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948:, Borchardt pretended it was genuine to avoid offending the prince. Stierlin argues that the missing left eye of the bust would have been a sign of disrespect in ancient Egypt, that no scientific records of the bust appear until 11 years after its supposed discovery in 1923 and, while the paint pigments are ancient, the inner limestone core has never been dated. French archaeologists present at the site as well never mentioned the finding and neither did written accounts of the digs. Stierlin remarked that the archaeologist "didn't even bother to supply a description, which is amazing for an exceptional work found intact". Ercivan suggests Borchardt's wife was the model for the bust and both authors argue that it was not revealed to the public until 1924 because it was a fake. Another theory suggested that the existing bust was crafted in the 1930s on Hitler's orders and that the original was lost in World War II.
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907:. In the documents, the bust was listed as a painted plaster bust of a princess, but in his diary, Borchardt clearly referred to it as the head of Nefertiti. "This proves that Borchardt wrote this description so that his country can get the statue," Hawass said. "These materials confirm Egypt's contention that (he) did act unethically with intent to deceive." However, Hawass said Egypt did not consider the bust to be a looted antiquity. "I really want it back," he said. His statement also said that the authority to approve the return of the bust to Egypt lies with the
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622:. The scan revealed that Thutmose placed layers of varying thickness on top of the limestone core. The inner face has creases around her mouth and cheeks and a swelling on the nose. The creases and the bump on the nose are leveled by the outermost stucco layer. According to Huppertz, this may reflect "aesthetic ideals of the era". The 2006 scan provided greater detail than the 1992 one, revealing subtle details just 1–2 millimetres (0.039–0.079 in) under the stucco.
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250:, which began in 1924, once the bust was first displayed to the public, and more generally it fuelled discussions over the role museums play in undoing colonialism. Today, Egypt continues to demand the repatriation of the bust, whereas German officials and the Berlin Museum assert their ownership by citing an official protocol, signed by the German excavators and the French-led
320:(renamed Ankhesenamun after the suppression of the Aten cult), married Tutankhamun, Nefertiti's stepson. While it was once thought that Nefertiti disappeared in the twelfth year of Akhenaten's reign because of her death or because she took a new name, she was still alive in the sixteenth year of her husband's reign according to a limestone quarry inscription found at
634:. It is seen as an "icon of international beauty." "Showing a woman with a long neck, elegantly arched brows, high cheekbones, a slender nose and an enigmatic smile played about red lips, the bust has established Nefertiti as one of the most beautiful faces of antiquity." It is described as the most famous bust of ancient art, comparable only to the mask of
392:, a photograph of the bust "that didn't show Nefertiti in her best light". When Lefebre inspected the artifacts found in the investigation, the bust was already wrapped up in a box sitting in a dimly lit room. It is unknown whether Lefebre "went to the trouble of lifting the bust out of the box". Borchardt also wrongly claimed the bust was made of
375:. The bust was found in what had been the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose, along with other unfinished busts of Nefertiti. Borchardt's diary provides the main written account of the find; he remarks, "Suddenly we had in our hands the most alive Egyptian artwork. You cannot describe it with words. You must see it."
956:, presented in Borchardt's book “Portrait of Queen Nofretete” (1923). They matched the ones in the 18th dynasty paintings, and a later analysis by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology confirmed the results in 1982. The bust also bears resemblance to other unfinished, but recognizable busts of Queen Nefertiti.
688:'s request. In 1918, the museum discussed the public display of the bust, but again kept it secret at the request of Borchardt. It was permanently donated to the museum in 1920. In 1923, the bust was revealed to the public in Borchardt's writings; in 1924, it was displayed to the public as part of the
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of the left eyeball was present as in the other eye, and none was found despite an intensive search and a then significant reward of ÂŁ1000 being put up for information regarding its whereabouts. Borchardt assumed that the quartz iris had fallen out when
Thutmose's workshop fell into ruin. The missing
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A 1924 document found in the archives of the German
Oriental Company recalls a 20 January 1913 meeting between Borchardt and a senior Egyptian official to discuss the division of the archeological finds of 1912 between Germany and Egypt. According to the secretary of the German Oriental Company (who
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In the past few months, there have been circulating images on social media of the ceiling of King Ramses IV tomb as resembling the back of the bust of
Nefertiti statue. These images are altered and do not represent the actual ceiling of any King tombs by patterns or designs as suggested by the fake
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Egyptian authorities also dismissed
Stierlin's theory, with Hawass remarking that "Stierlin is not a historian. He is delirious." Although Stierlin had argued "Egyptians cut shoulders horizontally" and Nefertiti had vertical shoulders, Hawass said that the new style seen in the bust is part of the
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In 2007, Hawass threatened to ban exhibitions of
Egyptian artifacts in Germany, if the bust was not lent to Egypt, but to no avail. He also requested a worldwide boycott of loans to German museums to initiate what he called a "scientific war". Hawass wanted Germany to lend the bust to Egypt in 2012
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was an attempt to pay homage to the bust. According to
Wildung, it showed "the continued relevance of the ancient world to today's art." Egyptian cultural officials proclaimed it to be a disgrace to "one of the great symbols of their country's history" and banned Wildung and his wife from further
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believed that the bust belongs to Egypt and that it was taken out of Egypt illegally and should therefore be returned. He maintained the stance that
Egyptian authorities were misled over the acquisition of the bust in 1913 and demanded that Germany prove that it was exported legally. According to
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Several German art experts have attempted to refute all the claims made by Hawass, pointing to the 1924 document discussing the pact between
Borchardt and Egyptian authorities. German authorities have also argued the bust is too fragile to transport and that legal arguments for repatriation were
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In 2016 a freedom of information request was made to the
Egyptian Museum for access to a full colour scan of the bust that had been made by the museum 10 years prior. The museum declined the request citing impact on gift shop revenue. Eventually the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation which
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of Egypt as a political gesture. Hitler opposed the idea and told the
Egyptian government that he would build a new Egyptian museum for Nefertiti. "In the middle, this wonder, Nefertiti, will be enthroned," Hitler said. "I will never relinquish the head of the Queen." While the bust was under
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Since the official unveiling of the bust in Berlin in 1924, Egyptian authorities have demanded its return to Egypt. In 1925, Egypt threatened to ban German excavations in Egypt unless the bust was returned. In 1929, Egypt offered to exchange other artifacts for the bust, but Germany declined.
