 820–825. 12732: 12706: 12695:on 9 June 2013 12675: 12668: 12649: 12623: 12597:(3): 382–385. 12568: 12547:10.1086/282459 12523: 12472: 12429: 12410:(4): 749–755. 12390: 12341: 12314: 12284: 12259: 12233: 12226: 12153: 12118: 12111: 12093: 12086: 12064: 12057: 12039: 12020:(2): 252–262. 12000: 11966: 11959: 11941: 11902: 11895: 11874: 11821: 11814: 11796: 11789: 11771: 11704: 11677:(1): 611–639. 11658: 11619: 11593: 11586: 11561: 11520: 11508: 11483: 11455: 11440: 11413: 11345: 11285: 11218: 11145: 11101:(4): 543–547. 11076: 11020: 10976: 10917: 10888:(3): 287–308. 10864: 10813: 10740: 10673: 10647: 10610:(6987): 6987. 10590: 10563: 10540: 10533: 10510: 10446: 10393:(9): 856–869. 10370: 10355: 10318: 10291: 10224: 10155: 10108: 10041: 9988: 9961: 9954: 9934: 9927: 9906: 9857: 9798: 9740: 9726: 9701: 9686: 9663: 9636:(4): 429–463. 9620: 9615:The Dinosauria 9605: 9567: 9510: 9488: 9481: 9458: 9451: 9443:Academic Press 9422: 9368: 9348: 9341: 9319: 9253: 9227: 9196: 9157:(1): 108–127. 9134: 9082: 9015: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8898: 8855:climate change 8762:Main article: 8759: 8756: 8715:Birds in music 8713:Main article: 8710: 8707: 8540:Peacock Throne 8494: 8491: 8471:ancient Greece 8448:common peacock 8354: 8351: 8302:, are bred in 8198: 8195: 8078:Main article: 8075: 8072: 7970: 7967: 7904:Main article: 7901: 7898: 7887:Darwin's finch 7862:Main article: 7859: 7856: 7815:Main article: 7801: 7798: 7760:brood parasite 7743:Brood parasite 7741:Main article: 7738: 7735: 7613:semi-altricial 7605:semi-precocial 7601:may be termed 7574:Main article: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7453:Cathartes aura 7449:Turkey vulture 7445: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7421: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7397: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7373: 7372: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7308:eastern phoebe 7243:All birds lay 7210: 7207: 7104: 7103:Social systems 7101: 7081: 7078: 7032:Perching birds 7008:marine mammals 6982:Sleeping birds 6958: 6955: 6888: 6885: 6881:palm cockatoos 6805: 6795: 6785: 6780: 6779: 6767: 6757: 6752: 6751: 6742: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6706: 6703: 6699:photoreceptors 6687:constellations 6683:internal clock 6677:migrants, the 6609:Southern Ocean 6508:Bird migration 6506:Main article: 6503: 6500: 6463:Main article: 6460: 6457: 6411: 6408: 6392:masked boobies 6390:stealing from 6365:dabbling ducks 6357:filter feeders 6271:Avian foraging 6217: 6214: 6185: 6182: 6117: 6114: 5938:some dinosaurs 5912:Flight feather 5903: 5900: 5815:Hydrophasianus 5776: 5773: 5732:depth of field 5682:masked lapwing 5651:tetrachromatic 5623:sense of smell 5607:brain of birds 5603:nervous system 5595:Main article: 5592: 5591:Nervous system 5589: 5562: 5559: 5507:Didactic model 5499: 5496: 5459: 5456: 5322: 5319: 5297:joining cloaca 5287:, rather than 5244: 5241: 5237:elephant birds 5185:Main article: 5182: 5179: 5137:Main article: 5134: 5131: 5107:monk parakeets 5037: 5034: 4995: 4992: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4857:Psittaciformes 4853: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4678:and relatives) 4668: 4663: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4637:Bucerotiformes 4633: 4628: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4574: 4569: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4534:Coraciimorphae 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4493:and relatives) 4483: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4466:Cathartiformes 4462: 4457: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4409: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4312:Pelecaniformes 4308: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4279: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4251: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4176: 4171: 4169: 4161: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4083:Eurypygiformes 4079: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4043: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3930:Daedalornithes 3926: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3856:Nyctibiiformes 3852: 3847: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3771:and relatives) 3761: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3535:Pterocliformes 3531: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3473:Columbimorphae 3467: 3465: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3382:Mirandornithes 3376: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3290: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3233:Casuariiformes 3229: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3212:Apterygiformes 3208: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3033: 3030: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2837: 2829: 2827: 2819: 2803: 2800: 2737:Enantiornithes 2718: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2527:Hesperornithes 2520: 2515: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2425:Jianchangornis 2419: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2279:Enantiornithes 2274: 2269: 2267: 2259: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997:Zhongjianornis 1991: 1986: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1786: 1696:Hypercarnivory 1654: 1651: 1550:dromaeosaurids 1521: 1520: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1406:Jinfengopteryx 1400: 1395: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1330: 1321:Main article: 1318: 1315: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1188: 1182: 1180: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1059: 1053: 1051: 1045: 1043: 1037: 1029:bird evolution 1021: 1020: 1009: 1002: 995: 977: 976: 953: 952: 948: 947: 944: 943: 939: 938: 935: 934: 930: 929: 926: 925: 921: 920: 917: 916: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 894: 888: 886: 878: 877: 874: 873: 866: 856: 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 842: 841: 838: 837: 826: 816: 814: 808: 806: 796: 743: 740: 697:classification 676:Main article: 673: 670: 645:undomesticated 594:social species 551:in the modern 514:, and diverse 496:elephant birds 476:common ostrich 399: 398: 397: 396: 384: 383: 377: 376: 375: 374: 373: 372: 367: 356: 355: 354: 349: 334: 333: 326: 325: 310: 306: 305: 300: 293: 292: 287: 280: 279: 274: 267: 266: 261: 254: 253: 248: 241: 240: 235: 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 184: 183: 154: 151: 150: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 61: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 29018: 29007: 29004: 29002: 28999: 28997: 28994: 28992: 28989: 28987: 28984: 28982: 28979: 28977: 28974: 28973: 28971: 28954: 28949: 28945: 28941: 28936: 28932: 28928: 28922: 28918: 28913: 28909: 28905: 28900: 28896: 28892: 28887: 28883: 28879: 28873: 28869: 28864: 28860: 28856: 28851: 28847: 28843: 28838: 28834: 28830: 28825: 28821: 28817: 28812: 28808: 28804: 28799: 28795: 28791: 28786: 28782: 28778: 28773: 28769: 28765: 28760: 28756: 28752: 28747: 28743: 28739: 28734: 28730: 28726: 28721: 28717: 28713: 28708: 28704: 28699: 28693: 28689: 28684: 28678: 28674: 28673: 28671: 28669: 28665: 28661: 28656: 28644: 28643:Zoomusicology 28641: 28639: 28636: 28634: 28631: 28630: 28628: 28624: 28616: 28613: 28611: 28608: 28606: 28603: 28602: 28600: 28596: 28593: 28591: 28588: 28587: 28585: 28581: 28578: 28576: 28573: 28571: 28568: 28566: 28563: 28561: 28558: 28556: 28553: 28551: 28548: 28546: 28543: 28541: 28538: 28536: 28533: 28531: 28530:Thomas Bewick 28528: 28525: 28524: 28519: 28516: 28515: 28514:Illustrators 28513: 28512: 28510: 28506: 28498: 28495: 28494: 28493: 28490: 28488: 28485: 28483: 28480: 28478: 28475: 28474: 28472: 28468: 28460: 28459:Chicken dance 28457: 28455: 28452: 28451: 28449: 28445: 28444:Feather cloak 28442: 28440: 28437: 28435: 28432: 28431: 28429: 28427: 28424: 28420: 28417: 28415: 28414:Chicken films 28412: 28410: 28407: 28405: 28404: 28400: 28398: 28397: 28393: 28391: 28390: 28386: 28385: 28383: 28379: 28378: 28374: 28372: 28371: 28367: 28365: 28364: 28360: 28359: 28357: 28353: 28352: 28348: 28346: 28343: 28341: 28340: 28336: 28334: 28333: 28329: 28328: 28326: 28322: 28321: 28317: 28315: 28312: 28310: 28307: 28305: 28304: 28300: 28299: 28297: 28293: 28290: 28288: 28285: 28283: 28280: 28278: 28275: 28273: 28270: 28268: 28265: 28264: 28263: 28260: 28256: 28253: 28251: 28248: 28247: 28245: 28244: 28242: 28238: 28232: 28229: 28227: 28224: 28222: 28219: 28217: 28214: 28212: 28209: 28207: 28204: 28203: 28201: 28199: 28195: 28190: 28178: 28175: 28173: 28172:Plume hunting 28170: 28168: 28165: 28163: 28160: 28159: 28157: 28153: 28150: 28148: 28145: 28143: 28140: 28139: 28137: 28133: 28130: 28128: 28125: 28124: 28122: 28118: 28115: 