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school had been transformed into a center for punishing "subversion". Once the prisoners had arrived to this new "renovation", their basic human rights would be ignored. Instead, they were taken to certain floors depending on their status of punishment in an effort to dehumanize the victims. The basement contained interrogation rooms and a station meant for taking and maintaining photographs of each of the prisoners. These photos would allow victims to be recorded, providing an accurate count today as to the five thousand people who died due to the treatment within this camp. The first floor was staged as an operation room for the leaders of the torture to plan, execute, and continue their efforts to punish the prisoners. The second and third floors were adequately furnished and kept, as these were the floors where the officers lived and slept. These officers were committed to torturing the dissidents, contributing twenty four hours, seven days a week of fear for the victims who never knew when the next hit would happen. Also on the third floor, extending to the fourth floor, was an area known as the "capucha", or hood. This was where prisoners were kept, and this was where conditions were purposefully kept dark and hopeless.
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fully dressed. One day Susana Reyes defied an authority after a nasty remark about her body which led to her being tied up and brutally beaten with a baton. Susana Reyes was an expecting mother in the ESMA and was gifted a hood for her unborn child. The hood was meant to be used for psychological torture since the tiny hood was meant to symbolize the "capucha" and seal the baby's fate to a life of torture and suffering alongside her mother. On the contrary, there was a guard who could take good care of Susana Reyes especially when she became ill. However, that same guard would taunt Susana Reyes by saying "take care of him" insinuating that he was going to take away her child in order to raise it as his own. Fortunately, Susana Reyes escaped ESMA before giving birth to her child.
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they were later sexually assaulted by their "date" who in reality was a member of the military. ESMA was a place of constant sexual violence where not even pregnancy would spare women from being raped. Additionally, women who were pregnant were forced to give birth or abort their child in an unsafe and horrible medical environment. Children of the women who were forced to give birth were taken away and/or adopted by members of the military. It was common for women to return to ESMA after giving birth without even having the knowledge of what was the sex of their child or its whereabouts. Unlike men, during torture women were being sexually degraded and called slurs like "turra" which is
Argentinian slang for whore.
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communication, forced to be isolated in another way to instigate panic and fear for the prisoners. Eventually, night and day turned into one continual nightmare once prisoners became more veteran members of this torture site. Ana María Martí survived these horrid conditions, but she witnessed many other of her fellow victims suffer and die at the hands of the officers. She remarked that prisoners would begin to know when someone was about to be taken to the killing chambers; in order to prepare, the ESMA would properly feed and take care of the victims to bulk them up. This was in a concerted effort to make the eventual corpses seem more healthy and less connected to the operations of the ESMA.
617:, this inhumane treatment contributed in a major way to the numerous deaths that came from this detention center. A portion of the Argentines that were kidnapped by the military did not even make it to the ESMA. Argentines would resist or try to evade their capture forcing the military to wound them in order to take them in. Those that did not survive the trip to the ESMA or could not be saved by the navy doctors, the bodies would be cremated and buried in the athletic field. Overall, the ESMA committed approximately one-sixth of the total murders during the eight-year period of the Dirty War.
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638:) during the 1976-1983 dictatorship, including those involved in death flights, was reaching its close in July 2015. 830 witnesses and 789 victims were heard. There had been two previous trials after the Supreme Court struck down an amnesty the military dictatorship had granted its members; in the first the one accused committed suicide before a verdict was reached; in a 2009 trial, twelve defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment. The trial was still in progress as of April 2016, and was being covered in a dedicated blog,
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fear she had at the mention of the ESMA. Once she arrived, her stories telling her torture resembled the other stories that have been told by those lucky enough to survive. The main goal of the ESMA officers was to inflict as much pain as was possible, testing every victim's capability of surviving amidst deathly circumstances. Just within the basement floor of the interrogation methods, victims were subjugated to electric shocks, humiliating treatments, and removal of genitalia and other organs of the human body.
609:, these officers would attempt scientific experiments to show how well the human body could handle the loss of limbs, the removal of organs, and the fluctuation of hot and cold temperatures. Victims were also taken outside of the ESMA in the custody of those in charge to promote a sense of entertainment on the way to their murders. They would leave the prisoners in the middle of the jungle, supervising them as they unsuccessfully attempted to escape. Eventually, the guards would shoot them until they were dead.
