42:
1293:
49:
1255:
498:
tells of a walk which he took with
Nachman through the "Shoemaker street," or, according to another version, through the "Scholars' street". Certain gates of Nehardea, which even in the time of Samuel were so far covered with earth that they could not be closed, were uncovered by Nachman. Two
478:
from
Nehardea) the seat of an academy destined to achieve a still greater reputation. The history of Nehardea is summed up in that of Samuel's activity. Soon after Samuel's death, Nehardea was destroyed by Papa ben Neser (either another name for
393:
The city of
Nehardea is thickly populated, and among other advantages possesses an extensive and fertile territory. Moreover, it is impregnable, as it is surrounded by the Euphrates and is strongly fortified.
557:
Other scholars of the 4th and 5th centuries who are mentioned in the Talmud as natives of
Nehardea include Dimi (who subsequently presided at Pumbedita as second successor to Ḥama), Zebid,
335:. For this reason it was called 'The Synagogue that Slid and Settled' ("Shaf we-Yatib") to which there are several references dating from the third and fourth centuries, and which
515:
teachings which had until then been unknown to scholars. Nehardea always remained the residence of a certain number of learned men, some of whom belonged to the school of
864:
Oppenheimer, A. (2010). Rabbi Judah Ha-Nasi and
Babylonia: Ties and Tensions. Follow the Wise”: Studies in Jewish History and Culture in Honor of Lee I. Levine, 297-318.
671:
Barak S. Cohen, "‘In
Nehardea Where There Are No Heretics’: The Purported Jewish Response to Christianity in Nehardea (A Re-examination of the Talmudic Evidence)," in
635:
413:, who in the first third of the 1st century C.E. founded a semi-autonomous state on the Euphrates, under the Parthian government, and caused much trouble to the
429:
401:(the King's Canal) formed one of the natural defenses of the city; the ferry over the river (or perhaps over the canal) is likewise mentioned. "Nehardea and
600:
in
Palestine, and Nehardea are mentioned in the 3rd century as cities whose inhabitants were proud and ignorant. Nehardea is famous in the history of the
647:
570:
609:
197:
542:, which belonged as an ancient privilege to Nehardea, transferred to Sura. Amemar attempted in Nehardea to introduce the recitation of the
562:
1313:
679:(Leiden: Brill, 2010) (Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity/Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums, 74)
524:
73:
1377:
911:. Translated by Nosson Dovid Rabinowich. Jerusalem: Rabbi Jacob Joseph School Press - Ahavath Torah Institute Moznaim. p. 98.
1308:
546:
into the daily prayer ritual, but was dissuaded from doing so by Ashi. Another of Amemar's liturgical innovations is mentioned in
566:
409:
were kept there until the stated days for forwarding them to
Jerusalem." Nehardea was the native city of the two Jewish brothers
243:
694:
530:
Toward the end of the 4th and at the beginning of the 5th century
Nehardea again became a center of Babylonian Judaism through
1323:
662:, however, mentions the ruins of the synagogue Shaf-Yatib, two days' journey from Sura, and one and one-half from Pumbedita.
417:
because of their marauder-like escapades. After the destruction of
Jerusalem, Nehardea is first mentioned in connection with
327:
at Nehardea, for the foundation of which they used earth and stones which they had brought (in accordance with the words of
381:
may explain the circumstance that as late as the third century certain of its inhabitants traced their descent back to the
527:
was living at Nehardea; the maxim "By the 'amoraim of Nehardea' Ḥama is meant" became a canon in the Babylonian schools.
