152:
ships with the
Russians at Petersbourg continued, such that the British could gather intelligence of the Russian preparations at the head of the Gulf of Finland. HMS Preston interviewed one such trading ship on 17 July, confirming that the Russian fleet of some eighteen sail ("possibly fifteen ships-of-the-line, and two frigates") were at Cronflot prepared for defence. One of those ships had been struck by lightning, killing five of the crew. Some 200 galleys were also reported combat-ready. The Russian Prince Menzikoff arrived at Reval from Riga on 17 July when more diplomatic activity was pursued. A letter from the British Admiral was delivered by Captain Haddock and the prince invited those British and Danish officers who were ashore to dine with him. The prince then departed for Petersbourg. On September 9 a passing ship reported that the Russian galleys at Petersburg and Cronflot had already been hauled up into winter quarters, and that the Russian men-of-war were provisioned for only five days at a time - which was to continue until the British and Danish squadrons had sailed away from Reval. The British admiral Sir Charles Wager reported on 4 October from on board the flagship that the fleet had departed the Bay of Reval with fair wind, but that all changed and there had been bad weather ever since. The British ships had kept company with the Danes as far as Gotland where the latter anchored. The British chose to continue however and eventually anchored off the island of HanĂś (thirty miles west of Karlskrona) with very little damage to any of the ships.
372:. Orders were given to unrig the warships in Reval, empty them of ammunition and provisions, and haul them as high in the harbour as possible which was done quickly. Three or four regiments also reinforced the garrison of Reval. Count Rabutin at the Russian court argued forcibly that no agreements should be made with the British under duress, and ensured that a high state of readiness was maintained in case of precipitate action by the British/Danish forces. A new defensive battery was built at Reval.
67:
22:
380:
her armaments program. The
Czarina took great exception to the arrival of the Danish squadron in the Bay of Reval, as the Danish commander had not announced his arrival in her territory to the Russian court. She questioned if the Danes wished to be considered as enemies if they did not honour the custom and equity of so reporting.
243:
ships, which could not keep up with the
British squadron, to seek shelter in the lee of Gulland (Gotland). Many ships were short of water, which they sought to replenish at Slyte harbour north of that island. As they left Gotland, further storms ravaged the Danish ships in the second week of October. Three ships -
320:
On 20 December 1728 a commission of inquiry was appointed to investigate the case. Michael Bille was given the terms of reference of this commission in
February 1729 and gave his response in defence on 14 June. The investigation was abandoned in September 1729 when Michael Bille was appointed head of
242:
Reports. dated 22 October, of the withdrawal of the blockaders were sent to
Copenhagen after the flagship arrived in Danzig harbour. The combined fleet had lifted the blockade on 1 October, sailing westward with a good wind but on the 2 October storm, bad weather and contrary winds forced the Danish
379:
The
Czarina's reply, dated 19 July 1726 at St Petersburgh (sic), (full text at reference) (to His Britannic Majesty's letter) to Sir Charles Wager proclaimed her Imperial Majesty's desire to preserve the peace and tranquillity of the north. He pondered on the propriety of other monarchs questioning
151:
up the Gulf of
Finland to Cronflot for the Czarina. (The full text of the letter is at.) The admiral also sent word to the Danish squadron off Bornholm NOT to come. (although they did eventually arrive) Throughout the tense military/naval standoff of the summer of 1726, trade by British and Swedish
263:
were leaking badly, and such was the damage to most of the ships that food could not be prepared. The reduced squadron limped into Danzig on 19 October and proceeded with making repairs. The crews were also in poor shape - scurvy and pneumonias in the four ships with the flagship had accounted for
146:
The
British fleet was at Copenhagen on 23 April 1726 for two days of a diplomatic consultation on the Russian threat and cooperation. By 8 May, they were at anchor off Stockholm where the Admiral Wager delivered a copy of the letter from the British monarch written to the Czarina of Russia. The
375:
In addition to removing naval targets as much as possible from the Baltic harbours and reinforcing the landward defences, the
Czarina sought to calm the situation by ordering the citizens of Reval to supply the foreign squadrons with all necessary provisions, which they did. She also issued a
308:
A planned taskforce of eight ships-of-the-line and five frigates and a number of smaller ships was to have left
Copenhagen in June 1727 to continue observations of the Russian fleet in the Baltic in cooperation with a British squadron, but this was cancelled because of the death of the
176:
meant the end of nearly 200 years Danish-Swedish rivalry for the control of the Baltic. A third naval power, Russia, with borders on the Baltic, became a player. Nearly 13 years of war had taken its toll on the navy and the Danish national treasury. In 1725 many of the Danish fleet's
133:, to deter Russian intervention, while a second force of nine ships of the line under Admiral John Jennings to deter Spanish action, while a third force was sent to the Caribbean to stop Spain from sending silver from its American colonies back to Europe. Wager's force sailed from
197:
back to Copenhagen as the ship was severely dilapidated. He thought this would not be the last such ship to be retired from his fleet. The Danish squadron reported arriving off Reval on 26 June, one month after the reported arrival of the
359:
Reports reached Stockholm on 1 June that "The Czarina's Court was under the greatest Uneasiness and Consternation at the News of the British Fleet's advancing that Way", and had immediately given Orders for reinforcing the garrisons of
268:
The squadron arrived back in Copenhagen on 19 November and was disbanded. The investigation by the Danish Admiralty into all the accidents and poor management of the 1726 campaign were to reverberate for the next three years.