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Since 2004 the original ESMA building has been used as a memorial museum to honor the memory of the disappeared. However, the mission of the memorial museum goes beyond that. ESMA will serve as a warning to assure that the gruesome acts of torture and other crimes done by the dictatorship will never
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The ESMA, because it killed approximately 4,850 prisoners, used a plethora of methods to kill their victims. Many popular techniques did not require that the prisoners left the confines of the ESMA. Inside the basement, interrogation methods such as drowning and electrocuting were common and an easy
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Susana Reyes recalled that when it came time to shower, the bathrooms had no doors, which the guards took advantage of to objectify the women. The guard would yell obscenities and make sexually explicit comments to the women while they were showering. Leading Susana Reyes to decide to always shower
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There were certain types of individuals within
Argentinian society who were to be kidnapped and removed from it. Stories show, for example, that there was a disproportionate number of Jews taken in custody, shedding light on anti-Semitic victimization. Another group targeted included the people who
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One detainee who survived, Ana María Martí, has related some of the horrific treatment she faced while in the confines of the ESMA. By the time she was captured, information was out that this torture center was something to fear. When she was kidnapped, the officers who snatched her laughed at the
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and his regime, the government would kidnap these people and place them in detention centers such as the ESMA. This would serve as a lesson to incite fear within other members of the community who were also against the current governmental structure of
Argentina. Upon being kidnapped, for example,
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Women were subject to psychological torture and sexual abuse while being captive in ESMA. Part of the military's psychological torment and disciplining of women was to force them to adhere to beauty standards by giving them make-up, perfume, and wax. For later to be taken on fictional dates where
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The most cited killing method in the ESMA includes pushing the prisoners off moving planes. Officers would require the ESMA residents to take rides in these planes, only to push them off and watch them fall to their deaths. The victims were often still conscious, despite having been drugged. As a
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The main entrance opens onto the central pavilion, where the authorities' offices were located. A covered patio there was used to show movies to the student body. To the left of this building was petty officers' housing, and further off and separated, the officers' housing, where the clandestine
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Once kidnapped, it was very rare that these prisoners would return home, leaving loved ones wondering if they would ever see their family members or friends again. During the beginning stages of the Dirty War, Argentinians living in Buenos Aires were unaware that the building that once housed a
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Members of the military claim that they were simply obeying orders. It was also claimed that military members were made to believe they were fighting a war against enemies in civilian clothes. Military members never protested their orders despite being aware of the tortures and gruesome acts
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The "capucha" of the ESMA was another terrifying area within this clandestine detention center. After the initial torturing and interrogations, prisoners were chained on the third floor and left alone while hooded (hence the name of the "capucha"). They were left in complete darkness with no
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between 1976-1983; all except 150 were killed during or after interrogation and torture. When announcements were made that prisoners were to be "transferred", people came to understand they were going to be executed. The prisoners were taken to the basement, sedated, and then killed, some by
316:. In 1928 it moved to its later notorious premises, designed by the architect Raúl J. Álvarez, on Blandengues street (now Avenida del Libertador), between Arroyo Medrano and the extension of Deheza street. Once again a legitimate educational establishment, it was renamed
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Behind, at the rear, were the dormitories and, across
Avenida Lugones, the institution's sports field. On the perimeter of the school were checkpoints which were manned by the students in rotating shifts, at least one week per year for each student.
304:(Navy Apprentice Mechanics School) was founded in premises that are now the Historical Naval Museum of Tigre, in Buenos Aires Province. In 1900 the School moved to naval workshops in Dársena Norte; in 1902 it became
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many kidnappers would interrogate the prisoners about why they were opposing the
Argentinian dictatorship and spreading a new political ideology, disregarding the fact of whether or not this was actually the case.
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and pushed out of the aircraft. These are only some examples of the many treatments that prisoners of the ESMA were forced to experience during the kidnappings that forced them into clandestine detention centers.
