Pakistani nationalism

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and that Muslims were an integral part of the state. Furthermore, cleaving India into independent Muslim and Hindu states would be geographically inconvenient for millions of Muslims. Those living in the middle and southern regions of India could not conveniently move to the new Muslim state because it required travel over long distances and considerable financial resources. In particular, many lower-class Muslims opposed partition because they felt that a Muslim state would benefit only upper-class Muslims. At independence, the division of India into the Muslim state of Pakistan and the secular state of India caused a massive migration of millions of Muslims into Pakistan and Hindus into India, along with the death of over one million people in the consequent riots and chaos. The millions of Muslims who remained in India by choice or providence became a smaller and more interspersed minority in a secular and democratic state.

1324: 1073: 944: 2544:(A former civil servant mentioned in his autobiography that weapon supplies had been sent from NWFP and money was supplied by Delhi-based politicians.) They had bands of stabbers and their auxiliaries, who covered the assailant, ambushed the victim and if necessary disposed of his body. These bands were subsidized monetarily by the Muslim League, and cash payments were made to individual assassins based on the numbers of Hindus and Sikhs killed. There were also regular patrolling parties in jeeps which went about sniping and picking off any stray Hindu or Sikh. ... Thousands of non-combatants including women and children were killed or injured by mobs, supported by the All India Muslim League. 1496: 1665:

had declared itself, the ideological guardian of the two-nation theory which Pakistanis believe to be the basis of Pakistan's national foundation. It has become the final repository responsible for protecting and consolidating its nationhood. According to Dixit, the Pakistan Army claims to be the shadow of God responsible for exercising state sovereignty for the welfare of the Pakistani people, of which it claims to be the most competent judge. Early Muslim thinkers viewed the idea of Pakistan, with its strong military tradition, as a guardian of South Asia. In subsequent years Pakistani strategists came to see Pakistan as a balance to both the

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move, the Manzilgah included a small mosque which had been subsequently abandoned. On a small island in the near distance was the temple of Saad Bela, sacred space for the large number of Hindus settled on the banks of the Indus at Sukkur. The symbolic convergence of the identity and sovereignty over a forgotten mosque provided ammunition for those seeking office at the provincial level. Making an issue out of a non-issue, the Sind Muslim League in early June 1939 formally reclaimed the mosque. Once its deadline of 1 October 1939 for the restoration of the mosque to Muslims had passed, the League started an agitation.

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its existence, i.e., an era of science and learning. He knew that the realisation of that was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the Muslim outlook from a mediaeval one to a modern one. Syed's first and foremost objective was to acquaint the British with the Indian mind; his next goal was to open the minds of his countrymen to European literature, science and technology. Therefore, in order to attain these goals, Syed launched the Aligarh Movement, of which

1320:, the last Mughal, was deposed. Power over the subcontinent was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown. The removal of the last symbol of continuity with the Mughal period spawned a negative attitude amongst some Muslims towards everything modern and western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under the new regime. As Muslims were generally agriculturists and soldiers, while Hindus were increasingly seen as successful financiers and businessmen, the historian Spear noted that to the Muslim "an industrialized India meant a Hindu India". 1484: 1127:" of the country including the textbooks was started. General Zia's 1979 education policy stated that " highest priority would be given to the revision of the curricula with a view to reorganizing the entire content around Islamic thought and giving education an ideological orientation so that Islamic ideology permeates the thinking of the younger generation and helps them with the necessary conviction and ability to refashion society according to Islamic tenets". According to 739: 7709: 7719: 783: 1711: 3031: 1656:

common people with official status and the centralization of government institutions in Pakistan. However, the recent elections as well as history have shown that such ethnic nationalist parties rarely win more than 1% of the popular vote, with the overwhelming majority of votes going to large and established political parties that pursue a national agenda as opposed to regionalism.

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architecture, painting and music, the Muslims of India established a new culture or civilization, which not only maintained its separate identity from other Muslim peoples such as the Arabs and the Persians, etc., but also simultaneously maintained the distinctiveness of this new culture from the former Hindu India by being essentially

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first step towards the political abdication of the Indian Muslims. The assumption of the Muslims of India of belonging to a separate identity, and therefore, having a right to their own country, also rested on their pre-eminent claim to political power, which flowed from the experience of Muslim dominance in India.

1469:. Today, Pakistan is divided into 4 provinces. The last census recorded the 1981 population at 84.3 million, nearly double the 1961 figure of 42.9 million. By 1983, the population had tripled to nearly 93 million, making Pakistan the world's 9th most populous country, although in area it ranked 34th. 1340:

Syed Ahmed Khan converted the existing cultural and religious entity among Indian Muslims into a separatist political force, throwing a Western cloak of nationalism over the Islamic concept of culture. The distinct sense of value, culture and tradition among Indian Muslims, which originated from the

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was the center. He had two immediate objectives in mind: to remove the state of misunderstanding and tension between the Muslims and the new British government, and to induce them to go after the opportunities available under the new regime without deviating in any way from the fundamentals of their

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Quote: "In turn, some Pakistani historians creatively imagined Buddhist remains as evidence of Pakistan’s opposition to ancient ‘Brahmin’ influence long before the arrival of Islam. Although these debates over ancient Buddhism might appear disconnected from the economic and political challenges in

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On the same dates, Muslim League-led mobs fell with determination and full preparations on the helpless Hindus and Sikhs scattered in the villages of Multan, Rawalpindi, Campbellpur, Jhelum and Sargodha. The murderous mobs were well supplied with arms, such as daggers, swords, spears and fire-arms.

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The political ethos in Pakistan, since its first military regime in 1958, reveals that the Pakistani military has incrementally acquired an institutional identity and role which is the supra-governmental and transcends all other constitutional governance arrangements in Pakistan. The Pakistani Army

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artefacts were unearthed in Pakistan, and some Pakistani nationalists "creatively imagined" an ancient civilisation which differentiated the provinces now lying in Pakistan from the rest of the Indian subcontinent, which is not accepted by mainstream historians; they tried to emphasize its contacts

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Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Syed launched his attempts to revive the spirit of progress within the Muslim community of India. He was convinced that the Muslims, in their attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realise that mankind had entered a very important phase of

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For a large majority of the Muslim intelligentsia, including Iqbal, Indo-Muslim culture became a rallying ground for making the case for a separate Muslim homeland. The concept of Indo-Muslim culture was based on the development of a separate political and cultural identity during Muslim rule which

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However, many Indian Muslims regarded India as their permanent home and supported the concept of a secular, unified state that would include both Hindus and Muslims. After centuries of joint history and coexistence, these Muslims firmly believed that India was fundamentally a multireligious entity

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Almost every Pakistani state has a regional party devoted solely to the culture of the native people. Unlike the Awami National party and the Balochistan national party, these mostly cannot be called nationalist, as they use regionalism as a strategy to garner votes, building on the frustration of

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in character. This is seen as a conscious decision of the Muslims of India. According to Qureshi, the distinctiveness of Muslim India could only be maintained by the political domination of the Muslims over the Hindus. Any sharing of political power with the Hindus was considered dangerous and the

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It would not be quite logical to say that the notion of Pakistan came into being only with the establishment of Pakistan on 14 August 1947. Its roots go very deep into our history. In fact, it was a concept which evolved and emerged in course of time, as a result of the inevitable and unalterable

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Even before the 'Pakistan' demand was articulated, the dispute over the Sukkur Manzilgah had been fabricated by provincial Leaguers to unsettle Allah Bakhsh Soomro's ministry which was dependent on support from the Congress and Independent Party. Intended as a way station for Mughal troops on the