28113: 28112:Pigeon racing 28110: 28108: 28105: 28103: 28100: 28099: 28097: 28095: 28092: 28090: 28087: 28083: 28080: 28078: 28075: 28074: 28073: 28070: 28068: 28065: 28064: 28062: 28058: 28054: 28050: 28043: 28038: 28036: 28031: 28029: 28024: 28023: 28020: 28008: 28005: 28003: 28000: 27998: 27995: 27993: 27990: 27988: 27985: 27981: 27978: 27977: 27976: 27973: 27971: 27968: 27967: 27965: 27963: 27959: 27954: 27944: 27941: 27939: 27936: 27934: 27931: 27929: 27926: 27922: 27919: 27918: 27917: 27914: 27911: 27908: 27904: 27901: 27900: 27899: 27896: 27895: 27893: 27891: 27887: 27878: 27873: 27871: 27866: 27864: 27859: 27858: 27855: 27843: 27835: 27833: 27830: 27828: 27825: 27823: 27822:Odontornithes 27820: 27818: 27817:Odontognathae 27815: 27813: 27810: 27808: 27805: 27803: 27799: 27798: 27795: 27785: 27779: 27761: 27760: 27756: 27754: 27753: 27749: 27746: 27745: 27741: 27739: 27738: 27734: 27731: 27730: 27726: 27724: 27723: 27719: 27717: 27716: 27712: 27710: 27709: 27705: 27703: 27702: 27698: 27696: 27695: 27691: 27688: 27687: 27683: 27681: 27680: 27676: 27674: 27673: 27669: 27666: 27665: 27661: 27659: 27658: 27654: 27652: 27651: 27647: 27645: 27644: 27640: 27638: 27637: 27633: 27631: 27630: 27626: 27625: 27623: 27621: 27614: 27607: 27606: 27602: 27600: 27599: 27595: 27592: 27591: 27587: 27586: 27584: 27582: 27575: 27569: 27568: 27564: 27562: 27561: 27557: 27555: 27554: 27550: 27548: 27547: 27546:Barawertornis 27543: 27542: 27540: 27538: 27531: 27524: 27523: 27516: 27514: 27513: 27506: 27504: 27503: 27496: 27495: 27492: 27489: 27487: 27486: 27481: 27465: 27461: 27460: 27459: 27458: 27456: 27454: 27450: 27442: 27441:Anserimorphae 27438: 27437: 27436: 27435: 27433: 27431: 27430:Anserimorphae 27427: 27424: 27422: 27418: 27412: 27411: 27407: 27406: 27403: 27400: 27398: 27394: 27386: 27385:Palaeognathae 27382: 27381: 27380: 27379: 27377: 27375: 27374:Palaeognathae 27371: 27367: 27363: 27358: 27354: 27345: 27340: 27315: 27314: 27313: 27312: 27310: 27308: 27304: 27297: 27296: 27292: 27290: 27289: 27285: 27283: 27282: 27278: 27277: 27275: 27273: 27266: 27260: 27259: 27255: 27253: 27252: 27248: 27245: 27244: 27240: 27237: 27236: 27232: 27229: 27228: 27224: 27223: 27221: 27219: 27212: 27202: 27201: 27197: 27195: 27194: 27190: 27188: 27187: 27183: 27181: 27180: 27176: 27174: 27173: 27169: 27168: 27166: 27164: 27160: 27154: 27153: 27149: 27147: 27146: 27142: 27140: 27139: 27135: 27133: 27132: 27128: 27126: 27125: 27121: 27119: 27118: 27114: 27112: 27111: 27107: 27106: 27103: 27100: 27098: 27091: 27085: 27084: 27080: 27078: 27077: 27073: 27072: 27070: 27068: 27061: 27055: 27054: 27053:Tingmiatornis 27047: 27045: 27044: 27037: 27035: 27034: 27027: 27025: 27024: 27017: 27015: 27014: 27007: 27005: 27004: 26997: 26995: 26994: 26987: 26985: 26984: 26977: 26974: 26973: 26972:Antarcticavis 26966: 26965: 26962: 26959: 26956: 26951: 26941: 26940: 26936: 26934: 26933: 26929: 26927: 26926: 26922: 26921: 26919: 26917: 26916:Yanornithidae 26910: 26903: 26902: 26898: 26895: 26894: 26890: 26888: 26887: 26886:Songlingornis 26883: 26880: 26879: 26875: 26872: 26871: 26867: 26866: 26864: 26862: 26855: 26849: 26848: 26844: 26842: 26841: 26837: 26835: 26834: 26833:Longicrusavis 26830: 26828: 26827: 26826:Hongshanornis 26823: 26821: 26820: 26816: 26815: 26813: 26811: 26804: 26797: 26796: 26792: 26789: 26788: 26784: 26782: 26781: 26777: 26776: 26774: 26772: 26765: 26759: 26758: 26754: 26751: 26750: 26746: 26744: 26743: 26739: 26738: 26736: 26734: 26727: 26721: 26720: 26716: 26714: 26713: 26712:Mengciusornis 26709: 26708: 26706: 26704: 26703:Schizoouridae 26697: 26691: 26690: 26683: 26681: 26680: 26673: 26671: 26670: 26663: 26660: 26659: 26652: 26650: 26649: 26642: 26640: 26639: 26632: 26630: 26629: 26622: 26620: 26619: 26612: 26610: 26609: 26602: 26600: 26599: 26592: 26590: 26589: 26582: 26580: 26579: 26572: 26570: 26569: 26562: 26560: 26559: 26552: 26550: 26549: 26542: 26539: 26538: 26531: 26529: 26528: 26521: 26519: 26518: 26511: 26509: 26508: 26501: 26499: 26498: 26491: 26489: 26488: 26487:Changzuiornis 26481: 26479: 26478: 26471: 26469: 26468: 26467:Brevidentavis 26461: 26459: 26458: 26451: 26449: 26448: 26441: 26440: 26437: 26433: 26430: 26427: 26422: 26418: 26414: 26409: 26405: 26396: 26392: 26389: 26382: 26349: 26348: 26347: 26346: 26344: 26342: 26338: 26330: 26326: 26325: 26324: 26323: 26321: 26319: 26312: 26309: 26307: 26303: 26297: 26296: 26292: 26290: 26289: 26285: 26283: 26282: 26278: 26277: 26275: 26273: 26266: 26260: 26259: 26255: 26253: 26252: 26248: 26246: 26245: 26241: 26239: 26238: 26234: 26233: 26231: 26229: 26222: 26216: 26215: 26211: 26209: 26208: 26204: 26203: 26201: 26198: 26191: 26185: 26183: 26175: 26174: 26171: 26168: 26165: 26160: 26150: 26149: 26145: 26143: 26142: 26138: 26135: 26134: 26130: 26128: 26127: 26123: 26120: 26119: 26115: 26114: 26112: 26110: 26103: 26096: 26095: 26088: 26085: 26084: 26077: 26074: 26073: 26066: 26064: 26063: 26056: 26054: 26053: 26046: 26043: 26042: 26035: 26033: 26032: 26025: 26023: 26022: 26015: 26012: 26011: 26010:Cretaaviculus 26004: 26001: 26000: 25993: 25991: 25990: 25983: 25982: 25979: 25975: 25972: 25969: 25964: 25952: 25948: 25947: 25946: 25945: 25943: 25941: 25934: 25926: 25922: 25921: 25920: 25919: 25917: 25915: 25908: 25901: 25900: 25896: 25894: 25893: 25889: 25887: 25886: 25885:Archaeopteryx 25882: 25879: 25878: 25874: 25873: 25871: 25869: 25862: 25856: 25855: 25854:Yixianosaurus 25851: 25849: 25848: 25844: 25842: 25841: 25837: 25835: 25834: 25830: 25828: 25827: 25823: 25820: 25819: 25815: 25813: 25812: 25811:Fujianvenator 25808: 25806: 25805: 25801: 25799: 25798: 25794: 25792: 25791: 25787: 25785: 25784: 25780: 25779: 25777: 25775: 25768: 25762: 25761: 25757: 25755: 25754: 25750: 25748: 25747: 25746:Epidexipteryx 25743: 25741: 25740: 25736: 25735: 25733: 25730: 25723: 25717: 25716: 25709: 25707: 25706: 25699: 25696: 25695: 25688: 25686: 25685: 25678: 25677: 25674: 25670: 25667: 25664: 25659: 25655: 25651: 25646: 25642: 25633: 25629: 25627: 25621: 25592: 25591: 25590: 25589: 25587: 25585: 25581: 25573: 25569: 25568: 25567: 25566: 25564: 25562: 25555: 25552: 25550: 25546: 25532: 25531: 25527: 25525: 25524: 25520: 25518: 25517: 25513: 25511: 25510: 25506: 25504: 25503: 25499: 25497: 25496: 25492: 25490: 25489: 25485: 25483: 25482: 25478: 25477: 25475: 25473: 25469: 25463: 25462: 25458: 25456: 25455: 25451: 25449: 25448: 25444: 25442: 25441: 25440:Beipiaosaurus 25437: 25435: 25434: 25430: 25429: 25426: 25423: 25421: 25417: 25411: 25410: 25406: 25404: 25403: 25399: 25396: 25395: 25391: 25389: 25388: 25384: 25381: 25380: 25376: 25375: 25372: 25369: 25367: 25360: 25356: 25338: 25337: 25333: 25331: 25330: 25326: 25324: 25323: 25319: 25317: 25316: 25312: 25311: 25309: 25307: 25303: 25297: 25296: 25292: 25290: 25289: 25285: 25283: 25282: 25278: 25277: 25275: 25273: 25269: 25263: 25262: 25258: 25256: 25255: 25251: 25249: 25248: 25244: 25242: 25241: 25237: 25235: 25234: 25230: 25227: 25226: 25222: 25220: 25219: 25215: 25213: 25212: 25208: 25206: 25205: 25201: 25200: 25197: 25194: 25192: 25188: 25181: 25180: 25176: 25174: 25173: 25172:Heptasteornis 25169: 25167: 25166: 25162: 25159: 25158: 25154: 25152: 25151: 25150:Alvarezsaurus 25147: 25145: 25144: 25140: 25137: 25136: 25135:Achillesaurus 25132: 25131: 25128: 25125: 25123: 25119: 25113: 25112: 25108: 25105: 25104: 25100: 25098: 25097: 25093: 25091: 25090: 25086: 25084: 25083: 25079: 25077: 25076: 25072: 25070: 25069: 25065: 25062: 25061: 25057: 25055: 25054: 25053:Achillesaurus 25050: 25049: 25046: 25043: 25040: 25032: 25025: 25024: 25017: 25015: 25014: 25007: 25004: 25003: 24996: 24993: 24992: 24985: 24982: 24981: 24974: 24973: 24970: 24967: 24964: 24959: 24955: 24951: 24946: 24942: 24917: 24916: 24915: 24914: 24912: 24910: 24906: 24898: 24894: 24893: 24892: 24891: 24888: 24885: 24883: 24879: 24871: 24867: 24866: 24865: 24864: 24861: 24858: 24856: 24852: 24848: 24840: 24836: 24833: 24831: 24827: 24824: 24822: 24818: 24815: 24813: 24809: 24807: 24803: 24802: 24797: 24793: 24789: 24782: 24777: 24775: 24770: 24768: 24763: 24762: 24759: 24746: 24743: 24741: 24740: 24735: 24733: 24732:Sarcopterygii 24729: 24727: 24726: 24721: 24720: 24717: 24671: 24668: 24665: 24662: 24661: 24659: 24657: 24653: 24646: 24643: 24642: 24640: 24638: 24637:Archelosauria 24634: 24627: 24624: 24621: 24618: 24617: 24615: 24613: 24609: 24606: 24603: 24598: 24592: 24589: 24588: 24585: 24582: 24579: 24574: 24568: 24565: 24564: 24561: 24558: 24555: 24550: 24543: 24540: 24539: 24536: 24533: 24530: 24525: 24518: 24515: 24514: 24511: 24508: 24505: 24500:Sarcopterygii 24496: 24490: 24487: 24486: 24483: 24480: 24477: 24468: 24462: 24459: 24458: 24455: 24452: 24449: 24444:Gnathostomata 24440: 24430: 24427: 24425: 24422: 24421: 24419: 24417: 24413: 24409: 24406: 24403: 24398: 24375: 24372: 24369: 24366: 24365: 24362: 24359: 24357: 24353: 24347: 