370:. The students lived in the complex from Monday through Friday, taking 8 to 10 hours of classes per day. The degrees could be completed in up to three years of studies, with the students receiving the degree of
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potentially supported a different government, opposing the current junta and military dictatorship of
Argentina. If there was any suspicion that Argentinians were meeting secretly and consistently to resist
335:. Under the terms of the decree, it was to revert to the city if it ceased to be a military educational establishment. The School of Mechanics, Naval War School, and Officers' Mess were built on the land.
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occur ever again. Argentines feel obligated to use the museum to share the stories of those that lost their lives during the Dirty War and to show the horrors that occurred within the walls of ESMA.
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perpetrated during the military dictatorship at the ESMA on
February 19, 2021. Among those convicted are former Navy officer Carlos Castellvi, police officer Raúl Cabral, and civilian Miguel Conde.
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Other sources say that the School was founded in 1924, on land granted that year by the
Municipality of Buenos Aires to the Ministry of the Navy by a decree that year, during the presidency of
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A few victims that survived and escaped the ESMA have made it a priority to share their experiences of the torture and human rights infractions they faced while living in this center.
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base, and the use of the old campus as a museum. It was granted the name ESSA in 1999 as the by now sole NCO school of the Navy and continues to function in the Puerto
Belgrano base.
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While most
English language sources refer to the unit as a 'task force', the attached Spanish webpage gives what appears to the proper name of the unit, named according to the
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374:("technician"), with the option of continuing either as naval servicemen, professional army, or air force NCOs or working elsewhere either in the public or private sector.
202:. The military took the babies born to mothers imprisoned there, suppressed their true identities, and allowed military families and associates of the regime to illegally
474:
516:. Massera had reportedly been present when the unit was set up, gave an opening speech to the officers, and personally participated in the first illegal detentions.
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way to kill. The ESMA officers, in other manners, found more unique ways to commit human rights violations that led to the deaths of many. For example, as seen in
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Each year about 10,000 youths signed up to enter as regular students, of whom around half were admitted and given scholarships for courses of study such as
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passed a law on 5 August 2004 that converted the ESMA complex into a museum, the Space for Memory and for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights (
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The ESMA building has been converted into a memorial museum to show and honor those who were "disappeared" during Argentina's Dirty War. The
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occurring in the ESMA because they were persuaded to believe that it was a supreme act that needed to be done for the sake of Argentina.
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873:
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509:). Officers in charge were under strict orders not to reveal their identities or military affiliation when capturing prisoners.
167:) has gone through three major transformations throughout its history. Originally ESMA served as an educational facility of the
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in 2023 under the name 'ESMA Museum and Site of Memory – Former Clandestine Center of Detention, Torture and Extermination'.
642:, with links to video reports of significant court sentences and similar events; many items are selected from the Argentine
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1260:[ESMA, H-hour: Press reports about the Navy School of Mechanics during the transition period January–May 1984].
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Inside view of the exhibits of the "Espacio Memoria y Derechos Humanos" which is the museum that ESMA was converted into
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result, numerous bodies of victims washed up on beaches hundreds of kilometers south of Buenos Aires. Also known as
481:. Jorge Vildoza has been identified by survivors as the second-in-command of ESMA. Among the Task Unit's ranks were
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382:. To the right of the central pavilion were the checkpoint, the military guard building, and the Naval War School (
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466:
The ESMA was used as a detention center from the very start of the 1976 dictatorship: on 24 March, the day of the
233:). On 10 June 2014 the Museo Malvinas was inaugurated in the ESMA campus, a museum about the islands disputed and
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Almost 5,000 people were abducted and held in the original ESMA campus in its active participation in the
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226:
1258:"ESMA, hora cero: las noticias sobre la Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada en la prensa de la transición"
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505:. It was in charge of the city of Buenos Aires proper and the northern part of the metropolitan area (
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846:"ESMA Museum and Site of Memory – Former Clandestine Center of Detention, Torture and Extermination"
715:"ESMA Museum and Site of Memory – Former Clandestine Center of Detention, Torture and Extermination"
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63:
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ESMA Museum and Site of Memory – Former Clandestine Center of Detention, Torture and Extermination
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A major trial, nicknamed "the ESMA mega-trial", of 63 people accused of crimes against humanity (
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171:. The original ESMA was a complex located at 8151 Libertador Avenue, in the Autonomous City of
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Behind the Disappearances: Argentina's Dirty War Against Human Rights and the United Nations
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Between 1976 and 1978, the group was ultimately under the orders of Navy Commander-in-Chief
917:"Adopted by their parents' enemies: tracing the stolen children of Argentina's 'dirty war'"
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A federal court sentenced eight sailors and police officers and a civilian in the trial of
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482:
398:
332:
211:
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during this time. ESMA was the largest detention center of its kind during the Dirty War.