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He contends that it were the educated Muslim elite classes of the U.P. and Bihar who supported Pakistan out of fear of losing their privileges in these feudal States, there was no universal franchise at that time; only 10% of the population had franchise and not more than 5% voted in the crucial

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fortunes up till the 1970s were propelled by its legacy as the flagship of the Pakistan Movement, and the core platform of the party today evokes that past, considering itself to be the guardian of Pakistan's freedom, democracy and unity as well as religion. Other parties have arisen, such as

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based Pakistani nationhood on the distinctiveness of medieval Indo-Muslim culture or civilization, and that Pakistan was an heir to the Indo-Muslim traditions of the Sultanates. Indo-Muslim culture is described that by assimilating many aspects of Indian culture in customs, social manners,

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are also used as national symbols either to represent "glorious past" or modernistic future. Pakistan has many shrines, sights, sounds and symbols that have significance to Pakistani nationalists. These include the Shrines of Political leaders of pre-independence and post-independence

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employs a more aggressively theocratic nationalistic expression. The MMA seeks to defend the culture and heritage of Pakistan and the majority of its people, the Muslim population. It ties theocratic nationalism with the aggressive defence of Pakistan's borders and interests against

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forces of history... . Amongst the first settlers of course were the Arabs who came with trade convoys, or with the armies of Mohammad Bin Qasim, and found a footing in Sind. The impress of the stay of these Arabs can still be recognised on the religion, culture and language of the

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built upon the merging of Persian and Indic languages, literature and arts. According to Iqbal, the uppermost purpose of establishing a separate country was the preservation of the Muslim "cultural entity", which he believed would not be safe under the rule of the Hindu majority.

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In the first decade after Pakistan gained independence after the partition of India, "Pakistan considered its history to be a part of larger India's, a common history, a joint history, and in fact Indian textbooks were in use in the syllabus in Pakistan." The government under

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is often referred to as the first Pakistani despite having been alive several centuries before its creation through the partition of India in 1947. Muhammad Ali Jinnah also claimed the Pakistani separatist movement to have started when the first Muslim put a foot in the

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became not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835 in place of Persian, disadvantaging those who had built their careers around the latter language. Traditional Islamic studies were no longer supported by the state, and some

1111:, however, wished to rewrite the history of Pakistan to exclude any reference India and tasked the historians within Pakistan to manufacture a nationalist narrative of a "separate" history that erased the country's Indian past. Elizabeth A. Cole of the 1405:, effectively meaning that sepoys would have to bite the lard and tallow. This was a manifestation of the insensitivity that the British exhibited to Muslim and Hindu religious traditions, such as the rejection of pork consumption in 1056:

The Muslim League, seeking to spread religious strife, "monetarily subsidized" mobs that engaged in communal violence against Hindus and Sikhs in the areas of Multan, Rawalpindi, Campbellpur, Jhelum and Sargodha, as well as in the

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was born with Kernal Sher Khan, who looked to Muslim history and heritage, and condemned the fact Muslims were ruled by the British Empire and not by Muslim leaders. The idea of complete independence did not catch on until after

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in 1974. It also resulted in Pakistan pursuing similar ambitions, resulting in the May 1998 testings of five nuclear devices by India and six as a response by Pakistan, opening a new era in their rivalry. Pakistan, along with

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When the idea of Pakistan was not accepted in the Northern States of India, the Muslim League sent out its goons to drive the Hindus out of Lahore, Multan and Rawalpindi and appropriate their property.

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revealed that 59% of the Pakistani citizens identified as Muslim first, while 22% chose Pakistani, 10% went for their provincial identity and 7% as human beings first. On the other hand, the same year

3261: 1585:, Pakistan's largest institution and one which controlled the government for over half the history of modern-day Pakistan and still does, is reliant on the connection to Pakistan's Imperial past. The 1019:

The demand for the creation of Pakistan as a homeland for Indian Muslims, according to many academics, was orchestrated mainly by the elite class of Muslims in colonial India primarily based in the

1268:, the grandson of the Mughal Vizier, Dabir-ud-Daula, believed that Muslims and Hindus belonged to two separate nations. He promoted Western-style education in Muslim society, seeking to uplift 3396: 1461:

which took place in the same year, the Muslim public was outraged and most of the Muslim political leaders turned against the British government. Pakistan was finally actualized through the

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The idea of Pakistan emerged from the anxieties and prejudices of a decaying class of India's Muslim elites, who claimed that Islam's purity would be contaminated in a pluralistic society.

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noted that Pakistani textbooks eliminate the country's Hindu and Buddhist past, while referring to Muslims as a monolithic entity and focusing solely on the advent of Islam in the

995:, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated Northwest Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of Northwest India. 674: 955:, which sought to create a new state for Indian Muslims called Pakistan, on the basis of Islam. This concept of a separate state for India's Muslims traces its roots to 1069:

resulted in 4,000 deaths and 100,000 residents left homeless in just 72 hours, sowing the seeds for riots in other provinces and the eventual partition of the country.

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From a political point of view and in the years leading up to the independence of Pakistan, the particular political and ideological foundations for the actions of the

1291:'s minute recommending that Western rather than Oriental learning predominate in the East India Company's education policy had led to numerous changes. In place of 4942: 2674: 1680:

found that the military remained the institution Pakistanis trust the most, with 88% of approval, ahead of the media and the judiciary, with 56% for both, in

5652: 1763: 1008:, Dabir-ud-Daulah, emphasized that Muslims and Hindus made up two different nations on the basis that Hindus were not ready to accept the contemporary 2319: 6450: 3403: 2161: 7066: 2275: 2248: 2233: 903:. The culture, languages, literature, history of the region along with influence of Islam was the basis of Pakistani nationalist narrative. (see 1446: 1176:. This history of Muslim rule in the subcontinent composes possibly the largest segment of Pakistani nationalism. Pakistani historians such as 918:

can be called a Pakistani nationalist ideology. It is a singular combination of philosophical, nationalistic, cultural and religious elements.

2365: 959:, who has retroactively been dubbed the national poet of Pakistan. Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in 7200: 769: 3194: 1299:, the Western languages, history and philosophy were taught at state-funded schools and universities whilst religious education was barred. 6570: 3683: 1039:

describes the actions that Jinnah's pro-separatist Muslim League used in order to spread communal division and undermine the government of

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International Relations Theory and South Asia (OIP): Volume II: Security, Political Economy, Domestic Politics, Identities, and Images

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When the Quaid-e-Azam was fighting his battle for Pakistan, only the Ahmadiya community, out of all religious groups, supported him.

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and was aked by Jinnah to represent the Muslim League to the Radcliffe Commission. Ahmadis argued to try to ensure that the city of

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staunchly supported Jinnah's separatist demand for Pakistan, such as Chaudary Zafarullah Khan, an Ahmadi leader, who drafted the

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and Dynasties, as well as national symbols of Pakistan. Some of these shrines, sights and symbols have become a places of

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on 29 December 1930 he outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in north-western India:

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is the national poet of Pakistan and laid the seeds of Pakistani nationalism by envisioning a separate homeland for

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early Pakistan, they reflected broader disagreements over the cultural orientation of the new Muslim homeland."

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found out that 94% of Pakistanis considered themselves Muslim first, 3% Pakistani first and 3% voted for both.

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are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of

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Das, Suranjan (May 2000). "The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into 'Communal Fury'?".

