2351:
245:. Borders may even be completely unmarked, typically in remote or forested regions; such borders are often described as "porous". Migration within territorial borders, and outside of them, represented an old and established pattern of movement in African countries, in seeking work and food, and to maintain ties with kin who had moved across the previously porous borders of their homelands. When the colonial frontiers were drawn, Western countries attempted to obtain a monopoly on the recruitment of labor in many African countries, which altered the practical and institutional context in which the old migration patterns had been followed, and some might argue, are still followed today. The frontiers were particularly porous for the physical movement of migrants, and people living in borderlands easily maintained transnational cultural and social networks.
1949:
2089:
2185:
1973:
2121:
2395:
2009:
2269:
1997:
1900:, however, opens up the possibility for artists to explore similar concerns of identity and national origin(s) but whose location is not specific to the U.S-Mexico border. A border can be a division, dividing groups of people and families. Borders can include but are not limited to language, culture, social and economic class, religion, and national identity. In addition to a division, a border can also conceive a borderland area that can create a cohesive community separate from the mainstream cultures and identities portrayed in the communities away from the borders, such as the Tijuana-San Diego border between Mexico and the United States.
2237:
362:
2165:
2069:
2029:
2407:
1643:
2339:
2426:
2315:
2371:
2253:
218:
2209:
2141:
1289:
125:
920:
1108:
1564:
1441:
985:
2292:
1387:
110:
610:. However, a landscape border is not demarcated by fences and walls but instead landscape features such as forests, mountains, and water bodies. It is different from a natural border, however, in the sense that the border landscape is not natural but human-engineered. Such a landscape usually differs from the borderland's natural geography and its building requires tremendous human labour and financial investment.
684:
1124:
4213:
2350:
1923:. Border art/artists often address the forced politicization of human bodies and physical land and the arbitrary, yet incredibly harmful, separations that are created by these borders and boundaries. These artists are often "border crossers" themselves. They may cross borders of traditional art-making (through performance, video, or a combination of mediums). They may at once be artists and
2088:
996:
is the deregulation and or lack of regulation on the movement of persons between nations and jurisdictions. This definition does not apply to trade or movement between privately owned land areas. Most nations have open borders for travel within their nation of travel, though more authoritarian states
755:(LoC) refers to a militarized buffer border between two or more nations that has yet to achieve permanent border status. LoC borders are typically under military control and are not recognized as an official international border. Formally known as a cease-fire line, an LoC was first created with the
618:
Geometric boundaries are formed by straight lines (such as lines of latitude or longitude), or occasionally arcs (Pennsylvania/Delaware), regardless of the physical and cultural features of the area. Such political boundaries are often found around the states that developed out of colonial holdings,
166:
are also classed as borders. Most countries have some form of border control to regulate or limit the movement of people, animals, and goods into and out of the country. Under international law, each country is generally permitted to legislate the conditions that have to be met in order to cross its
4071:
11-min video interview with
Bernard Guetta, a columnist for Libération newspaper and France Inter radio. "For , one of the main lessons from international relations in 2014 is that national borders are becoming increasingly irrelevant. These borders, drawn by the colonial powers, were and still are
1417:
and the Roman
Hadrian's Wall in Britain had military functions, the entirety of the Roman borders were very porous, which encouraged Roman economic activity with neighbors. On the other hand, a border like the Maginot Line was entirely military and was meant to prevent any access in what was to be
951:
checks. Most regulated borders have regulations on immigration, types of wildlife and plants, and illegal objects such as drugs or weapons. Overall border regulations are placed by national and local governments and can vary depending on nation and current political or economic conditions. Some of
593:
Throughout history, technological advances have reduced the costs of transport and communication across the natural borders. That has reduced the significance of natural borders over time. As a result, political borders that have been formalized more recently, such as those in Africa or
Americas,
209:
to prevent the spread of exotic infectious diseases. Most countries prohibit carrying illegal drugs or endangered animals across their borders. Moving goods, animals, or people illegally across a border, without declaring them or seeking permission, or deliberately evading official inspection,
1789:
Macro-regional integration initiatives, such as the
European Union and NAFTA, have spurred the establishment of cross-border regions. These are initiatives driven by local or regional authorities, aimed at dealing with local border-transcending problems such as transport and environmental
1972:
1067:(consisting of all space 100 miles away from the earth's surface), both are preserved for world research and exploration. The prohibition of control by nations can make a DMZ unexposed to human influence and thus developed into a natural border or wildlife preserve, such as on the
348:
Political borders are imposed on the world through human agency. That means that although a political border may follow a river or mountain range, such a feature does not automatically define the political border, even though it may be a major physical barrier to crossing.
2184:
2120:
1824:
There has been a renaissance in the study of borders starting with the end of the 1990s, partially from the creation of a counter-narrative to the discourse about the world becoming a borderless and deterritorialized place, which has accompanied theories about
3718:
2268:
2394:
781:
A maritime border is a division enclosing an area in the ocean where a nation has exclusive rights over the mineral and biological resources, encompassing maritime features, limits and zones. Maritime borders represent the jurisdictional borders of a
1996:
352:
Political borders are often classified by whether or not they follow conspicuous physical features on the earth. William Miles said that
Britain and France traced close to 40% of the entire length of the world's international boundaries.
2252:
2236:
4229:
2164:
1304:
region. The Blue Line between Israel and
Lebanonâmarked by black asterisk. Disengagement Israeli front line with Syria (1974)âmarked by blue asterisk. Disengagement Syrian front line with Israel (1974)âmarked by red asterisk.
2028:
2520:
2208:
1047:(DMZ) is a border separating two or more nations, groups or militaries that have agreed to prohibit the use of military activity or force within the border's bounds. A DMZ can act as a war boundary, ceasefire line,
3728:
4068:
888:
This type of border can be fairly abstract and has been identified as a particular state of mind for human activity. As such frontiers have been applied to borderlands identifying and claiming them as
1948:
379:
Natural borders are geographical features that present natural obstacles to communication and transport. Existing political borders are often a formalization of such historical, natural obstacles.