8:
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starMedia: Trial for crimes against humanity in Argentina reaching its close, 7 July 2015
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497:, who became notorious as torturers. Astiz was known as the "Blond Angel of Death". Its
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Surviving state terror: women's testimonies of repression and resistance in Argentina
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772:"Nunca Más - Informe Conadep (Capítulo I - D. Centros Clandestinos de Detención)"
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419:
1228:"La Jornada - Argentina condena a 8 ex represores por delitos de lesa humanidad"
261:
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An airplane used for "death flights" during the Argentine military dictatorship
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Defunct Argentine naval school; used as a detention center during the Dirty War
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in 2001, and moved to Puerto Belgrano in 2005, merging the NCO schools of the
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Espacio para la Memoria y para la Promoción y Defensa de los Derechos Humanos
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In 1982, 230 final-year students of the ESMA were drafted to fight in the
256:; English: Navy Petty-Officers' School) in 2001, and moved in 2005 to the
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343:
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308:(Apprentice Mechanics and Stokers School). Two years later it became
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Video Report: 'The Prison and Torture Center ESMA: The Trial Begins
968:. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto Espacio para la Memoria. 2007.
742:"Memoria Abierta: Escuela Superior de Mecánica de la Armada (ESMA)"
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Government asks Brazil to extradite suspect accused of ESMA crimes
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Memorial Museum "Espacio Memoria y Derechos Humanos" (Former ESMA)
646:(National Agency of judicial news) Web site, Nacionales section.
470:, several people kidnapped by the Armed Forces were taken there.
215:
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183:. Additionally, It was the seat of U.T.3.3.2—Unidad de Tareas (
198:, described as "subversives" during what was described as the
359:
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was extradited to Argentina and faced charges, as of 2020.
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1077:"Argentine Tells of Dumping 'Dirty War' Captives Into Sea"
35:
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Armada admitió que la ESMA fue "un símbolo de barbarie"
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The flight: confessions of an Argentine dirty warrior
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ESMA: Not Forgotten: A Photo Journey by Jerry Nelson
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https://www.derechos.org/nizkor/arg/doc/perren1.html
264:, and about 600 km southwest of Buenos Aires.
966:Centros clandestinos de la ciudad de Buenos Aires
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453:
445:: they were flown over the Atlantic Ocean or the
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210:) was responsible for thousands of instances of
1330:Website of Escuela de suboficiales de la Armada
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244:The School, once again legitimate, was renamed
895:"Argentina's dirty war: the museum of horrors"
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528:Artistic Representation of the victims of ESMA
1203:The arrest and extradition of Gonzalo Sanchez
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302:Escuela de Aprendices Mecánicos de la Armada
300:According to the ESSA Web site, in 1897 the
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306:Escuela de Aprendices Mecánicos y Foguistas
1057:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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798:[Peace, memory, and sovereignty].
462:Basement where the "subversives" were kept
397:; some of them died in the sinking of the
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160:Escuela Superior de Mecánica de la Armada
50:Escuela Superior de Mecánica de la Armada
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981:"Jews targeted in Argentina's dirty war"
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473:Task Unit 3.2.2 was led by Rear-Admiral
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432:Clandestine detention center (Argentina)
426:Etymology and usage during the Dirty War
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418:ordered the move of the School to the
190:However, ESMA operated as an illegal,
163:, commonly referred to by its acronym
151:Higher School of Mechanics of the Navy
1226:Calloni, Stella (February 19, 2021).
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318:Escuela de suboficiales de la Armada
247:Escuela de Suboficiales de la Armada
237:by the United Kingdom (calling them
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951:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
196:the 1976–1983 military dictatorship
13:
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915:Tondo, Lorenzo (16 January 2023).