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in nature of being the nationalism of the culture, traditions, languages and historical region that make up

7753: 7626: 7490: 7485: 7175: 7162: 7092: 7008: 6976: 6956: 6769: 6512: 6355: 6338: 6222: 6108: 5962: 5936: 5909: 5394: 5339: 5309: 5218: 5193: 5178: 5103: 5083: 4181: 4093: 3869: 2656: 2647: 1633:, 20 October 2002, won a meagre 1.0% of the popular vote and no seats in the lower house of Parliament. In 1421:

maintain that the British government's divide-and-rule policies in India were established after witnessing

1358: 1124: 755: 7071: 6128: 5213: 3242:"Long Read: A Pakistani homeland for Buddhism: Buddhist art, Muslim nationalism and global public history" 3100: 2827: 7661: 7656: 7600: 7575: 7520: 7480: 7112: 6914: 6729: 6724: 6685: 6624: 6278: 6143: 6113: 6103: 6098: 5967: 4850: 4073: 4023: 3669: 3527:

Malik, Hafeez (1961). "The Growth of Pakistani Nationalism, 800 AD – 1947 AD". Syracuse, New York:

2302: 1974: 1759: 1366: 1128: 1092: 1032: 624: 544: 1834:, many Pakistanis see no conflict in identifying themselves as Muslim before identifying as Pakistanis. 7535: 7374: 7256: 6695: 6662: 6517: 6488: 6392: 6263: 6237: 6133: 6008: 5894: 5869: 5208: 5088: 4119: 2852: 1818:

which it considers an encroachment on its right to defend itself. To date, Pakistan is the only Muslim

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National rituals in Pakistan are replete with military symbols and aesthetics, especially based in the

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Saadia Toor (September 2005). "A national culture for Pakistan: the political economy of a debate".

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The idea of Pakistan implied that Pakistan would be the modern extension or the successor state of

293: 288: 2675:"Pakistan paradox: Ahmadis are anti-national but those who opposed the country's creation are not" 1445:, when the British government reduced civil liberties with the Rowlatt Acts of 1919. When General 7475: 7324: 7239: 6951: 6869: 6857: 6717: 6619: 5904: 5874: 4927: 4399: 4303: 4214: 4129: 4008: 3469:

Iftikhar H. Malik (July 1996). "The State and Civil Society in Pakistan: From Crisis to Crisis".

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Nadir-ul-Asar Ahmad Mimar Lahori Shahjehani was also a Punjabi who designed the Taj Mahal of Agra

1652:, 20 October 2002, the party won only 0.2% of the popular vote and 1 out of 272 elected members. 1595: 1177: 1028: 915: 492: 5505: 4460: 1375:, both Hindu and Muslims fought the forces allied with the British Empire in different parts of 1103:

would fall into the newly created state of Pakistan, though they were unsuccessful in doing so.

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and India, is three of the original states that have restrained itself from being party of the

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Collective Action and Community Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India

2874: 1926: 1689: 1649: 1630: 1426: 907:) It is also a militarist nationalism in that it often involves glorification of war and the 892: 858: 846: 649: 392: 387: 313: 256: 207: 7671: 1793:

in the world to have successfully developed the programme. It is postulated that Pakistan's

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with the West and framed Gandharan Buddhism as antithetical to 'Brahmin' (Hindu) influence.

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Moonis Ahmar (October 1996). "Ethnicity and State Power in Pakistan: The Karachi Crisis".

3397:"Pakistan National Human Development Report: Unleashing the Potential of a Young Pakistan" 1417:. There were also some kingdoms and peoples who supported the British. Historians such as 1156:

for almost a combined period of one millennium, the empires and kingdoms in order are the

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George Mason University Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School for Peace and Conflict Resolution

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The roots of Pakistani nationalism lie in the separatist campaign of the Muslim League in

811:, known in Pakistan as "Quaid-e-Azam" (The Great Leader), was the leader of the Pakistani 8: 7702: 7525: 7465: 7418: 7190: 7185: 7150: 7097: 7036: 7020: 6966: 6894: 6879: 6819: 6690: 6478: 6343: 6204: 6179: 6003: 5599: 5454: 5334: 5128: 5067: 5032: 4937: 4840: 4795: 4760: 4724: 4719: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4628: 4574: 4522: 4512: 4445: 4414: 4367: 4272: 4188: 4161: 4124: 4051: 4018: 3998: 3968: 3854: 3754: 3528: 3347: 3327: 2451: 1842: 1798: 1380: 1258: 1120: 1116: 1076: 1040: 850: 842: 808: 696: 659: 654: 639: 448: 402: 323: 192: 6370: 3557:

MH Khatana. "Foundations of Pakistani Nationalism: The Life and Times of Allama Iqbal".

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Sanjay Chaturvedi (May 2002). "Process of Othering in the case of India and Pakistan".

3199: 3059:(2014) "Ayub Khan and Modern Islam: Transforming Citizens and the Nation in Pakistan", 2800: 2627: 2619: 1910: 1681: 1615: 1462: 1422: 1317: 1231: 1219: 1132: 614: 487: 426: 421: 343: 328: 317: 276: 246: 234: 217: 197: 167: 5133: 2341:

City of My Heart: Four Accounts of Love, Loss and Betrayal in Nineteenth-Century Delhi

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Dying to Serve: Militarism, Affect, and the Politics of Sacrifice in the Pakistan Army

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of the war played a crucial role in the civil society. In January 1972, a clandestine

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is frequently visited by Pakistani nationalists, It is a national symbol of Pakistan.

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Indian Muslims of the 3rd Bengal Cavalry spearheaded the Indian Mutiny in Meerut

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Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850

7737: 6889: 6779: 6774: 5813: 5699: 5674: 5637: 5007: 5002: 4957: 4952: 4932: 4255: 3931: 3056: 2447:"The long, troubling consequences of India's partition that created Pakistan" 1819: 1743: 1519: 1379:. The war's spark arose because the British attacked the "Beastly customs of 1376: 1288: 1273: 1173: 1100: 908: 584: 475: 114: 94: 89: 3437: 1594:, once advocating a leftist program and now more centrist. In contrast, the 7102: 6194: 5982: 5785: 5720: 5642: 5536: 5424: 5274: 5037: 5022: 4992: 4962: 4922: 3227: 2476:

Rabasa, Angel; Waxman, Matthew; Larson, Eric V.; Marcum, Cheryl Y. (2004).

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taken from slaughtered cows. The cartridges had to bitten open to use the

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broke it down at provincial level as such, basing themselves on the 2015

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Pakistan as inheritor state to Islamic political powers in medieval India

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Newcomb, L (1986). "The Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Country profile".

3166:

Historiography of India's Partition: An Analysis of Imperialist Writings

738: 7545: 7266: 6189: 6174: 6048: 5755: 5510: 5354: 5284: 3780: 3742: 3616: 3587: 3519: 3490: 1786: 1747: 1536: 1345:, was used for a separatist identity leading to the Pakistan Movement. 1234:

are also claimed by Pakistani nationalists as belonging to Pakistanis.

1197:

issued as an order in 1961 to Islamize the armed forces and the public:

862: 723: 691: 644: 303: 172: 162: 152: 3566:

Feroz Ahmed (December 1971). "Why Pakistan's Unity Was Jeopardized?".

2623: 1316:

is held by nationalists to have ended in disaster for the Muslims, as

932: 5414: 5399: 5389: 5384: 5329: 5314: 4603: 3727: 3661: 3559:

Prof. Dr. S. Razi Wasti's Collection, GC University Libraries, Lahore

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election of 1945. Out of these only 3.5% supported the Muslim League.

