914:
894:
291:
940:
1510:
1495:
1480:
1468:
1456:
551:
1534:
1522:
567:
1553:
597:
435:
418:
995:
982:
972:
962:
306:
7909:
1069:
338:
3516:, which had strengthened the monarch's status and the empire's military abilities. Charles XII refrained from all kinds of luxury and alcohol and usage of the French language, since he considered these things decadent and superfluous. He preferred the life of an ordinary soldier on horseback, not that of contemporary baroque courts. He determinedly pursued his goal of dethroning his adversaries, whom he considered unworthy of their thrones due to broken promises, thereby refusing to take several chances to make peace. During the war, the most important Swedish commanders besides Charles XII were his close friend
1569:
613:
4248:
1442:
1429:
1419:
1409:
1399:
1312:
536:
522:
1081:
1018:
1006:
3575:
3466:
321:
4123:
4376:
1230:
1218:
1203:
1191:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1125:
1113:
1099:
457:
1546:
582:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1057:
1045:
1030:
469:
354:
493:
1389:
508:
1294:
481:
5250:
875:
863:
848:
833:
821:
802:
790:
778:
763:
742:
721:
702:
690:
678:
656:
1366:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1306:
1237:
55:
5166:
5157:
3405:(1645; 1658). These victories may be ascribed to a well-trained army, which despite its comparatively small size, was far more professional than most continental armies, and also to a modernization of administration (both civilian and military) in the course of the 17th century, which enabled the monarchy to harness the resources of the country and its empire effectively. Fighting in the field, the Swedish army (which during the Thirty Years' War contained more German and Scottish
278:
1382:
8163:
4401:
8172:
4734:
933:
8184:
4777:
630:
1247:
752:
731:
401:
1581:
926:
6724:
5053:
4897:
3475:
4999:
385:
947:
370:
4506:, crossing the Neva from the north. They met stubborn resistance, ran out of supplies and, after reaching the Gulf of Finland west of Kronstadt, had to be evacuated by sea between 10 and 17 October. Over 11,000 men were evacuated but more than 5000 horses were slaughtered, which crippled the mobility and offensive capability of the Swedish army in Finland for several years.
4789:
soon as possible in the spring of 1713. However, like so often, Swedish naval units arrived only after the initial
Russian spring campaign had ended. Nominally under the command of Apraksin, but accompanied by Peter the Great, a fleet of coastal ships together with 12,000 menâinfantry and artilleryâbegan the campaign by sailing from
4530:. Charles wanted not just to defeat the Commonwealth army but to depose Augustus, whom he regarded as especially treasonous, and have him replaced with someone who would be a Swedish ally, though this proved hard to achieve. After years of marches and fighting around Poland he finally had to invade Augustus' hereditary
4788:
After the failure of 1712, Peter the Great ordered that further campaigns in war-ravaged regions of
Finland with poor transportation networks were to be performed along the coastline and the seaways near the coast. Alarmed by the Russian preparations Lybecker requested naval units to be brought in as
4844:
cape already in early May 1714. This caused severe trouble for
Russian supply route to Turku and beyond as supplies had to be carried overland. The Russian galley fleet arrived to the area on 29 June but stayed idle until 26â27 July when, under the leadership of Peter, Russian galleys managed to run
5233:
for the
Swedish throne. The Gottorp party succumbed and Ulrike Eleonora, wife of Frederick I, transferred power to her husband in May 1720. When peace was concluded with Denmark, the anti-Swedish coalition had already fallen apart, and Denmark was not in a military position to negotiate a return of
4475:
and
Kronslot. The Swedes attempted a raid on the Neva fort on 13 July 1704 with ships and landing armies, but the Russian fortifications held. In 1705, repeated Swedish attacks were made against Russian fortifications in the area, to little effect. A major attack on 15 July 1705 ended in the deaths
5257:
When Sweden finally was at peace with
Hanover, Great Britain, Brandenburg-Prussia and DenmarkâNorway, it hoped that the anti-Russian sentiments of the Vienna parties and France would culminate in an alliance that would restore its Russian-occupied eastern provinces. Yet, primarily due to internal
4849:
and was overpowered by the
Russians who had nearly ten-fold superiority. The Russian breach of the blockade at Hangö forced the Swedish fleet to withdraw to prevent the Russian fleet from reaching Sweden itself. The Russian army occupied Finland mostly in 1713â1714, capturing Ă
land from where the
3646:
in 1699 and continued his anti-Swedish policies. After the setbacks of 1700, he focused on transforming his state, an absolute monarchy, in a manner similar to
Charles XI of Sweden. He did not achieve his main goal: to regain the former eastern Danish provinces lost to Sweden in the course of the
3710:
Russia was able to mobilize a larger army but could not put all of it into action simultaneously. The
Russian mobilization system was ineffective and the expanding nation needed to be defended in many locations. A grand mobilization covering Russia's vast territories would have been unrealistic.
3420:
However, the
Swedish state ultimately proved unable to support and maintain its army in a prolonged war. Campaigns on the continent had been proposed on the basis that the army would be financially self-supporting through plunder and taxation of newly gained land, a concept shared by most major
4768:
river using scorched earth tactics. Apraksin's forces reached the river but chose not to cross it and instead withdrew back to Viborg, likely due to problems in supply. Swedish efforts to maintain their defences were greatly hampered by the drain of manpower by the continental army and various
5180:
By the time of Charles XII's death, the anti-Swedish allies became increasingly divided on how to fill the power gap left behind by the defeated and retreating Swedish armies. George I and Frederik IV both coveted hegemony in northern Germany, while Augustus the Strong was concerned about the
4820:
to the new base of operations. Russian cavalry managed to link up with the rest of the army there as well. Lybecker's army of 7000 infantry and 3000 cavalry avoided contact with the Russians and instead kept withdrawing further inland without even contesting the control of BorgÄ region or the
4825:(Ă
bo). This also severed the contact between Swedish fleet and ground forces and prevented Swedish naval units from supplying it. Soldiers in the Swedish army who were mostly Finnish resented being repeatedly ordered to withdraw without even seeing the enemy. Lybecker was soon recalled to
5207:
in 1719 and early 1720, which partitioned Sweden's northern German dominions among the parties. The negotiations were mediated by French diplomats, who sought to prevent a complete collapse of Sweden's position on the southern Baltic coast and assured that Sweden was to retain
5073:
who raided for supplies. To place pressure on Sweden, Russia sent a large fleet to the Swedish east coast in July 1719. There, under protection of the Russian battlefleet, the Russian galley fleet was split into three groups. One group headed for the coast of
4809:(BorgÄ) after setting afire both the town and all the supplies stored there as well as bridges leading north from the town. It was only on 12 May that a Swedish squadron under Admiral Erik Johan Lillie made it to Helsinki but there was nothing it could do.
4538:, Augustus was finally forced to step down from the Polish throne, but Charles had already lost the valuable advantage of time over his main enemy in the east, Peter I, who then had the time to recover and build up an army that was both new and better.
5121:. While the result of the battle is contested, it ended Russian galley raids in 1720. As negotiations for peace did not progress, the Russian galleys were once again sent to raid the Swedish coast in 1721, targeting primarily the Swedish coast between
4541:
At this point, in 1707, Peter offered to return everything he had so far occupied (essentially Ingria) except Saint Petersburg and the line of the Neva, to avoid a full-scale war, but Charles XII refused. Instead he initiated a march from Saxony
4175:. At the same time, a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet had also set course towards Denmark. Together with the Swedish fleet, they carried out a bombardment of Copenhagen from 20 to 26 July. This surprise move and pressure by the Maritime Powers (
4695:. Charles showed no interest in returning, established a provisional court in his colony, and sought to persuade the sultan to engage in an Ottoman-Swedish assault on Russia. The sultan put an end to the generous hospitality granted and
4845:
the blockade making use of calm weather, which immobilized the Swedish battlefleet while losing only one galley of roughly 100. A small, hastily assembled Swedish coastal squadron met the Russian galley fleet west of Hangö cape in the
3604:
relying on trade and on a strong, professional army and navy. He greatly expanded the size of Russia during his reign while providing access to the Baltic, Black, and Caspian seas. Beside Peter, the principal Russian commanders were
4801:. Together with rowers from the ships the Russians had 20,000 men at their disposal even without the cavalry. The defenders, however, managed to fend off landing attempts by the attackers until the Russians landed at their flank at
5181:
ambitions of Frederick William I on the southeastern Baltic coast. Peter the Great, whose forces were spread all around the Baltic Sea, envisioned hegemony in East Central Europe and sought to establish naval bases as far west as
4491:. However, bad roads proved impassable to his heavy siege guns. The troops, who arrived on 12 October, therefore had to abandon the siege after only a few days. On 12 May 1708, a Russian galley fleet made a lightning raid on
5238:. Frederick I was, however, willing to cede Swedish support for his rival in Holstein-Gottorp, which came under Danish control with its northern part annexed, and furthermore cede the Swedish privilege of exemption from the
5064:
After the death of Charles XII, Sweden still refused to make peace with Russia on Peter's terms. Despite a continued Swedish naval presence and strong patrols to protect the coast, small Russian raids took place in 1716 at
5018:, starting in February 1716, to force DenmarkâNorway into a separate peace treaty. Furthermore, he attempted to bar Great Britain access to the Baltic Sea. In search for allies, Charles XII also negotiated with the British
4525:
in June 1701 and took Warsaw the following year, but trying to force a decisive defeat proved elusive. Russia left Poland in the spring of 1706, abandoning artillery but escaping from the pursuing Swedes, who stopped at
3711:
Peter I tried to raise his army's morale to Swedish levels. Denmark contributed 20,000 men in their invasion of Holstein-Gottorp and more on other fronts. Poland and Saxony together could mobilize at least 100,000 men.
4456:, Sweden was able to maintain control of most of its Baltic provinces. Before going to war, Peter had made preparations for a navy and a modern-style army, based primarily on infantry drilled in the use of firearms.
3421:
powers of the period. The cost of the warfare proved to be much higher than the occupied countries could fund, and Sweden's coffers and resources in manpower were eventually drained in the course of long conflicts.
2807:
5224:
southern Swedish Pomerania. Britain would briefly switch sides and supported Sweden before leaving the war. In addition to the rivalries in the anti-Swedish coalition, there was an inner-Swedish rivalry between
2802:
4322:
in which he made peace with the Swedish Empire, renounced his claims to the Polish crown, accepted Stanislaus LeszczyĆski as king, and ended his alliance with Russia. Patkul was also extradited and executed by
2722:
9922:
4327:
in 1707, an incident which, given his diplomatic immunity, infuriated opinion against the Swedish king, who was then expected to win the war against the only hostile power remaining, Tsar Peter's Russia.
3631:
into an absolute monarchy were not realized due to the zealous nature of the Polish nobility and the previously initiated laws that decreased the power of the monarch. His meeting with Peter the Great in
4967:
openly joined the coalition by declaring war on Sweden in the summer of 1715. Charles was then at war with much of Northern Europe, and Stralsund was doomed. Charles remained there until December 1715,
5316:
Sweden had lost almost all of its "overseas" holdings gained in the 17th century and ceased to be a major power. Russia gained its Baltic territories and became one of the greatest powers in Europe.
4924:. Yet the town could not be taken due to the arrival of a Swedish relief army, led by general Magnus Stenbock, which secured the Pomeranian pocket before turning west to defeat an allied army in the
3042:
2837:
4793:
on 2 May 1713; a further 4,000 cavalry were later sent overland to join with the army. The fleet had already arrived at Helsinki on 8 May and were met by 1,800 Swedish infantry under General
4424:, but the shift of Charles XII's army to the Polish-Saxon threat soon afterward provided him with an opportunity to regroup and regain territory in the Baltic provinces. Russian victories at
3508:
in 1697, aged 14. From his predecessor, he took over the Swedish Empire as an absolute monarch. Charles XI had tried to keep the empire out of wars, and concentrated on inner reforms such as
3647:
17th century. He was not able to keep northern Swedish Pomerania, Danish from 1712 to 1715. He did put an end to the Swedish threat south of Denmark. He ended Sweden's exemption from the
2822:
5294:) were ceded to the tsardom. Sweden's dissatisfaction with the result led to fruitless attempts at recovering the lost territories in the course of the following century, such as the
4752:
in 1710 and successfully held it against Swedish attempts to retake the town in 1711. In 1712 the first Russian campaign to capture Finland began under the command of General Admiral
5113:
in early 1720, Sweden was no longer at war with Denmark, which allowed more forces to be placed against the Russians. This did not prevent Russian galleys from raiding the town of
4479:
In view of continued failure to check Russian consolidation, and with declining manpower, Sweden opted to blockade Saint Petersburg in 1705. In the summer of 1706, Swedish General
3409:
than ethnic Swedes, but was administered by the Swedish Crown) was able, in particular, to make quick, sustained marches across large tracts of land and to maintain a high rate of
2727:
4812:
The bulk of the Russian forces moved along the coast towards BorgĂ„ and the forces of Lybecker, whom Armfelt had joined. On 21â22 May 1713 a Russian force of 10,000 men landed at
8222:
4282:
was formally neutral at this point, as Augustus started the war as an Elector of Saxony. Disregarding Polish negotiation proposals supported by the Swedish parliament, Charles
10344:
9132:
2581:
10374:
2889:
2435:
3267:
The war ended with the defeat of Sweden, leaving Russia as the new dominant power in the Baltic region and as a new major force in European politics. The Western powers,
9917:
3167:, sensing an opportunity as Sweden was ruled by the young Charles XII, declared war on the Swedish Empire and launched a threefold attack on Swedish Holstein-Gottorp,
2817:
4585:
This shattering defeat in 1709 did not end the war, although it decided it. Denmark and Saxony joined the war again and Augustus the Strong, through the politics of
2947:
2762:
2695:
1798:
9279:
7369:
2375:
4773:
that struck Finland and Sweden between 1710 and 1713, which devastated the land killing, amongst others, over half of the population of Helsingfors (Helsinki).
9971:
7198:
4854:, which was plundered on 18 September, the fleet instead supported the advance of the Russian army, which led to hastily withdrawal by the Swedish army from
4829:
for a hearing and Armfelt was ordered to the command of the army. Under his command the Swedish army in Finland stopped to engage the advancing Russians at
4589:, regained the Polish throne. Peter continued his campaigns in the Baltics, and eventually he built up a powerful navy. In 1710 the Russian forces captured
5102:, and almost all the buildings in the archipelago of Stockholm were burned. A smaller Russian force advanced on the Swedish capital but was stopped at the
4480:
2737:
10020:
8096:
3542:, daughter of Charles XI of Sweden, had been the Swedish heir since 1702. He claimed the throne upon Charles XII's death in 1718, but was supplanted by
8139:
5190:
2742:
4850:
population had already fled to Sweden on 13 August 1714. Since the Russian galley fleet was not able to raid the Swedish coast, with the exception of
8301:
2767:
2574:
4495:
and managed to return to Kronslot just one day before the Swedish battle fleet returned to the blockade, after being delayed by unfavourable winds.