24344: 24341: 24338: 24337: 24334: 24331: 24327: 24321: 24318: 24317: 24314: 24311: 24309: 24307:(Urochordata) 24301: 24297: 24294: 24291: 24286: 24276: 24273: 24272: 24270: 24268: 24264: 24260: 24254: 24253:Deuterostomia 24250: 24248: 24244: 24242: 24238: 24237: 24234: 24229: 24221: 24216: 24214: 24209: 24207: 24202: 24201: 24198: 24186: 24185: 24176: 24174: 24173: 24168: 24164: 24162: 24161: 24152: 24150: 24149: 24140: 24139: 24136: 24098: 24092: 24090: 24084: 24082: 24076: 24074: 24068: 24066: 24060: 24058: 24052: 24050: 24046:Strigiformes 24044: 24042: 24036: 24034: 24028: 24027: 24025: 24023: 24019: 24013: 24007: 24005: 23999: 23997: 23991: 23989: 23983: 23982: 23980: 23978: 23974: 23968: 23962: 23960: 23954: 23952: 23946: 23944: 23938: 23936: 23930: 23928: 23922: 23921: 23919: 23917: 23913: 23907: 23901: 23899: 23897:(tropicbirds) 23893: 23892: 23890: 23888: 23884: 23878: 23872: 23870: 23864: 23863: 23861: 23859: 23855: 23849: 23843: 23842: 23840: 23838: 23834: 23828: 23822: 23820: 23819:Podargiformes 23817: 23815: 23812: 23810: 23804: 23803: 23801: 23799: 23795: 23789: 23783: 23781: 23775: 23773: 23769:Cuculiformes 23767: 23766: 23764: 23762: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23749: 23739: 23733: 23731: 23725: 23724: 23722: 23720: 23716: 23710: 23704: 23702: 23696: 23694: 23688: 23687: 23685: 23683: 23679: 23676: 23674: 23670: 23667: 23665: 23661: 23657: 23639: 23636: 23634: 23628: 23626: 23623: 23621: 23615: 23614: 23612: 23610: 23606: 23600: 23599: 23595: 23593: 23592: 23588: 23586: 23585: 23581: 23579: 23578: 23574: 23572: 23571: 23567: 23565: 23564: 23560: 23558: 23557: 23553: 23551: 23550: 23546: 23544: 23543: 23539: 23538: 23536: 23534: 23530: 23524: 23523: 23519: 23517: 23516: 23512: 23510: 23509: 23505: 23503: 23502: 23498: 23497: 23495: 23493: 23489: 23483: 23482: 23478: 23476: 23475: 23471: 23469: 23468: 23467:Macrocephalon 23464: 23462: 23461: 23457: 23455: 23454: 23450: 23448: 23447: 23443: 23441: 23440: 23436: 23435: 23433: 23431: 23427: 23421: 23418: 23416: 23413: 23411: 23408: 23407: 23405: 23403: 23399: 23396: 23392: 23385: 23379: 23375: 23365: 23364: 23360: 23359: 23357: 23355: 23354:Anseranatidae 23351: 23345: 23344: 23340: 23338: 23337: 23333: 23332: 23330: 23328: 23324: 23318: 23315: 23313: 23310: 23308: 23305: 23301: 23296: 23294: 23289: 23288: 23287: 23284: 23280: 23277: 23275: 23272: 23270: 23267: 23266: 23265: 23262: 23261: 23259: 23255: 23249: 23245: 23242: 23236: 23232: 23229: 23225: 23219: 23193: 23189: 23186: 23184: 23162: 23158: 23148: 23142: 23140: 23134: 23132: 23128:Tinamiformes 23126: 23124: 23118: 23116: 23110: 23109: 23107: 23105: 23104:Palaeognathae 23101: 23097: 23093: 23086: 23082: 23078: 23070: 23067: 23065: 23062: 23061: 23059: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23049: 23047: 23044: 23042: 23039: 23037: 23034: 23032: 23029: 23027: 23024: 23023: 23021: 23017: 23011: 23008: 23006: 23003: 23001: 22998: 22996: 22993: 22991: 22990:Pigeon racing 22988: 22986: 22983: 22981: 22978: 22976: 22973: 22971: 22968: 22966: 22963: 22959: 22956: 22955: 22954: 22951: 22949: 22946: 22944: 22941: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22931: 22930: 22928: 22926: 22920: 22914: 22911: 22909: 22906: 22904: 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22889: 22886: 22884: 22881: 22879: 22876: 22874: 22871: 22869: 22866: 22864: 22861: 22859: 22856: 22854: 22851: 22849: 22846: 22844: 22841: 22839: 22836: 22834: 22833: 22832:Archaeopteryx 22829: 22828: 22826: 22824: 22820: 22814: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22801: 22799: 22796: 22792: 22789: 22787: 22784: 22783: 22782: 22779: 22778: 22776: 22774: 22770: 22764: 22761: 22759: 22756: 22754: 22751: 22749: 22746: 22744: 22741: 22739: 22736: 22734: 22731: 22729: 22726: 22724: 22721: 22719: 22716: 22714: 22711: 22709: 22706: 22705: 22703: 22701: 22697: 22691: 22688: 22686: 22683: 22681: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22671: 22668: 22666: 22663: 22661: 22658: 22654: 22651: 22650: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22635: 22633: 22631: 22627: 22621: 22618: 22617: 22614: 22609: 22605: 22598: 22593: 22591: 22586: 22584: 22579: 22578: 22575: 22568: 22565: 22562: 22558: 22555: 22552: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22538: 22535: 22532: 22531: 22526: 22522: 22518: 22514: 22510: 22509: 22504: 22503: 22498: 22495: 22493: 22490: 22488: 22484: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22473: 22470: 22466: 22465: 22460: 22457: 22455: 22452: 22450: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22435: 22432: 22431: 22425: 22422: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22411: 22406: 22401: 22393: 22389: 22374: 22330: 22326: 22322: 22318: 22316: 22315:9780691143927 22312: 22308: 22304: 22301: 22298: 22295: 22292: 22290: 22289:9781426218354 22286: 22282: 22279: 22276: 22272: 22268: 22264: 22261: 22257: 22253: 22249: 22245: 22242: 22239: 22238: 22225: 22221: 22217: 22213: 22209: 22202: 22193: 22188: 22185:(3): 266–79. 22184: 22180: 22176: 22169: 22161: 22157: 22153: 22149: 22145: 22141: 22137: 22133: 22129: 22125: 22124: 22116: 22108: 22104: 22100: 22096: 22092: 22088: 22084: 22080: 22076: 22072: 22064: 22060: 22056: 22052: 22048: 22044: 22040: 22036: 22029: 22021: 22017: 22013: 22009: 22005: 22001: 21994: 21986: 21980: 21976: 21969: 21954: 21950: 21943: 21928: 21924: 21918: 21903: 21899: 21892: 21876: 21872: 21868: 21862: 21854: 21848: 21844: 21837: 21829: 21827:0-19-850837-9 21823: 21819: 21815: 21814:Extinct Birds 21808: 21800: 21796: 21791: 21786: 21782: 21778: 21774: 21770: 21766: 21762: 21758: 21754: 21750: 21743: 21735: 21731: 21727: 21720: 21705: 21701: 21694: 21686: 21684:0-521-77191-9 21680: 21676: 21669: 21661: 21657: 21653: 21649: 21642: 21634: 21628: 21620: 21614: 21607:. Bloomsbury. 21606: 21599: 21591: 21587: 21583: 21579: 21575: 21571: 21564: 21549: 21545: 21538: 21530: 21523: 21508: 21501: 21495: 21487: 21483: 21479: 21475: 21471: 21467: 21460: 21452: 21448: 21444: 21440: 21436: 21432: 21425: 21417: 21413: 21409: 21405: 21398: 21390: 21386: 21382: 21378: 21371: 21356: 21352: 21346: 21331: 21327: 21321: 21313: 21309: 21305: 21301: 21297: 21293: 21286: 21278: 21272: 21268: 21261: 21253: 21249: 21245: 21241: 21237: 21233: 21229: 21225: 21221: 21217: 21213: 21209: 21205: 21198: 21190: 21186: 21182: 21178: 21174: 21170: 21166: 21162: 21155: 21136: 21132: 21128: 21121: 21114: 21112: 21103: 21101:0-8196-0273-6 21097: 21093: 21089: 21083: 21075: 21069: 21065: 21064: 21056: 21048: 21042: 21038: 21031: 21023: 21021:0-299-09184-8 21017: 21013: 21012: 21004: 20996: 20990: 20986: 20985: 20977: 20969: 20963: 20959: 20958: 20950: 20934: 20930: 20926: 20919: 20911: 20905: 20901: 20900: 20892: 20890: 20888: 20879: 20877:0-8028-2330-0 20873: 20869: 20868: 20860: 20858: 20856: 20847: 20843: 20839: 20835: 20832:(2): 93–170. 20831: 20827: 20820: 20812: 20808: 20804: 20800: 20796: 20792: 20785: 20777: 20770: 20762: 20758: 20754: 20750: 20746: 20742: 20735: 20727: 20723: 20719: 20715: 20714: 20706: 20695: 20691: 20688:. Edinburgh: 20684: 20683: 20675: 20667: 20663: 20659: 20655: 20651: 20647: 20640: 20631: 20626: 20622: 20618: 20614: 20607: 20591: 20585: 20577: 20573: 20569: 20565: 20561: 20557: 20550: 20539: 20535: 20531: 20524: 20522: 20513: 20497: 20493: 20487: 20479: 20473: 20470:. earthscan. 20469: 20465: 20458: 20450: 20446: 20441: 20436: 20432: 20428: 20424: 20420: 20416: 20409: 20394: 20390: 20383: 20368: 20364: 20360: 20353: 20345: 20341: 20334: 20326: 20322: 20318: 20314: 20313: 20308: 20306: 20297: 20288: 20283: 20279: 20275: 20271: 20267: 20263: 20256: 20248: 20244: 20240: 20236: 20232: 20225: 20217: 20213: 20209: 20205: 20201: 20197: 20190: 20182: 20178: 20174: 20170: 20167:(1): 99–101. 