1372:
190:
689:
263:
397:
Reference to the extent of the territory of Nehardea is made in the Talmud also. In addition to the Euphrates,
906:
41:
183:
576:
A few scattered data concerning Nehardea may be added. It was an ancient liturgical custom there to read
255:
218:
604:
because of an ancient tradition relating to the number of verses in the Bible; it is here said that
1382:
605:
1273:
798:
1268:
1362:
483:, or one of his generals) in 259 CE, and its place as seat of the second academy was taken by
729:
i. 26; compare a similar statement in regard to the founding of the Jewish neighbourhood in
454:'s school was then prominent, and served to pave the way for the activity of the Babylonian
116:
8:
1367:
781:
659:
459:
267:
507:
also dwelt there temporarily. According to a teaching dating from the 4th century, an
982:
933:
922:
912:
410:
839:
543:
441:
259:
405:," says Josephus further (ib.), "were the treasuries of the Eastern Jews, for the
466:, was an authority in Nehardea) established the reputation of its academy, while
414:
378:
1264:
592:
robbers. An ancient rule of procedure of the court of Nehardea is mentioned in
538:, the director of the Academy of Sura. It was Rav Ashi who had the seat of the
1356:
1338:
1325:
1304:
1299:
1259:
916:
463:
386:
385:. The importance of the city during the last century of the existence of the
358:, the contemporary of King Jehoiachin. There are also other allusions in the
88:
75:
1047:
902:
750:
639:
495:
320:
287:
672:
1080:
581:
558:
539:
519:, which was of considerable prominence at that time, and some to that of
491:
471:
467:
418:
374:
370:
271:
1258: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1157:
994:
950:
885:
617:
398:
382:
316:
251:
1238:
616:
text are characterized by tradition—especially by the Masorah to the
601:
588:
afternoons. The surrounding country was said to be unsafe because of
577:
520:
512:
484:
480:
451:
447:
446:
Nehardea emerges clearly into the light of history at the end of the
363:
340:
332:
324:
295:
254:(the Royal Canal), one of the earliest and most prominent centers of
247:
171:
677:
Studies in Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity: Text and Context
608:
brought this tradition from Nehardea, where he had received it from
26:
1170:
1101:
954:
946:
852:
835:
793:
655:
643:
613:
535:
475:
354:
population of Nehardea was said to be descended from the slaves of
312:
291:
166:
154:
1298:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1117:
1059:
970:
927:
730:
624:
589:
585:
508:
504:
500:
490:
Nehardea, however, soon regained its importance, for the eminent
455:
425:
422:
402:
355:
149:
144:
1121:
1105:
1022:
754:
651:
620:
547:
531:
516:
359:
351:
328:
275:
161:
134:
231:
1145:
1133:
1034:
1018:
746:
627:)—as being those of Sura, and certain others as of Nehardea.
406:
347:
336:
139:
658:. This is the last reference in Jewish history to Nehardea.
1006:
958:
873:
823:
766:
593:
494:
dwelt there. There are several references to his activity.
239:
597:
523:. About the middle of the 4th century the famous scholar
428:
period there is the anecdote referring to the debt which
1286:
Hirschensohn, Sheba Ḥokmot, p. 164, Lemberg, 1885.
654:
of Pumbedita, as residing at Nehardea at the time of
534:'s activity, though this was overshadowed by that of
377:, lived for a time in that city as a captive of the
550:55a (on the relation of Ashi to Amemar see Halevy,
499:
teachings in which Nachman designates Nehardea as "
389:appears from the following statement by Josephus:
1354:
242:from the area called by ancient Jewish sources
638:from the vicinity of Nehardea is mentioned by
1173:32a; compare Bavli Pesachim 62b; see Bacher,
716:(ed. Marcus Nathan Adler), London 1907, p. 34
470:, who likewise taught there for a time, made
191:
1317:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
901:
306:
1263:
290:, a short distance from the modern city of
315:, Nehardea traced its origin back to King
246:, situated at or near the junction of the
198:
184:
323:, Jehoiachin and his coexilarchs built a
266:, and was home to great scholars such as
1303:
474:(situated on the Euphrates about twenty
1216:pp. xiii. et seq., 61-70, Leipsic, 1877
1355:
695:Talmudic academies in Syria Palaestina
286:Nehardea was adjacent or identical to
777:
775:
725:Letter of Sherira Gaon, in Neubauer,
573:was called the "judge of Nehardea".
222:
27:
714:The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela
554:ii. 515 et seq., iii. 68 et seq.).
13:
1283:Neubauer, G. T. pp. 230, 350;
772:
14:
1394:
1267:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
650:is mentioned, among the earliest
435:
1291:
1277:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1253:
1214:Die Massorah zum Targum Onkelos,
646:authorities of the 6th century.
630:
421:'s sojourn there. From the post-
48:
47:
40:
1378:Former populated places in Iraq
1228:
1219:
1206:
1189:
1180:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1111:
1095:
1086:
1074:
1065:
1053:
1040:
1028:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
939:
908:The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon
895:
879:
867:
858:
845:
690:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
665:
264:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
61:Nehardea's location inside Iraq
829:
817:
805:
787:
760:
740:
719:
707:
1:
700:
1071:Letter of Sherira Gaon, l.c.
432:had to collect at Nehardea.
339:asserts was the seat of the
262:, one of the most prominent
238:"river of knowledge") was a
232:
7:
683:
281:
10:
1399:
612:. Certain readings of the
511:heard in Nehardea certain
439:
301:
1373:Jewish Babylonian history
503:" have been handed down.