9986:
9316:
8665:
7826:
6430:
6909:
Vorpommern nördlich der Peene unter dÀnischer Verwaltung 1715 bis 1721. Aufbau einer Verwaltung und Herrschaftssicherung in einem eroberten Gebiet
3287:
and a possible joining of France and Spain. The formal conclusion of the Great Northern War came with the Swedish-Hanoverian and Swedish-Prussian
10105:
8052:
5986:
5596:
10183:
9850:
9542:
8991:
7583:
10354:
9959:
10200:
8568:
8429:
7609:
7432:
6147:
6044:
5951:
2940:
2832:
2688:
2567:
1791:
7542:
6108:
6022:
10304:
9912:
9907:
9167:
7362:
6662:
Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France depuis les traités de Westphalie jusqu'à la Révolution française
5226:
4687:
river. However, Peter managed to negotiate a retreat, making a few territorial concessions and promising to withdraw his forces from the
3873:* The difference between heavy and other cavalry is often unclear as Swedish cavalry was used as heavy shock cavalry yet was unarmoured.
3531:
2368:
994:
981:
971:
961:
918:
305:
6748:
5106:
on 13 August. Swedish and British fleets, now allied with Sweden, sailed from the west coast of Sweden but failed to catch the raiders.
10339:
10314:
9828:
9228:
8987:
8195:
5204:
5142:
5086:. Together they carried a landing force of nearly 30,000 men. Raiding continued for a month and devastated amongst others the towns of
4234:
3288:
1988:
203:
83:
5532:
3707:
had a standing army of 77,000 men (based on annual training). By 1707 this number had swollen to at least 120,000 despite casualties.
7191:
4833:
in October 1713, where a Russian flanking manoeuvre forced him to withdraw to avoid getting encircled. The armies met again later at
4483:
crossed the Neva with 4,000 troops and defeated an opposing Russian force, but made no move on Saint Petersburg. Later in the autumn
7577:
7559:
6739:
1441:
1428:
1418:
1408:
1398:
1311:
535:
521:
9454:
7697:
7565:
7320:
3231:
9145:
3230:
After Poltava, the anti-Swedish coalition revived and subsequently Hanover and Prussia joined it. The remaining Swedish forces in
9309:
9294:
8901:
8385:
8372:
8357:
8323:
8129:
8089:
7518:
7337:
2933:
2681:
1784:
1765:
110,000+ killed by famine, disease and exhaustion. Likely much higher figure based on the circumstances of campaigns and battles.
8468:
8318:
8043:
7595:
10060:
9991:
9284:
9218:
9082:
8687:
8670:
8660:
8648:
8601:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8497:
8492:
8362:
8335:
7845:
7832:
7772:
7731:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7663:
7537:
7474:
7355:
5370:
3691:
and, since 1714, king of Great Britain and of Ireland, took the opportunity to connect his landlocked German electorate to the
3535:
3106:, and forced out of the alliance in 1700 and 1706 respectively, but rejoined it in 1709 after the defeat of Charles XII at the
2705:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2361:
898:
10324:
9588:
8227:
8217:
7149:
6992:
6954:
6935:
6916:
6851:
6815:
6792:
6770:
6504:
5881:
5856:
5831:
5806:
5781:
5756:
5731:
5706:
5681:
5583:
5476:
5221:
2854:
2797:
6163:Ăgoston, Gabor (2010), "Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry and military transformation." In: Tallet, Frank & Trim, D.B.J. (eds.).
2849:
2049:
10299:
9939:
9929:
9223:
9092:
8872:
8390:
7851:
7501:
7447:
7437:
7184:
6066:
3257:
2342:
2265:
2044:
9964:
7275:
4840:
In 1714, far greater Swedish naval assets were diverted towards Finland, which managed to cut the coastal sea route past
4764:
chose not to face the Russians with his 7,500 men in the prepared positions close to Viborg and instead withdrew west of
4598:
4365:
4255:
4238:
2119:
1343:
5014:
After Charles XII had returned from the Ottoman Empire and resumed personal control of the war effort, he initiated two
4816:(Pernaja) and constructed fortifications there. Large stores of supplies and munitions were transported from Viborg and
1545:
581:
10178:
10010:
9897:
9376:
9120:
9100:
8643:
8446:
8412:
8082:
8057:
7396:
5271:
5031:
4960:
4956:
4921:
4879:
4770:
4279:
3965:
3628:
3184:
3099:
2241:
1538:
794:
525:
157:
10369:
10120:
9739:
9685:
9680:
9628:
9623:
9613:
9578:
9573:
9563:
9553:
9531:
9526:
9503:
9498:
9473:
9449:
9444:
9429:
9289:
9069:
8983:
8953:
8793:
8727:
8024:
7765:
7011:
6973:
6897:
6874:
6712:
5299:
5295:
3021:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2957:
2909:
2904:
2894:
2879:
2869:
2859:
2543:
1573:
985:
8005:
10329:
10289:
9722:
9658:
9483:
9396:
8759:
8275:
7807:
7378:
2548:
2521:
2516:
2482:
2477:
2472:
1422:
682:
511:
180:
4221:, attempted to use the bidding for the favour of Sweden by France and the Maritime Powers (then on the eve of the
10349:
10319:
10309:
10294:
10269:
10115:
9875:
9860:
9801:
9160:
9033:
8280:
8270:
7975:
5117:
once again. Later, in July 1720, a squadron from the Swedish battlefleet engaged the Russian galley fleet in the
3674:
3440:, who looked to address the earlier losses and re-establish a Baltic presence. In the late 1690s, the adventurer
998:
10015:
7250:
7245:
6911:. BeitrÀge zur MilitÀr- und Kriegsgeschichte (in German). Vol. 65. Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag.
4535:
4319:
3211:
to confront Peter, but the campaign ended in 1709 with the destruction of the main Swedish army at the decisive
3188:
1768:
14,000â20,000 Poles, Saxons and 8,000 Danes (70,000 Danes total) killed in the larger battles between 1709â1719.
10364:
10359:
10334:
9583:
9547:
8852:
8774:
5382:
5378:
5330:
5186:
5047:
4543:
4341:
4302:
in 1704. August II resisted, still possessing control of his native Saxony, but was decisively defeated at the
4271:
3654:
3606:
3582:
3208:
3195:, architect of the alliance seven years earlier. Meanwhile, the forces of Peter I had recovered from defeat at
3142:
3119:
1526:
1117:
806:
617:
9020:
7074:
Peter the Great and the Russian Military Campaigns During the Final Years of the Great Northern War, 1719â1721
5022:. This resulted in Great Britain declaring war on Sweden in 1717. The Norwegian campaigns were halted and the
4675:. Peter I demanded Charles's eviction, and when the sultan refused, Peter decided to force it by invading the
3436:. Russian fortunes began to reverse in the final years of the 17th century, notably with the rise to power of
9998:
9749:
9478:
9304:
9299:
9254:
8526:
8417:
8134:
8105:
7813:
7404:
5015:
4985:
4222:
3276:
2640:
2605:
2510:
27:
5258:
conflicts in Great Britain and France, that did not happen. Therefore, the war was finally concluded by the
5203:
Hanover-Great Britain and Brandenburg-Prussia thereupon negotiated separate peace treaties with Sweden, the
1499:
10075:
10045:
10040:
9981:
9870:
9865:
9833:
9774:
9695:
9653:
9536:
8970:
8764:
8475:
7879:
7873:
7603:
2494:
1971:
1914:
1432:
1207:
9015:
2299:
1946:
10394:
10264:
10210:
10193:
10065:
9934:
9902:
9838:
9727:
9618:
9603:
9439:
9127:
8906:
8876:
8821:
8816:
8367:
7290:
7265:
4692:
4618:
3574:
3031:
2657:
1331:
1241:
309:
4429:
4291:
3187:
to Saxony, dethroning Augustus on the way (September 1706) and forcing him to acknowledge defeat in the
3134:
2004:
1884:
10110:
9648:
9638:
9608:
9598:
9213:
9153:
9105:
8840:
8828:
8149:
8124:
8013:
7442:
7220:
6496:
4969:
4315:
4242:
3449:
2864:
2662:
2066:
1992:
1936:
1894:
1472:
1412:
5980:
4891:
2014:
1445:
1402:
9949:
9843:
9643:
8938:
8845:
8254:
7986:
7980:
7932:
7426:
5035:
4948:
4798:
4716:
4626:
4579:
4546:. Though his primary goal was Moscow, the strength of his forces was sapped by the cold weather (the
3680:
3658:
3111:
2487:
2161:
2134:
1904:
1557:
1355:
1085:
8232:
4299:
4294:
in 1703. This successful invasion enabled Charles XII to dethrone Augustus II and coerce the Polish
4194:
and face his remaining enemies: besides the army of Augustus II in Livonia, an army of Russian tsar
3517:
2324:
706:
10389:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10090:
9796:
9371:
9175:
8933:
8896:
7386:
7300:
7270:
7255:
7225:
6101:
5305:
Saxe-Poland-Lithuania and Sweden did not conclude a formal peace treaty; instead, they renewed the
5195:
4642:
4622:
4614:
4275:
3636:
in September 1698, where the plans to attack Sweden were made, became legendary for its decadence.
3513:
3268:
3248:. Sweden proper was invaded from the west by DenmarkâNorway and from the east by Russia, which had
2319:
2309:
2182:
1941:
1552:
601:
596:
539:
439:
434:
2405:
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10384:
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9351:
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who fought for Russia but defected to Charles XII in 1708. Mazepa died in 1709 in Ottoman exile.
3539:
3292:
3183:(November 1700) respectively, and in a counter-offensive pushed Augustus II's forces through the
3083:
2591:
2226:
2029:
1981:
1976:
1966:
1502:
1487:
1460:
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1370:
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219:
7908:
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Richard Brzezinski. LĂŒtzen 1632: Climax of the Thirty Years' War. Osprey Publishing, 2001. p. 19
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but did not become the actual ruler until 1689. He commenced reforming the country, turning the
1889:
1864:
1180:
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68:
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in 1709, though the shattered Swedish continental army could provide very little help. Russia
4683:
resulted in a disaster for the Russians as Peter's army was trapped by an Ottoman army at the
4597:, evicting the Swedes from the Baltic provinces, now integrated in the Russian Tsardom by the
4247:
4183:) forced DenmarkâNorway to withdraw from the war in August 1700 according to the terms of the
4105:
2400:
2187:
1837:
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10095:
9855:
9784:
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4707:; later he abandoned his hopes for an Ottoman front and returned to Sweden in a 14-day ride.
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2009:
1961:
1899:
694:
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4928:. Pursued by coalition forces, Stenbock and his army was trapped and surrendered during the
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1931:
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1951:
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8583:
7723:
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Peter the Great's army. 1: Infantry / ext by Angus Konstam. Colour plates by David Rickman
3199:
and gained ground in Sweden's Baltic provinces, where they cemented Russian access to the
1999:
8:
10243:
10173:
10030:
9558:
9493:
9264:
8717:
8144:
7753:
7285:
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Warrior kings of Sweden. The rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
5774:
Peter the Great's army. 2: Cavalry / ext by Angus Konstam. Colour plates by David Rickman
5310:
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2019:
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first focused on attacking Denmark. The Swedish navy was able to outmaneuver the Danish
4142:
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3509:
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3176:
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7295:
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6847:
6811:
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6708:
6500:
5877:
5852:
5827:
5802:
5777:
5752:
5727:
5702:
5677:
5579:
5472:
5274:). Finland was returned to Sweden, while the majority of Russia's conquests (Swedish
5213:
5118:
4917:
4745:
4728:
4688:
4634:
4571:
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4507:
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4407:
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2094:
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1956:
1909:
1832:
1585:
1392:
852:
473:
461:
358:
208:
140:
73:
7044:
Hatton, Ragnhild M. "Charles XII and the Great Northern War." in J.S. Bromley, ed.,
2450:
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and another cousin of Charles XII, gained the Polish crown after the death of King
3610:
3425:
3320:
3307:. The peace treaties also ended its alliance with Holstein-Gottorp. Hanover gained
3296:
3204:
3130:
2827:
2646:
2385:
2314:
2054:
2024:
1286:
1168:
1129:
902:
666:
295:
224:
175:
9048:
4908:'s campaign (1713). Russian forces retaliated by burning down the Swedish town of
3876:** The Saxon army and corresponding militia does not have full details available.
2812:
2787:
1246:
975:
751:
730:
19:
This article is about the 1700â1721 war. For the related series of conflicts, see
10145:
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5955:
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5091:
4944:
4905:
4901:
4863:
4834:
4753:
4724:
4691:
as well as allowing Charles's return to Sweden. These terms were laid out in the
4672:
4558:, the second army with supplies and reinforcements was intercepted and routed at
4487:
led an army of 20,000 men in an attempt to take the Swedish town and fortress of
4459:
The Nyen fortress was soon abandoned and demolished by Peter, who built nearby a
4421:
4381:
4190:
Charles XII was now able to speedily deploy his army to the eastern coast of the
4150:
4047:
3651:(transit taxes/tariffs on cargo moved between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea).
3589:
3543:
3521:
3437:
3394:
3390:
3358:
3280:
3220:
3168:
3079:
3067:
2445:
2171:
2109:
2104:
2099:
1869:
1854:
1374:
1144:
1104:
1073:
1068:
1061:
883:
810:
725:
710:
342:
337:
196:
115:
7347:
6060:
5083:
4375:
10228:
10055:
9818:
9808:
9185:
8811:
7046:
New Cambridge Modern History VI: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia 1688â1725
5440:
5306:
4862:(TorneĂ„). The brutal occupation period of Finland in 1714â1721 is known as the
4676:
4668:
4667:
When his army surrendered, Charles XII of Sweden and a few soldiers escaped to
4658:
4637:. George I of Great Britain and Hanover concluded three alliances in 1715: the
4575:
4570:. Charles was crushingly defeated by a larger Russian force under Peter in the
4551:
4180:
4154:
4060:
4004:
3939:
3601:
3332:
3238:, falling in the autumn of 1710. The coalition members partitioned most of the
3172:
3149:
3075:
3071:
3063:
2504:
2440:
2425:
2415:
1274:
1156:
1017:
1005:
485:
374:
326:
283:
244:
232:
151:
144:
123:
119:
6413:
Petersen (2007), pp. 268â272, 275; Bengtsson (1960), pp. 393ff, 409ff, 420â445
5249:
4976:
surrendered in 1716, all of Sweden's Baltic and German possessions were lost.
10258:
10188:
10025:
9663:
7121:
6752:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 188â221.
6743:
6730:
5439:
A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya,
5217:
4586:
4468:
3547:
3441:
3354:
3350:
3308:
3249:
2777:
1381:
837:
212:
54:
46:
20:
8074:
5578:
Teemu Keskisarja (2019). Murhanenkeli. p. 244. Kustannusosakeyhtiö Siltala.
5099:
4550:
being one of the most severe in modern European history) and Peter's use of
9944:
9468:
9434:
9189:
8965:
8722:
8463:
7759:
7589:
6735:
5932:
Parker, Geoffrey (1976). "The 'Military Revolution', 1560â1660 â a myth?".
5335:
5263:
5165:
5156:
5057:
4704:
4609:
After Poltava, Peter the Great and Augustus the Strong allied again in the
4510:
took advantage of this by redeploying a large number of men from Ingria to
4385:
2874:
1388:
965:
507:
9705:
7060:
A Warrior Dynasty: The Rise and Decline of Sweden as a Military Superpower
6785:
The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558â1721
5087:
4963:
October. Previously a formally neutral party in the Pomeranian campaigns,
3818:
20,000 Ukrainian cossacks 15,000 Zaporozhian cossacks 15,000 Don Cossacks
10050:
9779:
9700:
9633:
9463:
8867:
8162:
7955:
7885:
7125:
5374:
5182:
4733:
4563:
4400:
4263:
4146:
4084:
3704:
3665:âthe royal title had been secured in 1701. He was determined to gain the
3553:
3316:
3191:(October 1706). The treaty also secured the extradition and execution of
3152:
temporarily hosted Charles XII of Sweden and intervened against Peter I.