20166: 20162: 20155: 20147: 20145:0-938027-62-X 20141: 20137: 20130: 20122: 20116: 20112: 20105: 20096: 20091: 20087: 20083: 20079: 20075: 20071: 20064: 20056: 20052: 20048: 20044: 20040: 20036: 20032: 20028: 20020: 20012: 20008: 20004: 20000: 19995: 19990: 19986: 19982: 19978: 19974: 19970: 19963: 19955: 19951: 19947: 19943: 19939: 19935: 19931: 19927: 19923: 19916: 19908: 19904: 19900: 19896: 19892: 19888: 19881: 19873: 19869: 19865: 19861: 19857: 19853: 19849: 19845: 19838: 19831: 19823: 19819: 19815: 19811: 19807: 19803: 19799: 19795: 19791: 19784: 19776: 19772: 19765: 19758: 19756: 19747: 19743: 19739: 19735: 19731: 19727: 19723: 19719: 19715: 19711: 19707: 19700: 19692: 19688: 19683: 19678: 19674: 19670: 19666: 19662: 19658: 19654: 19650: 19646: 19642: 19635: 19627: 19621: 19617: 19610: 19602: 19598: 19594: 19592:9780120176243 19588: 19584: 19580: 19576: 19569: 19561: 19557: 19553: 19549: 19545: 19541: 19537: 19533: 19526: 19518: 19514: 19510: 19506: 19502: 19498: 19494: 19490: 19483: 19475: 19471: 19466: 19461: 19457: 19453: 19449: 19445: 19441: 19434: 19426: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19408: 19404: 19400: 19396: 19392: 19385: 19376: 19371: 19366: 19361: 19357: 19353: 19349: 19342: 19340: 19331: 19327: 19323: 19319: 19315: 19311: 19307: 19303: 19296: 19288: 19284: 19280: 19276: 19271: 19266: 19262: 19258: 19254: 19250: 19246: 19239: 19231: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19213: 19209: 19205: 19201: 19197: 19190: 19182: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19164: 19160: 19156: 19152: 19151: 19146: 19139: 19131: 19127: 19122: 19117: 19112: 19107: 19103: 19099: 19095: 19091: 19087: 19080: 19071: 19066: 19061: 19056: 19052: 19048: 19044: 19037: 19028: 19023: 19019: 19015: 19011: 19009: 19000: 18992: 18990:0-85661-135-2 18986: 18982: 18978: 18971: 18969: 18960: 18956: 18952: 18948: 18944: 18940: 18939: 18934: 18927: 18919: 18915: 18911: 18907: 18906: 18901: 18894: 18886: 18882: 18875: 18867: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18849: 18845: 18841: 18837: 18836: 18831: 18824: 18816: 18809: 18801: 18797: 18793: 18789: 18788: 18780: 18772: 18765: 18757: 18753: 18752:Fregata minor 18746: 18738: 18736:84-87334-15-6 18732: 18728: 18727: 18719: 18711: 18705: 18701: 18700: 18692: 18684: 18678: 18674: 18673: 18665: 18657: 18651: 18647: 18646: 18638: 18622: 18616: 18600: 18594: 18586: 18584:0-19-854651-3 18580: 18576: 18572: 18565: 18557: 18555:0-12-735420-4 18551: 18547: 18543: 18536: 18528: 18522: 18518: 18511: 18503: 18499: 18495: 18491: 18487: 18483: 18479: 18475: 18471: 18464: 18456: 18454:0-521-46038-7 18450: 18446: 18439: 18437: 18428: 18424: 18420: 18416: 18412: 18408: 18407: 18399: 18390: 18385: 18381: 18377: 18373: 18369: 18365: 18363: 18354: 18346: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18328: 18324: 18320: 18316: 18312: 18305: 18297: 18290: 18282: 18280:0-691-01633-X 18276: 18272: 18271: 18266: 18260: 18252: 18248: 18244: 18240: 18236: 18232: 18228: 18224: 18220: 18213: 18205: 18203:0-394-53957-5 18199: 18195: 18194: 18193:Bird Behavior 18186: 18178: 18176:0-8050-1952-9 18172: 18168: 18167: 18159: 18151: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18133: 18129: 18125: 18121: 18117: 18110: 18102: 18098: 18094: 18090: 18086: 18082: 18078: 18074: 18067: 18058: 18053: 18049: 18045: 18041: 18037: 18033: 18029: 18025: 18018: 18010: 18006: 18002: 17998: 17994: 17990: 17983: 17975: 17971: 17967: 17963: 17959: 17955: 17951: 17947: 17946: 17938: 17929: 17924: 17920: 17916: 17915: 17910: 17903: 17895: 17891: 17887: 17883: 17882: 17874: 17866: 17862: 17858: 17854: 17850: 17846: 17845: 17840: 17839:Sialia sialis 17833: 17825: 17821: 17817: 17813: 17809: 17805: 17804: 17796: 17788: 17784: 17780: 17776: 17772: 17768: 17764: 17762: 17753: 17745: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17727: 17723: 17719: 17715: 17711: 17707: 17703: 17699: 17695: 17688: 17680: 17673: 17665: 17661: 17657: 17653: 17649: 17642: 17634: 17630: 17626: 17622: 17618: 17614: 17610: 17606: 17602: 17598: 17591: 17583: 17579: 17575: 17571: 17567: 17563: 17559: 17552: 17544: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17526: 17522: 17518: 17514: 17510: 17503: 17492: 17488: 17484: 17480: 17476: 17471: 17470:2027.42/47760 17466: 17462: 17458: 17454: 17450: 17446: 17442: 17441: 17433: 17431: 17422: 17413: 17408: 17404: 17400: 17396: 17389: 17381: 17377: 17373: 17369: 17365: 17361: 17354: 17346: 17342: 17338: 17334: 17330: 17326: 17322: 17318: 17314: 17310: 17303: 17295: 17291: 17287: 17283: 17279: 17275: 17271: 17269: 17260: 17249: 17245: 17241: 17237: 17233: 17229: 17225: 17221: 17217: 17210: 17203: 17195: 17191: 17187: 17183: 17179: 17175: 17171: 17167: 17160: 17149: 17145: 17141: 17137: 17133: 17129: 17125: 17118: 17111: 17103: 17099: 17095: 17091: 17087: 17083: 17079: 17072: 17064: 17060: 17056: 17052: 17048: 17044: 17040: 17036: 17035: 17027: 17019: 17015: 17011: 17007: 17003: 16999: 16996:(2): 87–100. 16995: 16991: 16984: 16976: 16974:84-96553-06-X 16970: 16966: 16965: 16957: 16955: 16946: 16942: 16938: 16934: 16933: 16928: 16921: 16913: 16909: 16905: 16901: 16896: 16891: 16887: 16883: 16879: 16872: 16864: 16860: 16853: 16845: 16841: 16837: 16833: 16829: 16825: 16821: 16817: 16813: 16809: 16802: 16794: 16790: 16786: 16782: 16778: 16774: 16770: 16766: 16759: 16751: 16747: 16743: 16739: 16735: 16731: 16727: 16723: 16719: 16712: 16710: 16701: 16697: 16693: 16689: 16685: 16681: 16677: 16673: 16666: 16658: 16654: 16650: 16646: 16642: 16638: 16634: 16630: 16629: 16621: 16610: 16606: 16602: 16595: 16593: 16584: 16573: 16569: 16565: 16561: 16557: 16553: 16549: 16542: 16540: 16531: 16523: 16519: 16515: 16511: 16507: 16503: 16502: 16497: 16495: 16486: 16478: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16460: 16456: 16452: 16445: 16437: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16419: 16415: 16411: 16404: 16395: 16390: 16386: 16382: 16378: 16371: 16363: 16361:84-87334-22-9 16357: 16353: 16352: 16344: 16333: 16329: 16325: 16318: 16311: 16303: 16299: 16295: 16291: 16287: 16283: 16279: 16275: 16274: 16266: 16258: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16240: 16236: 16232: 16225: 16214: 16210: 16206: 16199: 16192: 16184: 16180: 16176: 16172: 16168: 16164: 16160: 16156: 16152: 16148: 16141: 16133: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16105: 16101: 16097: 16093: 16089: 16082: 16074: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16046: 16042: 16038: 16034: 16030: 16028: 16019: 16003: 15999: 15995: 15989: 15981: 15977: 15973: 15969: 15965: 15961: 15957: 15950: 15944:(1461):2567.) 15943: 15940: 15934: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15916: 15912: 15908: 15904: 15903: 15898: 15891: 15882: 15877: 15873: 15869: 15865: 15858: 15850: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15832: 15828: 15824: 15817: 15809: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15791: 15787: 15783: 15776: 15765: 15761: 15757: 15753: 15749: 15742: 15735: 15727: 15723: 15719: 15715: 15711: 15707: 15700: 15692: 15688: 15684: 15680: 15673: 15665: 15661: 15657: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15639: 15635: 15631: 15624: 15613: 15609: 15605: 15601: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15583: 15579: 15576:(1): 87–100. 15575: 15571: 15564: 15557: 15541: 15537: 15535:90-367-2378-7 15531: 15527: 15526: 15518: 15509: 15504: 15500: 15496: 15492: 15488: 15484: 15480: 15473: 15465: 15461: 15457: 15453: 15449: 15445: 15438: 15427: 15423: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15396: 15389: 15381: 15377: 15373: 15369: 15365: 15361: 15353: 15345: 15341: 15337: 15333: 15329: 15325: 15321: 15317: 15313: 15306: 15298: 15292: 15288: 15284: 15277: 15269: 15265: 15261: 15257: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15241: 15237: 15233: 15226: 15217: 15212: 15208: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15192: 15190: 15186: 15177: 15169: 15165: 15161: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15145: 15141: 15134: 15126: 15122: 15118: 15114: 15107: 15099: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15081: 15077: 15073: 15069: 15065: 15061: 15060: 15055: 15048: 15029: 15025: 15018: 15011: 15005:(1461):2567.) 15004: 15001: 14995: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14977: 14973: 14969: 14965: 14964: 14959: 14952: 14944: 14942:0-691-01633-X 14938: 14934: 14933: 14928: 14922: 14914: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14896: 14892: 14888: 14884: 14880: 14873: 14862: 14858: 14854: 14850: 14846: 14842: 14838: 14831: 14824: 14813: 14809: 14805: 14801: 14797: 14794:(1): 94–101. 