2802:
Anglo-French carving of colonial space is a significant geographical legacy: nearly 40 percent of the entire length of today's international boundaries were traced by
Britain and France.
1703:
of borders depends on its construction, availability of crossings, regulation and types or scope of activity. The permeability can vary, borders can be barriers for humans, but also for
237:
service has jurisdiction to operate up to 100 miles from any land or sea boundary. On the other hand, some borders are merely signposted. This is common in countries within the
European
2008:
695:
A relic border is a former boundary, which may no longer be a legal boundary at all. However, the former presence of the boundary can still be seen in the landscape. For instance, the
2370:
2068:
4106:
851:. The vertical boundaries of airspace are not officially set or regulated internationally. However, there is a general agreement of vertical airspace ending at the point of the
847:
peacetime protection. With international agreement a country can assume the responsibility of protecting or controlling the atmosphere over
International Airspaces such as the
2530:
1201:
and benefit from foreign currency exchange revenues. Thus, there is the concept unofficial trade in goods otherwise legal; for example, the cross-border trade in livestock by
338:
2338:
2820:
2140:
6049:
2364:: the only indication that one is crossing into the Republic of Ireland is a speed limit sign in kilometers per hour (signs in the United Kingdom are in miles per hour).
1939:
The following pictures show in how many different ways international and regional borders can be closed off, monitored, at least marked as such, or simply unremarkable.
816:
Some maritime borders have remained indeterminate despite efforts to clarify them. This is explained by an array of factors, some of which illustrate regional problems.
4273:
4076:
1134:
The presence of borders often fosters certain economic features or anomalies. Wherever two jurisdictions come into contact, special economic opportunities arise for
2400:
The winding border between
Pakistan and India is lit by security lights. It is one of the few places on Earth where an international boundary can be seen at night.
707:
is no longer an international boundary, but it can still be seen because of historical markers on the landscape; it remains a cultural and economic demarcation in
675:
for "let it be done", a decision). Fiat boundaries are typically the product of human demarcation, such as in demarcating electoral districts or postal districts.
317:
In the past, many borders were not clearly defined lines; instead there were often intervening areas often claimed and fought over by both sides, sometimes called
2406:
855:. The KĂĄrmĂĄn line is a peak point at the altitude of 62 mi (100 km) above the Earth's surface, setting a boundary between the atmosphere (airspace) and
6029:
3989:
1001:
in the former USSR. However, only a handful of nations have deregulated open borders with other nations, an example of this being European countries under the
2744:
1666:
Even the most fortified borders reserve specific places to allow crossing. The many forms of borders have different ways of enabling and controlling passage.
2314:
3388:"International Union for the Scientific Study of Population : XXIV General Population Conference, Salvador da Bahia, Brazil : Plenary Debate no 4"
2425:
1375:(See Shantz 2010). One American writer has said that the 3,600 km (2,200 mi) US-Mexico border is probably "the world's longest boundary between a
4242:
2535:
2002:
A sign showing the limits of the Frontier Closed Area, a 28-km area along the Hong Kong-side of the 30-km-long border between Hong Kong and mainland China.
843:" in maritime law. Airspace extends 12 nautical miles from the coast of a country and it holds responsibility for protecting its own airspace unless under
4136:
3213:
2560:
3387:
1903:
Border art can be defined as an art that is created in reference to any number of physical or imagined boundaries. This art can but is not limited to
2660:
2555:
2525:
2291:
743:
in 1960, however when the former British Somaliland declared independence in 1991 it claimed the former British-Italian line as its eastern border.
2550:
1813:
4637:
1990:, United States with memorial coffins for those killed crossing this border. A straight-line border surveyed when the region was thinly populated.
1197:
Even if the goods are not perceived to be undesirable, states will still seek to document and regulate the cross-border trade in order to collect
976:. These nations have government-controlled border agencies and organizations that enforce border regulation policies on and within their borders.
4072:
entirely artificial. Now, people want borders along national, religious or ethnic lines. Bernard Guetta calls this a "comeback of real history"."
787:
4185:
1352:) lies exclusively within the jurisdiction of the European Union, except where states have used a specific right to opt out (United Kingdom and
4266:
3332:
4687:
3531:
1700:
3719:"Working across borders â Harnessing the potential of cross-border activities to improve livelihood security in the Horn of Africa drylands"
98:
and completely unguarded. Most external political borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated
6044:
2905:
4296:
3045:
2470:
2460:
1696:
Borders can have an significant impact on and function for movement. It can enable and stop movement, across as well as along borders.
1418:
World War II to France by its neighbor, Germany; Germany ended up going around the Maginot Line through Belgium just as it had done in
3256:
5418:
4259:
2357:
3746:
767:. Similar to a cease-fire line, an LoC is typically the result of war, military stalemates and unresolved land ownership conflict.
397:. Only very large and resource-rich states are able to sustain the costs of governance across oceans for longer periods of time.
5324:
1830:
326:
3307:
3186:
2795:
2676:
2636:
3832:
Newman, D.; Paasi, A. (1998). "Fences and neighbours in the post-modern world: boundary narratives in political geography".
1594:
Borders have sometimes been significantly shaped by physical border constructions and openings. From border crossings, over
5538:
4576:
4235:
Border Ireland â database of activities and publications on cross-border co-operation on the island of Ireland since 1980's
3169:
2998:
1076:
322:
5267:
4051:
5543:
4971:
4475:
2545:
1838:
602:
A landscape border is a mixture of political and natural borders. One example is the defensive forest created by China's
2134:
between Germany and Austria): the traffic island marks the spot where a control post once stood; it was removed in 2000.