3145:
3103:
3016:
2914:
2884:
2792:
2538:
2528:
2142:
1315:
1262:
1195:
1049:
1034:
8171:
7122:
The Northern War of 1700â1721. Campaign from Grodno to Poltava 1706â1709
5174:
Campaigns and territorial changes 1700â1709 (left) and 1709â1721 (right)
5095:
5066:
2782:
10085:
10035:
9954:
9823:
8352:
8347:
7493:
7487:
7039:
Battle That Shook Europe: Poltava & the Birth of the Russian Empire
5239:
5019:
4940:
4776:
4441:
4286:
the Commonwealth and decisively defeated the Saxe-Polish forces in the
4191:
4172:
4127:
3670:
3648:
3633:
3557:
3433:
3410:
3300:
3200:
2499:
1298:
8183:
6696:
The sword does not jest. The heroic life of King Charles XII of Sweden
5235:
4168:
3754:
1,200 naval infantry 1,540 grenadiers 9,600 militia (768 grenadiers)
3402:
3118:
joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and in 1717 for Britain, and
2559:
9673:
5801:. Osprey military Men-at-arms series. London: Osprey. pp. 8â12.
5325:
5287:
5079:
4936:
4826:
4790:
4700:
4472:
4448:, whose outnumbered forces fended the Russians off in the battles of
3692:
3406:
3382:
2925:
2673:
1776:
1010:
6810:] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Svenskt militÀrhistoriskt bibliotek.
5776:. Osprey military Men-at-arms series. London: Osprey. p. 7 33.
5052:
4896:
2353:
874:
862:
847:
832:
820:
801:
789:
777:
762:
741:
720:
701:
689:
677:
655:
10238:
10100:
9110:
8062:
5916:
Aarhus universitet: Universitetsspeciale i historie, pp. 11, 43â44.
4935:
In 1714, Charles XII returned from the Ottoman Empire, arriving in
4765:
4206:
in October. In November, the Russian and Swedish armies met at the
3234:
south and east of the Baltic Sea were evicted, with the last city,
3138:
634:
629:
248:
7206:
6763:
The disaster at Poltava â Charles XII's Russian campaign 1707â1709
6729:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
5914:
HĂŠrstĂžrrelse og fortifikationsudvikling i Danmark-Norge 1500â1720.
5126:
5122:
4998:
4841:
4813:
4744:
The war between Russia and Sweden continued after the disaster of
8238:
6664:. Paris: Ancienne Librairie Germer BailliĂšre et Cie. p. 232.
5291:
5275:
5075:
5070:
4909:
4613:; Frederick IV of Denmark-Norway with Augustus the Strong in the
4594:
4567:
4555:
4511:
3560:
3474:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3235:
3216:
192:
184:
7163:(in French) (Edition of 1820 ed.). E. A. Lequien, Libraire.
5114:
4851:
4593:, at the time the most populated city in the Swedish realm, and
3745:
33,456 musketeers 19,584 pikemen 6,528 grenadiers 8,400 militia
3397:. During the same period, Sweden conquered Danish and Norwegian
3223:. The Ottoman Empire defeated the Russian-Moldavian army in the
9177:
6808:
The fight against the supremacy. Fall of the Baltics 1700â1710.
6705:
Europa in der FrĂŒhen Neuzeit: Festschrift fĂŒr GĂŒnter MĂŒhlpfordt
5283:
5209:
4973:
4859:
4806:
4781:
4757:
4531:
4503:
4492:
4488:
4433:
4389:
4199:
3673:
for the Brandenburgian core areas, which had been a state goal
3563:
3445:
3398:
3386:
3366:
3331:
had come to an end with the death of Charles XII, and Sweden's
1752:(including over 40,000 Finns who died in combat or other ways).
188:
7142:
Das kursĂ€chsische MilitĂ€r im GroĂen Nordischen Krieg 1700â1717
3299:(1721). By these treaties Sweden ceded its exemption from the
3102:. Frederick IV and Augustus II were defeated by Sweden, under
7102:
Wilson, Derek. "Poltava: The battle that changed the world."
7029:
Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire, 1682â1719
4855:
4837:
in February 1714, where the Russians won a decisive victory.
4822:
4697:
had the king arrested in what became known as the "kalabalik"
4684:
4562:âand so were the supplies and reinforcements of Swedish ally
4527:
4517:
Charles spent the years 1702â06 in a prolonged struggle with
4331:
4203:
3196:
6759:
Katastrofen vid Poltava â Karl XII:s ryska fĂ€lttĂ„g 1707â1709
5200:
aimed at reducing Russia's frontiers to the pre-war limits.
4314:, with a deadly result for the Saxon army. In 1706, after a
4076:
All Polish forces, on both sides in the Great Northern War.
3780:
100 Horse drabants 15,000 heavy cavalry 1,800 noble cavalry
7129:
6843:
4604:
4590:
4498:
In August 1708, a Swedish army of 12,000 men under General
4467:. By 1704, other fortresses were situated on the island of
4437:
4384:
assaults the island fortress of Nöteborg, which he renamed
4295:
4158:
3666:
3432:(1617). The treaty deprived Russia of direct access to the
3381:
Sweden gained tracts in Germany as well, including Western
3312:
3058:(1700â1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the
6892:] (in Finnish). JyvÀskylÀ: K. J. Gummerus Osakeyhtiö.
5876:. Men-at-arms. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 51â53.
5851:. Men-at-arms. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 59â61.
5826:. Men-at-arms. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 64â68.
5751:. Men-at-arms. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 21â25.
5726:. Men-at-arms. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 48â51.
5701:. Men-at-arms. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 42â45.
5676:. Men-at-arms. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 39â40.
4821:
important coastal road between Helsinki (Helsingfors) and
4760:
and started the operation in late August. Swedish General
3546:. Charles Frederick was married to a daughter of Peter I,
3129:
Charles XII led the Swedish army. Swedish allies included
8223:
BolesĆaw I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis
7133:
6707:. Aufbruch zur Moderne (in German). Vol. 3. Böhlau.
5069:, while in July 1717 a Russian squadron landed troops at
5026:
when Charles XII was shot dead while besieging Norwegian
4869:
4228:
4213:
After the dissolution of the first coalition through the
6624:
6537:
6513:
6448:
6436:
6299:
6287:
5899:
Ladewig-Petersen, E. (1999). "Nyt om trediveÄrskrigen."
4476:
of more than 500 Swedish men, or a third of its forces.
4225:) to end the war and make Charles an arbiter of Europe.
3592:
became Tsar in 1682 upon the death of his elder brother
3078:. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were
6827:
The Great Northern War, 1700â1721: Colours and Uniforms
5634:
5632:
4554:
tactics. When the main army turned south to recover in
4471:
and the sand flats to its south. These became known as
4217:
and with the victory at Narva, the Swedish chancellor,
3303:
and lost the Baltic provinces and the southern part of
5613:
Pitirim Sorokin "Social and Cultural Dynamics", vol. 3
4436:
in 1703, where Peter captured the Swedish fortress of
9972:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
6612:
6525:
6472:
6460:
4171:
blockade and deploy an army near the Danish capital,
3789:
402 horse guards 57 drabant guard 4,556 line cavalry
6930:. Beck Wissen (in German). Vol. 2608. CH Beck.
6221:
5644:
5629:
4306:
in 1706, a battle sometimes compared to the Ancient
3252:
by 1714. Sweden defeated the Danish invaders at the
10375:
Wars involving the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
7053:
The struggle for supremacy in the Baltic, 1600â1725
5624:
Det danska och svenska resurssystemet i komparation
4617:; and Russia with DenmarkâNorway in the subsequent
3175:. Sweden parried the Danish and Russian attacks at
5185:. In January 1719, George I, Augustus and emperor
4769:garrisons around the Baltic Sea as well as by the
3642:-Norway, another cousin of Charles XII, succeeded
10345:Wars involving the PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
7377:
7004:German armies. War and German politics, 1648â1806
6801:
5490:
4916:In 1710, the Swedish army in Poland retreated to
84:Bringing Home the Body of King Charles XII (1718)
10256:
9987:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
9317:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
7172:(in French) (Edition of 1879 ed.). Garnier.
6493:Kruununkaupunki â Vironniemen Helsinki 1640â1721
5508:
4137:directed his first attack against Sweden's ally
4095:
1748:175,000 killed by famine, disease and exhaustion
255:gets safe passage from Turkey to Sweden in 1711.
10106:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
10021:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944â1953)
8053:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
6804:Kampen mot övermakten. Baltikums fall 1700â1710
6123:
6121:
5603:. Moscow: ĐĐ·ĐŽ-ĐČĐŸ ŃĐŸŃ.-ŃĐșĐŸĐœ. лОŃ-ŃŃ. p. 55.
4210:where the Russians suffered a crushing defeat.
3424:The foreign interventions in Russia during the
16:18th century conflict between Sweden and Russia
8434:OttomanâTatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland
8140:Military of the PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
6824:
6802:Grigorjev, Boris; Bespalov, Aleksandr (2012).
6602:
6600:
5553:
5502:
3279:(1701â1714), which broke out over the Bourbon
247:. Russia demolishes strategic castles such as
147:, establishing itself as a new power in Europe
9960:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
9161:
8104:
8090:
7363:
7192:
6277:
6275:
6250:
6248:
5969:The Politics of the Prussian Army: 1640â1945.
5595:
4756:. Apraksin gathered an army of 15,000 men at
2941:
2689:
2575:
2369:
1792:
7139:
6869:] (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media.
6765:] (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media.
6118:
5871:
5846:
5821:
5746:
5721:
5696:
5671:
5529:"Tacitus.nu, Ărjan Martinsson. Danish force"
5253:Timeline of each main participant in the war
4652:
4521:; he had already inflicted defeat on him at
3219:) and Charles' exile in the Ottoman town of
3062:successfully contested the supremacy of the
102:(21 years, 6 months and 2 weeks and 5 days,
9913:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
9908:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
8430:PolishâLithuanianâMuscovite War (1534â1537)
8418:PolishâLithuanianâMuscovite War (1512â1522)
7089:Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia
6643:
6641:
6639:
6597:
6199:
6197:
6097:
6095:
5872:Esposito, Gabriele; Rava, Giuseppe (2019).
5847:Esposito, Gabriele; Rava, Giuseppe (2019).
5822:Esposito, Gabriele; Rava, Giuseppe (2019).
5747:Esposito, Gabriele; Rava, Giuseppe (2019).
5722:Esposito, Gabriele; Rava, Giuseppe (2019).
5697:Esposito, Gabriele; Rava, Giuseppe (2019).
5672:Esposito, Gabriele; Rava, Giuseppe (2019).
5626:(1995) UmeÄ : BjörkÄs : Mitthögsk
5443:. Greenwood Publishing Group (2006). p. 57.
5227:Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
3323:, and Denmark strengthened its position in
9229:Military history of the Russian Federation
9168:
9154:
8276:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60)
8097:
8083:
7660:PolishâLithuanianâSwedish War (1600â1629)
7370:
7356:
7199:
7185:
6272:
6245:
5895:
5893:
5874:Armies of the Great Northern War 1700â1720
5849:Armies of the Great Northern War 1700â1720
5824:Armies of the Great Northern War 1700â1720
5749:Armies of the Great Northern War 1700â1720
5724:Armies of the Great Northern War 1700â1720
5699:Armies of the Great Northern War 1700â1720
5674:Armies of the Great Northern War 1700â1720
5656:
5518:(History of Poland 1505â1764), pp. 258â261
5362:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5143:Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)
4332:1702â1710: Russia and the Baltic provinces
2948:
2934:
2696:
2682:
2582:
2568:
2376:
2362:
1799:
1785:
9479:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652â1689)
8281:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88)
8271:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41)
6985:A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. Two
6860:
6825:Höglund, Lars-Eric; SallnĂ€s, Ă
ke (2000).
6690:
6087:War and the State in Early Modern Europe.
5928:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5463:
5461:
5416:
5398:
5056:The Battle of Grengam. A 1721 etching by
4805:, which forced Armfelt to retire towards
4198:was already on its way to invade Swedish
3452:, and in 1700 the three powers attacked.
3242:among themselves, destroying the Swedish
1281:
1269:
1257:
1056:
1044:
1029:
468:
414:
353:
8569:War of the Polish Succession (1587â1588)
7167:
7158:
6944:
6636:
6209:
6194:
6092:
6081:
6079:
6004:Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650â1715.
5906:
5547:
5248:
5234:its former eastern provinces across the
5051:
4997:
4970:escaping only days before Stralsund fell
4895:
4775:
4732:
4605:Formation of a new anti-Swedish alliance
4388:, recognising it as the "key" to taking
4246:
4121:
3627:in 1696. His ambitions to transform the
3573:
3444:managed to ally Russia with Denmark and
9440:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580â1747)
9310:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
8130:History of Polish intelligence services
7874:War of the PolishâLithuanian Succession
7610:War of the PolishâLithuanian Succession
6883:
6833:
6702:
6674:
6659:
6630:
6618:
6543:
6531:
6519:
6478:
6466:
6454:
6442:
6305:
6293:
6157:
6129:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683â1797.
5890:
5796:
5771:
5486:
5484:
5446:
5421:
5404:
5353:
4943:, already lost to Sweden, Russian tsar
4625:, Hanover, whose elector was to become
3311:, Brandenburg-Prussia incorporated the
3207:in 1703. Charles XII moved from Saxony
2589:
1375:
884:
811:
711:
74:Peter I at the Battle of Poltava (1709)
10257:
10061:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
9992:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
9851:GeorgianâOssetian conflict (1918â1920)
9829:Soviet westward offensive of 1918â1919
9543:Austro-RussianâTurkish War (1735â1739)
9219:Military history of the Russian Empire
9083:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
7086:
7081:War and Peace in the Baltic, 1560â1790
7067:The Rise of the Great Powers 1648â1815
7001:
6982:
6555:
6401:
6389:
6365:
6353:
6341:
6329:
6317:
6281:
6254:
6239:
5971:London: Oxford University Press, p. 7.
5919:
5496:
5458:
4870:1710â1716: Sweden and Northern Germany
4699:in 1713. Charles was then confined at
4262:Charles XII then turned south to meet
4235:Swedish invasion of Poland (1701â1706)
4229:1701â1706: Poland-Lithuania and Saxony
3918:
3913:
3908:
3536:Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
2955:
2703:
1806:
10211:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
9589:Russian colonization of North America
9149:
8476:Northern Seven Years' War (1563â1570)
8078:
7351:
7180:
7161:Anecdotes sur le Czar Pierre le Grand
7091:. The English Universities Press Ltd.
6963:
6925:
6906:
6779:
6734:
6647:
6606:
6591:
6579:
6567:
6490:
6377:
6266:
6227:
6215:
6203:
6188:
6176:
6167:. Cambridge University Press, p. 128.
6076:
6006:London: Greenwood Press, pp. 368â369.