612:, where the bust was then displayed, observed wrinkles on Nefertiti's neck and bags under her eyes, suggesting the sculptor had tried to depict signs of aging. A CT scan confirmed Wildung's findings; Thutmose had added gypsum under the cheeks and eyes in an attempt to perfect his sculpture.
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American control, Egypt requested the United States to hand it over; the US refused and advised Egypt to take up the matter with the new German authorities. In the 1950s, Egypt again tried to initiate negotiations, but there was no response from Germany. In 1989, Egyptian President
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with black paint and is fixed with beeswax. The background of the eye-socket is unadorned limestone. Nefertiti wears her characteristic blue crown known as the "Nefertiti cap crown" with a golden diadem band looped around like horizontal ribbons and joining at the back, and an
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The Nefertiti bust has become not only a defining emblem of ancient Egypt, but also a symbol of the impact that European colonialism has had on Egypt's history and culture. It has been the subject of an argument between Egypt and Germany over Egyptian demands for its
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In December 2009, Friederike Seyfried, director of Berlin's Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection, presented to the Egyptians documents held by the museum regarding the discovery of the bust, which include a protocol signed by the German excavator and the
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In 2009, director of Berlin's Egyptian Museum, Dietrich Wildung, dismissed the claims of forgery. He stated they were a publicity stunt, adding that radiological tests, detailed CT computer tomography and material analysis support its authenticity.
242:. Egypt has called for the return of the bust, citing provisions that prohibited any items of great archaeological value from leaving Egypt. Egypt accuses Borchardt of "wrapping the bust to conceal its value and smuggling it out of the country".
396:, instead of limestone. The German Oriental Society maintains that the finds of the dig were divided fairly, noting that Nefertiti was at the top of the exchange list and that "the inspector could have looked at everything closely at the time".
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Kurt G. Siehr, another argument in support of repatriation is that "Archeological finds have their 'home' in the country of origin and should be preserved in that country." The repatriation issue sprang up again in 2003 over the
680:, a wholesale merchant and the sponsor of the Amarna excavation. It was displayed at Simon's residence until 1913, when Simon lent the bust and other artifacts from the Amarna dig to the Berlin Museum. Although the rest of the
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The CT scan in 2006, led by Alexander Huppertz, director of the Imaging Science Institute in Berlin, revealed a wrinkled face of Nefertiti carved in the inner core of the bust. The results were published in the April 2009's
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Scientists who have studied the sculpture, discovered that the pigments used on the bust have been matched to those used by ancient Egyptian artisans. The chemical analysis on the dyes and pigments was initially done by
339:. The bust does not have any inscriptions, but can be certainly identified as Nefertiti by the characteristic crown, which she wears in other surviving (and clearly labelled) depictions, for example the "house altar".
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proposed that the bust in Berlin was a model for official portraits and was used by the master sculptor for teaching his pupils how to carve the internal structure of the eye, and thus the left iris was not added.
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by Berlin author and historian Erdogan Ercivan both claimed that the bust was a modern fake. Stierlin claims that Borchardt may have created the bust to test ancient pigments and that when the bust was admired by
704:, Berlin museums were emptied and artifacts moved to secure shelters for safekeeping. Initially stored in the cellar of the Prussian Governmental Bank, the bust was moved in the autumn of 1941 to the tower of a
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suggests that "With this elegant bust, Thutmose may have been alluding to a heavy flower on its slender sleek stalk by exaggerating the weight of the crowned head and the length of the almost serpentine neck."