1873:. Since its conception in the mid-80's, this artistic practice has assisted in the development of questions surrounding
5470:
460:
390:
234:
3359:
1816:, providing a legal framework for cross-border co-operation even though it is in practice rarely used by Euroregions.
5356:
5304:
5213:
3050:
2723:
1500:
1332:, the competence to pass laws on crossing internal and external borders within the European Union and the associated
225:
In places where smuggling, migration, and infiltration are a problem, many countries fortify borders with fences and
4224:
5493:
5433:
5393:
5299:
5277:
5061:
4716:
4711:
4382:
2816:"Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the SongâLiao Border in the Long Eleventh Century"
2769:
482:
5558:
5319:
4483:
2745:"Reexamining Fiat, Bona Fide and Force Dynamic Boundaries for Geopolitical Entities and their Placement in DOLCE"
2246:(right) and Germany (left) is located in the center of this residential road, and, nowadays, completely unmarked.
2079:
1866:
1368:
1364:
632:
456:
242:
17:
4239:
731:(defunct since 1990). Occasionally a relic border is reconstituted in some form, for example the border between
606:
in the eleventh century. Such a border is political in the sense that it is human-demarcated, usually through a
329:
from 1922 until 1970. In modern times, marchlands have been replaced by clearly defined and demarcated borders.
6000:
5553:
4802:
4733:
3723:
2697:
1265:
5852:
4927:
4144:
4056:
4020:
3909:
North American and European Border Regions in Comparative Perspective: Markets, States and Border Communities
3221:
2432:
2274:
2262:. Some borders were broadly defined by treaty, and surveyors would then choose a suitable line on the ground.
1850:
1072:
507:: denser jungles or forests can create strong natural borders. One example of a natural forest border is the
403:: Some political borders have been formalized along natural borders formed by rivers. Some examples are: the
194:; but possession of such documents does not guarantee that the person should be allowed to cross the border.
4174:
2103:
1775:
Borders facilitate or block hybrids like border overlap and cooperation beyond mere encounter and exchange.
5670:
5477:
5289:
4827:
4704:
4543:
3398:
2966:
2565:
998:
931:
Regulated borders have varying degrees of control on the movement of persons and trade between nations and
294:
was vague and could refer to either side of the boundary, thus it was necessary to specify part of it with
38:
885:
The frontier is a border that is open-ended to one side, identifying an expanding borderland to one side.
5413:
5158:
3871:
3834:
3671:
3502:
2465:
1882:
1791:
1738:
691:
was to stop people and militaries from crossing the northern border of China. Today it is a relic border.
4234:
1309:
Political borders have a variety of meanings for those whom they affect. Many borders in the world have
5528:
5039:
4627:
3779:
3666:
3423:
1013:, which led to the regulation of open borders, making them less common and no longer feasible for most
712:
594:
typically conform less to natural borders than very old borders, such as those in Europe or Asia, do.
5728:
5700:
5518:
5282:
5034:
4647:
3281:
2616:
1651:
1068:
1056:
1009:. Open borders used to be very common amongst all nations, however this became less common after the
361:
117:
90:
Some bordersâsuch as most states' internal administrative borders, or inter-state borders within the
4251:
3984:
3962:
3336:
5733:
5498:
4839:
4516:
4217:
3563:
2912:
2515:
1720:
1391:
832:
464:
3535:
2147:
1845:, the African Borderlands Research Network and the founding of smaller border research centres at
5341:
5201:
5179:
4944:
4536:
4283:
3480:
3428:
3102:
2540:
2377:
1770:
1679:
1496:
1064:
802:
76:
31:
5780:
3558:
5857:
5693:
5688:
5218:
5056:
4956:
4692:
4612:
2692:
2480:
1983:
1829:. Examples of recent initiatives are the Border Regions in Transition network of scholars, the
1060:
1014:
3869:
Newman, D. (2006). "The lines that continue to separate us: Borders in our borderless world".
3078:
2916:
2858:
2655:(2017). "Mental Barriers Replacing Nation-State Borders". In Andrén, Mats; Lindkvist, Thomas;
2282:
5953:
5189:
4873:
4857:
4817:
4807:
4642:
4506:
4488:
4334:
4097:
3055:
2475:
2278:
1642:
1633:
1575:
1452:
1271:
1191:
1006:
138:
may be set up on borders between belligerent entities to lower the risk of escalation. While
1931:
at once. Many border artists defy easy classifications in their artistic practice and work.
287:
103:
5920:
4812:
4372:
3929:
3788:
3680:
3020:
2510:
2490:
1834:
973:
840:
2883:
2665:
Cultural Borders of Europe: Narratives, Concepts and Practices in the Present and the Past
2656:
217:
214:. Controls on car liability insurance validity and other formalities may also take place.
8:
5928:
5765:
5423:
5351:
5046:
5004:
4892:
4822:
4797:
4584:
4531:
4344:
4339:
3365:
2620:
2580:
2485:
1784:
1762:
1683:
1398:
1353:
1329:
1159:
724:
696:
688:
541:: Many nations have their political borders defined along mountain ranges, often along a
3792:
3684:
1602:
these constructions fulfill many different functions. Such as also providing crossover.
1142:
provides a classic case; contrariwise, a border region may flourish on the provision of
6039:
5760:
5748:
5683:
5678:
5398:
5184:
5068:
4951:
4834:
4767:
4659:
4617:
4457:
4161:
4123:
4044:
Border Stories â A website devoted to stories from both sides of the U.S. Mexico Border
3888:
3851:
3814:
3696:
3647:
3598:
3507:
3238:
3156:
3129:
2505:
2361:
2321:
1732:
1520:
1480:
1357:
1321:
1098:
1044:
1002:
939:
nations have regulations on entry and require one or more of the following procedures:
794:
736:
732:
205:
officials. Animals (and occasionally humans) moving across borders may need to go into
3475:
2521:
List of bordering countries with greatest relative differences in GDP (PPP) per capita
131:
policemen standing guard at the North Korea-South Korea border. View from North Korea.