5996:
5650:
5638:
4920:, pursued by the coalition. In 1711,
4710:
2929:
2677:
2563:
2383:
2357:
1780:
10355:Wars involving the Tsardom of Russia
9224:Military history of the Soviet Union
8666:PolishâCossackâTatar War (1666â1671)
8319:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (GdaĆsk)
7596:Livonian campaign of Stephen BĂĄthory
7433:LithuanianâMuscovite War (1368â1372)
7076:(University Press of America, 2005).
6968:(in German) (3 ed.). C.H.Beck.
6756:
5535:from the original on 13 October 2014
5481:
5471:(2011) Stockholm, Norstedts. p. 55.
5452:
5433:
5427:
5410:
5041:
4979:
4955:, had just signed an alliance on 17
4141:. In March 1700, a Danish army laid
100:22 February 1700 â 10 September 1721
69:Charles XII crossing the DĂŒna (1701)
9965:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
8902:Greater Poland uprising (1918â1919)
7827:PolishâLithuanianâCossackâTatar War
7276:Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia
6039:"Population of the British Isles."
5034:). He was succeeded by his sister,
4599:capitulation of Estonia and Livonia
4534:to take him out of the war. In the
4366:Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia
4318:, August II was forced to sign the
3795:2,800 pancerni 2,200 heavy cavalry
3455:
3275:, became caught up in the separate
1822:Denmark and Holstein-Gottorp (1700)
179:: Russia gains the three dominions
13:
10305:Warfare of the early modern period
10011:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
9377:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
7144:(in German). Ferdinand Schöningh.
7110:
7021:
7006:. Warfare and history. Routledge.
6928:Geschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns
5912:Petersen, Nikolaj PilgÄrd (2002).
4645:with Brandenburg-Prussia, and the
4310:due to the Swedish forces' use of
3155:The war began when an alliance of
14:
10406:
10340:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
10315:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
9876:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
7920:Lithuania partitioned (1795â1918)
6141:"Population of Eastern Balkans."
3428:resulted in Swedish gains in the
243:: Azov area is ceded back to the
9930:SovietâJapanese border conflicts
9723:Russian conquest of Central Asia
9659:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
9455:PolishâMuscovite War (1605â1618)
9397:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
8688:War of the Holy League 1683â1699
8391:Lithuanian Civil War (1432â1438)
8182:
8170:
8161:
7907:
7852:Lithuanian Civil War (1697â1702)
7502:Lithuanian Civil War (1432â1438)
7448:Lithuanian Civil War (1389â1392)
7438:Lithuanian Civil War (1381â1384)
7140:QuerengÀsser, Alexander (2019).
6987:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
6722:
6102:"Population of Western Europe."
6089:London : Routledge, p. 156.
6016:"Population of Eastern Europe."
5981:"Population of Central Europe."
5371:Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp
5164:
5155:
5078:, the second to the vicinity of
4671:, founding a colony in front of
4399:
4374:
4254:, the first major battle of the
3715:Army sizes by combatant in 1700
3473:
3464:
3361:and comprising the provinces of
3133:, several Polish magnates under
2248:Mecklenburg and Holstein-Gottorp
1762:20,000 Russians killed in combat
1579:
1567:
1551:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1493:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1440:
1427:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1380:
1364:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1310:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1245:
1235:
1228:
1216:
1201:
1189:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1123:
1111:
1097:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1028:
1016:
1004:
993:
980:
970:
960:
945:
938:
931:
924:
912:
892:
873:
861:
846:
831:
819:
800:
788:
776:
761:
750:
740:
729:
719:
700:
688:
676:
654:
628:
611:
595:
580:
565:
549:
534:
520:
506:
491:
479:
467:
455:
433:
416:
399:
383:
368:
352:
336:
319:
304:
289:
276:
135:Anti-Swedish coalition victory:
53:
10216:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
9861:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
9802:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
8671:PolishâOttoman War of 1672â1676
8661:PolishâOttoman War of 1633â1634
8649:PolishâOttoman War of 1620â1621
8602:PolishâRussian War of 1609â1618
8520:PolishâSwedish War of 1626â1629
8515:PolishâSwedish War of 1621â1625
8510:PolishâSwedish War of 1617â1618
8498:PolishâSwedish War of 1600â1611
8493:PolishâSwedish War of 1600â1629
8386:WĆadysĆaw the White's rebellion
8373:PolishâTeutonic War (1519â1521)
8358:PolishâTeutonic War (1431â1435)
8324:PolishâTeutonic War (1326â1332)
7976:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
7698:PolishâLithuanianâMuscovite War
7538:Thirteen Years' War (1454â1466)
7099:(Hodder & Stoughton, 1992).
7097:Sweden and the Baltic 1523â1721
7065:McKay, Derek, and H. M. Scott.
6684:
6668:
6653:
6585:
6573:
6561:
6549:
6484:
6416:
6407:
6395:
6383:
6371:
6359:
6347:
6335:
6323:
6311:
6260:
6233:
6182:
6170:
6134:
6131:London: Routledge, pp. 26, 102.
6054:
6032:
6009:
5974:
5961:
5939:
5865:
5840:
5815:
5790:
5765:
5740:
5715:
5690:
5665:
5616:
5607:
5589:
5572:
5559:
5521:
4780:The final days of the siege of
4629:, allied with Russia. In 1713,
4239:Civil war in Poland (1704â1706)
3885:Size of European armies in 1710
3834:unspecified amount of dragoons
3669:estuary with its access to the
3496:
1694:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth:
9898:Urtatagai conflict (1925â1926)
9548:War of the Austrian Succession
8853:Greater Poland uprising (1848)
8644:Moldavian campaign (1497â1499)
8413:Moldavian campaign (1497â1499)
8058:War in Afghanistan (2001â2021)
7644:PolishâLithuanianâSwedish wars
7519:PolishâLithuanianâTeutonic War
7475:PolishâLithuanianâTeutonic War
6966:Die russischen Zaren 1547â1917
6127:Hochedlinger, Michael (2003).
5601:ĐĐŸĐčĐœŃ Đž ĐœĐ°ŃĐŸĐŽĐŸĐœĐ°ŃĐ”Đ»Đ”ĐœĐžĐ” ĐĐČŃĐŸĐżŃ
5383:Frederik III of Denmark-Norway
5379:Frederick IV of Denmark-Norway
5331:Military of the Swedish Empire
5300:Russo-Swedish War of 1788â1790
5296:Russo-Swedish War of 1741â1743
4880:Siege of Stralsund (1711â1715)
4578:while the remains of his army
4463:as a beginning to the city of
4342:Charles XII invasion of Russia
4280:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
3966:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
3812:4,000 baltic militia dragoons
3629:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
3607:Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov
3583:Frederick William I of Prussia
3569:
3538:(a cousin of Charles XII) and
3295:(1720), and the Russo-Swedish
3185:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
1926:Courland and Western Lithuania
526:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
158:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
1:
10121:South Ossetia war (1991â1992)
9999:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
9750:Russian invasion of Manchuria
9740:Russo-Turkish War (1877â1878)
9686:Russo-Turkish War (1828â1829)
9681:Russo-Persian War (1826â1828)
9624:Russo-Turkish War (1806â1812)
9614:Russo-Persian War (1804â1813)
9579:Russo-Swedish War (1788â1790)
9574:Russo-Turkish War (1787â1792)
9564:Russo-Turkish War (1768â1774)
9554:Russo-Swedish War (1741â1743)
9532:Russo-Persian War (1722â1723)
9527:Russo-Turkish War (1710â1711)
9504:Russo-Turkish War (1686â1700)
9499:Russo-Turkish War (1676â1681)
9474:Russo-Persian War (1651â1653)
9450:Russo-Swedish War (1590â1595)
9445:Russo-Turkish War (1568â1570)
9430:Russo-Swedish War (1554â1557)
9305:List of wars involving Russia
9300:Sino-Russian border conflicts
8760:RussoâPolish War of 1654â1667
8728:Siege of Smolensk (1632â1633)
8401:1444 war against the Ottomans
8228:GermanâPolish War (1028â1031)
8218:GermanâPolish War (1003â1018)
8135:List of wars involving Poland
7846:PolishâLithuanianâOttoman War
7833:PolishâLithuanianâOttoman War
7773:PolishâLithuanianâOttoman War
7766:Siege of Smolensk (1632â1633)
7732:PolishâLithuanianâOttoman War
7690:PolishâLithuanianâSwedish War
7684:PolishâLithuanianâSwedish War
7678:PolishâLithuanianâSwedish War
7664:Polish-LithuanianâSwedish War
7405:Mongol invasions of Lithuania
7379:Lithuanian wars and conflicts
7116:Baskakov, Benjamin I. (1890)
7002:Wilson, Peter Hamish (1998).
5569:(2004) Lund: Historiska media
5491:Grigorjev & Bespalov 2012
5341:
5262:between Russia and Sweden in
4986:Great Northern War and Norway
4223:War of the Spanish Succession
4135:Frederik IV of DenmarkâNorway
4096:1700: Denmark, Riga and Narva
3878:
3338:
3277:War of the Spanish Succession
28:Northern War (disambiguation)
10325:Wars involving Great Britain
10076:Eritrean War of Independence
10046:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
10041:East German uprising of 1953
9982:Eastern Front (World War II)
9871:Red Army invasion of Georgia
9866:Red Army invasion of Armenia
9834:Estonian War of Independence
9775:Russian occupation of Tabriz
9696:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
9654:War of the Seventh Coalition
9537:War of the Polish Succession
9484:Russo-Polish War (1654â1667)
8770:War of the Bar Confederation
8765:War of the Polish Succession
7880:War of the Bar Confederation
7584:5th MuscoviteâLithuanian War
7578:4th MuscoviteâLithuanian War
7566:3rd MuscoviteâLithuanian War
7560:2nd MuscoviteâLithuanian War
7543:1st MuscoviteâLithuanian War
6964:Torke, Hans-Joachim (2005).
6945:Peterson, Gary Dean (2007).
6890:Sea safeguarding our country
5797:Konstam, Angus, ed. (1993).
5772:Konstam, Angus, ed. (1993).
5391:
5220:, while Brandenburg-Prussia
4536:treaty of AltranstÀdt (1706)
4440:, guarding the mouth of the
4406:Decisive Russian victory at
3698:
7:
10116:War in Abkhazia (1992â1993)
10066:Sino-Soviet border conflict
9935:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
9903:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
9839:Latvian War of Independence
9728:Russian conquest of Bukhara
9619:War of the Fourth Coalition
9604:War of the Second Coalition
9128:Russian invasion of Ukraine
9021:CzÄstochowa Ghetto uprising
8817:War of the Fourth Coalition
8469:campaign of Stephen BĂĄthory
7808:Russo-PolishâLithuanian War
6840:Last war of the great power
6165:European Warfare, 1350â1750
5319:
5231:Frederick I of Hesse-Cassel
5082:, and the last to coast of
4922:siege was laid to Stralsund
4693:Treaty of Adrianople (1713)
4580:surrendered at Perevolochna
4149:'s forces advanced through
3895:Population ~1650 (millions)
3258:opened up a Norwegian front
2658:War of the Fourth Coalition
1635:130,000 (limited campaigns)
277:
10:
10411:
10111:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
9649:War of the Sixth Coalition
9639:War of the Fifth Coalition
9609:War of the Third Coalition
9214:Military history of Russia
9176:Armed conflicts involving
9106:Operation Uphold Democracy
8841:War of the Sixth Coalition
8829:War of the Fifth Coalition
8775:PolishâRussian War of 1792
8150:Warfare in Medieval Poland
8125:History of the Polish Army
8014:June Uprising in Lithuania
7443:Battle of the Vikhra River
6497:Finnish Literature Society
6154:Retrieved 28 December 2016
6115:Retrieved 28 December 2016
6073:Retrieved 28 December 2016
6051:Retrieved 28 December 2016
6029:Retrieved 28 December 2016
5993:Retrieved 28 December 2016
5958:Retrieved 28 December 2016
5554:Höglund & SallnÀs 2000
5514:JĂłzef Andrzej Gierowski â
5503:Höglund & SallnÀs 2000
5469:Sjöslag och rysshÀrjningar
5244:concluded in Frederiksborg
5242:. A respective treaty was
5136:
5048:Russian Pillage of 1719â21
5045:
4983:
4873:
4714:
4656:
4633:allied with Russia in the
4420:dealt a severe setback to
4335:
4316:Swedish invasion of Saxony
4256:Swedish invasion of Poland
4243:Swedish invasion of Saxony
4232:
4099:
3450:Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye
3342:
2663:War of the Sixth Coalition
79:Battle of Gadebusch (1712)
25:
18:
10224:
10159:
9950:Soviet invasion of Poland
9760:
9644:French invasion of Russia
9512:
9410:
9329:
9255:MuscoviteâLithuanian Wars
9247:
9204:
9197:
9091:
9068:
9029:
9016:BiaĆystok Ghetto uprising
9001:
8961:
8952:
8887:
8846:French invasion of Russia
8792:
8705:
8634:
8547:
8527:Northern War of 1655â1660
8454:
8445:
8381:
8309:
8300:
8263:
8203:
8194:
8156:
8112:
8106:Polish wars and conflicts
8042:
8023:
8004:
7965:
7933:French invasion of Russia
7919:
7902:
7860:
7631:
7604:Northern Seven Years' War
7552:
7456:
7419:
7395:
7385:
7334:
7216:
6861:Liljegren, Bengt (2000).
6002:Nolan, Cathal J. (2008),
5967:Craig, Gordon A. (1964).
5946:"Population of Germany."
5934:Journal of modern history
5516:Historia Polski 1505â1764
5216:. Hanover gained Swedish
4717:Battle of Helsinki (1713)
4653:1709â1714: Ottoman Empire
4641:with DenmarkâNorway, the
4627:George I of Great Britain
4202:, where it laid siege to
4080:
4072:
3899:
3892:
3881:
3291:(1719), the Dano-Swedish
3112:George I of Great Britain
3040:
2967:
2715:
2601:
2511:Northern War of 1655â1660
2495:Northern Seven Years' War
2396:
2141:Sweden proper (including
1818:
1732:
1594:
644:
266:
207:: Prussia gains parts of
92:
52:
44:
39:
10370:Wars involving Wallachia
10091:South African Border War
10016:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
9918:Chechen uprising of 1932
9599:Russo-Persian War (1796)
8934:Second Silesian Uprising
8251:1156 war against Germany
8248:1146 war against Germany
7387:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
6884:Mattila, Tapani (1983).
6867:Charles XII: a biography
6660:Rambaud, Arthur (1890).
6495:(in Finnish). Helsinki:
6069:26 December 2011 at the
5600:
5346:
5132:
4623:Treaty of Hanover (1710)
4615:Treaty of Dresden (1709)
3902:Size of Army (thousands)
3778:1,500 mounted lifeguard
3135:Stanislaus I LeszczyĆski
2718:SwedishâNovgorodian Wars
2221:Swedish German dominions
1844:Swedish Baltic dominions
540:Sandomierz Confederation
10330:Wars involving Moldavia
10300:PolandâSweden relations
10290:18th century in Denmark
9733:Khivan campaign of 1873
9584:Russo-Polish War (1792)
9133:Military aid to Ukraine
8944:Third Silesian Uprising
8912:First Silesian Uprising
8907:PolishâCzechoslovak War
8676:Battle of Chocim (1673)
8654:Battle of Chocim (1621)
7839:Battle of Khotyn (1673)
7738:Battle of Khotyn (1621)
7170:Histoire de Charles XII
6926:North, Michael (2008).