14793: 14789: 14782: 14775: 14767: 14763: 14759: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14743: 14739: 14735: 14728: 14720: 14714: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14694: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14671: 14663: 14657: 14653: 14646: 14638: 14631: 14620: 14616: 14612: 14605: 14598: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14578: 14577: 14569: 14560: 14555: 14551: 14547: 14543: 14536: 14528: 14524: 14520: 14516: 14512: 14508: 14504: 14500: 14493: 14477: 14473: 14466: 14455: 14451: 14447: 14443: 14439: 14435: 14431: 14424: 14417: 14409: 14405: 14401: 14397: 14393: 14389: 14385: 14378: 14367: 14360: 14359: 14351: 14343: 14341:0-12-552455-2 14337: 14333: 14326: 14324: 14322: 14310: 14306: 14302: 14298: 14294: 14290: 14286: 14279: 14272: 14256: 14252: 14248: 14241: 14233: 14229: 14225: 14221: 14217: 14213: 14209: 14202: 14194: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14176: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14153: 14151: 14149: 14140: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14108: 14101: 14090: 14086: 14082: 14075: 14068: 14059: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14042: 14038: 14034: 14027: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14007: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13980: 13972: 13968: 13964: 13960: 13956: 13952: 13948: 13944: 13937: 13935: 13926: 13922: 13918: 13914: 13910: 13906: 13902: 13895: 13887: 13885:0-12-552455-2 13881: 13877: 13876: 13868: 13860: 13856: 13852: 13848: 13844: 13840: 13836: 13832: 13825: 13816: 13811: 13807: 13803: 13799: 13795: 13794: 13789: 13782: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13748: 13744: 13740: 13733: 13725: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13707: 13703: 13699: 13695: 13694: 13689: 13682: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13659: 13655: 13651: 13647: 13640: 13633: 13617: 13613: 13606: 13587: 13583: 13579: 13572: 13565: 13557: 13555:0-7513-5176-8 13551: 13547: 13540: 13532: 13525: 13523: 13514: 13510: 13503: 13501: 13492: 13485: 13477: 13470: 13468: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13447: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13424: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13397: 13389: 13385: 13381: 13377: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13346: 13344: 13335: 13329: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13301: 13294: 13286: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13268: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13245: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13206: 13198: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13180: 13176: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13148: 13140: 13134: 13130: 13129: 13121: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13064: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13017: 13009: 13005: 13001: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12968: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12944: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12918: 12911: 12909: 12907: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12886: 12879: 12871: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12833: 12829: 12822: 12814: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12785: 12774: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12758: 12754: 12750: 12743: 12736: 12720: 12716: 12710: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12679: 12671: 12665: 12661: 12660: 12653: 12638: 12634: 12627: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12591: 12583: 12581: 12572: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12536: 12535: 12527: 12519: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12489: 12488: 12483: 12476: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12433: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12394: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12352: 12345: 12329: 12325: 12318: 12302: 12298: 12294: 12288: 12273: 12269: 12263: 12248: 12244: 12237: 12229: 12227:0-7167-2415-4 12223: 12219: 12212: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12204: 12202: 12200: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12174: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12166: 12164: 12162: 12160: 12158: 12150: 12137: 12133: 12129: 12122: 12114: 12112:9788496553637 12108: 12104: 12097: 12089: 12087:0-7136-6933-0 12083: 12079: 12075: 12068: 12060: 12058:84-87334-15-6 12054: 12050: 12043: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12011: 12010:Bubulcus ibis 12004: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11970: 11962: 11960:0-632-02011-3 11956: 11952: 11945: 11937: 11933: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11906: 11898: 11896:0-8493-9882-7 11892: 11888: 11881: 11879: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11833: 11825: 11817: 11815:0-19-850125-0 11811: 11807: 11800: 11792: 11790:0-12-517375-X 11786: 11782: 11775: 11767: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11708: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11665: 11663: 11646: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11626: 11624: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11597: 11589: 11587:0-300-04085-7 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11565: 11546: 11542: 11535: 11533: 11524: 11518: 11512: 11497: 11493: 11487: 11478: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11459: 11451: 11444: 11428: 11427:Avian Biology 11424: 11417: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11356: 11349: 11341: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11292: 11290: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11235: 11231: 11222: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11156: 11149: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11095: 11087: 11080: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11029: 11027: 11025: 11016: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10987: 10980: 10972: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10937:(3): 555–60. 10936: 10932: 10928: 10921: 10913: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10877: 10868: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10817: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10759: 10757: 10753: 10744: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10677: 10662: 10658: 10651: 10643: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10594: 10578: 10574: 10567: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10544: 10536: 10530: 10526: 10519: 10517: 10515: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10453: 10451: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10377: 10375: 10366: 10359: 10350: 10345: 10342:(1): 97–116. 10341: 10337: 10333: 10331: 10330:Archaeopteryx 10322: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10243: 10235: 10228: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10174: 10166: 10159: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10118:Archaeopteryx 10112: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10060: 10052: 10045: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 10001: 10000: 9992: 9976: 9972: 9965: 9957: 9955:0-13-186266-9 9951: 9947: 9946: 9938: 9930: 9928:0-8018-6763-0 9924: 9920: 9916: 9910: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9861: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9802: 9794: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9756: 9747: 9745: 9729: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9708: 9706: 9697: 9690: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9667: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9624: 9616: 9609: 9598: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9515: 9506: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9484: 9482:0-940228-14-9 9478: 9474: 9473: 9465: 9463: 9454: 9452:0-12-226810-5 9448: 9444: 9441:. San Diego: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9431:Padian, Kevin 9426: 9418: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9375: 9373: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9352: 9344: 9342:84-87334-10-5 9338: 9334: 9333:Lynx Edicions 9331:. Barcelona: 9330: 9323: 9315: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9242: 9238: 9231: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9200: 9192: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9141: 9139: 9130: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9089: 9087: 9078: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9035:(2): 150635. 9034: 9030: 9026: 9019: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8947: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8858: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8824: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8755: 8753: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8716: 8706: 8704: 8703:national bird 8700: 8696: 8692: 8691:coats of arms 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8671:Ancient Egypt 8668: 8664: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8639: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8616: 8615:vulture funds 8612: 8608: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8569:incorporated 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8551: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8536: 8535: 8530:'s legendary 8529: 8525: 8521: 8520:cave painting 8514: 8513:Qajar dynasty 8510: 8505: 8500: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8406:ancient Italy 8403: 8400: 8396: 8395:common ravens 8392: 8388: 8387:Easter Island 8384: 8380: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8359: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8274:Muttonbirding 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8218: 8209: 8204: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8167:salmonellosis 8164: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8116:house sparrow 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8081: 