147:
Danish fleet meanwhile, had sailed from Copenhagen on 14 May, initially for Bornholm. Arriving off Reval the diplomatic letter from King George I was copied to the Russian port admiral, the original being sent onwards in HMS
137:
on 17 April 1726, joining up with a Danish squadron in May and proceeding to the Gulf of Finland. The deployment ended in the Autumn of 1726, Wager's fleet returning to England on 1 November that year.
376:"Declaration to British Merchants" on 21 June urging them to continue trading as normal and assuring them of full Russian support despite the provocation of British warships in her waters.
409:, on the river approaches to Stockholm. News from Reval and the Gulf of Finland was readily available in Stockholm from the numerous merchant ship movements and the normal Finnish Mail.
164:
came to Copenhagen on 12 May as a precaution against possible aggression by Russia. Still, the reason for this deployment disappeared with the death of the Czarina later that month.
492:(of these, two did not reach Reval and three got separated from the fleet on retreat from Reval. One arrived at Reval after the blockade had begun). Danish frigates
388:
Czarina Catherine died on 17 May 1727, and with her death the Russian support for the claims of Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp went into abeyance.
43:
202:. off Dars (west of RĂźgen) the joint fleet arrived off Reval on 26 June 1726 and instituted a blockade of the part of the Russian fleet in Reval (modern day
222:
ran aground and would have become a wreck but for the timely intervention of the British admiral. She was refloated without damage. The frigates
290:
the offence and arrest of Lieutenant Wegersløff, junior lieutenant on the flagship (who misunderstood his orders regarding issuance of rations)
962:: Containing an Impartial Relation to All Transactions Foreign and Domestick with a Chronological Diary..., Volume 11 (H Meere 1726 Europe)
353:
447:
Incomplete list of British ships in the squadron: Bedford,Grafton, Nassau, Northumberland, Port Mahon, Preston, Torbay (flag), Weymouth
30:
405:
accompanied by Field Marshal Count Ducker, Lieutenant Genera Cronstedt, and some other officers inspected a new fortification at the
1018:
296:
the separation of some of the squadron's ships from the flagship, namely three ships-of-the-line and two frigates, without orders.
933:
344:, both to the throne of Sweden and to his ducal possessions in Holstein, which had remained occupied by Denmark after 1720.
321:
the Copenhagen naval base of Holmen - a post which he held for the next six years. 215 men had died on the Reval expedition.
1013:
255:
lost all contact with the flagship; the rest of the fleet was also scattered but managed to regain contact after two days.
329:
177:
ships-of-the-line were laid up by order of the Danish Admiralty, as it was perceived that all danger of war had receded.
121:
to Spain, and later in the year, began to negotiate with Russia. As a response, the Royal Navy despatched a fleet of 20
189:
sailed from Copenhagen under sealed orders with a fleet of eight ships-of-the-line and four frigates. His flagship was
130:
906:
518:
comprising Admiral Frants Trojel, Vice Admiral Schindel, Rear Admiral Vosbein, and Legal Advisers Dreesen and Johnsen
161:
950:
545:
993:
Officers of the Danish-Norwegian Søetat 1660-1814 and The Danish Søetat 1814-1932: Volume II: KloppenborgâĂrsted
974:
Officers of the Danish-Norwegian Søetat 1660-1814 and The Danish Søetat 1814-1932 : Volume I: AalborgâKlog
280:
Immediately on the Danish fleet's return to Copenhagen, the Danish Admiralty began demanding explanations for
199:
988:
Officerer i den dansk-norske Søetat 1660â1814 og den danske Søetat 1814â1932: Andet Bind: KloppenborgâĂrsted
909:
between 1715 and 1727, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 12:1, 1-25, DOI: 10.1080/03585522.1964.10407632
544:, would resurrect claims against Denmark. Charles Frederick's first cousin, Adolph Frederick, would become
527:
The Czarina's reply was conveyed to Sir Charles Wager by Lieutenant M Sweroff in the 56-gun Russian ship
193:
and many of his fleet were in poor condition, and leaky. On 13 June the admiral ordered ship-of-the-line
969:
Officerer i den dansk-norske Søetat 1660â1814 og den danske Søetat 1814â1932: Første Bind: AalborgâKlog
352:
The Czarina was in Hamburg during May 1726 and planned to return via Riga in June, together with the
310:
186:
35:
959:
718:
110:
402:
337:
509:
There is no report in the Danish reference of the British instruction not to come to Reval.