5802:
5790:
5438:
5428:
5051:
5029:
4934:
4898:
4792:
4679:
4669:
4654:
4511:
4444:
4127:
4090:
3892:
3855:
3751:
3692:
3651:
3639:
3590:
3165:
3124:
2839:
2791:
2719:
2672:
2652:
2632:
2628:
2575:
2570:
2413:
2259:
1920:
1766:
1611:
1406:
1310:
1241:
1048:
924:
776:
636:
508:
318:
179:
167:
borders, and to prevent people from crossing its borders in violation of those laws.
99:
4165:
3818:
3700:
3450:
3242:
1236:
between workplaces and residential settlements. The removal of internal barriers to
663:
boundaries by which is meant any sort of boundary that does not track an underlying
6070:
5847:
5645:
5208:
5114:
4867:
4751:
4622:
4602:
4566:
4439:
4410:
4349:
4153:
4115:
4102:"Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States: From Asylum Seekers to Citizens"
3880:
3843:
3804:
3796:
3688:
3629:
3602:
3580:
3572:
3230:
2829:
2761:
2752:
1862:
1750:
1704:
1530:
1484:
1476:
1372:
1288:
1030:
1026:
852:
3665:
Brakman, Steven; Garretsen, Harry; van Marrewijk, Charles; Oumer, Abdella (2012).
3190:
2344:
The marker between the United States and Canada in Waterton-Glacier National Park.
2047:
2039:
1471:
Border conflicts or the potential of such are the reason why many borders feature
87:, or mutual agreements between the political entities that reside in those areas.
6034:
6019:
Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in
5895:
5523:
5226:
5129:
5073:
5010:
4981:
4966:
4746:
4741:
4699:
4664:
4464:
4429:
4404:
4246:
4119:
2891:
2713:
2059:
1979:
1754:
1595:
1512:
1431:
1279:
1102:
1010:
897:
893:
876:
836:
798:
783:
756:
752:
542:
501:
which form a substantial part of the border between Canada and the United States.
478:
175:
72:
68:
3080:
Maritime Regime Building: Lessons Learned and Their Relevance for Northeast Asia
2993:
2298:
2051:
1363:
The United States has notably increased measures taken in border control on the
1131:
Borders undermine economic activity and development by reducing trade activity.
1055:
international border. An example of a demilitarized international border is the
835:
hold the right to regulate and protect air space under the international law of
124:
5366:
5334:
5196:
5134:
5124:
5119:
4939:
4905:
4773:
4723:
4674:
4367:
4061:
3906:
3847:
3576:
2668:
2455:
2450:
2107:
2099:
1963:
1897:
1801:
1687:
1675:
1599:
1538:
1526:
1516:
1325:
1314:
1206:
1171:
969:
936:
909:
538:
420:
374:
306:
the government's control frequently diminished the further people got from the
230:
226:
155:
5827:
3884:
3800:
1865:
practice rooted in the socio-political experience(s), such as of those on the
1158:
or legitimate. Different regulations on either side of a border may encourage
831:
located within a country's controlled international and maritime borders. All
739:
ceased to exist when the two colonies merged to form the independent state of
427:(India-Bangladesh). If a precise line is desired, it is often drawn along the
365:
A photograph of the FranceâItaly border at night. The southwestern end of the
6064:
5548:
5388:
5150:
4999:
4862:
4632:
4607:
4450:
4175:
World of Walls: The Structure, Roles and Effectiveness of Separation Barriers
3643:
3594:
2843:
2590:
2500:
2417:
2199:
2195:
2127:
2111:
1842:
1826:
1615:
1472:
1349:
1333:
1034:
957:
919:
889:
880:
848:
720:
716:
648:
620:
468:
404:
238:
202:
91:
4195:
4086:
1409:
have played a great many roles and been marked in different ways. While the
5948:
5940:
5935:
5900:
5408:
5403:
5314:
4784:
4434:
4396:
4329:
3913:. Victoria, BC Canada and Bellingham, WA United States. 12â15 January 2008.
3097:
2788:
Scars of Partition: Postcolonial Legacies in French and British Borderlands
2729:
2436:
2227:
2155:
2019:
1886:
1878:
1758:
1659:
1637:
1625:
1402:
1301:
1202:
1167:
1135:
1107:
1088:
932:
704:
700:
603:
452:
432:
307:
265:
182:, for persons to cross borders. To stay or work within a country's borders
84:
5842:
3809:
2941:
1248:
since the 1940s, de-emphasizes border-based economic activity and fosters
5568:
5513:
5376:
5371:
5361:
5096:
5091:
4989:
4961:
4526:
4521:
4388:
4225:
Collection of pictures of European borders, mainly intra-Schengen borders
3634:
3617:
2765:
2585:
2495:
2243:
2219:
2191:
2175:
1916:
1890:
1746:
1724:
1621:
1534:
1488:
1419:
1380:
1376:
1345:
1283:
1163:
1038:
993:
984:
940:
856:
728:
628:
582:
498:
440:
424:
303:
191:
187:
183:
135:
128:
113:
95:
5755:
4157:
3234:
2202:. Some European borders originate from former land ownership boundaries.
1563:
1440:
1256:
are similar official structures built around commuting across boundary.
839:. The horizontal boundaries of airspace are similar to the policies of "
813:
boundaries, which are considered within the context of land boundaries.
142:
refers to the boundary itself, the area around the border is called the
5455:
4994:
4849:
4548:
2834:
2815:
2381:
2329:
2075:
1987:
1742:
1492:
1410:
1253:
1249:
1229:
1155:
828:
635:
follows the 49th parallel for roughly 2,175 miles (3,500 km) from
408:
261:
Inherited from a former state, colonial power or aristocratic territory
233:
procedures. These can extend inland, as in the United States where the
206:
198:
64:
3585:
1790:
degradation. Many cross-border regions are also active in encouraging
900:, the only territory in Antarctica unclaimed by any sovereign nation.