8071: 8069: 8064: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8031: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7995:forest canopy 7992: 7983: 7982:Canarian pine 7979: 7975: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7907: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7825:a variety of 7824: 7818: 7811: 7806: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7756:common cuckoo 7753: 7749: 7744: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7677:alloparenting 7674: 7673:breeding pair 7670: 7669:other members 7662: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7615: 7607: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7584: 7577: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7401:House sparrow 7399: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7322:brood patches 7319: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7268: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7245:amniotic eggs 7241: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7216: 7206: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7122:paternal care 7114: 7109: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7029: 7024: 7022: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6988: 6983: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6954: 6952: 6951:birds of prey 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6822: 6820: 6813: 6811: 6799: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6755: 6746: 6730: 6712: 6705:Communication 6702: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6545:polar regions 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6499: 6496: 6491: 6483: 6476: 6472: 6471:ectoparasitic 6466: 6456: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6424: 6422: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6228: 6223: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6017: 6009: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5958:social status 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5880: 5879:Actophilornis 5875: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5822: 5821:Plectropterus 5817: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5653:, possessing 5652: 5648: 5644: 5643:accommodation 5640: 5639:visual system 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5588: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5568: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5381:and a single 5380: 5376: 5372: 5371:sperm storage 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5331:Palaeognathae 5328: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5267:, instead of 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5056:house sparrow 5052: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4970: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4935: 4934: 4926: 4925: 4917: 4916: 4908: 4907: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4879: 4878:Passeriformes 4873: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4827: 4826:Falconiformes 4821: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4796: 4795:Cariamiformes 4790: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4767: 4766: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4748: 4740: 4739: 4731: 4730: 4722: 4721: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4672:Coraciiformes 4667: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4607: 4606:Trogoniformes 4601: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4549:(mousebirds) 4548: 4542: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4512: 4511: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4390: 4389: 4381: 4380: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4362: 4354: 4353: 4345: 4344: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4256: 4255:Ciconiiformes 4250: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4230: 4229: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4064:(tropicbirds) 4063: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4023: 4015: 4014: 4006: 4005: 3997: 3996: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3914:(frogmouths) 3913: 3912:Podargiformes 3907: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3663: 3662: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3487: 3486:Columbiformes 3481: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3440: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3270: 3262: 3261: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3103: 3102:Palaeognathae 3100: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3054:(such as the 3053: 3049: 3048:Palaeognathae 3045: 3039: 3038:List of birds 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2974:Maastrichtian 2971: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2927: 2926: 2918: 2917: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2835:Palaeognathae 2833: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2715: 2714: 2706: 2705: 2697: 2696: 2688: 2687: 2679: 2678: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2660: 2652: 2651: 2643: 2642: 2634: 2633: 2625: 2624: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2606: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2544: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2491: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2466: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2418: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2370: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2273: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2221: 2220: 2212: 2211: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2185: 2184: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2166: 2158: 2157: 2149: 2148: 2140: 2139: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2075: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2043: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1982:Avebrevicauda 1980: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1832:Archaeopteryx 1825: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1744:Archaeopteryx 1740: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1680:to the first 1679: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1650: 1647: 1646:Archaeopteryx 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634:Archaeopteryx 1632: 1631:Late Jurassic 1627: 1625: 1621: 1620:Archaeopteryx 1617: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1586:palaeontology 1579: 1578:Late Jurassic 1575: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1532: 1527: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1496: 1495: 1487: 1486: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1391:Eumaniraptora 1389: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1344: 1343: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1260: 1252: 1251: 1243: 1242: 1234: 1233: 1225: 1224: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1186: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1103:Ornitholestes 1094: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1057: 1056: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1025:Archaeopteryx 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1000: 996: 993: 990:(alternately 989: 985: 981: 980: 973: 969: 965: 961: 955: 954: 946: 945: 937: 936: 928: 927: 919: 918: 915: 914: 908: 907: 904: 903: 900: 899: 892: 891: 885: 884: 880: 879: 876: 875: 872: 871: 865: 864: 863:Pantestudines 860: 859: 853: 852: 849: 848: 840: 839: 836: 835: 831: 825: 824: 820: 819: 812: 811: 805: 804: 800: 799: 795: 794: 791: 787: 785: 781: 777: 776: 771: 767: 766: 761: 757: 753: 749: 739: 737: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 713:Carl Linnaeus 710: 709:Ornithologiae 706: 702: 698: 690: 689: 688:Archaeopteryx 684: 679: 669: 667: 663: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 608:and hunting, 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 571:Late Jurassic 568: 567: 566:Archaeopteryx 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 539: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 488: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 458:eggs, a high 457: 453: 449: 443: 419: 416: 412: 409: 405: 393: 388: 387: 385: 382: 378: 371: 368: 365: 362: 361: 360: 357: 353: 350: 347: 344: 343: 341: 340:Palaeognathae 338: 337: 335: 332: 327: 323: 319: 314: 311: 308: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 220: 219: 216: 213: 210: 209: 206: 203: 200: 199: 194: 189: 185: 152: 148: 144: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 76: 72: 68: 57: 54: 49: 45: 41: 34: 19: 28667: 28590:Niels Krabbe 28540:Lars Jonsson 28521: 28477:Golden eagle 28419:Horror films 28403:The Big Year 28401: 28394: 28387: 28377:The Firebird 28375: 28368: 28361: 28349: 28337: 28330: 28318: 28314:To a Skylark 