6749:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6703:Donnert, Erich (1997).
6692:Bengtsson, Frans Gunnar
6423:The Russian Victory at
6150:4 February 2012 at the
5139:Treaty of Frederiksborg
5111:treaty of Frederiksborg
5006:, shot dead during the
4939:in November. In nearby
4892:Landing on GroĂ Stresow
4430:Nöteborg (Shlisselburg)
4276:Grand Duke of Lithuania
3640:Frederick IV of Denmark
3413:fire due to proficient
3349:Between 1560 and 1658,
3293:Treaty of Frederiksborg
1745:25,000 killed in combat
220:Treaty of Frederiksborg
10350:Wars involving Prussia
10320:Wars involving England
10310:Wars involving Denmark
10295:18th century in Sweden
10270:18th-century conflicts
10206:Western Libya campaign
9881:East Karelian uprising
9402:Wagner Group rebellion
9337:Uprising of Bolotnikov
9011:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
8954:World War II in Poland
8614:Zebrzydowski rebellion
8597:Moldavian Magnate Wars
8564:Siege of Danzig (1577)
7712:Zebrzydowski rebellion
7639:Moldavian Magnate Wars
7087:Sumner, B. H. (1951).
6907:Meier, Martin (2008).
6836:Stormaktens sista krig
6834:Larsson, Olle (2009).
6063:Population statistics.
6047:2 October 2014 at the
6025:8 January 2018 at the
5381:were all grandsons of
5254:
5061:
5011:
4913:
4785:
4784:, by Alexei Rostovtsev
4741:
4611:Treaty of Thorn (1709)
4519:Augustus II the Strong
4446:Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt
4358:Pursuit of Krasnokutsk
4300:Stanislaus LeszczyĆski
4259:
4131:
4118:Battle of Narva (1700)
3659:elector of Brandenburg
3617:Augustus II the Strong
3586:
3526:Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt
3518:Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld
3357:empire centred on the
3345:Dominium maris baltici
3319:), Russia secured the
3260:but was killed in the
3245:dominium maris baltici
3193:Johann Reinhold Patkul
3092:Augustus II the Strong
2522:second Karl Gustav War
2488:Swedish Liberation War
645:Commanders and leaders
530:(1701â1704, 1709â1719)
502:(1700â1706, 1709â1719)
227:loses its part of the
64:Battle of Narva (1700)
10365:Wars involving Sweden
10360:Wars involving Saxony
10335:Wars involving Norway
10201:Intervention in Syria
10136:Tajikistani Civil War
9844:LithuanianâSoviet War
9785:Battle of Robat Karim
9234:Post-Soviet conflicts
9116:2003 invasion of Iraq
9044:Operation Ostra Brama
8939:PolishâLithuanian War
8753:Battle of Berestechko
8481:War against Sigismund
8255:GaliciaâVolhynia Wars
7987:PolishâLithuanian War
7981:LithuanianâSoviet War
7800:Battle of Berestechko
7649:War against Sigismund
7427:GaliciaâVolhynia Wars
6983:Tucker, S.C. (2010).
6863:Karl XII: en biografi
6698:. St. Martin's Press.
6491:Aalto, Seppo (2015).
6380:, pp. 231, 286ff
6269:, pp. 230, 263ff
5901:Historisk Tidsskrift.
5367:Charles XII of Sweden
5270:) on 30 August 1721 (
5252:
5205:treaties of Stockholm
5055:
5030:on 30 November 1718 (
5004:Charles XII of Sweden
5001:
4951:, in his position as
4899:
4876:Battle of Helsingborg
4779:
4762:Georg Henrik Lybecker
4736:
4500:Georg Henrik Lybecker
4325:breaking on the wheel
4320:Treaty of AltranstÀdt
4250:
4208:First Battle of Narva
4165:Charles XII of Sweden
4125:
3824:804 militia dragoons
3793:2,100 winged hussars
3784:11,553 noble cavalry
3764:22,500 line infantry
3752:27,600 line infantry
3749:49,400 line infantry
3579:Augustus II of Poland
3577:
3502:Charles XII of Sweden
3484:Charles XII of Sweden
3343:Further information:
3289:Treaties of Stockholm
3283:'s succession to the
3254:Battle of Helsingborg
3232:plague-stricken areas
3189:Treaty of AltranstÀdt
3116:Electorate of Hanover
2517:first Karl Gustav War
2436:Battle of MjölkalÄnga
2120:KrasnokutskâGorodnoye
2069:and Eastern Lithuania
1733:Casualties and losses
1625:Warsaw Confederation:
253:Charles XII of Sweden
204:Treaties of Stockholm
10184:Annexation of Crimea
9888:Central Asian Revolt
9797:UkrainianâSoviet War
9669:Russo-Circassian War
9352:Pugachev's Rebellion
9295:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
9239:Russian Armed Forces
9209:Early modern warfare
8897:PolishâUkrainian War
8748:Khmelnytsky Uprising
8311:PolishâTeutonic wars
8120:Early modern warfare
8034:Lithuanian partisans
7794:Khmelnytsky Uprising
7464:Samogitian uprisings
6846:: Historiska Media.
6842:] (in Swedish).
6757:From, Peter (2007).
5954:28 June 2004 at the
5008:Siege of Fredriksten
4994:Carolean Death March
4990:Siege of Fredriksten
4797:, which started the
4795:Carl Gustaf Armfeldt
4681:Pruth River Campaign
4647:Treaty of Greifswald
4619:Treaty of Copenhagen
4444:. Thanks to General
4298:to replace him with
4219:Benedict Oxenstjerna
4114:Siege of Riga (1700)
3830:1,710 light cavalry
3758:2,000 line infantry
3506:Charles XI of Sweden
3262:Siege of Fredriksten
3225:Pruth River Campaign
2288:Carolean Death March
1656:12 ships of the line
1649:13 ships of the line
1023:Baltaci Mehmet Pasha
310:Warsaw Confederation
191:as well as parts of
59:From left to right:
26:For other uses, see
10244:Sphere of influence
10174:Russo-Ukrainian War
10031:First Indochina War
10004:SovietâJapanese War
9940:Xinjiang War (1937)
9809:Kazakhstan Campaign
9594:KoĆciuszko Uprising
9494:Second Northern War
9372:Coup attempt (1991)
9265:Soviet-Finnish wars
8994:during World War II
8780:KoĆciuszko Uprising
8744:1644 Tatar Invasion
8718:Fedorovych uprising
8709:1624 Tatar Invasion
8636:PolishâOttoman wars
8588:1593 Tatar Invasion
8580:1589 Tatar Invasion
8557:Battle of LubieszĂłw
8486:Battle of StÄngebro
8456:PolishâSwedish wars
8363:Thirteen Years' War
8233:MiecĆaw's Rebellion
8208:PolishâVeletian War
8145:Polish Armed Forces
8113:General and related
7891:KoĆciuszko Uprising
7790:1644 Tatar Invasion
7754:Fedorovych uprising
7744:1624 Tatar Invasion
7654:Battle of StÄngebro
7512:Battle of Pabaiskas
7079:Oakley, Stewart P.
6886:Meri maamme turvana
6111:1 July 2022 at the
6085:Glete, Jan (2002).
6061:"The Netherlands."
5989:12 May 2022 at the
5311:Second Northern War
5309:that had ended the
5016:Norwegian Campaigns
4965:Brandenburg-Prussia
4926:Battle of Gadebusch
4904:burned down during
4884:Battle of Gadebusch
4631:Brandenburg-Prussia
4432:provided access to
4350:Battle of Malatitze
4346:Battle of Holowczyn
4304:Battle of Fraustadt
4290:in 1702 and in the
4126:The bombardment of
4106:Landing on HumlebĂŠk
3953:Brandenburg-Prussia
3799:900 Garde du Corps
3716:
3657:entered the war as
3655:Frederick William I
3126:joined it in 1715.
3124:Brandenburg-Prussia
3120:Frederick William I
2593:PolishâSwedish wars
1756:Total: 295,000 dead
1739:Total: 200,000 dead
1618:Brunswick-LĂŒneburg:
1527:Frederick William I
986:Sapieha the Younger
240:Treaty of the Pruth
10395:Polish-Swedish war
10265:Great Northern War
10234:Russian Revolution
10169:Russo-Georgian War
10151:Second Chechen War
10131:Georgian Civil War
9770:Russo-Japanese War
9522:Great Northern War
9420:Russo-Crimean Wars
9392:Second Chechen War
9290:Russo-Turkish wars
9285:Russo-Swedish wars
9275:Russo-Persian Wars
9260:Russo-Crimean Wars
9121:Occupation of Iraq
9101:War in Afghanistan
8978:Invasion of Poland
8873:fighting in Poland
8794:Poland partitioned
8740:Ostryanyn uprising
8592:Nalyvaiko Uprising
8539:Great Northern War
8503:Battle of Kircholm
8396:Battle of Grotniki
8368:War of the Priests
8341:Battle of Grunwald
8044:Restored Lithuania
7967:Interwar Lithuania
7951:Revolution of 1905
7868:Great Northern War
7785:Ostryanyn uprising
7704:Battle of Klushino
7670:Battle of Kircholm
7622:Nalyvaiko Uprising
7481:Battle of Grunwald
7470:Lithuanian Crusade
7410:Lithuanian Crusade
7251:AltranstÀdt (1707)
7246:AltranstÀdt (1706)
7209:Great Northern War
7083:(Routledge, 2005).
7072:Moulton, James R.
6609:, pp. 295â296
6191:, pp. 228â229
6179:, pp. 227â228
5936:, vol. 48, p. 206.
5255:
5062:
5012:
5002:Representation of
4953:Elector of Hanover
4914:
4799:Battle of Helsinki
4786:
4742:
4711:1710â1721: Finland
4663:Skirmish at Bender
4481:Georg Johan Maidel
4338:Battle of Erastfer
4312:double envelopment
4260:
4215:peace of Travendal
4185:Peace of Travendal
4157:and laid siege to
4145:. Simultaneously,
4132:
4110:Peace of Travendal
3992:Kingdom of England
3801:1,800 cuirassiers
3743:1,900 life guards
3714:
3587:
3430:Treaty of Stolbovo
3325:Schleswig-Holstein
3179:(August 1700) and
3056:Great Northern War
3043:Turco-Mongol raids
2959:Russo-Turkish Wars
2844:RussoâSwedish Wars
2707:Russo-Swedish wars
2534:Great Northern War
1810:Great Northern War
1680:Cossack Hetmanate:
1673:Tsardom of Russia:
1639:Cossack Hetmanate:
229:Duchy of Schleswig
40:Great Northern War
10252:
10251:
10141:First Chechen War
10096:SovietâAfghan War
10081:Angolan Civil War
9856:PolishâSoviet War
9814:Finnish Civil War
9792:Russian Civil War
9691:November Uprising
9629:Anglo-Russian War
9569:Bar Confederation
9382:First Chechen War
9362:Russian Civil War
9357:Decembrist revolt
9347:Bulavin Rebellion
9342:Razin's Rebellion
9325:
9324:
9280:Russo-Polish Wars
9248:Lists by opponent
9143:
9142:
9078:RacibĂłrz Conflict
9070:People's Republic
9064:
9063:
9039:Operation Tempest
8917:PolishâSoviet War
8858:November Uprising
8834:Austro-Polish War
8822:Prussian campaign
8788:
8787:
8683:Great Turkish War
8624:Battle of Humenné
8619:Thirty Years' War
8607:Battle of KĆuszyn
8584:KosiĆski uprising
8574:Battle of Byczyna
8441:
8440:
8353:Gollub War (1422)
8348:Hunger War (1414)
8296:
8295:
8286:Battle of Legnica
8237:1072 war against
8213:Battle of Cedynia
8072:
8071:
8025:Soviet occupation
7939:November Uprising
7900:
7899:
7724:Battle of Humenné
7718:Thirty Years' War
7616:KosiĆski uprising
7572:Glinski rebellion
7345:
7344:
7168:Voltaire (1731).
7159:Voltaire (1748).
7151:978-3-506-78871-9
7095:Stiles, Andrina.
7062:(Casemate, 2014).
7058:Lunde, Henrik O.
7048:(1970) pp 648â80.
7027:Bain, R. Nisbet.
6994:978-1-85109-667-1
6956:978-0-7864-2873-1
6937:978-3-406-57767-3
6918:978-3-486-58285-7
6853:978-91-85873-59-3
6817:978-91-85653-52-2
6794:978-0-582-06429-4
6772:978-91-85377-70-1
6633:, pp. 48â51.
6546:, pp. 38â46.
6522:, pp. 33â35.
6506:978-952-222-675-4
6457:, pp. 32â33.
6445:, pp. 27â31.
6308:, pp. 20â27.
6296:, pp. 10â19.
5883:978-1-4728-3349-5
5858:978-1-4728-3349-5
5833:978-1-4728-3349-5
5808:978-1-85532-315-5
5783:978-1-85532-348-3
5758:978-1-4728-3349-5
5733:978-1-4728-3349-5
5708:978-1-4728-3349-5
5683:978-1-4728-3349-5
5584:978-952-234-638-4
5477:978-91-1-303042-5
5290:and a portion of
5214:Swedish Pomerania
5119:battle of Grengam
5042:1719â1721: Sweden
4980:1716â1718: Norway
4947:and British king
4918:Swedish Pomerania
4912:in the same year.
4729:Battle of Grengam
4689:Holy Roman Empire
4669:Ottoman territory
4643:Treaty of Stettin
4635:Treaty of Schwedt
4572:Battle of Poltava
4548:winter of 1708/09
4461:superior fortress
4362:Battle of Poltava
4354:Battle of Lesnaya
4292:Battle of Pultusk
4288:Battle of Klissow
4268:Elector of Saxony
4093:
4092:
4089:
4078:
4031:Habsburg Monarchy
4018:Kingdom of France
3979:Tsardom of Russia
3871:
3870:
3766:1,500 grenadiers
3732:Poland-Lithuania
3625:John III Sobieski
3621:elector of Saxony
3602:modernized empire
3532:Charles Frederick
3488:Peter I of Russia
3379:Thirty Years' War
3329:absolute monarchy
3327:. In Sweden, the
3305:Swedish Pomerania
3240:Swedish dominions
3213:Battle of Poltava
3148:(1708â1710). The
3108:Battle of Poltava
3060:Tsardom of Russia
3049:
3048:
2923:
2922:
2671:
2670:
2557:
2556:
2351:
2350:
1775:
1774:
1611:Holstein-Gottorp:
1563:
1321:
999:Sapieha the Elder
919:Charles Frederick
560:(1700, 1709â1720)
512:Duchy of Courland
474:Cossack Hetmanate
462:Tsardom of Russia
359:Cossack Hetmanate
262:
261:
209:Swedish Pomerania
141:Tsardom of Russia
10402:
10126:Transnistria War
10071:War of Attrition
9977:Continuation War
9926:
9718:January Uprising
9559:Seven Years' War
9459:Time of Troubles
9425:Russo-Kazan Wars
9270:Russo-Kazan Wars
9202:
9201:
9170:
9163:
9156:
9147:
9146:
9034:Italian Campaign
9003:Ghetto uprisings
8990:, and
8959:
8958:
8922:Battle of Warsaw
8863:January Uprising
8802:Denisko uprising
8735:Pavlyuk uprising
8713:Zhmaylo uprising
8693:Battle of Vienna
8552:Danzig rebellion
8452:
8451:
8329:Battle of PĆowce
8307:
8306:
8302:Jagiellon Poland
8264:Mongol invasions
8201:
8200:
8186:
8174:
8165:
8099:
8092:
8085:
8076:
8075:
7945:January Uprising
7911:
7779:Pavlyuk uprising
7748:Zhmaylo uprising
7525:Crusade of Varna
7507:Battle of AĆĄmena
7393:
7392:
7372:
7365:
7358:
7349:
7348:
7221:Preobrazhenskoye
7207:Treaties of the
7201:
7194:
7187:
7178:
7177:
7173:
7164:
7155:
7119:
7106:59.3 (2009): 23.