1782: 1715: 1402: 1211: 960: 604: 5554: 3608: 3579: 3511: 3482: 2930: 1676:

In a June 2023 survey titled "National Public Opinion Poll Report",

7395: 5725: 5684: 5627: 5585: 5374: 5299: 5173: 5057: 3595:

Anwar H. Syed (Summer 1980). "The Idea of a Pakistani Nationhood".

3343:"Muslims first, Pakistani distant second say majority: Gallup poll" 2828:"Curriculum Reforms in Pakistan – A Glass Half Full or Half Empty?" 1778: 1559: 1524: 1508: 1454: 1414: 1237: 1227: 1066: 947:

The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.

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Ahmadiyya Islam and the Muslim Diaspora: Living at the End of Days

1710: 1684:

the approval for the army reaching its highest at 91% followed by

1210:

To this end, many Pakistani nationalists claim monuments like the

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The desire among some for a new state for the Indian Muslims, or

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includes many Pashtun leaders in its organization. However, the

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Teaching the Violent Past: History Education and Reconciliation

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and tradition which was exemplified by Hindu opposition to the

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Islamic Family Law in a Changing World: A Global Resource Book

5469: 3063:, 37:2, 292-305, DOI: 10.1080/00856401.2014.889590. Page 301. 1894: 1731: 1603:, with the defence of the majority's right to be a majority. 1600: 1543:

and militarism, as well as for obviously religious purposes.

1528: 1406: 1385: 1149: 1024: 3153: 3105:. Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain. 1977. p. 16. 1254: 991:

amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the

7334: 5828: 2591:. The British Library IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107. 2418:

Understanding Partition: India Sundered, Muslims Fragmented

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Because of the country's identity with Islam, mosques like

1394: 1215: 1013: 3323:"Army most popular institution in Pakistan: Gallup survey" 1140:, and that Bin Qasim is actually the founder of Pakistan. 1341:

nature of Islamization of the Indian populace during the

1226:, as being Pakistani and part of Pakistan's history. The 1189:

Such approach to history is encapsulated in the document

3447:"The United States and South Asia: Trapped by the Past?" 2475: 823: 967:, as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his 3195:"The Partition: The British game of 'divide and rule'" 3169:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 26. 2273: 2954:

Historiography, Religion, and State in Medieval India

2317: 1610:, which is closely identified with the creation of a 921: 3162: 2751:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 296. 3003: 2045: 2043: 933:

Muslim League separatist campaign in Colonial India

2976: 2370:. Arihant Publications India limited. p. 67. 2333: 2331: 2163:A Study Guide for Anita Desai's Clear Light of Day 891:of most other countries, Pakistani nationalism is 3468: 3444: 3426:Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 3423: 3371:"Section 3: Identity, Assimilation and Community" 2185: 2183: 1850:UNDP Pakistan - National Human Development Report 1825: 7735: 3305: 3076:The Mughal World-Life in India's Last Golden Age 2910: 2717: 2715: 2321:Two Nations:The Philosophy of Muslim Nationalism 2307:. Washington, Public Affairs Press. p. 541. 2189: 2137:Contesting History: Narratives of Public History 2040: 1837:For example, in 2011 a Gilani Poll conducted by 1472: 1238:Syed Ahmed Khan and the Indian Rebellion of 1857 3321:Siddiqui, Zain Ul Abideen (29 September 2023). 2983:. University of California Press. p. 104. 2328: 2246: 2190:1 in author list, Iqbal Academy (26 May 2006). 1061:. Jinnah and the Muslim League's communalistic 3029: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2765: 2180: 5570: 3677: 3594: 3526: 3278: 3132: 3072: 2997: 2899:Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Pakistan 2712: 2300: 2166:. Gale, Cengage Learning. 15 September 2015. 1550:included background images of the remains of 1531:, The Shrines of Imperial leaders of various 763: 3497: 2549: 2503: 2501: 2107: 2049: 1789:in the same year; thus Pakistan became the 3631: 3565: 2941: 1570: 1348: 1343:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 5577: 5563: 5535:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on 5179:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) 3684: 3670: 3310:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 38. 3188: 3186: 3061:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 2915:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 38. 2469: 2337: 1830:Because Pakistani nationalism is based on 1785:) in a direct response to India's nuclear 1777:were experimented out in 1998 (code names: 1714:Monument of a nuclear test site placed in 1479:List of mausoleums and shrines in Pakistan 770: 756: 2853:"History books contain major distortions" 2721: 2498: 2444: 2393:Partition of India: Postcolonial Legacies 1770:led Pakistan becoming the nuclear power. 1425:joining forces together to fight against 3320: 2775:Pakistan:between mosque and the military 2740: 2555: 2526: 2304:Moslem nationalism in India and Pakistan 2232:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1709: 1702:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction 1673:and the pro-Soviet government of India. 1494: 1482: 1322: 1253: 1071: 942: 822: 802: 791: 781: 7149: 3213: 3192: 3183: 3036:. Oxford University Press. p. 15. 2924: 2922: 2771: 2693: 2583: 2577: 2533:Abid, Abdul Majeed (29 December 2014). 2420:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. vii. 2415: 1606:Ethnic nationalist parties include the 14: 7736: 5139:Galician independence movement (Spain) 3691: 3556: 3453:. Current History, Inc. Archived from 2873:. cybercity-online.net. Archived from 2672: 2666: 2390: 1031:. In the colonial Indian province of 7148: 6817: 6420: 6078: 5597: 5584: 5558: 5189:Patani United Liberation Organisation 5159:Inner Mongolian independence movement 3665: 2928: 2819: 2507: 2076: 1659: 815:movement that led to the creation of 7067:Securities & Exchange Commission 5184:National Liberation Front of Corsica 5109:East Turkestan independence movement 3079:. Penguin Books India. p. 377. 3007:Competing Nationalisms in South Asia 2919: 2746: 2532: 27:Nationalism as applied to Pakistanis 3445:Selig S. Harrison (December 1997). 3193:Tharoor, Shashi (August 10, 2017). 2601: 2595: 1645:to stir up support, However at the 1641:uses the legacy of the independent 1620:Federally Administered Tribal Areas 1527:, Shrines of Religious leaders and 24: 6735:Counter Terrorism Department (CTD) 3416: 2901:, Hurmat Publications (1989), p. 1 2772:Haqqani, Hussain (10 March 2010). 2445:Komireddi, Kapil (17 April 2015). 922:National consciousness in Pakistan 25: 7765: 3139:. Pearson Education. p. 44. 2825: 1801:took place following the India's 1688:with 90% with a lowest of 66% in 1546:The older ten rupee notes of the 519:List of nationalist organizations 7717: 7708: 7707: 6740:Pakistani Intelligence community 2929:Zaidi, S. Akbar (1 March 2014). 2140:. A&C Black. 13 March 2014. 2114:. Lexington Books. p. 175. 2014:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 1854:National Youth Perception Survey 1695: 1499:The Mausoleum of Iqbal, next to 1431:First War of Indian Independence 1397:taken from slaughtered pigs and 1272:economically and politically in 1152:empires and kingdoms that ruled 1079:of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at 928:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 737: 7749:Political movements in Pakistan 7128:Redundant Islamic economisation 5290:Basque Country (greater region) 5149:Guangdong Independence Movement 3389: 3363: 3335: 3314: 3299: 3272: 3254: 3234: 3207: 3126: 3112: 3093: 3066: 3050: 3023: 2970: 2904: 2888: 2863: 2845: 2687: 2638: 2438: 2409: 2384: 2358: 2311: 2274:ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad Naʻīm (2002). 1558:. In the 1960s, the imagery of 1087:colonel Sahibzada Mubarak Ahmad 6421: 5094:Assyrian independence movement 3136:Indian Government and Politics 3120:South Asian Studies - Issue 21 2673:Khalid, Haroon (May 6, 2017). 2318:Anil Chandra Banerjee (1981). 2294: 2267: 2250:Political Conflict in Pakistan 2240: 2154: 2128: 2101: 2077:Ahmed, Ishtiaq (27 May 2016). 2070: 1826:Self-identity as Muslims first 1581:The political identity of the 881:, and visions for its future. 610:Historiography and nationalism 60:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 13: 1: 6079: 5229:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement 5224:Tibetan independence movement 5154:Hawaiian sovereignty movement 5114:Faroese independence movement 5099:Catalan independence movement 3402:. p. 114. Archived from 3163:Viśva Mohana Pāṇḍeya (2003). 3102:The Sikh Courier:Volumes 9-12 2931:"Is the Taj Mahal Pakistani?" 2589:Report to Viceroy Lord Wavell 2056:. Stanford University Press. 2034: 1873:Other (ethnicity, ...) first 1473:Pakistani nationalist symbols 1119:. During the rule of General 1004:, the grandson of the Mughal 702:Seasonal or cultural festival 5310:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 5219:Taiwan independence movement 5194:Ryukyu independence movement 5104:Champa independence movement 5084:Alsace independence movement 3004:Asghar Ali Engineer (2002), 2657:Pakistan Herald Publications 1616:North-West Frontier Province 1359:Indian independence movement 981:North-West Frontier Province 7: 6927:Water supply and sanitation 6818: 5598: 5174:Mapuche separatist movement 3634:Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 2977:Sandria B. Freitag (1989). 2747:Cole, Elizabeth A. (2007). 2726:. Oxford University Press. 2478:The Muslim World After 9/11 2367:History & Civis ICSE 10 2253:. Oxford University Press. 2007: 1975:Islamabad Capital Territory 1389:to handle Enfield P-53 gun 1367:Independence Day (Pakistan) 1129:Pakistan Studies curriculum 869:, of pride in the history, 545:Anti-globalization movement 10: 7770: 5209:Silesian Autonomy Movement 5089:Assam separatist movements 4244:Northern & Middle Asia 3216:International Demographics 2957:, Har-Anand Publications, 2512:. Routledge. p. 415. 2280:. Zed Books. p. 202. 2192:"Allama Iqbal – Biography" 1699: 1639:Balochistan National Party 1574: 1476: 1352: 936: 925: 675:Principle of nationalities 7698: 7609: 7501: 7427: 7350: 7305: 7161: 7157: 7144: 7123:Public-private partnering 7085: 7029: 6937: 6830: 6826: 6813: 6760: 6671: 6633: 6588: 6528: 6466: 6446:National Security Council 6433: 6429: 6416: 6326: 6246: 6203: 6162: 6091: 6087: 6074: 5991: 5945: 5862: 5806: 5799: 5713: 5610: 5606: 5593: 5526: 5478: 5252: 5214:Székely autonomy movement 5076: 4903: 4868: 4823: 4753: 4712: 4694: 4687: 4642: 4599: 4592: 4567: 4531: 4503: 4496: 4423: 4333: 4326: 4291: 4243: 4197: 4112: 4039: 3951: 3944: 3909: 3888: 3847: 3840: 3820: 3799: 3763: 3715: 3708: 3699: 3646:10.1080/14649370500169946 3640:(3). Routledge: 318–340. 3306:Stephen P. Cohen (2004). 2911:Stephen P. Cohen (2004). 2833:. Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi 2616:10.1017/S0026749X0000336X 1451:Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1278:Aligarh Muslim University 841:refers to the political, 252:Constitutional patriotism 5144:Greenlandic independence 3033:Making Sense of Pakistan 2895:Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada 2694:Balzani, Marzia (2020). 2556:Chitkara, M. G. (1996). 2535:"The forgotten massacre" 2416:Krishan, Yuvraj (2002). 2395:. Taylor & Francis. 2247:Mohammad Waseem (2022). 