692:. The bust created a sensation, swiftly becoming a world-renowned icon of feminine beauty and one of the most universally recognised artifacts to survive from Ancient Egypt. The bust was displayed in Berlin's
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in 1992, with the scan producing cross sections of the bust every five millimetres (0.20 in). In 2006, Dietrich Wildung, director of Berlin's Egyptian Museum, while trying a different lighting at the
1005:, declared that Nefertiti was "not in safe hands" and although Egypt had not renewed their claims for restitution "due to the good relations with Germany," this "recent behaviour" was unacceptable.
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eye led to speculation that Nefertiti may have suffered from an ophthalmic infection and lost her left eye, though the presence of an iris in other statues of her contradicted this possibility.
1334:
Athena van der Perre, The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti, Journal of Egyptian History (JEH) 7 (2014), pp. 67–108
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described the bust as "a unique masterpiece, an ornament, a true treasure", and pledged to build a museum to house it. By the 1970s, the bust had become an issue of national identity to both
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environment with the slogan "Strong Women for Berlin!" According to Claudia Breger, another reason that the bust became associated with German national identity was its place as a rival to
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supporting the view that Egypt should be given the bust on loan. In 2009, when the bust was moved back to the Neues Museum, the appropriateness of Berlin as its location was questioned.
1346:"A. VAN DER PERRE, 'Nefertiti's last documented reference [for now]', in F. Seyfried (ed.) In the Light of Amarna. 100 Years of the Nefertiti Discovery, (Berlin, 2012), 195-197"
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oversees the museum released the file, which is now available (not directly from the museum), however controversially attached a copyright to the work, which is in the public domain.
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2000:; Tanja Nentwig; Patrick Asbach; Franz Maximilian Rosche; Bernd Hamm (April 2009). "Nondestructive Insights into Composition of the Sculpture of Egyptian Queen Nefertiti with CT".
308:. Little is known about Nefertiti. Theories suggest she could have been an Egyptian royal by birth, a foreign princess or the daughter of a high government official named
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discovered the bust in 1912 in Thutmose's workshop. It has been kept at various locations in Germany since its discovery, including the cellar of a bank, a salt-mine in
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211:, Egypt. It is one of the most-copied works of ancient Egypt. Nefertiti has become one of the most famous women of the ancient world and an icon of feminine beauty.
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316:. She may have been the co-regent of Egypt with Akhenaten, who ruled from 1352 BC to 1336 BC. Nefertiti bore six daughters to Akhenaten, one of whom,
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layers. The face is completely symmetrical and almost intact, but the left eye lacks the inlay present in the right. The iris of the right eye is of inserted
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In 1930, the German press described the bust as their new monarch, personifying it as a queen. As the "'most precious ... stone in the setting of the
1980:"Nondestructive Insights into Composition of the Sculpture of Egyptian Queen Nefertiti with CT and the dependence of object surface from image processing"
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style, which was developed in Akhenaten's reign. The exact function of the bust is unknown, though it is theorized that the bust may be a sculptor's
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885:, Germany. They distributed postcards depicting the bust with the words "Return to Sender" and wrote an open letter to German Culture Minister
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changes introduced by Akhenaten, the husband of Nefertiti. Hawass also claimed that Thutmose had created the eye, but it was later destroyed.
595:, former Egyptian Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, suggested that Thutmose created the left eye, but that it was later destroyed.
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Borchardt commissioned a chemical analysis of the coloured pigments of the head. The result of the examination was published in the book
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278:) depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti and three of their daughters. Nefertiti is shown wearing a crown similar to that depicted on the bust.
421:(cobra), which is now broken, over her brow. She also wears a broad collar with a floral pattern. The ears have suffered some damage.
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was the author of the document and who was present at the meeting), Borchardt "wanted to save the bust for us", referring to Germany.
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992:, András Gálik and Bálint Havas, to place the bust atop a nearly nude female bronze for a video installation to be shown at the
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of Giza. Simultaneously, a campaign called "Nefertiti Travels" was launched by cultural association CulturCooperation, based in
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The bust has become "one of the most admired, and most copied, images from ancient Egypt", and the star exhibit used to market
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2609:"A German Museum Tried to Hide This Stunning 3D Scan of an Iconic Egyptian Artifact. Today You Can See It for the First Time"
2009:
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1246:"Egypt renews demands to retrieve Nefertiti bust from Germany - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East"
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magazine lists it among the "Top 10 Plundered Artifacts". Borchardt showed Egypt's French chief antiques inspector,
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1062:, created after World War II. In 1999, the bust appeared on an election poster for the green political party
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899:, Germany may be concerned that lending the bust to Egypt would mean its permanent departure from Germany.
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The bust is 48 centimetres (19 in) tall and weighs about 20 kilograms (44 lb). It is made of a
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371:, who exported more than 20,000 artefacts from Egypt and Iraq, The team was led by German archaeologist
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783:. The bust returned to the Neues Museum as its centerpiece when the museum reopened in October 2009.
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Nefertiti may have become a pharaoh in her own right for a short time after her husband's death.
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1995:
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viewed the bust and announced that Nefertiti was "the best ambassador for Egypt" in Berlin.