7092:
7069:(1983) pp 77â93.
7037:Englund, Peter.
7017:
6998:
6979:
6960:
6941:
6922:
6903:
6880:
6857:
6830:
6821:
6798:
6776:
6753:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6718:
6699:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6634:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6553:
6547:
6541:
6535:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6458:
6452:
6446:
6440:
6434:
6420:
6414:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6369:
6363:
6357:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6285:
6279:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6201:
6192:
6186:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6161:
6155:
6138:
6132:
6125:
6116:
6099:
6090:
6083:
6074:
6058:
6052:
6036:
6030:
6013:
6007:
6000:
5994:
5978:
5972:
5965:
5959:
5943:
5937:
5930:
5917:
5910:
5904:
5897:
5888:
5887:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5627:
5622:Lindegren, Jan,
5620:
5614:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5593:
5587:
5576:
5570:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5525:
5519:
5512:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5488:
5479:
5465:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5385:
5364:
5260:Treaty of Nystad
5199:
5191:treaty in Vienna
5168:
5159:
5147:Treaty of Nystad
5104:battle of StÀket
4930:Siege of Tönning
4888:Siege of Tönning
4847:Battle of Gangut
4818:Saint Petersburg
4738:Battle of Gangut
4721:Battle of Gangut
4639:Treaty of Berlin
4574:and fled to the
4544:to invade Russia
4465:Saint Petersburg
4403:
4378:
4308:Battle of Cannae
4143:siege to Tönning
4139:Holstein-Gottorp
4102:Siege of Tönning
4081:
4073:
4044:Crown of Castile
3879:
3856:39,940 infantry
3852:63,351 cavalry
3850:49,400 infantry
3846:32,400 cavalry
3844:69,868 infantry
3810:10,000 dragoons
3787:402 life guards
3760:150 halberdiers
3717:
3713:
3685:House of Hanover
3611:Boris Sheremetev
3477:
3468:
3456:Opposing parties
3426:Time of Troubles
3321:Baltic Provinces
3297:Treaty of Nystad
3250:occupied Finland
3215:(in present-day
3205:Saint Petersburg
3143:Ukrainian Hetman
3137:(1704â1710) and
3131:Holstein-Gottorp
3100:PolandâLithuania
2962:
2960:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2710:
2708:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2596:
2594:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2549:War of 1813â1814
2544:War of 1808â1809
2391:
2388:
2387:Dano-Swedish war
2378:
2371:
2364:
2355:
2354:
1813:
1811:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1562:(personal union)
1561:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1525:
1524:
1513:
1512:
1498:
1497:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1470:
1459:
1458:
1444:
1431:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1320:(personal union)
1319:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1008:
997:
984:
974:
964:
957:
956:(personal union)
950:
949:
948:
943:
942:
936:
935:
929:
928:
917:
916:
915:
907:
897:
896:
895:
886:
878:
877:
866:
865:
851:
850:
836:
835:
824:
823:
813:
805:
804:
793:
792:
781:
780:
766:
765:
754:
745:
744:
733:
724:
723:
713:
705:
704:
693:
692:
681:
680:
671:
659:
658:
637:
633:
632:
623:
616:
615:
614:
607:
600:
599:
591:
585:
584:
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570:
569:
561:
554:
553:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
495:
484:
483:
482:
472:
471:
470:
460:
459:
458:
445:
438:
437:
429:
426:
422:
420:
419:
411:
405:
403:
402:
395:
389:
387:
386:
379:
373:
372:
371:
364:
357:
356:
355:
348:
341:
340:
332:
325:
323:
322:
315:
308:
301:
296:Holstein-Gottorp
294:
293:
292:
282:
280:
279:
225:HolsteinâGottorp
211:; Hanover gains
176:Treaty of Nystad
94:
93:
57:
37:
36:
10410:
10409:
10405:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10400:
10399:
10390:1710s in Europe
10285:1720s conflicts
10280:1710s conflicts
10275:1700s conflicts
10255:
10254:
10253:
10248:
10220:
10161:
10155:
10146:War of Dagestan
9920:
9893:August Uprising
9762:
9756:
9745:Boxer Rebellion
9713:Amur Annexation
9514:
9508:
9412:
9406:
9387:War of Dagestan
9367:August Uprising
9321:
9243:
9193:
9174:
9144:
9139:
9087:
9060:
9054:Warsaw Uprising
9025:
8997:
8948:
8889:Second Republic
8883:
8807:Napoleonic Wars
8784:
8701:
8630:
8543:
8437:
8423:Battle of Orsha
8406:Battle of Varna
8377:
8292:
8259:
8244:Siege of GĆogĂłw
8190:
8189:
8178:
8154:
8108:
8103:
8073:
8068:
8038:
8019:
8000:
7995:KlaipÄda Revolt
7961:
7927:Napoleonic Wars
7915:
7914:
7896:
7856:
7627:
7548:
7531:Battle of Varna
7452:
7415:
7381:
7376:
7346:
7341:
7330:
7212:
7205:
7152:
7117:
7113:
7111:Other languages
7024:
7022:Further reading
7014:
6995:
6976:
6957:
6938:
6919:
6900:
6877:
6854:
6818:
6795:
6781:Frost, Robert I
6773:
6723:
6721:
6715:
6687:
6682:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6658:
6654:
6646:
6637:
6629:
6625:
6617:
6613:
6605:
6598:
6590:
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6574:
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6550:
6542:
6538:
6530:
6526:
6518:
6514:
6507:
6489:
6485:
6477:
6473:
6465:
6461:
6453:
6449:
6441:
6437:
6421:
6417:
6412:
6408:
6400:
6396:
6388:
6384:
6376:
6372:
6364:
6360:
6352:
6348:
6340:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6316:
6312:
6304:
6300:
6292:
6288:
6280:
6273:
6265:
6261:
6253:
6246:
6238:
6234:
6226:
6222:
6214:
6210:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6175:
6171:
6162:
6158:
6152:Wayback Machine
6139:
6135:
6126:
6119:
6113:Wayback Machine
6100:
6093:
6084:
6077:
6071:Wayback Machine
6059:
6055:
6049:Wayback Machine
6037:
6033:
6027:Wayback Machine
6014:
6010:
6001:
5997:
5991:Wayback Machine
5979:
5975:
5966:
5962:
5956:Wayback Machine
5944:
5940:
5931:
5920:
5911:
5907:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5870:
5866:
5859:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5795:
5791:
5784:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5745:
5741:
5734:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5695:
5691:
5684:
5670:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5637:
5630:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5594:
5590:
5577:
5573:
5567:Svenska knektar
5565:Ericson, Lars,
5564:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5536:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5513:
5509:
5501:
5497:
5489:
5482:
5466:
5459:
5451:
5447:
5438:
5434:
5426:
5422:
5415:
5411:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5365:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5322:
5193:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5161:
5160:
5149:
5137:Main articles:
5135:
5050:
5044:
5036:Ulrika Eleonora
4996:
4984:Main articles:
4982:
4945:Peter the Great
4906:Magnus Stenbock
4900:Danish town of
4894:
4874:Main articles:
4872:
4858:(Brahestad) to
4771:plague outbreak
4754:Fyodor Apraksin
4750:captured Viborg
4731:
4725:The Great Wrath
4715:Main articles:
4713:
4673:Bender, Moldova
4665:
4657:Main articles:
4655:
4607:
4422:Peter the Great
4418:Battle of Narva
4414:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4382:Peter the Great
4379:
4368:
4336:Main articles:
4334:
4245:
4233:Main articles:
4231:
4151:Swedish Livonia
4120:
4100:Main articles:
4098:
4048:Crown of Aragon
4046:
3888:
3864:12,810 cavalry
3862:2,150 infantry
3858:13,723 cavalry
3828:4,000 dragoons
3822:7,504 dragoons
3816:1,798 dragoons
3807:other cavalry*
3729:Denmark-Norway
3701:
3663:king in Prussia
3598:Russian tsardom
3590:Peter the Great
3572:
3544:Ulrike Eleonora
3522:Magnus Stenbock
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3458:
3438:Peter the Great
3391:Duchy of Bremen
3359:Gulf of Finland
3347:
3341:
3317:Stettin Lagoons
3281:Philip of Anjou
3169:Swedish Livonia
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3036:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2924:
2919:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2672:
2667:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2558:
2553:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2352:
2347:
2339:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1771:
1758:
1751:
1741:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1701:DenmarkâNorway:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1646:Dutch Republic:
1641:
1634:
1632:Ottoman Empire:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1604:Swedish Empire:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1550:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1492:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1365:
1363:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1305:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1202:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1175:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1124:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1074:Devlet II Giray
1066:
1054:
1042:
1027:
1015:
1003:
955:
954:
946:
944:
937:
930:
923:
913:
911:
903:
893:
891:
872:
860:
845:
830:
818:
799:
787:
775:
760:
739:
718:
699:
687:
675:
667:
653:
640:
627:
626:
621:
620:
612:
610:
605:
604:
594:
589:
579:
574:
564:
559:
558:
548:
543:
542:
529:
528:
515:
514:
501:
500:
490:
480:
478:
466:
456:
454:
448:
443:
442:
432:
427:
417:
415:
409:
400:
398:
393:
384:
382:
377:
369:
367:
362:
361:
351:
346:
345:
343:Crimean Khanate
335:
330:
329:
320:
318:
313:
312:
299:
298:
290:
288:
275:
258:
167:
156:Decline of the
150:Decline of the
126:
101:
88:
58:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10408:
10398:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10385:1721 in Europe
10382:
10380:1700 in Europe
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10250:
10249:
10247:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10229:Russian Winter
10225:
10222:
10221:
10219:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10197:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10171:
10165:
10163:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10056:Vlora incident
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10007:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9968:
9967:
9957:
9952:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9884:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9847:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9826:
9821:
9819:Sochi conflict
9816:
9811:
9806:
9805:
9804:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9777:
9772:
9766:
9764:
9758:
9757:
9755:
9754:
9753:
9752:
9742:
9737:
9736:
9735:
9730:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9709:
9708:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9671:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9545:
9540:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9518:
9516:
9510:
9509:
9507:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9416:
9414:
9408:
9407:
9405:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9333:
9331:
9327:
9326:
9323:
9322:
9320:
9319:
9314:
9313:
9312:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9251:
9249:
9245:
9244:
9242:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9205:
9199:
9195:
9194:
9173:
9172:
9165:
9158:
9150:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9137:
9136:
9135:
9125:
9124:
9123:
9118:
9108:
9103:
9097:
9095:
9093:Third Republic
9089:
9088:
9086:
9085:
9080:
9074:
9072:
9066:
9065:
9062:
9061:
9059:
9058:
9057:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9036:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9007:
9005:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8995:
8980:
8975:
8974:
8973:
8962:
8956:
8950:
8949:
8947:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8930:
8929:
8927:Kiev offensive
8924:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8893:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8881:
8880:
8879:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8849:
8848:
8838:
8837:
8836:
8826:
8825:
8824:
8814:
8812:Peninsular War
8809:
8804:
8798:
8796:
8790:
8789:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8756:
8755:
8745:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8731:
8730:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8696:
8695:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8646:
8640:
8638:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8627:
8626:
8616:
8611:
8610:
8609:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8586:
8581:
8578:
8577:
8576:
8566:
8561:
8560:
8559:
8548:
8545:
8544:
8542:
8541:
8536:
8535:
8534:
8524:
8523:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8506:
8505:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8478:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8460:
8458:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8435:
8432:
8427:
8426:
8425:
8415:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8382:
8379:
8378:
8376:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8344:
8343:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8321:
8315:
8313:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8278:
8273:
8267:
8265:
8261:
8260:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8249:
8246:
8241:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8176:
8175:
8167:
8166:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8116:
8114:
8110:
8109:
8102:
8101:
8094:
8087:
8079:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8066:
8060:
8055:
8049:
8047:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8030:
8028:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8010:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7984:
7972:
7970:
7963:
7962:
7960:
7959:
7953:
7948:
7942:
7936:
7930:
7923:
7921:
7917:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7888:
7883:
7877:
7871:
7864:
7862:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7854:
7849:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7830:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7803:
7791:
7788:
7782:
7776:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7757:
7751:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7729:
7728:
7727:
7715:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7687:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7658:
7657:
7656:
7646:
7641:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7607:
7601:
7600:
7599:
7587:
7581:
7575:
7569:
7563:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7540:
7535:
7534:
7533:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7467:
7460:
7458:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7423:
7421:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7407:
7401:
7399:
7390:
7383:
7382:
7375:
7374:
7367:
7360:
7352:
7343:
7342:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7204:
7203:
7196:
7189:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7165:
7156:
7150:
7137:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7084:
7077:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7049:
7042:
7035:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7012:
6999:
6993:
6980:
6974:
6961:
6955:
6942:
6936:
6923:
6917:
6904:
6898:
6881:
6875:
6858:
6852:
6831:
6822:
6816:
6799:
6793:
6777:
6771:
6754:
6744:Chisholm, Hugh
6719:
6713:
6700:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6667:
6652:
6635:
6631:Mattila (1983)
6623:
6619:Mattila (1983)
6611:
6596:
6584:
6572:
6560:
6548:
6544:Mattila (1983)
6536:
6532:Mattila (1983)
6524:
6520:Mattila (1983)
6512:
6505:
6483:
6479:Mattila (1983)
6471:
6467:Mattila (1983)
6459:
6455:Mattila (1983)
6447:
6443:Mattila (1983)
6435:
6431:Maurice Baquoi
6415:
6406:
6394:
6382:
6370:
6358:
6346:
6334:
6322:
6310:
6306:Mattila (1983)
6298:
6294:Mattila (1983)
6286:
6271:
6259:
6244:
6232:
6230:, p. 205.
6220:
6208:
6193:
6181:
6169:
6156:
6133:
6117:
6091:
6075:
6053:
6031:
6008:
5995:
5973:
5960:
5938:
5918:
5905:
5889:
5882:
5864:
5857:
5839:
5832:
5814:
5807:
5789:
5782:
5764:
5757:
5739:
5732:
5714:
5707:
5689:
5682:
5664:
5655:
5653:, p. 216.
5643:
5641:, p. 206.
5628:
5615:
5606:
5588:
5571:
5558:
5546:
5531:. Tacitus.nu.
5520:
5507:
5495:
5480:
5457:
5445:
5441:David R. Stone
5432:
5420:
5417:Liljegren 2000
5409:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5321:
5318:
5307:Peace of Oliva
5246:in June 1720.