1587:Pakistan Muslim League's 1571:Nationalism and politics 1465:in 1947 on the basis of 1383:" by forcing the Indian 1373:Indian rebellion of 1857 1363:Indian rebellion of 1857 1349:Independence of Pakistan 1314:Indian rebellion of 1857 1249:Indian rebellion of 1857 1093:Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at 1045:stood for a united India 975:I would like to see the 5875:Second Anglo-Afghan War 3438:10.1111/1467-9663.00191 3030:Farzana Shaikh (2018). 2951:Satish Chandra (1996), 1797:arose in 1970 and mass 1596:Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal 1178:Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi 1029:All India Muslim League 18:Nationalism in Pakistan 7108:Military economisation 6713:Enforced disappearance 6496:Provincial governments 6037:Balochistan insurgency 5895:Hindi–Urdu controversy 5885:Third Anglo-Afghan War 5839:First Anglo-Afghan War 5169:Māori protest movement 3544:Cite journal requires 3279:Veena Kukreja (2003). 3133:Abbas Hoveyda (2010). 3073:Abraham Eraly (2007). 2778:. Carnegie Endowment. 2722:Sridharan, E. (2014). 2508:Jalal, Ayesha (2002). 2301:Malik, Hafeez (1963). 1959:Azad Jammu and Kashmir 1719: 1592:Pakistan Peoples Party 1583:Pakistani Armed Forces 1511: 1492: 1328: 1282:Anglo-Oriental College 1262: 1208: 1088: 1054: 997: 948: 905:Secularism in Pakistan 899:, inhabited by mostly 835: 820: 800: 789: 600:Gender and nationalism 7744:Pakistani nationalism 7218:Gender discrimination 6615:Federal Shariat Court 6580:Provincial assemblies 5849:Second Anglo-Sikh War 5751:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim 5199:Scottish independence 5164:Kashubian Association 4886:Indigenous Australian 3285:. SAGE Publications. 3282:Contemporary Pakistan 2645:"Minority Interest". 2391:Ranjan, Amit (2018). 2111:Pakistan_on_the_Brink 2108:Craig Bexter (2004). 2050:Maria Rashid (2020). 1764:scientific revolution 1713: 1498: 1486: 1427:Company rule in India 1409:and the rejection of 1326: 1257: 1218:, which was built by 1199: 1075: 1049: 973: 946: 839:Pakistani nationalism 832:Muslims in South Asia 826: 807:Founder of Pakistan, 806: 795: 785: 650:National indifference 7677:World Heritage Sites 7652:Mausolea and shrines 7098:Directive investment 6400:World Heritage Sites 6334:Archaeological sites 6269:Environmental issues 5958:Monarchy of Pakistan 5953:Dominion of Pakistan 5844:First Anglo-Sikh War 5405:Marathi Abhimaangeet 5204:Siberian regionalism 3308:the idea of Pakistan 3010:, Orient BlackSwan, 2913:the Idea of Pakistan 2604:Modern Asian Studies 2480:. Rand Corporation. 2029:Politics of Pakistan 1864:Administrative unit 1766:as response to that 1624:Awami National Party 1608:Awami National Party 1577:Politics of Pakistan 1191:Pakistan Nationalism 969:presidential address 575:Cultural nationalism 444:National syndicalist 7754:Islamic nationalism 7151:Society and Culture 7077:Trading Corporation 6885:Planning Commission 6474:National government 5496:American Indigenous 5129:Free Papua Movement 4539:Balkar and Karachay 4334:Southeastern Europe 3865:Indigenous Canadian 3529:Syracuse University 3375:Pew Research Center 3348:The Express Tribune 3328:The Express Tribune 3122:. 1989. p. 23. 2871:"Pakistan Movement" 2826:Jamil, Baela Raza. 2452:The Washington Post 2338:Rana Safvi (2018). 2201:on 19 November 2010 1860: 1843:Pew Research Center 1614:-majority state in 1259:Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 1121:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 1117:Indian subcontinent 1041:Allah Bakhsh Soomro 809:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 744:Politics portal 697:Right-wing populism 655:Nationalism studies 6905:Telecommunications 6797:Civil Armed Forces 6745:Capital punishment 6563:National Assembly 5978:Liaquat–Nehru Pact 5915:Jinnah's 14 Points 5819:East India Company 5541:ethnic nationalism 5244:Welsh independence 5124:Free Aceh Movement 4356:in North Macedonia 4198:South-eastern Asia 3693:Ethnic nationalism 2585:Burrows, Frederick 2560:. APH Publishing. 2558:Mohajir's Pakistan 2344:. Hachette India. 2225:has generic name ( 1911:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1870:Nationality first 1859: 1832:Muslim nationalism 1758:and a spin-off to 1744:Eastern contingent 1720: 1682:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1660:Military tradition 1512: 1493: 1463:partition of India 1423:Hindus and Muslims 1329: 1318:Bahadur Shah Zafar 1312:or endowment. The 1280:, then called the 1263: 1232:Jama Masjid, Delhi 1220:Ustad Ahmad Lahori 1133:Muhammad bin Qasim 1089: 1027:who supported the 949: 836: 821: 801: 798:Indo-Pakistan Wars 790: 615:Imagined community 449:National Bolshevik 168:Self-determination 7731: 7730: 7694: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7617:Botanical gardens 7566:Marathon (Lahore) 7140: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7103:Industrialisation 7086:Policy programmes 6900:Tallest buildings 6809: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6658:Political parties 6648:Foreign relations 6412: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6361:Natural disasters 6254:Botanical gardens 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6061: 5925:Direct Action Day 5920:Lahore Resolution 5910:Two nation theory 5900:Pakistan Movement 5653:Hellenic Pakistan 5552: 5551: 5295:Catalan Countries 4899: 4898: 4864: 4863: 4819: 4818: 4683: 4682: 4588: 4587: 4322: 4321: 3940: 3939: 3836: 3835: 3506:(10): 1031–1048. 3268:. April 27, 2013. 3043:978-0-19-092911-4 2758:978-1-4616-4397-5 2733:978-0-19-908940-6 2705:978-1-351-76953-2 2487:978-0-8330-3755-8 2427:978-81-7276-277-3 2402:978-0-429-75052-6 2260:978-0-19-765426-2 2024:Pakistan Zindabad 2005: 2004: 1541:ultra-nationalism 1467:Two Nation Theory 1355:Pakistan Movement 1276:. He founded the 1195:General Ayub Khan 1170:Deccan sultanates 1097:Lahore Resolution 1081:Mirza Nasir Ahmad 1063:Direct Action Day 939:Pakistan Movement 865:by the people of 780: 779: 595:Gastronationalism 580:Diaspora politics 555:Banal nationalism 16:(Redirected from 7761: 7721: 7711: 7710: 7176:British heritage 7159: 7158: 7146: 7145: 7062: 7054:Investment board 6922:Water management 6828: 6827: 6815: 6814: 6566: 6551: 6543: 6513:Local government 6431: 6430: 6418: 6417: 6185:Pothohar Plateau 6089: 6088: 6076: 6075: 5963:Governor-General 5890:Aligarh Movement 5829:Sikh Confederacy 5804: 5803: 5721:Indo-Hephthalite 5661: 5608: 5607: 5595: 5594: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5556: 5555: 5545: 5430:Republika Srpska 5239:Walloon Movement 5119:Flemish Movement 4692: 4691: 4597: 4596: 4501: 4500: 4331: 4330: 3949: 3948: 3845: 3844: 3713: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3628: 3591: 3562: 3553: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3532: 3523: 3494: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3441: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3401: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3377:. 30 August 2011 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3246:South Asia @ LSE 3238: 3232: 3231: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3070: 3064: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2948: 2939: 2938: 2926: 2917: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2882: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2832: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2335: 2326: 2325: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2230: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2200: 2194:. Archived from 2187: 2178: 2177: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2085:. Archived from 2083:The Friday Times 2079:"The dissenters" 2074: 2068: 2067: 2047: 2019:Dil Dil Pakistan 1991:Gilgit-Baltistan 1861: 1858: 1728:Eastern Pakistan 1706:1972 in Pakistan 1411:slaughter of cow 1158:Ghaznavid Empire 1138:Gateway of Islam 1083:conversing with 1035:, the historian 1021:United Provinces 965:United Provinces 787:Flag of Pakistan 772: 765: 758: 742: 741: 683: 665:Plurinationalism 625:Internationalism 565:Communitarianism 550:Anti-imperialism 540:Anti-nationalism 529:Related concepts 30: 29: 21: 7769: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7686: 7605: 7497: 7481:Public holidays 7423: 7346: 7301: 7153: 7132: 7113:Nationalisation 7093:Corporatisation 7081: 7060: 7025: 7004:Pharmaceuticals 6933: 6875:Fuel extraction 6822: 6801: 6756: 6725:Law enforcement 6667: 6629: 6625:District Courts 6598:Supreme Council 6584: 6564: 6549: 6540:Majlis-e-Shoora 6537: 6524: 6506:Chief Ministers 6462: 6425: 6404: 6349:weather records 6322: 6279:Protected areas 6242: 6199: 6158: 6083: 6058: 5987: 5968:Princely states 5941: 5858: 5795: 5709: 5665:Seleucid Empire 5655: 5602: 5589: 5583: 5553: 5548: 5530: 5522: 5474: 5410:Northern Epirus 5380:Ketuanan Melayu 5248: 5134:Future of Åland 5072: 5008:Native American 4905:Pan-nationalism 4895: 4860: 4824:Northern Europe 4815: 4749: 4708: 4688:Southern Europe 4679: 4638: 4584: 4563: 4527: 4492: 4419: 4318: 4287: 4239: 4193: 4108: 4035: 3936: 3905: 3884: 3875:Native American 3832: 3821:Southern Africa 3816: 3795: 3759: 3701: 3695: 3690: 3660: 3609:10.2307/3234301 3580:10.2307/2569081 3545: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3512:10.2307/2645632 3483:10.2307/2645716 3460: 3458: 3451:Current History 3419: 3417:Further reading 3414: 3409:on 28 May 2022. 