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Elizabeth Young, "Here Comes the Bride: Wedding Gender and Race in Bride of Frankenstein";
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The bust of Nefertiti is believed to have been crafted about 1345 BC by the sculptor
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The bust has been in Germany since 1913, when it was shipped to Berlin and presented to
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1979:
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367: – DOG), a voluntary association founded by one of the wealthiest men in Prussia,
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747:, where it was put on public display beginning in 1946. It remained on display at the
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645:. Some 500,000 visitors see her every year. The bust is described as "the best-known
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and Silverman present a similar view that the bust was deliberately kept unfinished.
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While Philipp Vandenberg describes the theft as "adventurous and beyond comparison",
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Nefertiti (meaning "the beautiful one has come forth") was the 14th-century BC
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to be used as a basis for other official portraits, kept in the artist's workshop.
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771:, where it had been displayed before the war. In 1967, the bust was moved to the
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2563:"Nefertiti's Bust Gets a Body, Offending Egyptians: A Problematic Juxtaposition"
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2120:"Neues Museum refuses to return the bust of Queen Nefertiti to Egyptian museum"
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e.V., Verein zur Förderung des Ägyptischen Museums und Papyrussammlung Berlin.
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Silverman, David P.; Wegner, Josef William; Wegner, Jennifer Houser (2006).
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borough of Berlin and remained there until 2005, when it was moved to the
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1670:"Nefertiti's 'Hidden Face' Proves Famous Berlin Bust is not Hitler's Fake"
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Skin colour (light red): fine powdered lime spar coloured with red chalk (
1568:"Archaeological Controversy: Did Germany Cheat to Get Bust of Nefertiti?"
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In 2003, the Egyptian Museum in Berlin allowed the Hungarian artist duo
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Although Germany had previously strongly opposed repatriation, in 1933
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2702:
The Body of the Queen: Gender and Rule in the Courtly World, 1500–2000
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1142:"Nefertiti: (Society for the Promotion of the Egyptian Museum Berlin)"
657:". Her face is on postcards of Berlin and 1989 German postage stamps.
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8038097.stm
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that discovered the "hidden face" of Nefertiti proved, according to
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1645:"Nefertiti's 'hidden face' proves Berlin bust is not Hitler's fake"
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1168:"The Making of a Global Icon: Nefertiti's Twentieth-Century Career"
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763:(German Democratic Republic) pressed for the return of the bust to
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347:
929:
Le Buste de Nefertiti – une Imposture de l'Egyptologie ?
1208:"The Bust of Nefertiti: Remembering Ancient Egypt's Famous Queen"
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882:
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324:"on the eastern side of the Nile, about ten kilometres north of
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2623:"The Real Story Behind Nefertiti Statue and King Ramses IV Tomb"
1536:"A 3,500-Year-Old Queen Causes a Rift Between Germany and Egypt"
300:. Akhenaten initiated a new monotheistic form of worship called
2078:"Egypt Vows "Scientific War" If Germany Doesn't Loan Nefertiti"
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When the bust was first discovered, no quartz to represent the
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and shipped in August to the U.S. Central Collecting Point in
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in Berlin. The Neues Museum suffered bombings in 1943 by the
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1978:
Bernhard Illerhaus; Andreas Staude; Dietmar Meinel (2009).
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The Nefertiti bust and the Ceiling of King Ramses IV’s tomb
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1839:
Matthias Schulz (2012). "Die entführte Königin (German)".
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modern art festival. The artists said the project, called
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for the opening of the new Grand Egyptian Museum near the
1985:. NDT Database & e-Journal of Nondestructive Testing.
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For comparative analysis between 1992 and 2006 CT scans:
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exploration in Egypt. The Egyptian Minister for Culture,
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Egyptological objects in the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
1923:"Egypt's Rubbishes Claims that Nefertiti Bust is 'Fake'"
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860:, and former Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs,
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The work is believed to have been crafted in 1345 BC by
2262:"Queen Nefertiti rules again in Berlin's reborn museum"
1373:"Nefertiti's Real, Wrinkled Face Found in Famous Bust?"
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until the museum was closed in 1939; with the onset of
2296:"Germany: Time for Egypt's Nefertiti bust to go home?"
1738:
Egypt the World of Pharaohs: The World of the Pharaohs
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The bust became an influence on popular culture, with
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was displayed in 1913–14, the bust was kept secret at
672:, Berlin is the present location of the Nefertiti bust
2748:. University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology.
2745:
Akhenaten and Tutankhamun: Revolution and Restoration
2293:
2040:"Hidden Face In Nefertiti Bust Examined With CT Scan"
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in Berlin, where it was originally displayed before
2535:"Nefertiti's Bust Gets a Body, Offending Egyptians"
933:
The Bust of Nefertiti – a Fraud in Egyptology?
342:
2804:13-minute documentary on the Nerfertiti Bust from
2454:"Egypt antiquities chief to demand Nefertiti bust"
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1500:"Is this Nefertiti – or a 100-year-old fake?"