307:Before the amoraic period
112:
104:
69:
35:
21:
1314:Encyclopædia Britannica
1274:The Jewish Encyclopedia
737:1873, pp. 129, 181
366:of the Nehardean Jews.
362:casting doubt upon the
16:Place in Al Anbar, Iraq
395:
294:(formerly the site of
1339:33.37861°N 43.71583°E
440:Further information:
391:
89:33.41972°N 43.31250°E
997:83a; Bava Batra 145a
1335: /
1269:"NEHARDEA (NEARDA)"
311:As the seat of the
85: /
1344:33.37861; 43.71583
1279:Its bibliography:
1225:Halevy, l.c. i. 25
660:Benjamin of Tudela
552:Dorot ha-Rishonim,
460:Samuel of Nehardea
268:Samuel of Nehardea
256:Babylonian Judaism
94:33.41972; 43.31250
1186:Bacher, l.c. i. 2
983:Eruvin (tractate)
934:Seder Olam Rabbah
923:Babylonian Talmud
411:Anilai and Asinai
230:
208:
207:
122:
121:
1390:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
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1328:
1318:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1278:
1257:
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1226:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1199:i. 174; Strack,
1193:
1187:
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1161:
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1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
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865:
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821:
815:
809:
803:
791:
785:
779:
770:
764:
758:
744:
738:
723:
717:
711:
544:Ten Commandments
442:Nehardea Academy
356:Pashur ben Immer
260:Nehardea Academy
258:. It hosted the
237:
229:romanized:
228:
226:
219:Imperial Aramaic
200:
193:
186:
124:
123:
100:
99:
97:
96:
95:
90:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
51:
50:
44:
30:
29:
19:
18:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1383:Sasanian cities
1353:
1352:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1307:, ed. (1911). "
1292:
1290:
1265:Singer, Isidore
1254:
1246:
1245:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1201:Diḳduḳ Ṭe'amim,
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1116:
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1096:
1091:
1087:
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1066:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
944:
940:
900:
896:
884:
880:
872:
868:
863:
859:
851:Kiddushin 70b;
850:
846:
834:
830:
822:
818:
810:
806:
792:
788:
780:
773:
765:
761:
745:
741:
724:
720:
712:
708:
703:
686:
668:
636:Aḥa of Be-Ḥatim
633:
571:Adda b. Minyomi
462:(whose father,
444:
438:
430:Aḥai ben Josiah
415:Babylonian Jews
364:purity of blood
350:portion of the
319:. According to
309:
304:
284:
204:
127:Rabbinical eras
93:
91:
87:
84:
79:
76:
74:
72:
71:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
57:
56:
52:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1305:Chisholm, Hugh
1288:
1287:
1284:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1227:
1218:
1212:See Berliner,
1205:
1188:
1179:
1175:Ag. Pal. Amor.
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1110:
1094:
1085:
1073:
1064:
1052:
1039:
1027:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
963:
938:
894:
878:
866:
857:
844:
828:
816:
804:
786:
771:
759:
739:
735:Monatsschrift,
718:
705:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
692:
685:
682:
681:
680:
667:
664:
642:as one of the
632:
629:
437:
436:Amoraic period
434:
369:The fact that
343:in Babylonia.
308:
305:
303:
300:
283:
280:
206:
205:
203:
202:
195:
188:
180:
177:
176:
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159:
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157:
152:
147:
142:
129:
128:
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106:
102:
101:
67:
66:
60:
54:
53:
46:
45:
39:
38:
37:
36:
33:
32:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1395:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:Talmud places
1361:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1300:public domain
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1260:public domain
1248:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
996:
991:
984:
979:
972:
967:
960:
956:
952:
948:
942:
936:
935:
930:
929:
924:
918:
914:
910:
909:
904:
898:
891:
888:14b; Bacher,
887:
882:
875:
870:
861:
854:
848:
841:
837:
832:
825:
820:
813:
808:
801:
800:
795:
790:
783:
778:
776:
768:
763:
756:
752:
748:
743:
736:
732:
728:
722:
715:
710:
706:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
678:
674:
670:
669:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:Mar R. Ḥanina
645:
641:
637:
631:Geonic period
628:
626:
622:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:Abba ben Abba
461:
457:
453:
449:
443:
433:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
394:
390:
388:
387:Second Temple
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
331:102:15) from
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
299:
297:
293:
289:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
235:
225:
220:
216:
212:
201:
196:
194:
189:
187:
182:
181:
179:
178:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:
126:
125:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
70:Coordinates:
68:
43:
34:
20:
1320:
1312:
1289:
1272:
1252:
1241:, p. 64
1234:
1230:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1182:
1174:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1113:
1097:
1088:
1076:
1067:
1055:
1050:, l.c. i. 32
1048:Sherira Gaon
1042:
1030:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
941:
932:
926:
907:
903:Sherira Gaon
897:
889:
881:
869:
860:
847:
831:
819:
811:
807:
797:
789:
762:
751:Avodah Zarah
742:
734:
726:
721:
713:
709:
676:
666:Bibliography
640:Sherira Gaon
634:
575:
556:
551:
529:
489:
445:
407:Temple taxes
396:
392:
368:
345:
321:Sherira Gaon
310:
285:
233:
223:
214:
210:
209:
1342: /
1249:Attribution
1169:Yerushalmi
1092:Chullin 95b
1081:Moed Kattan
799:Antiquities
582:Hagiographa
559:Rav Nachman
540:exilarchate
492:Rav Nachman
419:Rabbi Akiva
399:Nehar Malka
375:high priest
371:Hyrcanus II
272:Rav Nachman
113:Governorate
92: /
1357:Categories
1330:43°42′57″E
1327:33°22′43″N
1235:Itinerary,
1203:p. 56
1158:Bava Batra
1046:Letter of
995:Bava Kamma
951:Bava Batra
701:References
618:Pentateuch
383:Hasmoneans
317:Jehoiachin
252:Nahr Malka
80:43°18′45″E
77:33°25′11″N
1368:Babylonia
1134:Sanhedrin
1102:Kiddushin
917:923562173
836:Kiddushin
814:18:9, § 1
802:15:1, § 2
782:Kiddushin
673:Dan Jaffé
580:from the
578:pericopes
521:Pumbedita
513:tannaitic
485:Pumbedita
481:Odenathus
476:parasangs
456:academies
452:Rav Shela
448:tannaitic
426:tannaitic
423:Hadrianic
379:Parthians
341:Shekhinah
333:Jerusalem
325:synagogue
296:Pumbedita
250:with the
248:Euphrates
244:Babylonia
234:nəhardəʿā
215:Nehardeah
172:Acharonim
1197:M. J. C.
1171:Pesachim
959:Megillah
955:Kettubot
905:(1988).
890:Ag. Tan.
812:op. cit.
794:Josephus
727:M. J. C.
684:See also
656:Muhammad
644:saboraic
614:Biblical
536:Rav Ashi
450:period.
348:priestly
313:exilarch
292:Fallujah
282:Location
211:Nehardea
167:Rishonim
155:Savoraim
117:Al Anbar
55:Nehardea
23:Nehardea
1302::
1262::
1239:Grünhut
1146:Shabbat
1118:Shevuot
1060:Chullin
1019:Shabbat
1007:Nedarim
971:Chullin
928:Ketubot
892:ii. 385
840:Shabbat
824:Ketuvot
731:Ispahan
625:Onkelos
606:Hamnuna
602:Masorah
590:Bedouin
586:Shabbat
505:Sheshet
403:Nisibis
302:History
150:Amoraim
145:Tannaim
105:Country
1296:
1122:Makkot
1106:Niddah
1023:Niddah
1021:145b;
953:153a;
931:51b);
921:; cf.
915:
886:Giṭtin
853:Hullin
755:Niddah
675:(ed),
652:geonim
621:Targum
610:Naḳḳai
548:Sukkot
532:Amemar
517:Mahuza
373:, the
360:Talmud
352:Jewish
329:Psalms
276:Amemar
274:, and
224:נהרדעא
162:Geonim
135:Chazal
28:נהרדעא
1309:Anbar
1177:i. 60
1120:12b;
1104:81b;
1035:Sanh.
957:97a;
949:70a;
876:, end
838:70b;
753:43b;
749:24b;
747:R. H.
733:, in
596:87a.
567:Simai
563:Ḥanan
509:amora
501:Babel
337:Abaye
288:Anbar
140:Zugot
1237:ed.
1195:See
1148:116b
1062:113a
947:Ḳid.
945:See
913:OCLC
874:Yeb.
842:108b
767:Meg.
594:Ket.
565:and
525:Ḥama
496:Rava
472:Sura
346:The
240:city
108:Iraq
1311:".
1160:36a
1136:17b
1124:16a
1108:66b
1083:27b
1037:17a
1025:21a
1009:78a
973:48b
961:27b
855:50b
826:54a
784:70b
769:29a
757:13a
598:Lod
584:on
468:Rav
298:).
213:or
1359::
1271:.
985:6b
796:,
774:^
569:.
561:,
487:.
458:.
278:.
270:,
227:,
221::
925:(
919:.
623:(
217:(
199:e
192:t
185:v
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