382:
Some geographical features that often constitute natural borders are:
310:. Therefore borderland (especially impassable terrain) attracted many
5874:
5832:
5807:
5665:
5620:
5508:
5450:
5272:
5021:
4281:
3774:
2385:
2325:
2035:
2015:
1794:
and dialogue as well as cross-border economic development strategies.
1728:
1708:
1691:
1542:
1386:
1233:
1179:
1175:
1162:
to position themselves at or near that border: thus the provision of
1139:
1112:
953:
860:
644:
566:
528:
448:
394:
211:
48:
5910:
5905:
4179:
1491:. Examples of border conflicts include skirmishes and wars, such as
660:
5660:
5630:
5460:
5383:
5294:
5106:
4884:
4594:
4101:
2971:
2595:
2223:
2131:
2055:
1959:
1924:
1908:
1874:
1846:
1805:
1655:
1554:
1275:
1237:
1222:
1210:
944:
872:
824:
764:
546:
524:
490:
264:
Inherited from a former internal border, such as within the former
171:
163:
143:
5970:
5864:
5715:
4199:
3664:
3360:"Schengen Area - Migration and Home Affairs - European Commission"
1320:
In much of Europe, controls on persons were abolished by the 1985
5965:
5890:
5720:
5710:
5650:
5563:
5533:
5465:
5346:
4558:
4359:
3944:
2305:
2151:
1912:
1647:
1337:
1297:
1214:
1198:
1187:
1116:
1094:
948:
740:
708:
659:
A generalization of the idea of geometric borders is the idea of
640:
586:
516:
494:
428:
159:
109:
56:
4039:
2619:(2016). "The Rise and Spread of Capitalism". In Daniels, Peter;
1127:
A border wall on a beach separating the United States and Mexico
1123:
988:
Indian and Pakistan border officers at the India-Pakistan border
683:
5995:
5985:
5980:
5915:
5869:
5785:
5655:
5640:
5635:
5625:
5309:
4916:
4498:
4212:
2171:
2095:
2043:
1904:
1809:
1797:
1341:
1245:
1225:
every year unofficially, over 100 times the official estimate.
1151:
1147:
1143:
997:
may limit the freedom of internal movement of its citizens, as
965:
961:
624:
607:
578:
554:
532:
512:
504:
486:
463:
ruled in 1910 that the boundary between the American states of
416:
311:
60:
5740:
3424:"demilitarized zone (DMZ) | Definition, Facts, & Pictures"
339:
List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders
5990:
5975:
5960:
5837:
5822:
5812:
5797:
5775:
5770:
5705:
5503:
5445:
5329:
4015:
3924:
3282:"Types of International Borders along the U.S.-Mexico Border"
2301:
1955:
1550:
1414:
1293:
1218:
810:
760:
672:
574:
562:
558:
550:
436:
412:
400:
386:
221:
US customs and border officers boarding a ship at the border.
52:
3333:"open border Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
3308:"Border Force: The world's toughest customs and immigration"
5817:
5083:
4421:
3187:"Bulletin 20 - Space Weapons Ban: Thoughts on a New Treaty"
3134:
1928:
1804:
provides financial support to cross-border regions via its
1629:
1546:
1317:
agents inspect persons and/or goods crossing the boundary.
1183:
844:
806:
570:
520:
474:
444:
366:
197:
Moving goods across a border often requires the payment of
3775:"Building governance institutions across European borders"
2114:
rules became applicable in 2007, the sign became obsolete.
1213:
sells an estimated $ 250 to $ 300 million of livestock to
258:
Imposed by third parties, e.g. an international conference
170:
Some borders require presentation of legal paperwork like
5615:
4191:
4082:
3994:
3970:
3503:"Wildlife preserve planned for Korean demilitarized zone"
80:
3559:"Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle"
1182:
may cluster around borders, city limits, county lines,
2285:
in 1297. It is one of the oldest borders in the world.
4137:"National Finitude and the Paranoid Style of the One"
3214:"National Finitude and the Paranoid Style of the One"
2888:
Spatial Information Theory. Proceedings of COSIT 1995
1919:
issues. Border art is not confined to one particular
4230:
Institut Européen des Itinéraires Culturels homepage
2536:
List of countries that border only one other country
2178:: Germany starts at the red line drawn in the photo.
1506:
1194:(SEZs) often tend to cluster near borders or ports.
477:: larger lakes create natural borders. Examples are
3556:
5598:
4016:"Centre for International Borders Research (CIBR)"
2890:. Berlin/Heidelberg/Vienna/New York/London/Tokyo:
1228:Human economic traffic across borders (apart from
37:"County line" redirects here. For other uses, see
3667:"The Border Population Effects of EU Integration"
2886:. In Frank, A. U.; Kuhn, W.; Mark, D. M. (eds.).
2623:; Shaw, Denis; Sidaway, James; Hall, Tim (eds.).
2556:List of national border changes from 1815 to 1914
2526:List of countries and territories by land borders
952:the most regulated borders in the world include:
6062:
2906:"The Constitution of the Republic of Somaliland"
2551:List of land borders with dates of establishment
1814:Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation
4069:The World in 2015: National borders undermined?
3740:
3738:
3618:"Trade and Urbanization: Evidence from Hungary"
2170:A border within a closely built-up area â near
788:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
79:. Political borders can be established through
51:boundaries, imposed either by features such as
3557:Anderson, James E.; van Wincoop, Eric (2003).
2693:"The Constitution in the 100-Mile Border Zone"
2561:List of national border changes (1914âpresent)
2531:List of countries by land and maritime borders
2304:located at the point where Sweden, Norway and
805:; however, the terminology does not encompass
4267:
4178:. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2017.
3907:"Border Regions in Transition IX Conference,
903:
389:: oceans create very costly natural borders.