8:
889:
858:
842:
820:
807:
693:
680:
667:
173:
929:
234:
arrived to join the blockading fleet. With her there was a cargo ship of provisions.
914:
406:
341:
122:
425:
According to Clowes, Jennings' fleet patrolled off Spain, while Rodger has it off
954:
333:
541:
94:
78:
986:
967:
230:
were both reported leaky, the former more so. On 14 July the ship-of-the-line
1007:
365:
287:
the provisioning of the taskforce, about which there had been many complaints
126:
916:
The Royal Navy: A History From the Earliest Times to the Present: Volume III
947:
264:
110 dead and 130 too ill for duty. One of the dead was Andreas Henrik
336:
in 1710. After Tsar Peter died in 1725, he was succeeded by his wife
114:
265:
134:
907:
The victualling of the British naval expeditions to the Baltic Sea
66:
211:
203:
118:
98:
90:
86:
340:. Catherine supported the claims of her son-in-law, the Duke of
21:
926:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649â1815
438:
In contemporary papers, the British spell the name with "REVEL"
426:
361:
943:
82:
500:
and two more names not recorded, plus lesser support ships.
369:
63:
1726 military conflict in Estonia during Great Northern War
210:
had sprung a leak near the island of Gulland (modern name
293:
why the Danish squadron became separated from the British
299:
and all else that had come to pass during the campaign.
984:
965:
785:
764:
752:
218:. On the approaches to Reval harbour ship-of-the-line
214:) and was escorted back to Denmark by the frigate
1005:
113:which included terms to require the restoration
985:Topsøe-Jensen, T. A.; Marquard, Emil (1935b).
966:Topsøe-Jensen, T. A.; Marquard, Emil (1935a).
879:The Historical Register Vol 11 pages 238 - 239
160:In 1727, a new British squadron commanded by
630:The Historical Register Vol 11 page 198, 199
93:) in the summer of 1726 by a joint force of
555:
853:
851:
569:
567:
565:
584:
582:
65:
46:of all important aspects of the article.
870:The Historical Register Vol 11 page 205
848:
832:The Historical Register Vol 11 page 206
657:The Historical Register Vol 11 page 329
648:The Historical Register Vol 11 page 328
639:The Historical Register Vol 11 page 327
621:The Historical Register Vol 11 page 326
612:The Historical Register Vol 11 page 195
562:
1006:
923:
912:
748:
746:
704:
702:
600:
588:
579:
573:
391:
324:
104:
42:Please consider expanding the lead to
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
167:
999:(in Danish). Copenhagen: H. Hagerup.
980:(in Danish). Copenhagen: H. Hagerup.
540:Charles Frederick's son, the future
109:In 1725, Spain and Austria signed a
15:
919:. Sampson Low, Marston and Company.
699:
13:
786:Topsøe-Jensen & Marquard 1935b
765:Topsøe-Jensen & Marquard 1935a
755:, pp. 126â127 (Michael Bille)
753:Topsøe-Jensen & Marquard 1935a
723:
284:the grounding of HDMS Beskiermeren
14:
1030:
332:had fallen to the Russians under
206:) from 7 July. Ship-of-the-line
899:
20:
1019:Blockades by the United Kingdom
882:
873:
864:
835:
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686:
673:
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633:
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521:
512:
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450:
34:may be too short to adequately
913:Clowes, William Laird (1898).
788:, p. 681 (Lt. Wegersløff)
624:
615:
606:
594:
441:
432:
419:
44:provide an accessible overview
1:
185:On 25 May 1726 Rear Admiral
181:Danish ships at Reval (1726)
7:
1014:Military history of Tallinn
125:to the Baltic with Admiral
10:
1035:
942:Royal Danish Naval Museum
924:Rodger, N. A. M. (2006).