5173:
5172:
5163:
5162:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5134:
5131:
5046:Main article:
5043:
5040:
5024:army withdrawn
5020:Jacobite party
4981:
4978:
4871:
4868:
4712:
4709:
4679:. The ensuing
4677:Ottoman Empire
4659:Pruth Campaign
4654:
4651:
4606:
4603:
4576:Ottoman Empire
4552:scorched earth
4405:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4380:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4333:
4330:
4272:King of Poland
4252:Battle of Riga
4230:
4227:
4181:Dutch Republic
4097:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4079:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4061:Ottoman Empire
4057:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4005:Dutch Republic
4001:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3940:Swedish Empire
3936:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3927:DenmarkâNorway
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3776:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3700:
3697:
3571:
3568:
3498:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3448:by the secret
3415:military drill
3340:
3337:
3333:Age of Liberty
3285:Spanish throne
3256:. Charles XII
3173:Swedish Ingria
3157:DenmarkâNorway
3150:Ottoman Empire
3088:DenmarkâNorway
3076:Eastern Europe
3064:Swedish Empire
3047:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:Great Northern
2650:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2507:
2505:Torstenson War
2502:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2453:
2451:Battle of Ă
sle
2448:
2443:
2441:Kalundborg War
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2210:Pruth Campaign
2206:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1490:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1361:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1225:
1213:
1198:
1186:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1120:
1108:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1025:
1013:
1001:
991:
978:
968:
958:
921:
909:
889:
870:
858:
843:
828:
816:
797:
785:
773:
758:
737:
716:
697:
685:
673:
650:
647:
646:
642:
641:
639:
638:
624:
608:
592:
577:
562:
556:DenmarkâNorway
546:
532:
518:
504:
488:
486:Kalmyk Khanate
476:
464:
451:
449:
447:
446:
430:
412:
396:
380:
375:Dutch Republic
365:
349:
333:
327:Ottoman Empire
316:
302:
286:
284:Swedish Empire
272:
269:
268:
264:
263:
260:
259:
257:
256:
245:Ottoman Empire
236:
233:Denmark-Norway
216:
200:
171:
169:
163:
162:
161:
160:
154:
152:Swedish Empire
148:
145:Russian Empire
132:
128:
127:
124:Eastern Europe
114:
112:
108:
107:
98:
90:
89:
87:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
50:
49:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10407:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10262:
10260:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10226:
10223:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10195:
10194:2022 invasion
10192:
10190:
10189:War in Donbas
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10176:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10166:
10164:
10158:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10026:Ili Rebellion
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9993:
9990:
9989:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9966:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9947:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9924:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9803:
9800:
9799:
9798:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9790:
9786:
9783:
9782:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9767:
9765:
9759:
9751:
9748:
9747:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9725:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9707:
9704:
9703:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9665:
9664:Caucasian War
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9519:
9517:
9511:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9409:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9334:
9332:
9328:
9318:
9315:
9311:
9308:
9307:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9252:
9250:
9246:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9206:
9203:
9200:
9196:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9171:
9166:
9164:
9159:
9157:
9152:
9151:
9148:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9129:
9126:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9113:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9090:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9067:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9049:LwĂłw uprising
9047:
9045:
9042:
9041:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9028:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9008:
9006:
9004:
9000:
8993:
8992:contributions
8989:
8985:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8972:
8971:Eastern Front
8969:
8968:
8967:
8964:
8963:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8951:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8919:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8886:
8878:
8877:Eastern Front
8874:
8871:
8870:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8847:
8844:
8843:
8842:
8839:
8835:
8832:
8831:
8830:
8827:
8823:
8820:
8819:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8791:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8749:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8704:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8684:
8681:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8579:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8546:
8540:
8537:
8533:
8530:
8529:
8528:
8525:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8494:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8470:
8467:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8444:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8380:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
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8330:
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8325:
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8312:
8308:
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8299:
8287:
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8015:
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8003:
7996:
7993:
7988:
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7875:
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7869:
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7809:
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7798:
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7617:
7614:
7611:
7608:
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7597:
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7495:
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7468:
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7439:
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7380:
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7359:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7340:
7339:
7333:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7316:Frederiksborg
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
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7254:
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7239:
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7232:
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7224:
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7219:
7218:
7215:
7210:
7202:
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7190:
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7183:
7182:
7179:
7171:
7166:
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7157:
7153:
7147:
7143:
7138:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7115:
7114:
7105:
7104:History Today
7101:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7057:
7054:
7050:
7047:
7043:
7040:
7036:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7015:
7013:1-85728-106-3
7009:
7005:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6986:
6981:
6977:
6975:3-406-42105-9
6971:
6967:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6949:. McFarland.
6948:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6929:
6924:
6920:
6914:
6910:
6905:
6901:
6899:951-99487-0-8
6895:
6891:
6887:
6882:
6878:
6876:91-89442-65-2
6872:
6868:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6832:
6828:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6736:Gosse, Edmund
6732:
6731:public domain
6720:
6716:
6714:3-412-00697-1
6710:
6706:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6688:
6677:, p. 510
6676:
6671:
6663:
6656:
6650:, p. 296
6649:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6632:
6627:
6621:, p. 47.
6620:
6615:
6608:
6603:
6601:
6593:
6588:
6581:
6576:
6570:, p. 165
6569:
6564:
6558:, p. 140
6557:
6552:
6545:
6540:
6534:, p. 35.
6533:
6528:
6521:
6516:
6508:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6487:
6481:, p. 33.
6480:
6475:
6469:, p. 30.
6468:
6463:
6456:
6451:
6444:
6439:
6433:, etched 1724
6432:
6428:
6427:(Hanko), 1714
6426:
6419:
6410:
6404:, p. 711
6403:
6398:
6392:, p. 710
6391:
6386:
6379:
6374:
6368:, p. 706
6367:
6362:
6356:, p. 704
6355:
6350:
6344:, p. 707
6343:
6338:
6332:, p. 703
6331:
6326:
6320:, p. 700
6319:
6314:
6307:
6302:
6295:
6290:
6284:, p. 691
6283:
6278:
6276:
6268:
6263:
6257:, p. 701
6256:
6251:
6249:
6242:, p. 694
6241:
6236:
6229:
6224:
6218:, p. 230
6217:
6212:
6206:, p. 229
6205:
6200:
6198:
6190:
6185:
6178:
6173:
6166:
6160:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6124:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6098:
6096:
6088:
6082:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5999:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5964:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5915:
5909:
5902:
5896:
5894:
5885:
5879:
5875:
5868:
5860:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5835:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5793:
5785:
5779:
5775:
5768:
5760:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5735:
5729:
5725:
5718:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5685:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5659:
5652:
5647:
5640:
5635:
5633:
5625:
5619:
5610:
5598:
5597:ĐŁŃĐ»Đ°ĐœĐžŃ Đ. ĐŠ.
5592:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5568:
5562:
5556:, p. 132
5555:
5550:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5517:
5511:
5504:
5499:
5492:
5487:
5485:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5455:, p. 240
5454:
5449:
5442:
5436:
5430:, p. 214
5429:
5424:
5418:
5413:
5406:
5401:
5397:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5352:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5251:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5218:Bremen-Verden
5215:
5212:and northern
5211:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5167:
5158:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4649:with Russia.
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4587:Boris Kurakin
4583:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4529:
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4520:
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4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4409:
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4391:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4367:
4363:
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4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
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4273:
4269:
4265:
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4211:
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4119:
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4111:
4107:
4103:
4088:
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4062:
4059:
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4021:
4019:
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4008:
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3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3985:
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3972:
3969:
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3777:
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3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3687:, elector of
3686:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:for centuries
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:Anna Petrovna
3545:
3541:
3540:Hedvig Sophia
3537:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3489:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3442:Johann Patkul
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3377:. During the
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3309:Bremen-Verden
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3269:Great Britain
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
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3018:
3015:
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3010:
3008:
3005:
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3000:
2998:
2995:
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2990:
2988:
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2600:
2595:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2562:
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2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
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2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
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2460:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:6000 mark war
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:Naval battles
2293:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
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1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
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1853:
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1836:
1834:
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1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
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1681:
1678:
1674:
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1670:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
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1644:
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1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1302:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1226:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
990:
987:
983:
979:
977:
973:
969:
967:
963:
959:
953:
941:
934:
927:
922:
920:
910:
908:
906:
900:
890:
887:
881:
876:
871:
869:
864:
859:
857:
854:
849:
844:
842:
839:
834:
829:
827:
822:
817:
814:
808:
807:Schlippenbach
803:
798:
796:
791:
786:
784:
779:
774:
772:
769:
764:
759:
757:
753:
748:
743:
738:
736:
732:
727:
722:
717:
714:
708:
703:
698:
696:
691:
686:
684:
679:
674:
672:
670:
664:
663:
657:
652:
651:
649:
648:
643:
636:
631:
625:
619:
609:
603:
602:Great Britain
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
557:
552:
547:
541:
537:
533:
527:
523:
519:
513:
509:
505:
499:
494:
489:
487:
477:
475:
465:
463:
453:
452:
450:
441:
440:Great Britain
436:
431:
425:
413:
408:
397:
392:
381:
376:
366:
360:
350:
344:
339:
334:
328:
317:
311:
307:
303:
297:
287:
285:
274:
273:
271:
270:
265:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:
217:
214:
213:Bremen-Verden
210:
206:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
170:
165:
164:
159:
155:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
137:
136:
133:
130:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
109:
105:
99:
96:
95:
91:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
48:
47:Northern Wars
43:
38:
33:
29:
22:
21:Northern Wars
9945:World War II
9521:
9469:Smolensk War
9435:Livonian War
8982:Polish
8966:World War II
8723:Smolensk War
8538:
8464:Livonian War
8447:Commonwealth
8196:Piast Poland
8177:
8046:(since 1990)
8006:World War II
7867:
7861:18th century
7835:(1672â1676)
7816:(1655â1660)
7814:Northern War
7796:(1648â1657)
7762:(1632â1634)
7760:Smolensk War
7734:(1620â1621)
7720:(1618â1648)
7700:(1605â1618)
7666:(1600â1611)
7632:17th century
7592:(1558â1583)
7590:Livonian War
7553:16th century
7527:(1443â1444)
7477:(1409â1411)
7457:15th century
7420:14th century
7397:13th century
7336:
7208:
7169:
7160:
7141:
7118:(in Russian)
7103:
7096:
7088:
7080:
7073:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7051:Lisk, Jill.
7045:
7038:
7028:
7003:
6984:
6965:
6946:
6927:
6908:
6889:
6885:
6866:
6862:
6839:
6835:
6826:
6807:
6803:
6784:
6762:
6758:
6747:
6704:
6695:
6685:Bibliography
6675:Donnert 1997
6670:
6661:
6655:
6626:
6614:
6594:, p. 53
6587:
6582:, p. 23
6575:
6563:
6551:
6539:
6527:
6515:
6492:
6486:
6474:
6462:
6450:
6438:
6422:
6418:
6409:
6397:
6385:
6373:
6361:
6349:
6337:
6325:
6313:
6301:
6289:
6262:
6235:
6223:
6211:
6184:
6172:
6164:
6159:
6142:
6136:
6128:
6103:
6086:
6062:
6056:
6040:
6034:
6017:
6011:
6003:
5998:
5982:
5976:
5968:
5963:
5947:
5941:
5933:
5913:
5908:
5900:
5873:
5867:
5848:
5842:
5823:
5817:
5798:
5792:
5773:
5767:
5748:
5742:
5723:
5717:
5698:
5692:
5673:
5667:
5658:
5646:
5623:
5618:
5609:
5591:
5574:
5566:
5561:
5549:
5537:. Retrieved
5523:
5515:
5510:
5505:, p. 51
5498:
5493:, p. 52
5468:
5448:
5435:
5423:
5412:
5407:, p. 78
5405:Larsson 2009
5400:
5336:Swedish army
5315:
5304:
5267:
5264:Uusikaupunki
5256:
5222:incorporated
5202:
5189:concluded a
5179:
5108:
5084:Södermanland
5063:
5058:Alexey Zubov
5013:
4934:
4915:
4839:
4811:
4787:
4743:
4666:
4608:
4584:
4540:
4516:
4497:
4478:
4458:
4415:
4408:Poltava 1709
4386:Shlisselburg
4284:crossed into
4261:
4212:
4189:
4163:
4133:
4083:
4075:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3901:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3884:
3883:
3875:
3872:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3779:
3773:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3744:
3709:
3702:
3679:
3653:
3638:
3615:
3588:
3552:
3530:
3500:
3497:Swedish camp
3423:
3419:
3348:
3266:
3243:
3229:
3203:by founding
3154:
3128:
3084:Frederick IV
3055:
3053:
2899:
2843:
2842:
2717:
2652:
2533:
2509:
2455:
2135:Perevolochna
1808:
1755:
1738:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1515:Tordenskjold
1461:Frederick IV
1423:WiĆniowiecki
1208:Robert Bruce
1103:
966:Stanislaus I
904:
899:Frederick IV
853:Wachtmeister
668:
660:
267:Belligerents
238:
218:
202:
174:
143:becomes the
134:
45:Part of the
32:
10051:Vietnam War
9921: [
9780:World War I
9701:Crimean War
9634:Finnish War
9550:(1740â1748)
9539:(1733â1738)
9464:Ingrian War
9180:(including
8868:World War I
8065:(2003â2011)
8027:(1944â1990)
7989:(1919â1920)
7983:(1918â1919)
7969:(1918â1940)
7958:(1914â1918)
7956:World War I
7947:(1863â1864)
7941:(1830â1831)
7929:(1803â1815)
7886:War of 1792
7882:(1768â1774)
7876:(1733â1735)
7870:(1700â1721)
7848:(1683â1699)
7829:(1666â1671)
7810:(1654â1667)
7775:(1633â1634)
7692:(1626â1629)
7686:(1621â1625)
7680:(1617â1618)
7624:(1594â1596)
7618:(1591â1593)
7612:(1587â1588)
7606:(1563â1570)
7598:(1577â1582)
7586:(1534â1537)
7580:(1512â1522)
7568:(1507â1508)
7562:(1500â1503)
7545:(1492â1494)
7521:(1431â1435)
7466:(1401â1409)
7429:(1340â1392)
7412:(1283â1422)
7211:(1700â1721)
7126:Runivers.ru
6787:. Longman.
6556:Wilson 1998
6402:Tucker 2010
6390:Tucker 2010
6366:Tucker 2010
6354:Tucker 2010
6342:Tucker 2010
6330:Tucker 2010
6318:Tucker 2010
6282:Tucker 2010
6255:Tucker 2010
6240:Tucker 2010
6041:Tacitus.nu.
5983:Tacitus.nu.
5948:Tacitus.nu.