28301: 28102:Cockfighting 28072:Birdwatching 28052: 27961: 27832:Unenlagiidae 27757: 27750: 27742: 27735: 27727: 27720: 27713: 27706: 27699: 27694:Odontopteryx 27692: 27684: 27677: 27670: 27662: 27655: 27648: 27641: 27634: 27627: 27603: 27596: 27588: 27565: 27558: 27551: 27544: 27520: 27510: 27500: 27483: 27421:Galloanserae 27408: 27361: 27306: 27295:Lamarqueavis 27293: 27288:Cimolopteryx 27286: 27279: 27256: 27249: 27241: 27233: 27227:Australornis 27225: 27198: 27191: 27184: 27177: 27170: 27150: 27145:Pasquiaornis 27143: 27136: 27129: 27122: 27115: 27108: 27081: 27074: 27051: 27041: 27031: 27021: 27011: 27001: 26991: 26981: 26970: 26937: 26930: 26923: 26899: 26891: 26884: 26878:Piscivoravis 26876: 26868: 26845: 26838: 26831: 26824: 26817: 26793: 26785: 26778: 26757:Patagopteryx 26755: 26747: 26740: 26717: 26710: 26687: 26677: 26669:Xinghaiornis 26667: 26656: 26646: 26636: 26626: 26618:Khinganornis 26616: 26606: 26596: 26588:Jiuquanornis 26586: 26576: 26566: 26556: 26546: 26537:Gargantuavis 26535: 26525: 26515: 26505: 26495: 26485: 26477:Changmaornis 26475: 26465: 26455: 26445: 26384: 26295:Jinguofortis 26293: 26286: 26279: 26256: 26249: 26242: 26235: 26212: 26205: 26179: 26148:Neimengornis 26146: 26139: 26133:Jixiangornis 26131: 26124: 26118:Dalianraptor 26116: 26092: 26081: 26070: 26060: 26052:Yandangornis 26050: 26039: 26029: 26019: 26008: 25997: 25987: 25951:Troodontidae 25940:Troodontidae 25897: 25892:Wellnhoferia 25890: 25883: 25875: 25852: 25845: 25838: 25831: 25824: 25816: 25809: 25804:Eosinopteryx 25802: 25795: 25788: 25781: 25758: 25751: 25744: 25737: 25713: 25703: 25694:Palaeopteryx 25692: 25682: 25623: 25549:Pennaraptora 25528: 25521: 25514: 25509:Nothronychus 25507: 25500: 25493: 25488:Erlikosaurus 25486: 25481:Erliansaurus 25479: 25461:Suzhousaurus 25459: 25454:Martharaptor 25452: 25447:Enigmosaurus 25445: 25438: 25431: 25407: 25400: 25394:Fukuivenator 25392: 25385: 25379:Eshanosaurus 25377: 25334: 25327: 25320: 25315:Albertonykus 25313: 25293: 25286: 25279: 25272:Ceratonykini 25259: 25252: 25245: 25238: 25233:Nemegtonykus 25231: 25223: 25216: 25209: 25202: 25177: 25170: 25163: 25155: 25148: 25141: 25133: 25109: 25103:Tugulusaurus 25101: 25094: 25087: 25082:Haplocheirus 25080: 25073: 25066: 25058: 25051: 25021: 25013:Migmanychion 25011: 25000: 24991:Fukuivenator 24989: 24978: 24834: 24825: 24816: 24744: 24737: 24723: 24670:Aves (birds) 24669: 24612:Lepidosauria 24472:Euteleostomi 24416:Cyclostomata 24251:Superphylum 24182: 24170: 24158: 24146: 24056:(mousebirds) 24054:Coliiformes 23924:Gaviiformes 23916:Aequornithes 23824:Apodiformes 23785:Otidiformes 23761:Otidimorphae 23708:(sandgrouse) 23630:Phasianinae 23596: 23589: 23582: 23577:Odontophorus 23575: 23568: 23561: 23554: 23547: 23540: 23520: 23513: 23506: 23499: 23479: 23472: 23465: 23458: 23451: 23444: 23437: 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Retrieved 9240: 9230: 9205: 9199: 9154: 9150: 9105:(1): 68–77. 9102: 9098: 9032: 9028: 9018: 8969: 8965: 8890:barn swallow 8887: 8862:conservation 8859: 8828:habitat loss 8825: 8793: 8748: 8718: 8656: 8600: 8574: 8571:nightingales 8552: 8517: 8425: 8383:Tangata manu 8372: 8362: 8347:Bird feeding 8343:bird feeders 8336: 8332:World War II 8293: 8278: 8250:wild turkeys 8214: 8181:(bird flu), 8175:tuberculosis 8160: 8148:wind turbine 8097: 8065: 8050: 8034: 8027: 8007:nectarivores 7999:insectivores 7987: 7952: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7914: 7909: 7892:experiences 7889: 7885: 7876: 7867: 7820: 7778:conspecifics 7773: 7769: 7764: 7752:Reed warbler 7720: 7714: 7666: 7648: 7633: 7627:chicks of a 7591: 7581: 7579: 7548: 7524: 7521:Golden eagle 7500: 7476: 7452: 7428: 7404: 7380: 7371:Clutch size 7356:Adult weight 7346: 7316: 7277: 7242: 7226: 7200: 7194:allopreening 7169: 7161:polygynandry 7146: 7144:they raise. 7142: 7118: 7062:woodswallows 7042:hummingbirds 7035: 7025: 6992: 6979: 6924: 6901: 6865:Coenocorypha 6863: 6850: 6846: 6823: 6816: 6807: 6772:mimicking a 6743:Song of the 6695:geomagnetism 6689:surrounding 6665:released in 6660: 6641: 6629: 6565:Arctic terns 6553: 6526: 6518:Canada geese 6468: 6459:Feather care 6440:button-quail 6425: 6416:sweat glands 6413: 6382:, engage in 6372:frigatebirds 6369: 6325:diving ducks 6293:hummingbirds 6290: 6267: 6237:Birds' diets 6233: 6187: 6155: 6140: 6091: 6064: 6041:treecreepers 6029: 5975:non-breeding 5966: 5935: 5916:Down feather 5889: 5883: 5877: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5778: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5734:. The avian 5724:visual field 5718: 5706:contact lens 5686: 5663:double cones 5649:. Birds are 5637:. The avian 5600: 5584:vasodilation 5576: 5567:gas exchange 5564: 5561:Organisation 5538:depolarising 5531: 5515:serous fluid 5512: 5477: 5461: 5441: 5436: 5403: 5353:) possess a 5339:Anseriformes 5327:intromittent 5324: 5305: 5246: 5219:to form the 5190: 5168: 5139:Bird anatomy 5111:cattle egret 5092: 5061: 5036:Distribution 5022: 5017: 5003: 4987: 4977: 4880:(passerines) 4876: 4855: 4824: 4793: 4695: 4670: 4635: 4624:Picocoraciae 4604: 4576: 4545: 4485: 4464: 4435:Strigiformes 4433: 4310: 4281: 4253: 4207: 4178: 4129: 4118:Aequornithes 4081: 4060: 3976:hummingbirds 3962: 3941: 3910: 3882: 3854: 3827:(nightjars) 3823: 3763: 3734: 3703: 3631: 3610: 3584:Cuculiformes 3582: 3571:Otidimorphae 3537:(sandgrouse) 3533: 3512: 3484: 3418: 3393: 3334:Anseriformes 3332: 3307: 3296:Galloanserae 3231: 3210: 3173: 3154:Tinamiformes 3152: 3113: 3091: 3081: 3076: 3041: 3025: 3022:Paleotropics 3006: 3002:Galloanserae 2995: 2988: 2967: 2965: 2945: 2899: 2875: 2870:Galloanserae 2839: 2824: 2781: 2766: 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53: 28824:iNaturalist 28692:Wikispecies 28595:Peter Scott 28580:Joseph Wolf 28570:Joseph Smit 28550:Edward Lear 28487:Pigeon/Dove 28454:Cendrawasih 28439:Feather boa 28430:In fashion 28262:In heraldry 28240:In the arts 28177:Wildfowling 28158:In hunting 28147:Sacred ibis 28132:Ornithology 28123:In science 28117:Vinkensport 27729:Proceriavis 27701:Odontoptila 27657:Gigantornis 27567:Ilbandornis 27502:Asteriornis 27243:Neogaeornis 27193:Hesperornis 27124:Chupkaornis 27076:Ichthyornis 26901:Yixianornis 26847:Tianyuornis 26795:Palintropus 26742:Alamitornis 26628:Meemannavis 26598:Juehuaornis 26517:Eogranivora 26457:Bellulornis 26281:Chongmingia 26031:Overoraptor 26021:Fukuipteryx 25684:Imperobator 25523:Segnosaurus 25288:Ceratonykus 25247:Parvicursor 25218:Khulsanurus 25211:Jaculinykus 25179:Patagonykus 25089:Patagonykus 25023:Yaverlandia 24963:Maniraptora 24950:Maniraptora 24909:Maniraptora 24788:Maniraptora 24656:Archosauria 24529:Rhipidistia 24245:(unranked) 24184:WikiProject 24094:Piciformes 23977:Australaves 23956:Suliformes 23874:Gruiformes 23729:(flamingos) 23638:Tetraoninae 23609:Phasianidae 23598:Rhynchortyx 23563:Dactylortyx 23430:Megapodidae 23420:Penelopinae 23378:Galliformes 23120:Rheiformes 23114:(ostriches) 23064:individuals 22938:Ornithology 22925:interaction 22680:Preen gland 22492:Ornithology 21759:(1): 8709. 21704:Star Ledger 21654:(1): 1–23. 21377:Art History 20596:18 December 20425:(1): 5–12. 20080:: 247–257. 19979:(1): 1–10. 19444:J Anim Ecol 18959:10261/43767 17888:: 365–396. 17679:Ornithology 16008:13 December 15679:Wilson Bull 15634:Circulation 15546:25 November 15508:10261/47141 15201:: 263–281. 15189:P. desolata 15066:(7–8): 47. 14291:(1): 1–31. 13622:13 December 13214:) mounds". 12334:13 December 12277:13 December 12252:13 December 12218:Ornithology 12141:13 December 11993:13 December 11651:11 February 11602:Mayr, Ernst 11554:30 December 11230:Ichthyornis 11190:11336/80763 10752:Ichthyornis 10718:10161/11144 10666:15 February 9393:(1): 1–95. 