751:for ten years before being transferred in 1956 to
712:. On 6 March 1945, the bust was moved to a German
497:style, deviating from the "eccentricities" of the
1942:
1691:Horst Woldemar Janson; Anthony F. Janson (2003).
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2595:"BUST OF NEFERTITI, FOIA Results by CosmoWenman"
1273:"DO MUSEUMS PLAY A ROLE IN UNDOING COLONIALISM?"
914:
207:because it was found in his workshop in Tell-el
2641:"Nefertiti Hidden in the Tomb of King Seti I??"
2470:'Fake' claims over Nefertiti bust,(8 May 2009)
2370:"When Ancient Artifacts Become Political Pawns"
1838:
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399:
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2321:"Thutmose's Bust of Nefertiti (Amarna Period)"
1823:
2873:Sculptures in the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
2721:"The Beautiful One has come – to Return"
2560:For a picture of "The Body of Nefertiti" see
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1790:
1764:
1741:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 203.
2689:Nofretete – The Head of Queen Nofretete
2491:Wiedemann, H. G.; Bayer, G. (1 April 1982).
2075:
1826:Nofretete – The Head of Queen Nofretete
1803:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 221.
1430:"The Hyperbolic Philanthropy of James Simon"
814:Thutmose's Bust of Nefertiti (Amarna Period)
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869:sculpture. In 2005, Hawass requested that
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2765:Nefertiti's Face: The Creation of an Icon
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2429:. CulturCooperation. 2007. Archived from
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2294:Isabelle de Pommereau (2 November 2009).
2233:. CulturCooperation. 2007. Archived from
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1996:Alexander Huppertz, A; Dietrich Wildung;
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923:Photo of the Nefertiti Bust taken in 1912
727:In March 1945, the bust was found by the
355:The bust was found on 6 December 1912 at
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1889:"Scholar: Nefertiti Was an Aging Beauty"
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1828:. Mann, Berlin: Verlag Gebr. p. 6.
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1725:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1553:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1361:
1270:
1082:who then effectively controlled Egypt.
660:
14:
2815:
2695:
2686:
2368:Kimmelman, Michael (23 October 2009).
2313:
2196:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2060:
1972:
1970:
1938:
1936:
1711:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1371:Christine Dell'Amore (30 March 2009).
1240:
1238:
1236:
1194:
1165:
1008:
838:considered returning the bust to King
2718:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2227:"The Bust of Nefertiti: A Chronology"
2151:
2104:
2010:Radiological Society of North America
1920:
1873:
1722:Silverman, Wegner, Wegner pp. 21, 113
1694:History of art: the Western tradition
1484:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1039:'", Nefertiti would re-establish the
909:Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation
2651:
2523:
2451:
2361:
2347:
2249:
2231:"Nefertiti travels" campaign website
2182:
1755:
1632:
1600:
1586:
1462:
1448:
1358:Silverman, Wegner, Wegner pp. 130–33
1271:Diamond, Kelly-Anne (6 April 2019).
981:
549:Green: powdered frit, coloured with
214:A German archaeological team led by
2888:Archaeological discoveries in Egypt
2452:Deeb, Sarah El (20 December 2009).
2403:El-Aref, Nevine (14–20 July 2005).
2154:"Row over Nefertiti bust continues"
2140:
1967:
1943:Patrick McGroarty (31 March 2009).
1933:
1734:
1520:
1352:
1233:
1205:
570:
24:
2477:
1921:Szabo, Christopher (12 May 2009).
1290:
826:Requests for repatriation to Egypt
493:, the bust reflects the classical
25:
2904:
2783:
2275:from the original on 18 June 2022
2259:Tony Paterson (17 October 2009).
1868:A history of Egyptian archaeology
1405:The Ancient Egyptians for Dummies
1343:
911:and the German culture minister.
2853:Cultural depictions of Nefertiti
2725:Imperialism, Art and Restitution
2723:. In John Henry Merryman (ed.).
1776:. Cengage Learning. p. 64.
1534:Dempsy, Judy (18 October 2009).
1139:
808:
799:
786:
755:, where it was exhibited at the
641:Nefertiti has become an icon of
625:
473:
464:
444:
435:
343:Discovery and removal from Egypt
155:
2828:1912 archaeological discoveries
2663:
2633:
2615:
2601:
2587:
2554:
2464:
2445:
2419:
2396:
2387:
2287:
2173:
2118:Roger Boyes (20 October 2009).
2032:
1989:
1887:Lorenzi, R (5 September 2006).
1860:
1847:
1832:
1817:
1684:
1653:. 27 April 2009. Archived from
1422:
156:
2878:Sculptures of women in Germany
2727:. Cambridge University Press.
2571:. 21 June 2003. Archived from
2152:Moore, Tristana (7 May 2007).
2076:Dan Morrison (18 April 2007).
1945:"Nefertiti Bust Has Two Faces"
1772:Gardner's Art Through the Ages
1616:. 5 March 2009. Archived from
1337:
1328:
1264:
1159:
1146:www.egyptian-museum-berlin.com
1133:
1108:
873:intervene to return the bust.