3747:"Roman Empire: gold standard of immigration"
3735:
2856:
2146:Self-illuminating Border flower pot between
2110:and of five more states may cross. When the
1669:
723:(defunct since 1975) and the border between
6045:List of administrative divisions by country
3831:
3532:"Military Zones Mean Boon For Biodiversity"
3305:
2214:The metal strip within the building of the
1605:
1057:38th parallel between North and South Korea
431:, the deepest line along the river. In the
4274:
4260:
3092:
3090:
3013:
2471:Boundaries between the continents of Earth
2461:Border irregularities of the United States
1714:
1190:. In a more planned and official context,
3808:
3716:
3633:
3622:American Economic Journal: Microeconomics
3584:
3357:
3154:
2986:
2833:
2358:Republic of Ireland-United Kingdom border
2082:, the longest common border in the world.
1654:at the Nuijamaa Border Crossing Point in
793:Maritime borders exist in the context of
321:. Special cases in modern times were the
27:Geographic boundaries of political entity
4312:
3925:"International Boundaries Research Unit"
3772:
3076:
2742:
1641:
1385:
1287:
1122:
1106:
983:
918:
682:
360:
216:
123:
108:
5250:
3158:The Vertical Limit of State Sovereignty
3087:
2281:, whose limits were established by the
2106:, indicating that only citizens of the
1778:
14:
6063:
4078:Border Theories in Early Modern Europe
3868:
3744:
3712:
3710:
3175:from the original on 15 November 2018.
2859:"Why Are U.S. Borders Straight Lines?"
2857:Winterhalter, Elizabeth (2018-10-20).
2651:
2615:
2360:from the British side. This border is
2022:, on the border of Finland with Norway
1831:International Boundaries Research Unit
1020:
5597:
5249:
4311:
4294:
4255:
4096:
3985:"Nijmegen Centre for Border Research"
3306:Groundwater, Ben (30 November 2016).
2898:
2881:
2785:
2711:
2194:and Belgium next to a street café in
252:Agreed by the countries on both sides
4134:
3945:"Association for Borderland Studies"
3615:
3211:
2999:VLIZ Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase
2813:
1558:
1435:
914:
613:
597:
343:
314:, as they often found sympathizers.
3707:
3279:
2546:List of international river borders
1839:Association for Borderlands Studies
1503:(between India and Pakistan), etc.
1082:
819:
770:
746:
186:(foreign persons) may need special
24:
4198:, 2013, retrieved: March 8, 2021 (
4032:
3949:Association for Borderland Studies
3529:
2790:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 3.
2625:An Introduction To Human Geography
2258:Italy/Switzerland border stone at
1958:border crossing between India and
1425:
1059:. Other notable DMZ zones include
356:
327:Saudi ArabianâKuwaiti neutral zone
255:Imposed by the country on one side
235:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
25:
6082:
4295:
4206:
4180:https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0121
3051:United States Department of State
1934:
1819:
1507:Border construction and crossings
1495:(between North and South Korea),
1154:services â legal or quasi-legal,
1111:The United StatesâMexico border:
332:
323:Saudi ArabianâIraqi neutral zone
5062:Organized incorporated territory
4211:
3693:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2011.00752.x
3397:. 24 August 2001. Archived from
2424:
2405:
2393:
2369:
2349:
2337:
2313:
2290:
2267:
2251:
2235:
2207:
2183:
2163:
2139:
2119:
2087:
2067:
2027:
2007:
1995:
1971:
1947:
1562:
1439:
678:
483:Democratic Republic of the Congo
116:policemen standing guard at the
6050:Slavic administrative divisions
4008:
3977:
3955:
3937:
3917:
3899:
3862:
3825:
3766:
3745:Murphy, Cullen (16 June 1907).
3658:
3609:
3550:
3523:
3495:
3468:
3443:
3416:
3395:Population Environment Research
3380:
3351:
3325:
3299:
3273:
3249:
3205:
3179:
3148:
3117:
3070:
3038:
2959:
2934:
2814:Chen, Yuan Julian (July 2018).
2743:Robinson, Edward Heath (2012).
979:
654:
274:In addition, a border may be a
5599:Non-English terms or loanwords
4803:Direct-controlled municipality
3724:Overseas Development Institute
3616:Nagy, DĂĄvid KrisztiĂĄn (2022).
2875:
2850:
2807:
2779:
2736:
2705:
2698:American Civil Liberties Union
2685:
2645:
2609:
1927:, existing in multiple social
1266:National boundary delimitation
118:North Korea-South Korea border
13:
1:
4928:Special administrative region
4240:Baltic Borderlands Greifswald
4196:Institute of European History
4192:EGO - European History Online
4145:Contemporary Political Theory
4089:, retrieved: March 25, 2021 (
4087:Institute of European History
4083:EGO - European History Online
3364:Migration and Home Affairs -
3358:Anonymous (6 December 2016).
3222:Contemporary Political Theory
3189:. 15 May 2008. Archived from
3155:Reinhardt, Dean (June 2005).
2786:Miles, William F. S. (2014).
2715:Outlaw in Medieval Literature
2602:
2275:Guadiana International Bridge
2218:marks the border between the
1856:
1397:Historic borders such as the
1073:Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone
711:. Other examples include the
241:and on rural sections of the
4828:Mountain resort municipality
4705:Intermediate school district
4688:Educational service district
4544:Regional county municipality
4120:10.1080/13621025.2014.886440
3335:. 3 May 2016. Archived from
2915:. 1 May 2001. Archived from
2566:List of territorial disputes
1898:conceptual artistic practice
451:tribes settling east of the
369:separates the two countries.