8931:Ornithology 8906:Avian sleep 8809:Micronesian 8695:vexillology 8679:Scandinavia 8632:V-22 Osprey 8163:psittacosis 8120:Sarus Crane 8104:honeyguides 8100:mutualistic 7939:Parus major 7935:Parus major 7874:zebra finch 7821:Birds have 7782:honeyguides 7693:fairy-wrens 7545:Wild turkey 7368:(per year) 7330:woodpeckers 7306:Nest of an 7253:camouflaged 7165:promiscuity 7074:urohidrosis 7070:hibernation 6877:woodpeckers 6873:New Zealand 6819:communicate 6624:New Zealand 6605:Albatrosses 6589:New Zealand 6522:V formation 6516:A flock of 6489:preen gland 6421:salt glands 6341:kingfishers 6263:gallbladder 6206:crepuscular 6174:shearwaters 6122:Bird flight 6106:woodpeckers 6102:kingfishers 6083:formic acid 6049:brood patch 6037:woodpeckers 6033:Phasianidae 6015:secondaries 5785:stomach oil 5689:ultraviolet 5655:ultraviolet 5546:endocardial 5480:aortic arch 5424:present in 5347:Galliformes 5064:snow petrel 5014:zebra finch 4782:Australaves 4701:woodpeckers 4676:kingfishers 4547:Coliiformes 4211:(penguins) 4184:albatrosses 4131:Gaviiformes 3964:Apodiformes 3723:Gruimorphae 3685:Elementaves 3612:Otidiformes 3309:Galliformes 3241:cassowaries 3156:(tinamous) 3044:crown group 3026:Asteriornis 2997:Asteriornis 2990:Austinornis 2782:A study on 2768:Ichthyornis 2728:Ichthyornis 2551:Ichthyornis 2082:Protopteryx 1611:Microraptor 1598:troodontids 1546:Maniraptora 1529:Simplified 1295:Deinonychus 1284:Deinonychus 1147:Maniraptora 1013:crown group 780:crown group 752:Archosauria 626:polyandrous 528:ornithology 411:vertebrates 389:Neornithes 251:Archosauria 28970:Categories 28535:John Gould 28298:In poetry 28272:Crow/Raven 28152:Sky burial 28067:Aviculture 28060:Activities 28007:Australian 27910:Appalachia 27903:Madagascan 27800:See also: 27722:Pelagornis 27590:Brontornis 27397:Neognathae 27316:see below↓ 27281:Ceramornis 27251:Polarornis 27218:Vegaviidae 27186:Fumicollis 27152:Potamornis 27138:Judinornis 27131:Enaliornis 26955:Ornithurae 26925:Abitusavis 26719:Schizooura 26679:Yumenornis 26638:Platanavis 26608:Kaririavis 26558:Horezmavis 26497:Chaoyangia 26426:Euornithes 26413:Euornithes 26350:see below↓ 26341:Euornithes 26288:Cratonavis 26164:Pygostylia 26141:Kompsornis 26126:Jeholornis 26062:Zhongornis 25989:Alcmonavis 25877:Alcmonavis 25847:Xiaotingia 25840:Serikornis 25783:Anchiornis 25739:Ambopteryx 25593:see below↓ 25433:Alxasaurus 25322:Linhenykus 25306:Mononykini 25295:Xixianykus 25254:Qiupanykus 25240:Ondogurvel 25204:Dzharaonyx 25165:Bradycneme 25143:Alnashetri 24918:see below↓ 24821:Dinosauria 24402:Vertebrata 24356:Enterogona 24290:Olfactores 23934:(penguins) 23787:(bustards) 23625:Perdicinae 23570:Dendrortyx 23542:Callipepla 23474:Megapodius 23439:Aepypodius 23317:Tadorninae 23299:true geese 23130:(tinamous) 23089:Neornithes 23000:Pheasantry 22975:Aviculture 22743:Incubation 22733:Lek mating 22527:, and the 22388:Audio help 22379:2008-01-05 22212:Waterbirds 21927:CornellLab 20536:(1): 1–6. 20502:27 January 20346:: 442–450. 20272:: e01793. 20235:The Condor 20120:0198520859 19844:Biotropica 19255:(1): 863. 19200:Nat Commun 18979:. London: 18573:. Oxford: 18544:. London: 18526:0691083584 18362:Uria aalge 17989:Waterbirds 17562:The Condor 17216:The Condor 17124:The Condor 16888:(1): 143. 16882:The Condor 16548:The Condor 15706:BioScience 15691:10088/4338 15444:The Condor 15402:The Condor 15366:(4): 486. 14482:20 October 14261:19 October 14212:The Condor 14043:(S1): S3. 13646:The Condor 12642:17 January 12324:"Drinking" 12076:. London: 11391:2328/35953 10416:10468/8068 9835:1903/27622 8942:References 8847:oil spills 8813:threatened 8805:Polynesian 8801:Melanesian 8796:extinction 8768:See also: 8663:witchcraft 8589:Catullus 2 8487:her symbol 8483:little owl 8430:, as when 8393:, the two 8363:3 of Birds 8316:cormorants 8225:61 million 8221:76 million 8201:See also: 8183:giardiasis 8140:pesticides 8023:co-evolved 8015:scavengers 8003:frugivores 7754:raising a 7361:Incubation 7318:Incubation 7297:nidifugous 7213:See also: 7180:phalaropes 7084:See also: 6999:hemisphere 6841:sunbittern 6826:sunbittern 6810:media help 6798:woodpecker 6745:house wren 6709:See also: 6601:California 6581:Antarctica 6537:waterbirds 6533:shorebirds 6448:sandgrouse 6396:scavengers 6313:shorebirds 6305:co-adapted 6220:See also: 6158:flightless 6110:homologous 6098:metatarsus 6045:passerines 6007:tertiaries 5885:Irediparra 5827:Merganetta 5797:neurotoxin 5793:New Guinea 5659:cone cells 5611:cerebellum 5554:epicardial 5550:myocardial 5446:among the 5406:gonochoric 5399:automictic 5367:proctodeum 5289:creatinine 5253:uricotelic 5143:See also: 5095:introduced 5080:extinction 5076:speciation 5068:Antarctica 5040:See also: 4998:See also: 4797:(seriemas) 4697:Piciformes 4405:Telluraves 4291:cormorants 4283:Suliformes 4087:sunbittern 3972:treeswifts 3886:(oilbird) 3843:Vanescaves 3736:Gruiformes 3614:(bustards) 3463:Columbaves 3286:Neognathae 3175:Rheiformes 3084:. (2024). 3072:superorder 3064:Neognathae 3036:See also: 2948:Cretaceous 2859:Neognathae 2806:See also: 2752:Euornithes 2511:Ornithurae 2377:Schizooura 2291:Euornithes 2248:Protobirds 2246:See also: 2035:Pygostylia 1914:Jeholornis 1857:Xiaotingia 1807:Anchiornis 1755:Cretaceous 1700:integument 1657:See also: 1017:Neornithes 988:crocodiles 984:archosaurs 972:crocodiles 964:Archosaurs 898:Crocodiles 883:Archosaurs 748:Crocodilia 742:Definition 695:The first 668:industry. 666:ecotourism 622:polygynous 618:monogamous 587:pterosaurs 575:Neornithes 533:Birds are 524:waterbirds 359:Neognathae 303:Ornithurae 277:Dinosauria 238:Sauropsida 18:Neornithes 28986:Dinosaurs 28450:In dance 28389:The Birds 28370:Swan Lake 28363:The Birds 28327:In prose 28267:Avalerion 28098:In sport 28094:Fletching 28077:Bird hide 28049:Human use 28002:Antarctic 27827:Sauriurae 27807:Carinatae 27643:Cyphornis 27629:Aequornis 27598:Gastornis 27560:Genyornis 27553:Dromornis 27110:Baptornis 27043:Limenavis 27023:Iaceornis 27013:Guildavis 27003:Gallornis 26993:Cerebavis 26983:Apatornis 26787:Apsaravis 26780:Ambiortus 26749:Kuszholia 26214:Sapeornis 26041:Rahonavis 25833:Pedopenna 25715:Rahonavis 25387:Falcarius 25329:Mononykus 25281:Albinykus 25111:Xiyunykus 24980:Elopteryx 24897:Theropoda 24882:Theropoda 24830:Theropoda 24804:Kingdom: 24554:Tetrapoda 24247:Bilateria 24003:(parrots) 23847:(hoatzin) 23798:Strisores 23779:(turacos) 23771:(cuckoos) 23700:(mesites) 23619:(turkeys) 23591:Philortyx 23508:Agelastes 23501:Acryllium 23492:Numididae 23481:Talegalla 23391:gamebirds 23384:landfowls 23363:Anseranas 23327:Anhimidae 23286:Anserinae 23069:fictional 22791:dinosaurs 22786:Theropoda 22773:Evolution 22718:Migration 22700:Behaviour 22447:from the 21781:2045-2322 21486:156972909 21236:0028-0836 21189:163584284 20957:Aphrodite 20307:and corn" 20003:1365-2311 19946:0015-4040 19932:(2): 92. 19730:0022-3395 19673:2045-7758 19517:205476732 19489:BioEssays 19302:Evolution 19279:2041-1723 18933:Grus grus 18345:1045-2249 18048:0962-8452 17726:2045-2322 17568:(1): 89. 17543:0141-6707 17440:Oecologia 17366:(6): 86. 17268:Apus apus 16904:0010-5422 16628:Evolution 15874:: 41–71. 13765:1045-2249 13409:: 31–48. 13096:1470-1626 12984:: 52–64. 12943:1661-5433 12852:0916-8818 12725:3 October 12699:3 October 11748:0028-0836 11699:239655248 11691:1543-592X 11501:6 January 11464:"Welcome" 11408:206555952 11246:: 1–179. 11234:Apatornis 11071:205246158 10771:: 1–179. 10756:Apatornis 10505:206544531 10475:CiteSeerX 10441:174811556 10425:0169-5347 10150:205225790 10096:206525132 9901:206517571 9844:1936-6434 9818:(1): 17. 9767:: e1032. 9222:249047881 9059:2054-5703 9010:212937591 8994:0028-0836 8832:buildings 8732:Beethoven 8593:albatross 8573:into his 8467:Aphrodite 8459:Canaanite 8399:Norse god 8304:captivity 8258:partridge 8252:, quail, 8246:pheasants 8112:commensal 8019:avivorous 7931:great tit 7872:) in the 7731:migration 7659:A female 7636:megapodes 7625:Altricial 7593:precocial 7583:altricial 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2986:galliform 2972:from the 2882:waterfowl 2777:pygostyle 2498:Apsaravis 2100:Pengornis 2022:Sapeornis 1954:Euavialae 1882:Rahonavis 1763:pygostyle 1719:Oxfordian 1624:omnivores 1542:dinosaurs 1279:theropods 823:Squamates 775:PhyloCode 736:Theropoda 649:Songbirds 634:incubated 553:cladistic 541:dinosaurs 535:feathered 522:and some 500:forelimbs 480:passerine 460:metabolic 348:(ostrich) 290:Theropoda 211:Kingdom: 205:Eukaryota 141:Possible 28677:Wikidata 28434:Aigrette 28426:In music 28384:In film 28198:Products 28107:Falconry 28082:Big year 27987:European 27928:European 27842:Category 27650:Dasornis 27522:Qinornis 27179:Canadaga 27117:Brodavis 26939:Yanornis 26893:Yanornis 26870:Hollanda 26568:Iteravis 26548:Hollanda 26507:Dingavis 26258:Yangavis 26182:Proornis 25826:Ostromia 25790:Aurornis 25336:Shuvuuia 25068:Bannykus 24812:Chordata 24810:Phylum: 24806:Animalia 24304:Tunicata 24241:Animalia 24239:Kingdom 24228:chordate 24148:Category 24022:Afroaves 23950:(storks) 23752:Passerea 23737:(grebes) 23673:Columbea 23584:Oreortyx 23556:Cyrtonyx 23446:Alectura 23410:Cracinae 23402:Cracidae 23279:Oxyurini 23269:Aythyini 23264:Anatinae 23248:Anatidae 22995:Falconry 22958:big year 22813:Seabirds 22723:Foraging 22670:Feathers 22557:Archived 22483:Archived 22390: · 22262:, etc.). 22160:31211118 22152:15448269 22107:26320497 22099:14258730 21799:37296190 21790:10256695 21570:Folklore 21512:24 March 21244:14685236 21144:24 April 21090:(1950). 20741:Folklore 20538:Archived 20449:15931279 20372:19 March 20055:83734364 20011:91557693 19872:16315843 19822:87692272 19777:: 27–33. 19746:27746219 19738:17304814 19691:34257905 19552:19834483 19509:26577076 19474:22471769 19425:18211876 19330:16206523 19322:12144022 19287:22643890 19230:22643890 19181:21819397 19130:23300862 19090:PLOS ONE 18866:16777726 18502:43254694 18494:11672937 18267:(1998). 18251:26038182 18150:34403633 18101:21238200 18009:86336632 17974:85745432 17865:84258620 17824:84735736 17744:34625581 17633:42021321 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