589:Gardner's Art Through the Ages
424:Gardner's Art Through the Ages
13:
1:
2719:Siehr, Kurt G (August 2006).
2698:"The 'Berlin' Nefertiti Bust"
2460:– via The Boston Globe.
2300:The Christian Science Monitor
1498:Connolly, Kate (7 May 2009).
1348:– via www.academia.edu.
1180:10.1080/23801883.2024.2303074
1116:"Nefertiti – Ancient History"
1102:
1035:' from the art treasures of '
946:Prince Johann Georg of Saxony
915:Allegations over authenticity
272:
262:
2843:Archaeological controversies
2767:. Harvard University Press.
1855:Nefertiti: Egypt's sun queen
1797:Silverman, David P. (1997).
1608:"Top 10 Plundered Artifacts"
905:Egyptian Antiquities Service
893:insubstantial. According to
560:with wax as a binding medium
400:Description and examinations
365:Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft
252:Egyptian Antiquities Service
163:3D model (click to interact)
27:Ancient sculpture from Egypt
7:
2868:Sculptures of ancient Egypt
2700:. In Regina Schulte (ed.).
2533:HUGH EAKIN (21 June 2003).
2086:National Geographic Society
1377:National Geographic Society
1172:Global Intellectual History
970:that the bust was genuine.
941:Missing Link in Archaeology
598:
515:Portrait of Queen Nofretete
312:, who became pharaoh after
298:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
77:48 centimetres (19 in)
10:
2909:
1166:Conrad, Sebastian (2024).
508:
408:core covered with painted
304:dedicated to the Sun disc
257:
196:. It is on display in the
2763:Tyldesley, Joyce (2018).
2018:10.1148/radiol.2511081175
1774:: the western perspective
1093:'s hairstyle in the film
935:) by Swiss art historian
927:The French language book
807:
798:
793:
690:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
234:. It is displayed at the
226:, the Egyptian Museum in
198:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
154:
146:
131:
121:
105:
89:
85:20 kilograms (44 lb)
81:
73:
59:
52:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
39:
34:
2838:Archaeological artifacts
2696:Breger, Claudia (2006).
2687:Anthes, Rudolph (1961).
2673:, Vol. 17, 1991. 35 pgs.
2082:National Geographic News
1866:Fred Gladstone Bratton,
1402:Charlotte Booth (2007).
2493:"The bust of Nefertiti"
2405:"Antiquities wish list"
1857:, Viking, 1999, p. 196.
1843:(3 December 2012): 128.
1824:Rudolph Anthes (1961).
1344:Perre, Athena Van der.
454:Right profile and front
361:German Oriental Company
286:(chief consort) of the
126:German Oriental Society
2795:3D scan on Thingiverse
1767:"Art of Ancient Egypt"
1765:Helen Gardner (2006).
1099:being inspired by it.
924:
735:. It was moved to the
731:and given over to its
673:
352:
279:
2823:14th-century BC works
2415:on 16 September 2010.
2411:(751). Archived from
1697:. Prentice Hall PTR.
1304:Maryalice Yakutchik.
1096:Bride of Frankenstein
1064:BĂĽndnis 90/Die GrĂĽnen
1027:Cultural significance
922:
668:
483:Left profile and back
350:
270:
2863:Limestone sculptures
2800:3D scan on Sketchfab
2497:Analytical Chemistry
1870:, Hale, 1968, p. 223
1853:Joyce A. Tyldesley,
1306:"Who Was Nefertiti?"
759:. As early as 1946,
661:Locations in Germany
653:, arguably from all
192:of Egyptian pharaoh
2790:Neues Museum Berlin
2611:. 13 November 2019.
2509:10.1021/ac00241a001
2427:"Nefertiti travels"
1089:'s make-up work on
1066:as a promise for a
1009:3D scan of the Bust
603:The bust was first
46:The iconic bust of
2568:The New York Times
2540:The New York Times
2335:on 5 November 2014
2092:on 25 January 2010
1927:DigitalJournal.com
1574:. 10 February 2009
1540:The New York Times
1250:www.al-monitor.com
998:Body of Nefertiti,
925:
718:Merkers-Kieselbach
674:
353:
280:
220:Merkers-Kieselbach
2883:Stucco sculptures
2774:978-0-674-98375-5
2755:978-1-931707-90-9
2704:. Berghahn Book.
2575:on 8 October 2011
1953:Discovery Channel
1897:Discovery Channel
1783:978-0-495-00478-3
1748:978-977-424-661-6
1704:978-0-13-182895-7
1415:978-0-470-06544-0
1316:on 5 January 2010
1310:Discovery Channel
1206:Tharoor, Ishaan.