39:County Line (disambiguation)
7:
5159:Autonomous territorial unit
3872:Progress in Human Geography
3835:Progress in Human Geography
3672:Journal of Regional Science
3476:"Outer Space Treaty | 1967"
2884:"On Drawing Lines on a Map"
2466:Borders of the Roman Empire
2443:
2431:Old boundary stone one the
2080:CanadaâUnited States border
1792:intercultural communication
1739:Internationalism (politics)
1369:United StatesâMexico border
1365:CanadaâUnited States border
1259:
866:
633:CanadaâUnited States border
461:United States Supreme Court
243:CanadaâUnited States border
149:
10:
6087:
5040:National capital territory
4761:Indian reserve/reservation
4628:Indian government district
4282:Designations for types of
4057:Queen's University Belfast
4021:Queen's University Belfast
3848:10.1191/030913298666039113
3577:10.1257/000282803321455214
3077:Valencia, Mark J. (2001).
2821:Journal of Chinese History
1851:Queen's University Belfast
1808:programme. The Council of
1782:
1736:
1718:
1673:
1619:
1609:
1524:
1510:
1429:
1269:
1263:
1092:
1086:
1024:
907:
904:Types of border regulation
870:
786:and are recognized by the
774:
465:Maryland and West Virginia
439:defined the middle of the
372:
336:
325:from 1922 to 1991 and the
281:
36:
29:
6030:Autonomous administration
6017:
5883:
5608:
5604:
5593:
5486:
5260:
5256:
5245:
5169:
5143:
5105:
5082:
5035:Federal capital territory
5020:
4980:
4915:
4883:
4848:
4783:
4760:
4732:
4648:Non-metropolitan district
4638:Local government district
4593:
4575:
4557:
4497:
4474:
4420:
4395:
4381:
4358:
4322:
4318:
4307:
4303:
4290:
3885:10.1191/0309132506ph599xx
3801:10.1080/00343409950078693
3451:"Antarctic Treaty | 1959"
1670:Movement and permeability
1240:, as in France after the
1069:Korean Demilitarized Zone
467:is the south bank of the
278:military ceasefire line.
47:are generally defined as
4840:Specialized municipality
4517:Consolidated city-county
4075:Baramova, Maria (2010),
3727:. London. Archived from
3717:Pavanello, Sara (2010).
3564:American Economic Review
2913:Government of Somaliland
2718:. Springer. p. 51.
2516:List of border conflicts
2174:between Germany and the
1721:Cross-border cooperation
1606:Crossings and transition
1292:Borders between Israel,
803:exclusive economic zones
667:physical discontinuity (
248:A border may have been:
120:. View from South Korea.
106:may also be controlled.
5202:Military exclusion zone
5180:Exclusive economic zone
4945:National capital region
4537:Non-metropolitan county
4284:administrative division
3481:Encyclopedia Britannica
3455:Encyclopedia Britannica
3429:Encyclopedia Britannica
3103:Encyclopedia Britannica
2967:"The Future of Kashmir"
2541:List of divided islands
2242:The border between the
2062:) is in the background.
1867:U.S.-Mexico borderlands
1771:Scale (analytical tool)
1715:Overlap and cooperation
1680:International migration
1646:The car traffic on the
1497:Western Sahara conflict
1328:legislation. Since the
927:into Canada from the US
270:Never formally defined.
229:, and institute formal
32:Border (disambiguation)
5219:Self-administered zone
5057:Incorporated territory
4924:Administrative region
4693:Local service district
4613:Congressional district
3261:Discovering Antarctica
3021:"Maritime definitions"
2481:Boundary (real estate)
2416:marking the border of
2320:The gate that borders
2216:Eurode Business Centre
2130:internal border (near
1663:
1394:
1306:
1192:Special Economic Zones
1128:
1120:
1015:industrialized nations
989:
928:
859:(which is governed by
692:
489:on its west shore and
443:as the border between
415:(FranceâGermany), the
370:
222:
132:
121:
5190:Special economic zone
4874:Praetorian prefecture
4858:Autonomous prefecture
4818:Regional municipality
4808:District municipality
4643:Metropolitan district
4507:Administrative county
4489:Residential community
4335:Local government area
4220:at Wikimedia Commons
4135:Mura, Andrea (2016).
4064:on 15 September 2007.
3773:Perkmann, M. (1999).
3212:Mura, Andrea (2016).
3046:"Maritime boundaries"
2882:Smith, Barry (1995).
2476:Boundary delimitation
2376:A train crossing the
2279:Portugal-Spain border
1645:
1634:International Airport
1389:
1360:amongst themselves).
1356:, which maintain the
1291:
1272:Territorial integrity
1126:
1110:
1007:Belarus-Russia border
987:
922:
686:
497:on the east; and the
364:
220:
201:, often collected by
127:
112:
5781:Njësi administrative
4813:Neutral municipality
4752:Subdivision of India
4484:Autonomous community
4373:Metropolitan borough
4313:Common English terms
3990:Radboud Universiteit
3930:University of Durham
3731:on 12 November 2010.
3635:10.1257/mic.20180270
3025:Geoscience Australia
2775:on 30 December 2013.
2766:10.3233/AO-2012-0103
2511:Limes (Roman Empire)
2356:A road crossing the
2014:The bridge over the
1943:Borders of the World
1835:University of Durham
1779:Cross-border regions
1413:, the Great Wall of
1392:SwissâItalian border
1077:Green Line in Cyprus
974:United Arab Emirates
419:(ThailandâLaos) and
154:For the purposes of
77:subnational entities
30:For other uses, see
5424:Autonomous republic
5352:Enclave and exclave
5251:Other English terms
5047:Dependent territory
4893:Autonomous province
4823:Resort municipality
4798:County municipality
4585:Overseas department
4532:Metropolitan county
4345:Unincorporated area
4158:10.1057/cpt.2015.23
4107:Citizenship Studies
3793:1999RegSt..33..657P
3685:2012JRegS..52...40B
3366:European Commission
3235:10.1057/cpt.2015.23
3125:"NATO Air Policing"
3083:. pp. 149â166.
2922:on 27 February 2012
2894:. pp. 475â484.