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241:) and Argentina (Islas Malvinas).
14:
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1313:Espacio para la memoria (Spanish)
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310:Escuela de Mecánicos de la Armada
893:Daniels, Alfonso (17 May 2008).
314:Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada
34:
28:Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada
1256:Feld, Claudia (December 2008).
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1075:Sims, Calvin (March 13, 1995).
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380:1976-1983 military dictatorship
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621:Treatment of women in the ESMA
454:Extrajudicial detention center
260:, 28 km from the city of
1:
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287:
979:Go-i, Uki (March 24, 1999).
880:, Terra, 3 de marzo de 2004.
850:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
719:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
558:Survivor stories of the ESMA
206:them. The Unidad de Tareas (
7:
1103:Verbitsky, Horacio (1996).
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588:Killing methods in the ESMA
551:General Jorge Rafael Videla
10:
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796:"PAZ, MEMORIA Y SOBERANÍA"
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296:Under construction in 1928
277:
267:The site was designated a
258:Puerto Belgrano Naval Base
86:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1266:With abstract in English.
1264:(in Spanish) (23–24): 83.
1157:Juicioesma.blogspot.co.uk
824:Web site of ESSA: History
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283:Functions and authorities
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1318:Megacausa ESMA streaming
1234:(in Spanish). La Jornada
1023:Sutton, Barbara (2018).
650:Gonzalo "Chispa" Sánchez
326:Argentine Naval Aviation
27:
22:Navy School of Mechanics
1397:Museums in Buenos Aires
1109:. New York: New Press.
657:crimes against humanity
503:Alberto Ángel Zanchetta
501:during 1977 was Father
384:Escuela de Guerra Naval
192:secret detention center
1183:Infojusnoticias.gov.ar
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514:Emilio Eduardo Massera
491:Ricardo Miguel Cavallo
475:Rubén Jacinto Chamorro
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947:Guest, Iain (1990).
663:Military testimonies
483:Jorge Eduardo Acosta
479:Carlos Acosta Ambone
441:shooting, others in
333:Marcelo T. de Alvear
212:forced disappearance
1353:34.5384°S 58.4636°W
1349: /
414:In 1998, president
272:World Heritage Site
64:Núñez, Buenos Aires
55:General information
1358:-34.5384; -58.4636
1179:"Infojus Noticias"
1081:The New York Times
876:2015-07-09 at the
829:2013-11-01 at the
761:numbering systems.
759:task force#US Navy
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520:Layout of the ESMA
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404:and the attack on
352:marine engineering
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132:Reference no.
1036:978-1-4798-7459-0
776:desaparecidos.org
507:Gran Buenos Aires
322:Argentina Marines
227:National Congress
194:for opponents of
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1153:"Causa ESMA"
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537:Who became
468:coup d'état
364:meteorology
362:operation,
344:aeronautics
340:electronics
235:fought over
1371:Categories
1344:58°27′49″W
1341:34°32′18″S
1205:. Interpol
1188:8 December
1163:7 December
1045:1030438124
855:2023-09-24
806:16 January
781:2022-04-13
724:2023-09-18
701:References
640:Causa ESMA
430:See also:
348:management
288:Legitimate
117:Designated
1387:Dirty War
1275:Nunca Más
1053:cite book
607:Holocaust
438:Dirty War
208:Task Unit
200:Dirty War
185:Task Unit
175:, in the
74:Argentina
1125:34194224
874:Archived
827:Archived
689:See also
605:and the
499:chaplain
401:Belgrano
324:and the
109:Criteria
104:Cultural
60:Location
1279:CONADEP
372:técnico
278:History
216:torture
155:Spanish
124:session
70:Country
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630:Trials
408:Sobral
366:, and
269:UNESCO
220:murder
218:, and
177:barrio
122:(45th
360:radio
204:adopt
181:Núñez
120:2023
1283:ESMA
1240:2021
1190:2015
1165:2015
1121:OCLC
1111:ISBN
1059:link
1041:OCLC
1031:ISBN
808:2023
493:and
406:ARA
399:ARA
253:ESSA
165:ESMA
149:The
135:1681
101:Type
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