3406: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3319: 3315: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3277: 3273: 3262:"The N is nigh" 3260: 3259: 3255: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3212: 3208: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3131: 3127: 3118: 3117: 3113: 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1573: 1548:Pakistani rupee 1533:Islamic Empires 1516:Badshahi Mosque 1501:Badshahi Masjid 1481: 1475: 1369: 1353:Main articles: 1351: 1266:Syed Ahmed Khan 1245:Syed Ahmed Khan 1240: 1166:Delhi Sultanate 1146: 1059:Hazara District 1002:Syed Ahmed Khan 941: 935: 930: 924: 776: 736: 729: 728: 677: 570:Cosmopolitanism 530: 522: 521: 516: 508: 507: 188: 178: 177: 148: 140: 139: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7767: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7715: 7705: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7507: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7444: 7441:Shalwar kameez 7431: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7360: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7167: 7165: 7155: 7154: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6910:Transportation 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6834: 6832: 6831:Infrastructure 6824: 6823: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6777: 6772: 6766: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6677: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6600: 6594: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6518:Union councils 6510: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6489:Prime Minister 6486: 6481: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6427: 6426: 6414: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6358: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6341: 6336: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6284:national parks 6276: 6271: 6266: 6264:Climate change 6261: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6085: 6084: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6054:Liberalization 6051: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6042:KPK insurgency 6039: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5690:Indo-Scythians 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5670:Greco-Bactrian 5667: 5662: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5614: 5612: 5604: 5603: 5591: 5590: 5582: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5365:Karakalpakstan 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5345:East Turkestan 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4643:United Kingdom 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4593:Western Europe 4590: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4532:North Caucasus 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4497:Eastern Europe 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4424:Central Europe 4421: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4405:Romani (Gypsy) 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4337: 4335: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4292:South Caucasus 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4261:South Mongolia 4253: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3953: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3659: 3658: 3629: 3603:(4): 575–597. 3592: 3568:Pakistan Forum 3563: 3554: 3546:|journal= 3524: 3495: 3477:(7): 673–690. 3466: 3442: 3432:(2): 149–159. 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3388: 3362: 3334: 3313: 3298: 3291: 3271: 3253: 3233: 3206: 3182: 3175: 3152: 3145: 3125: 3111: 3092: 3085: 3065: 3049: 3042: 3022: 3016: 2996: 2989: 2969: 2963: 2940: 2918: 2903: 2887: 2862: 2844: 2818: 2784: 2764: 2757: 2739: 2732: 2711: 2704: 2686: 2665: 2637: 2610:(2): 281–306. 2594: 2576: 2566: 2548: 2525: 2518: 2497: 2486: 2468: 2437: 2426: 2408: 2401: 2383: 2376: 2357: 2350: 2327: 2310: 2293: 2286: 2266: 2259: 2239: 2179: 2172: 2153: 2146: 2127: 2120: 2100: 2069: 2062: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1827: 1824: 1734:'s successful 1730:, followed by 1697: 1694: 1661: 1658: 1626:, At the last 1572: 1569: 1564:Greco-Buddhist 1539:for Pakistani 1477:Main article: 1474: 1471: 1419:Shashi Tharoor 1350: 1347: 1239: 1236: 1224:Punjabi Muslim 1162:Ghorid Kingdom 1154:medieval India 1145: 1142: 1123:a "program of 1010:Muslim culture 993:British Empire 937:Main article: 934: 931: 926:Main article: 923: 920: 861:expression of 828:Muhammad Iqbal 778: 777: 775: 774: 767: 760: 752: 749: 748: 747: 746: 731: 730: 727: 726: 721: 716: 715: 714: 712:in Catholicism 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 560:Civil religion 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 479: 478: 473: 472: 471: 466: 461: 451: 446: 436: 431: 430: 429: 424: 419: 418: 417: 407: 406: 405: 400: 385: 384: 383: 378: 373: 368: 367: 366: 356: 351: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 285: 284: 282:Ethnopluralism 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 243: 242: 237: 232: 222: 221: 220: 210: 205: 200: 195: 189: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 56: 50: 49: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7766: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7714: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7697: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7642:Hindu temples 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7143: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7118:Privatisation 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7072:Stock markets 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6816: 6812: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6609: 6608:Chief Justice 6606: 6605: 6604: 6603:Supreme Court 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6578: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6565:(lower house) 6561: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6550:(upper house) 6546: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6289:game reserves 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6033:Insurgencies 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6014:1971 Movement 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5905:Muslim League 5903: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5705:Indo-Sassanid 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5695:Indo-Parthian 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5537:ethnic groups 5534: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5486:Local (China) 5484: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5350:Herzeg-Bosnia 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5245: 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4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4131: 4130:in Bangladesh 4128: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113:Southern Asia 4111: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910:South America 3908: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848:North America 3846: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3538: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3457:on 1998-01-25 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3405: 3398: 3392: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3309: 3302: 3294: 3292:9780761996835 3288: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3267: 3266:The Economist 3263: 3257: 3248:. 2019-07-22. 3247: 3243: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3187: 3178: 3176:9788126903146 3172: 3168: 3167: 3159: 3157: 3148: 3146:9788131733127 3142: 3138: 3137: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3086:9780143102625 3082: 3078: 3077: 3069: 3062: 3058: 3057:Yasmin Saikia 3053: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3019: 3017:9788125022213 3013: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2992: 2990:9780520064393 2986: 2982: 2981: 2973: 2966: 2964:9788124100356 2960: 2956: 2955: 2947: 2945: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2907: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2877:on 2016-02-01 2876: 2872: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2802: 2787: 2785:9780870032851 2781: 2777: 2776: 2768: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2716: 2707: 2701: 2698:. Routledge. 