1044:national identity
983:Body of Nefertiti
954:Friedrich Rathgen
867:Body of Nefertiti
823:
822:
682:Amarna collection
330:Minya Governorate
328:", in today's Al-
271:A "house altar" (
167:
166:
16:(Redirected from
2900:
2848:Busts in Germany
2778:
2759:
2738:
2715:
2692:
2674:
2671:Feminist Studies
2667:
2661:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2488:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2331:. Archived from
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2264:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2237:on 18 March 2015
2223:
2194:
2191:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2149:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2088:. Archived from
2073:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2036:
2030:
2029:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1884:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1732:
1723:
1720:
1709:
1708:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1641:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1564:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1531:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1495:
1482:
1479:
1460:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1436:. 9 January 2009
1426:
1420:
1419:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1379:. Archived from
1368:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1312:. Archived from
1301:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1242:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1203:
1192:
1191:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1112:
812:
811:
803:
791:
790:
749:Museum Wiesbaden
643:Berlin's culture
632:Berlin's museums
584:Dietrich Wildung
571:Missing left eye
525:, coloured with
477:
468:
448:
439:
390:Gustave Lefebvre
373:Ludwig Borchardt
284:Great Royal Wife
277:
274:
216:Ludwig Borchardt
190:Great Royal Wife
161:
160:
132:Present location
44:
32:
31:
21:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2833:1912 in science
2813:
2812:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2756:
2735:
2712:
2677:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2531:
2524:
2489:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2409:Al-Ahram Weekly
2401:
2397:
2393:Siehr pp. 133–4
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2268:The Independent
2257:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2225:
2224:
2197:
2192:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2150:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2116:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2074:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2038:
2037:
2033:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1941:
1934:
1919:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1885:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1837:
1833:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1712:
1705:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1658:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1620:on 1 March 2020
1606:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1532:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1496:
1485:
1480:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1408:. for Dummies.
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1383:on 2 April 2009
1369:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1302:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1204:
1195:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1091:Elsa Lanchester
1078:, found by the
1041:imperial German
1037:Prussia Germany
1029:
1020:
1011:
994:Venice Biennale
986:
917:
828:
809:
794:External videos
789:
773:Egyptian Museum
710:Royal Air Force
663:
628:
601:
573:
544:arsenic sulfide
521:Blue: powdered
511:
491:David Silverman
487:
486:
485:
484:
480:
479:
478:
470:
469:
458:
457:
456:
455:
451:
450:
449:
441:
440:
402:
345:
322:Dayr Abū Ḥinnis
275:
265:
260:
162:
138:
110:
109:6 December 1912
94:
55:
50:is part of the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2811:
2810:
2806:Deutsche Welle
2802:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2784:External links
2782:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2760:
2754:
2739:
2733:
2716:
2710:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2662:
2650:
2645:Historical Eve
2632:
2614:
2600:
2586:
2553:
2522:
2503:(4): 619–628.
2476:
2463:
2444:
2433:on 18 May 2015
2418:
2395:
2386:
2374:New York Times
2360:
2346:
2312:
2286:
2248:
2195:
2181:
2172:
2139:
2103:
2059:
2048:. 8 April 2009
2031:
1988:
1966:
1955:. pp. 1–2
1949:Discovery News
1932:
1910:
1899:. pp. 1–2
1893:Discovery News
1872:
1859:
1846:
1831:
1816:
1809:
1789:
1782:
1754:
1747:
1724:
1710:
1703:
1683:
1672:. 3 April 2009
1667:For pictures,
1657:on 4 July 2012
1631:
1599:
1585:
1572:Spiegel Online
1552:
1519:
1483:
1461:
1447:
1421:
1414:
1394:
1360:
1351:
1336:
1327:
1289:
1263:
1252:. October 2020
1232:
1193:
1158:
1132:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1072:multi-cultural
1028:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1007:
985:
980:
937:Henri Stierlin
916:
913:
879:Great Pyramids
836:Hermann Göring
827:
824:
821:
820:
805:
804:
796:
795:
788:
785:
777:Charlottenburg
662:
659:
627:
624:
600:
597:
572:
569:
568:
567:
561:
554:
553:and iron oxide
547:
536:
529:
510:
507:
482:
481:
472:
471:
463:
462:
461:
460:
459:
453:
452:
443:
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434:
433:
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431:
430:
401:
398:
351:Nefertiti bust
344:
341:
318:Ankhesenpaaten
276: 1350 BC
264:
261:
259:
256:
228:Charlottenburg
171:Nefertiti Bust
165:
164:
152:
151:
148:
147:Identification
144:
143:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
107:
103:
102:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
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61:
57:
56:
45:
37:
36:
35:Nefertiti Bust
26:
18:Nefertiti bust
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2905:
2894:
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2746:
2740:
2736:
2734:0-521-85929-8
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2711:1-84545-159-7
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2691:. Gebr. Mann.