5375:Augustus II
5194: [
5183:Mecklenburg
5028:Fredriksten
4864:Great Wrath
4564:Ivan Mazepa
4450:GemÀuerthof
4264:Augustus II
4153:, captured
4147:Augustus II
4085:Janissaries
3772:heavy/line
3705:Charles XII
3644:Christian V
3581:(left) and
3570:Allied camp
3554:Ivan Mazepa
3486:(left) and
3407:mercenaries
3209:into Russia
3146:Ivan Mazepa
3104:Charles XII
3082:of Russia,
2910:(1788â1790)
2905:(1741â1743)
2900:(1700â1721)
2895:(1656â1658)
2885:(1610â1617)
2880:(1590â1595)
2875:(1558â1583)
2870:(1554â1557)
2860:(1495â1497)
2855:(1479â1482)
2850:(1475â1476)
2539:Theatre War
2529:Scanian War
2406:FĂœrisvellir
2283:Fredriksten
2259:2nd Tönning
2151:Helsingborg
1972:Valkininkai
1962:Gemauerthof
1937:Darsƫniƥkis
1828:1st Tönning
1413:ChomÄtowski
1344:Schulenburg
1316:Augustus II
1287:Skoropadsky
1196:Jacob Bruce
952:William III
795:Meijerfeldt
695:Frederick I
662:Charles XII
622:(1711â1712)
606:(1717â1719)
590:(1715â1719)
575:(1715â1720)
544:(1704â1709)
516:(1700â1701)
444:(1719â1720)
363:(1708â1714)
347:(1710â1714)
331:(1710â1714)
314:(1704â1709)
300:(1700â1714)
166:Territorial
10259:Categories
10086:Ogaden War
10036:Korean War
9955:Winter War
9824:Heimosodat
9411:Tsardom of
8988:resistance
8532:The Deluge
7820:The Deluge
7494:Gollub War
7488:Hunger War
7311:Greifswald
7291:Adrianople
7266:Copenhagen
6648:Frost 2000
6607:Frost 2000
6592:North 2008
6580:Meier 2008
6568:Torke 2005
6378:Frost 2000
6267:Frost 2000
6228:Gosse 1911
6216:Frost 2000
6204:Frost 2000
6189:Frost 2000
6177:Frost 2000
6143:Tacitus.nu
6104:Tacitus.nu
6018:Tacitus.nu
5651:Gosse 1911
5639:Gosse 1911
5342:References
5298:, and the
5240:Sound Dues
5187:Charles VI
5109:After the
5100:Norrköping
5092:SödertÀlje
4941:Greifswald
4454:Jakobstadt
4442:River Neva
4192:Baltic Sea
4173:Copenhagen
4128:Copenhagen
4025:340â380
3671:Baltic Sea
3649:Sound Dues
3634:Rawa Ruska
3504:succeeded
3434:Baltic Sea
3411:small arms
3353:created a
3339:Background
3301:Sound Dues
3201:Baltic Sea
3141:under the
2500:Kalmar War
2457:Union Wars
2305:Fladstrand
2178:Gothenburg
2157:2nd Viborg
2050:Frauenwald
1982:2nd Grodno
1967:1st Grodno
1952:Jakobstadt
1890:SysterbÀck
1880:Hummelshof
1500:GyldenlĂžve
1433:Lubomirski
1403:Sieniawski
1299:Ayuka Khan
1130:Sheremetev
1062:Hordiyenko
747:Lewenhaupt
707:Rehnskiöld
683:Eleonora I
618:Montenegro
9706:Ă
land War
9674:Murid War
9513:18thâ19th
8336:Great War
7389:(to 1795)
7338:Campaigns
7321:Stockholm
7231:Travendal
6738:(1911). "
5903:, p. 101.
5599:(1960).
5539:24 August
5467:Ericson,
5453:From 2007
5428:From 2007
5392:Citations
5326:Caroleans
5313:in 1660.
5088:NorrtÀlje
5080:Stockholm
4937:Stralsund
4827:Stockholm
4803:Sandviken
4791:Kronstadt
4701:Timurtash
4621:. In the
4502:attacked
4473:Kronstadt
4155:DĂŒnamĂŒnde
4038:110â130
3740:infantry
3735:Saxony**
3703:In 1700,
3699:Army size
3693:North Sea
3558:Ukrainian
3534:, son of
3514:allotment
3510:reduction
3403:the Sound
3401:north of
3399:provinces
3383:Pomerania
3315:estuary (
3264:in 1718.
3177:Travendal
3032:1916â1917
3027:1914â1918
2982:1686â1700
2915:(1808â09)
2808:1350â1351
2803:1348â1349
2798:1338â1339
2793:1321â1323
2783:1311â1314
2778:1300â1301
2773:1293â1295
2768:1283â1284
2763:1256â1257
2758:1249â1250
2748:1236â1237
2738:1227â1228
2641:1655â1660
2636:1626â1629
2631:1621â1625
2626:1617â1618
2621:1600â1611
2616:Sigismund
2611:1563â1568
2483:1512â1520
2478:1501â1512
2473:1470â1471
2463:1434-1436
2421:Gestilren
2401:BrĂĄvellir
2278:Dynekilen
2254:Gadebusch
2242:Stralsund
2193:Marstrand
2188:Strömstad
2085:Malatitze
2080:Holowczyn
2075:Petschora
2060:Koniecpol
2045:Rosenhain
2040:Fraustadt
1915:KolkanpÀÀ
1900:2nd Narva
1895:Wesenberg
1860:1st Narva
1539:Leopold I
1473:Reventlow
1118:Menshikov
1011:Ahmed III
768:Mardefelt
10239:Cold War
10101:Gulf War
9457:and the
9330:Internal
9186:Imperial
9111:Iraq War
8063:Iraq War
6783:(2000).
6694:(1960).
6148:Archived
6109:Archived
6067:Archived
6045:Archived
6023:Archived
5987:Archived
5952:Archived
5533:Archived
5320:See also
5096:Nyköping
5067:Ăregrund
4949:George I
4766:Kymijoki
4705:Demotika
4426:Erastfer
4179:and the
3774:cavalry
3681:George I
3139:Cossacks
3114:and the
3068:Northern
2343:Treaties
2300:KĂžge Bay
2204:Moldavia
2183:Göta Ălv
2162:Helsinki
2115:Oposhnya
1947:SaloÄiai
1932:TryĆĄkiai
1920:2nd Riga
1885:Nöteborg
1875:Erastfer
1850:1st Riga
1838:HumlebĂŠk
1715:Hanover:
1708:Prussia:
1653:England:
1595:Strength
1586:Cantemir
1574:Danilo I
1558:George I
1332:Flemming
1223:ZmajeviÄ
1169:Golitsyn
1145:Apraksin
1086:George I
838:Vellingk
783:Armfeldt
726:Stenbock
635:Moldavia
407:Scotland
249:Taganrog
116:Northern
111:Location
10179:Outline
10162:century
9763:century
9515:century
9198:Related
9182:Tsarist
8986:,
8984:history
8875:on the
8239:Bohemia
7301:Stettin
7296:Schwedt
7271:Hanover
7256:Dresden
7226:Dresden
7136:formats
7055:(1968).
7031:(1899)
6746:(ed.).
6733::
5292:Karelia
5288:Kexholm
5280:Livonia
5276:Estonia
5076:Uppland
5071:Gotland
5010:in 1718
4972:. When
4910:Wolgast
4831:PÀlkÀne
4746:Poltava
4740:(Hanko)
4595:Tallinn
4568:Baturyn
4560:Lesnaya
4556:Ukraine
4512:Ukraine
4508:Peter I
4485:Peter I
4196:Peter I
4177:England
3726:Russia
3723:Sweden
3689:Hanover
3683:of the
3600:into a
3585:(right)
3561:Cossack
3520:, also
3490:(right)
3375:Livonia
3371:Estonia
3363:Karelia
3335:began.
3236:Tallinn
3217:Ukraine
3080:Peter I
3072:Central
3022:1877â78
3017:1853â56
3012:1828â29
3007:1806â12
3002:1787â92
2997:1768â74
2992:1735â39
2987:1710â11
2977:1676â81
2972:1568â70
2468:Haraker
2335:Grengam
2320:Fehmarn
2310:Hogland
2237:Stresow
2167:PÀlkÀne
2143:Finland
2130:Poltava
2125:Sokolki
2105:Baturyn
2095:Lesnaya
2090:Rajovka
2020:Lemberg
2005:PuĆtusk
2000:KliszĂłw
1957:Palanga
1942:Vilnius
1910:Koporye
1833:Reinbek
1725:340,000
1687:Saxony:
1676:110,000
1663:249,000
1485:Rantzau
1446:OgiĆski
1393:Kettler
1379:)
1373: (
1371:Paykull
1356:Steinau
1275:Apostol
1105:Peter I
976:Potocki
905:†
882: (
868:Siöblad
809: (
709: (
669:†
587:Hanover
572:Prussia
424:Ireland
391:England
193:Kexholm
185:Livonia
181:Estonia
168:changes
120:Central
9489:Deluge
9413:Russia
9192:times)
9190:Soviet
9178:Russia
8016:(1941)
7997:(1923)
7935:(1812)
7893:(1794)
7802:(1651)
7787:(1638)
7781:(1637)
7756:(1630)
7750:(1625)
7726:(1619)
7714:(1606)
7706:(1610)
7672:(1605)
7574:(1508)
7496:(1422)
7490:(1414)
7326:Nystad
7306:Berlin
7241:Warsaw
7148:
7041:(2003)
7033:online
7010:
6991:
6972:
6953:
6934:
6915:
6896:
6873:
6850:
6814:
6791:
6769:
6742:". In
6740:Sweden
6727:
6711:
6503:
6425:Gangut
5880:
5855:
5830:
5805:
5780:
5755:
5730:
5705:
5680:
5582:
5475:
5284:Ingria
5268:Nystad
5229:, and
5210:Wismar
5145:, and
4992:, and
4974:Wismar
4902:Altona
4890:, and
4860:Tornio
4807:Porvoo
4782:Viborg
4758:Viborg
4727:, and
4532:Saxony
4504:Ingria
4489:Viborg
4469:Kotlin
4434:Ingria
4390:Ingria
4364:, and
4278:. The
4258:, 1701
4241:, and
4200:Ingria
4130:, 1700
4116:, and
4068:50**
3973:100*
3594:Feodor
3564:hetman
3556:was a
3446:Saxony
3395:Verden
3393:, and
3389:, the
3387:Wismar
3373:, and
3367:Ingria
3355:Baltic
3351:Sweden
3273:France
3221:Bender
3171:, and
3165:Russia
3161:Saxony
3096:Saxony
2890:(1656)
2865:(1499)
2647:Deluge
2411:HelgeÄ
2315:Gangut
2273:HĂžland
2266:Norway
2232:Usedom
2227:Wismar
2215:Bender
2198:StÀket
2110:Veprik
2067:Russia
2055:Kalisz
2030:Warsaw
2025:Poniec
2015:PoznaĆ
1993:Saxony
1989:Poland
1977:Kletsk
1722:Total:
1718:20,000
1711:50,000
1704:40,000
1697:50,000
1690:30,000
1683:30,000
1660:Total:
1628:24,000
1621:10,000
1607:76,000
1263:Mazepa
1244:
1157:Repnin
1035:Mazepa
901:
880:Creutz
826:DĂŒcker
749:
728:
665:
498:Saxony
428:(1700)
421:
410:(1700)
404:
394:(1700)
388:
378:(1700)
324:
281:
197:Viborg
189:Ingria
131:Result
9925:]
7286:Pruth
7281:Lutsk
7261:Thorn
7236:Narva
6888:[
6865:[
6838:[
6806:[
6761:[
5347:Notes
5236:sound
5198:]
5133:Peace
5127:PiteÄ
5123:GĂ€vle
4856:Raahe
4842:Hangö
4835:Napue
4823:Turku
4814:PernÄ
4685:Pruth
4528:Pinsk
4493:BorgÄ
4204:Narva
4169:Sound
4087:only.
4012:120
3986:170
3947:100
3934:53
3920:~1710
3910:State
3840:Total
3720:Type
3197:Narva
3181:Narva
2446:Visby
2325:RĂŒgen
2172:Napue
2100:Desna
2035:Praga
2010:Thorn
1870:Rauge
1855:Varja
1642:4,000
1614:5,000
1181:Rönne
1050:Orlyk
10160:21st
9761:20th
9188:and
7146:ISBN
7132:and
7130:DjVu
7008:ISBN
6989:ISBN
6970:ISBN
6951:ISBN
6932:ISBN
6913:ISBN
6894:ISBN
6871:ISBN
6848:ISBN
6844:Lund
6812:ISBN
6789:ISBN
6767:ISBN
6709:ISBN
6501:ISBN
5878:ISBN
5853:ISBN
5828:ISBN
5803:ISBN
5778:ISBN
5753:ISBN
5728:ISBN
5703:ISBN
5678:ISBN
5580:ISBN
5541:2014
5473:ISBN
5377:and
5125:and
5115:UmeÄ
5098:and
4961:(NS)
4959:/28
4957:(OS)
4852:UmeÄ
4703:and
4661:and
4591:Riga
4523:Riga
4452:and
4438:Nyen
4428:and
4416:The
4296:sejm
4274:and
4159:Riga
4055:50
4009:1.5
3999:87
3996:4.7
3960:40
3957:0.5
3944:1.1
3931:1.3
3915:Size
3667:Oder
3661:and
3609:and
3524:and
3512:and
3313:Oder
3271:and
3163:and
3090:and
3074:and
3054:The
2838:1448
2833:1444
2828:1411
2823:1399
2818:1396
2813:1395
2788:1318
2753:1240
2743:1229
2733:1187
2728:1164
2723:1142
2606:1562
2426:Hova
2416:Lena
2330:Ăsel
1991:and
1905:Neva
1865:DĂŒna
1242:CroĂż
195:and
187:and
139:The
122:and
104:N.S.
97:Date
7134:PDF
7128:in
7124:at
6429:by
4566:in
4082:**
4065:18
4022:18
3983:15
3970:11
3122:of
3094:of
3086:of
3066:in
1376:POW
885:POW
812:POW
712:POW
231:to
10261::
9923:ru
9184:,
7120:.
6638:^
6599:^
6499:.
6274:^
6247:^
6196:^
6120:^
6094:^
6078:^
5921:^
5892:^
5631:^
5483:^
5460:^
5373:,
5369:,
5355:^
5302:.
5286:,
5282:,
5278:,
5272:OS
5196:no
5141:,
5129:.
5094:,
5090:,
5038:.
5032:OS
4988:,
4932:.
4886:,
4882:,
4878:,
4866:.
4723:,
4719:,
4601:.
4582:.
4514:.
4360:,
4356:,
4352:,
4348:,
4344:,
4340:,
4270:,
4266:,
4237:,
4187:.
4161:.
4112:,
4108:,
4104:,
4074:*
4052:7
4035:8
3695:.
3677:.
3619:,
3613:.
3550:.
3528:.
3417:.
3385:,
3369:,
3365:,
3159:,
3110:.
3070:,
251:.
223::
183:,
118:,
9169:e
9162:t
9155:v
8098:e
8091:t
8084:v
7371:e
7364:t
7357:v
7200:e
7193:t
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7154:.
7016:.
6997:.
6978:.
6959:.
6940:.
6921:.
6902:.
6879:.
6856:.
6829:.
6820:.
6797:.
6775:.
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6509:.
6145:.
6106:.
6020:.
5886:.
5861:.
5836:.
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5060:.
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2645:(
2583:e
2576:t
2569:v
2389:s
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2363:v
2174:)
2155:(
2145:)
1800:e
1793:t
1786:v
1503:#
1488:#
1449:#
1436:#
1359:#
1251:#
1211:#
1184:#
1133:#
1038:#
989:#
888:)
856:#
841:#
815:)
771:#
756:#
735:#
715:)
235:.
215:.
199:.
106:)
30:.
23:.
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