2697: 2690: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2573: 2569: 2567:9788170247463 2563: 2559: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2521: 2519:9781134599370 2515: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2494: 2489: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2404: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2379: 2377:9789326195102 2373: 2369: 2368: 2361: 2353: 2351:9789351952596 2347: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2314: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2289: 2287:9781842770931 2283: 2279: 2278: 2270: 2262: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2235: 2228: 2216: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2175: 2173:9781410335623 2169: 2165: 2164: 2157: 2149: 2147:9781472519535 2143: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2123: 2121:9780739104989 2117: 2113: 2112: 2104: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2065: 2063:9781503611993 2059: 2055: 2054: 2046: 2044: 2039: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1848:In 2017, the 1846: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1820:nuclear state 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:guerrilla war 1717: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1696:Nuclear power 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1520:Faisal Mosque 1517: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1487:Mausoleum of 1485: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393:greased with 1392: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1377:British India 1374: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1346: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1289:Lord Macaulay 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:British India 1271: 1267: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1214:, located in 1213: 1207: 1205: 1204:Sindhi people 1198: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1174:Mughal Empire 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1101:Qadian, India 1098: 1094: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1014:Urdu language 1011: 1007: 1003: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 953:British India 945: 940: 929: 919: 917: 916:Muslim League 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 833: 829: 825: 818: 814: 810: 805: 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302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 283: 280: 279: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 226: 223: 219: 216: 215: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 187: 182: 181: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 150: 144: 143: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 57: 53: 48: 47: 44: 41: 40: 36: 32: 31: 19: 7703:Basic topics 7536:Field hockey 7470: 7446: 7439: 7394: 7358:Architecture 7307:Demographics 7292:Urbanisation 7277:Prostitution 7235:Human rights 7201:Institutions 6708:Human rights 6681:Constitution 6539: 6378:Subdivisions 6327:Other topics 6195:Sistan Basin 6029:Islamisation 6004:Indus Treaty 5999:1947–present 5983:Baghdad Pact 5937:Independence 5807:Pre-colonial 5638:Indo-Iranics 5633:Indus Valley 5532: 5531: 5460:Székely Land 5425:Pashtunistan 5275:Balawaristan 5048:South Slavic 5038:Scandinavian 5027: 4568:Volga Region 4182:in Sri Lanka 4040:Eastern Asia 3901:Puerto Rican 3716:North Africa 3700:Nationalisms 3637: 3633: 3600: 3596: 3571: 3567: 3558: 3537:cite journal 3503: 3500:Asian Survey 3499: 3474: 3471:Asian Survey 3470: 3459:. Retrieved 3455:the original 3450: 3429: 3425: 3404:the original 3391: 3379:. Retrieved 3374: 3365: 3353:. Retrieved 3351:. 4 May 2011 3346: 3337: 3326: 3316: 3307: 3301: 3281: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3245: 3236: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3198: 3165: 3135: 3128: 3119: 3114: 3106: 3101: 3095: 3075: 3068: 3060: 3052: 3032: 3025: 3006: 2999: 2979: 2972: 2953: 2934: 2912: 2906: 2898: 2890: 2879:. Retrieved 2875:the original 2865: 2856: 2847: 2835:. Retrieved 2821: 2789:. Retrieved 2774: 2767: 2748: 2742: 2723: 2695: 2689: 2678: 2668: 2660: 2659:: 15. 1991. 2652: 2646: 2640: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2571: 2557: 2551: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2509: 2491: 2477: 2471: 2463: 2456:. Retrieved 2450: 2440: 2431: 2417: 2411: 2392: 2386: 2366: 2360: 2340: 2320: 2313: 2303: 2296: 2276: 2269: 2249: 2242: 2203:. Retrieved 2196:the original 2162: 2156: 2136: 2130: 2110: 2103: 2091:. Retrieved 2087:the original 2072: 2052: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1836: 1829: 1803:nuclear test 1799:acceleration 1775:public tests 1772: 1736:intervention 1722:The intense 1721: 1675: 1671:Central Asia 1667:Soviet Union 1663: 1654: 1605: 1580: 1552:Mohenjo-daro 1545: 1513: 1449:ordered the 1447:Reginal Dyer 1437: 1435: 1429:during this 1384: 1370: 1339: 1330: 1309: 1305: 1286: 1281: 1264: 1243: 1241: 1222:, an ethnic 1209: 1200: 1190: 1188: 1183:Indo-Persian 1147: 1125:Islamization 1105: 1090: 1085:Furqan Force 1077:Third Caliph 1055: 1050: 1037:Ayesha Jalal 1018: 998: 974: 957:Allama Iqbal 950: 913: 883: 859:geographical 838: 837: 707:Subsidiarity 535:Anationalism 294:Expansionist 158:Independence 7576:Paralympics 7471:Nationalism 7466:Gun culture 7325:Immigration 7171:Aurat March 6952:Agriculture 6870:Foreign aid 6838:Electricity 6663:Martial law 6620:High Courts 6536:Parliament 6529:Legislative 6366:earthquakes 6294:sanctuaries 6247:Environment 6213:Coal fields 6180:Indus Plain 6170:Arabian Sea 6024:Project-706 5880:Durand Line 5870:British Raj 5834:Sikh Empire 5731:Rai dynasty 5656: [ 5465:Tamil Eelam 5445:Saraikistan 5325:Hatay State 5280:Balochistan 5234:Wallmapuwen 4928:Bangladeshi 4400:Montenegrin 4304:Azerbaijani 4268:Pan-Turkism 4009:Palestinian 3952:Middle East 3860:Greenlandic 3764:East Africa 2857:Daily Times 2809:|work= 2223:|last= 1927:Balochistan 1738:led to the 1690:Balochistan 1647:legislative 1643:Balochistan 1635:Balochistan 1628:legislative 1443:World War I 1308:lost their 1261:(1817–1898) 1023:(U.P.) and 989:Baluchistan 889:nationalism 884:Unlike the 813:nationalist 678: [ 630:Irredentism 620:Imperialism 493:Territorial 459:Legionarism 147:Core values 43:Nationalism 7738:Categories 7622:Cemeteries 7561:Motorsport 7546:Gillidanda 7409:Philosophy 7390:Literature 7267:Pakistanis 7223:Healthcare 7061:(currency) 6962:Automotive 6484:Ministries 6467:Government 6423:Governance 6259:Ecoregions 6228:Oil fields 6218:Gas fields 6190:Salt Range 6175:Gwadar Bay 6149:Waterfalls 6139:Topography 6049:Kargil War 5680:Indo-Greek 5648:Achaemenid 5643:Indo-Aryan 5511:Indigenous 5455:Sindhudesh 5435:Santa Cruz 5355:Hutu Power 5285:Bangsamoro 4876:Australian 4851:Lithuanian 4766:Andalusian 4544:Circassian 4508:Belarusian 4456:in Austria 4390:Macedonian 4346:in Albania 4235:Vietnamese 4069:Hongkonger 4062:chauvinist 3743:Pharaonism 3574:(3): 4–6. 3461:2006-12-06 3222:(7): 1–8. 3200:Al Jazeera 2881:2012-04-16 2648:The Herald 2539:The Nation 2324:. Concept. 2093:10 October 2035:References 1791:7th nation 1787:explosions 1748:Bangladesh 1575:See also: 1537:Pilgrimage 1489:M.A Jinnah 1391:cartridges 1242:See also: 1230:, and the 863:patriotism 851:historical 847:linguistic 724:Xenophobia 692:Revanchism 645:Militarism 304:Indigenism 299:Homosexual 267:Ecological 173:Solidarity 163:Patriotism 153:Allegiance 7647:Libraries 7637:Gurdwaras 7511:Athletics 7461:Etiquette 7428:Lifestyle 7380:Festivals 7330:Languages 7320:Ethnicity 7228:Hospitals 7208:Feudalism 7196:Education 7049:Companies 6977:Husbandry 6947:Aerospace 6792:Air force 6750:Terrorism 6653:Feudalism 6643:Elections 6501:Governors 6441:President 6388:districts 6383:provinces 6233:Volcanoes 6124:Mountains 6081:Geography 5932:Partition 5854:Rebellion 5756:Ghaznavid 5618:Stone age 5415:Occitania 5400:Manchukuo 5390:Lezgistan 5385:Kurdistan 5330:Hazarajat 5315:Circassia 5077:Movements 5028:Pakistani 5003:Mongolian 4943:Congolese 4856:Norwegian 4846:Icelandic 4811:Valencian 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6939:Industry 6762:Military 6635:Politics 6590:Judicial 6556:Chairman 6301:Wildlife 6223:Minerals 6154:Wetlands 6109:Glaciers 6092:Features 6019:1971 War 6009:1965 War 5992:Republic 5973:1947 War 5946:Dominion 5863:Colonial 5726:Kambojas 5714:Medieval 5685:Gandhara 5628:Mehrgarh 5588:articles 5586:Pakistan 5375:Katarism 5300:Chameria 5253:Projects 5058:Turanian 5053:Tunisian 5023:Oceanian 5013:Nigerian 4963:Hispanic 4958:Germanic 4948:European 4881:Hawaiian 4831:Estonian 4801:Galician 4786:Canarian 4776:Asturian 4745:Venetian 4740:Sicilian 4730:Padanian 4704:Corsican 4665:Scottish 4559:Ossetian 4478:Silesian 4461:Völkisch 4436:Bavarian 4431:Austrian 4410:Romanian 4395:Moldovan 4373:Croatian 4341:Albanian 4309:Georgian 4299:Armenian 4278:Siberian 4205:Filipino 4120:Assamese 4089:Okinawan 4074:Japanese 4004:Lebanese 3982:Diaspora 3964:Assyrian 3932:Peruvian 3841:Americas 3791:Tigrayan 3738:Egyptian 3228:12314371 2935:DAWN.COM 2837:10 April 2587:(1946). 2215:cite web 2008:See also 1856: : 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