456:Danish ships-of-the-line
776:Topsøe-Jensen Vol 2 p551
556:Citations and references
412:
81:fleet in the harbour of
960:The Historical Register
683:dated 27 September 1726
75:Naval Blockade of Reval
905:D. D. Aldridge (1964)
77:was a blockade of the
70:
696:dated 18 October 1726
69:
719:The Navy before 1801
670:dated 13 August 1726
845:dated 2 August 1726
392:The Swedish account
325:The Russian account
105:The British account
953:2012-12-31 at the
861:dated 16 July 1726
823:dated 11 June 1726
531:from St Petersburg
330:Estonia and Latvia
174:Great Northern War
168:The Danish account
111:series of Treaties
71:
935:978-0-141-02690-9
892:dated 2 July 1726
890:Issue 6491 page 1
859:Issue 6495 page 1
843:Issue 6500 page 1
821:Issue 6485 Page 1
810:dated 28 May 1726
808:Issue 6481 page 1
694:Issue 6522 page 1
681:Issue 6516 page 1
668:Issue 6503 page 1
407:Castle of Waxholm
129:and Rear Admiral
123:ships of the line
61:
60:
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708:Aldridge page 23
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631:
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619:
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603:, pp. 42â43
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576:, pp. 42â44
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354:Duke of Holstein
342:Holstein-Gottorp
200:British squadron
56:
53:
47:
24:
16:
1034:
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1029:
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1024:
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996:
977:
955:Wayback Machine
936:
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888:London Gazette
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857:London Gazette
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841:London Gazette
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819:London Gazette
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806:London Gazette
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797:Aldridge page 2
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403:Swedish monarch
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334:Peter the Great
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311:British monarch
172:The end of the
170:
162:Sir John Norris
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64:
57:
51:
48:
41:
29:This article's
25:
12:
11:
5:
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546:King of Sweden
542:Tsar Peter III
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401:On 9 June the
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38:the key points
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19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
994:
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983:
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971:
970:
964:
961:
958:
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952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
931:
927:
922:
918:
917:
911:
908:
904:
903:
900:Cited sources
891:
885:
876:
867:
860:
854:
852:
844:
838:
829:
822:
816:
809:
803:
794:
787:
782:
773:
767:, p. 128
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754:
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745:
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733:
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689:
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669:
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645:
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597:
591:, p. 231
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368:, Reval, and
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187:Michael Bille
180:
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165:
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141:
140:
139:
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132:
131:George Walton
128:
127:Charles Wager
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120:
116:
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100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
68:
55:
45:
39:
37:
32:
27:
23:
18:
17:
992:
987:
973:
968:
948:Danish ships
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837:
828:
815:
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523:
514:
505:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:Nordstiernen
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:Beskiermeren
457:
452:
443:
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400:
387:
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328:
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245:Beskiermeren
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220:Beskiermeren
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191:Nordstiernen
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108:
74:
72:
49:
33:
31:lead section
928:. Penguin.
601:Clowes 1898
589:Rodger 2006
574:Clowes 1898
462:Delmenhorst
338:Catherine I
316:1728 - 1729
261:Delmenhorst
1008:Categories
498:Søridderen
238:Withdrawal
228:Søridderen
216:Søridderen
149:Port Mahon
717:Balsved -
494:Høyenhald
466:Ebenetzer
273:Aftermath
224:Høyenhald
208:Ebenetzer
115:Gibraltar
85:(today's
36:summarize
951:Archived
484:(flag),
366:Cronflot
266:Stiboldt
135:the Nore
52:May 2023
944:website
548:in 1751
529:Raphael
486:Slesvig
478:Laaland
362:Wibourg
253:Slesvig
212:Gotland
204:Tallinn
195:Laaland
119:Minorca
101:ships.
95:British
91:Estonia
87:Tallinn
79:Russian
995:]
976:]
932:
490:Wenden
474:Island
427:Ostend
249:Island
99:Danish
997:(PDF)
991:[
978:(PDF)
972:[
413:Notes
89:, in
83:Reval
930:ISBN
488:and
470:Fyen
397:1726
384:1727
370:Riga
348:1726
304:1727
276:1726
259:and
257:Fyen
251:and
232:Fyen
226:and
156:1727
142:1726
117:and
97:and
73:The
1010::
946:-
850:^
725:^
701:^
581:^
564:^
496:,
480:,
476:,
472:,
468:,
464:,
460:,
364:,
356:.
247:,
938:.
429:.
54:)
50:(
40:.
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