2690:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:Breger p. 291
2657:
2655:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2390:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2358:Sieher p. 116
2355:
2353:
2351:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2255:
2253:
2236:
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2228:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2193:Breger p. 292
2190:
2188:
2186:
2176:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2047:
2046:
2045:Science Daily
2041:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:Barry J. Kemp
1992:
1981:
1973:
1971:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1898:
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1879:
1877:
1869:
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1856:
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1842:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1810:0-19-521952-X
1806:
1802:
1801:
1800:Ancient Egypt
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122:Discovered by
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100:Ancient Egypt
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2589:
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2573:the original
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2435:. Retrieved
2431:the original
2421:
2413:the original
2408:
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2373:
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2333:the original
2329:Khan Academy
2325:Smarthistory
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:
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2235:the original
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1655:the original
1650:Science News
1648:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:the original
1611:
1602:
1576:. Retrieved
1571:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
1510:. Retrieved
1505:The Guardian
1503:
1481:Siehr p. 115
1438:. Retrieved
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1424:
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1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1381:the original
1354:
1339:
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1318:. Retrieved
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1149:. Retrieved
1145:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1119:
1110:
1094:
1084:
1068:cosmopolitan
1060:West Germany
1056:East Germany
1046:after 1918.
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:Farouk Hosny
997:
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966:Science News
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829:
818:Smarthistory
781:Altes Museum
761:East Germany
726:
702:World War II
694:Neues Museum
675:
670:Neues Museum
640:
629:
617:
614:
610:Altes Museum
602:
588:
582:
574:
527:copper oxide
514:
512:
495:Egyptian art
488:
422:
403:
383:
381:
377:
364:
354:
334:
281:
248:repatriation
244:
240:World War II
236:Neues Museum
232:Altes Museum
213:
202:
170:
168:
136:Neues Museum
93:1345 BC
29:
2579:23 November
2546:21 November
2437:22 November
2379:15 November
2305:15 November
2279:15 November
2241:22 November
2179:Siehr p.114
2165:22 November
2132:15 November
2096:15 November
2052:23 November
2012:: 233–240.
1959:17 November
1903:18 December
1841:Der Spiegel
1676:23 November
1661:23 November
1624:24 November
1578:17 November
1545:15 November
1512:21 November
1434:The Forward
1387:16 November
1320:23 November
1225:18 November
1151:18 November
1125:18 November
1120:History.com
1087:Jack Pierce
1076:Tutankhamun
862:Zahi Hawass
769:East Berlin
753:West Berlin
706:flak bunker
678:James Simon
647:work of art
636:Tutankhamun
593:Zahi Hawass
369:James Simon
314:Tutankhamun
54:collection.
2817:Categories
2458:Boston.com
2271:. London.
1277:Hindsights
1103:References
737:Reichsbank
605:CT scanned
533:iron oxide
499:Amarna art
263:Background
106:Discovered
2517:0003-2700
2474:BBC News
2125:The Times
2002:Radiology
1735:Schultz.
1220:0040-781X
1188:2380-1883
896:The Times
745:Wiesbaden
741:Frankfurt
722:Thuringia
714:salt mine
686:Borchardt
655:antiquity
619:Radiology
517:in 1923:
406:limestone
294:Akhenaten
194:Akhenaten
186:Nefertiti
179:limestone
142:, Germany
64:Limestone
48:Nefertiti
2339:15 March
2273:Archived
2159:BBC News
2128:. London
2026:19332855
1508:. London
1440:15 April
1282:15 April
1256:15 April
1174:: 1–32.
1023:images.
851:Egyptian
599:CT scans
540:orpiment
538:Yellow:
337:Thutmose
288:Egyptian
230:and the
205:Thutmose
177:-coated
150:Ă„M 21300
96:Thutmose
60:Material
1080:British
961:CT scan
959:A 2006
883:Hamburg
775:in the
563:White:
556:Black:
509:Colours
503:modello
302:Atenism
296:of the
291:Pharaoh
258:History
90:Created
2893:Amarna
2771:
2752:
2731:
2708:
2627:ELMENS
2515:
2024:
1807:
1780:
1745:
1701:
1412:
1218:
1186:
1048:Hitler
1033:diadem
871:UNESCO
840:Fuad I
551:copper
419:Uraeus
414:quartz
410:stucco
394:gypsum
357:Amarna
326:Amarna
222:, the
209:Amarna
188:, the
175:stucco
140:Berlin
112:Amarna
82:Weight
74:Height
68:stucco
2680:Books
2008:(1).
1983:(PDF)
649:from
565:chalk
116:Egypt
2769:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2729:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2581:2009
2548:2009
2513:ISSN
2439:2009
2381:2009
2341:2013
2307:2009
2281:2009
2243:2009
2167:2009
2134:2009
2098:2009
2054:2009
2022:PMID
1961:2009
1905:2009
1805:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1678:2009
1663:2009
1626:2009
1613:Time
1580:2009
1547:2009
1514:2009
1442:2023
1410:ISBN
1389:2009
1322:2009
1284:2023
1258:2023
1227:2016
1216:ISSN
1212:Time
1184:ISSN
1153:2016
1127:2016
1070:and
1058:and
577:iris
558:coal
523:frit
385:Time
306:Aten
182:bust
169:The
66:and
2505:doi
2327:at
2014:doi
2006:251
1176:doi
767:in
739:in
720:in
716:at
696:on
184:of
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