2581:Political geography
2486:Enclave and exclave
2378:ChinaâRussia border
2283:Treaty of Alcañices
2190:Border between the
2034:The border between
1785:Cross-border region
1763:Freedoms of the air
1684:Migration (ecology)
1481:demilitarized zones
1399:Great Wall of China
1330:Treaty of Amsterdam
1232:) may involve mass
1021:Demilitarized zones
833:sovereign countries
689:Great Wall of China
687:The purpose of the
545:. Examples are the
411:(MexicoâU.S.), the
407:(CanadaâU.S.), the
393:span more than one
6040:Electoral district
5357:Federal dependency
5185:Free economic zone
5069:Overseas territory
4952:Development region
4835:Rural municipality
4768:Indian reservation
4660:Municipal district
4618:Electoral district
4458:Free imperial city
4245:2018-10-05 at the
4184:Struck, Bernhard,
3508:The New York Times
3164:(Master of Laws).
3130:Allied Air Command
2835:10.1017/jch.2018.7
2712:Jones, T. (2010).
2506:Landlocked country
2380:, travelling from
2322:East Nusa Tenggara
1733:Third Space Theory
1664:
1574:. You can help by
1521:Separation barrier
1451:. You can help by
1395:
1358:Common Travel Area
1322:Schengen Agreement
1307:
1129:
1121:
1099:Cross-border trade
1045:demilitarized zone
1003:Schengen Agreement
990:
929:
795:territorial waters
737:Italian Somaliland
733:British Somaliland
713:Demilitarized Zone
693:
391:Very few countries
371:
223:
180:identity documents
133:
122:
100:border checkpoints
61:political entities
6058:
6057:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6008:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5155:Territorial unit
5052:Federal territory
5030:Capital territory
4935:Autonomous region
4899:Overseas province
4793:City municipality
4684:Service district
4680:Sanitary district
4670:Regional district
4655:Military district
4512:Autonomous county
4445:Incorporated city
4216:Media related to
4052:"Talking Borders"
3973:on 4 August 2019.
3752:Los Angeles Times
3280:Vogeler, Ingolf.
3166:McGill University
2942:"Simla Agreement"
2797:978-0-8032-6771-8
2678:978-1-78533-591-4
2638:978-1-292-12939-6
2621:Bradshaw, Michael
2576:Natural frontiers
2571:Maritime boundary
2433:Limes border wall
2260:Passo San Giacomo
1767:Dependency theory
1612:Border checkpoint
1592:
1591:
1485:demarcation lines
1469:
1468:
1242:French Revolution
1049:wildlife preserve
925:Ambassador Bridge
915:Regulated borders
777:Maritime boundary
637:Lake of the Woods
614:Geometric borders
598:Landscape borders
549:, which separate
509:Amazon rainforest
344:Political borders
16:(Redirected from
6078:
5646:Regierungsbezirk
5606:
5605:
5595:
5594:
5258:
5257:
5247:
5246:
5209:Free speech zone
5115:Charter township
4868:Super-prefecture
4712:Special district
4623:Federal district
4603:Capital district
4567:Overseas country
4440:Independent city
4411:Imperial capital
4350:Unorganized area
4320:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4292:
4291:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4215:
4169:
4141:
4131:
4065:
4060:. Archived from
4047:
4040:"Border Stories"
4026:
4025:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3993:. Archived from
3981:
3975:
3974:
3969:. Archived from
3959:
3953:
3952:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3780:Regional Studies
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3637:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3588:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3534:. Archived from
3530:Ahearn, Ashley.
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3404:on 1 August 2014
3403:
3392:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3218:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3163:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3058:on 19 April 2009
3054:. Archived from
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2910:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2768:. Archived from
2753:Applied Ontology
2749:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2661:Vajta, Katharina
2649:
2643:
2642:
2627:(5th ed.).
2613:
2491:FranceâUK border
2428:
2409:
2397:
2373:
2353:
2341:
2317:
2294:
2271:
2255:
2239:
2222:and Germany, in
2211:
2187:
2167:
2143:
2123:
2104:KrĂĄlickĂœ SnÄĆŸnĂk
2091:
2071:
2031:
2011:
1999:
1975:
1951:
1896:Border art as a
1863:contemporary art
1861:Border art is a
1751:Community centre
1705:animal migration
1587:
1584:
1566:
1559:
1531:Observation post
1475:and zoning like
1464:
1461:
1443:
1436:
1373:War on Terrorism
1083:Border economics
1031:Demarcation line
820:Airspace borders
799:contiguous zones
771:Maritime borders
747:Lines of control
457:Deuteronomy 3:16
290:world, the term
73:federated states
69:sovereign states
21:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6035:Census division
6005:
5879:
5600:
5573:
5524:Imperial Circle
5482:
5252:
5233:
5227:Free-trade zone
5165:
5139:
5130:Survey township
5101:
5078:
5074:Union territory
5016:
5011:Sovereign state
4976:
4967:Overseas region
4911:
4879:
4844:
4779:
4770:(United States)
4756:
4747:Police division
4742:Census division
4728:
4700:School district
4665:Police district
4589:
4571:
4553:
4493:
4470:
4465:Royal free city
4430:Autonomous city
4416:
4405:Federal capital
4391:
4377:
4354:
4314:
4299:
4286:
4280:
4247:Wayback Machine
4209:
4139:
4050:
4038:
4035:
4033:Further reading
4030:
4029:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3998:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3867:
3863:
3830:
3826:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3743:
3736:
3715:
3708:
3663:
3659:
3614:
3610:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3538:on 26 July 2018
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3263:
3257:"Making claims"
3255:
3254:
3250:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2892:Springer Verlag
2880:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2855:
2851:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2671:. p. 122.
2657:Söhrman, Ingmar
2653:Fehlen, Fernand
2650:
2646:
2639:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2446:
2439:
2429:
2420:
2410:
2401:
2398:
2389:
2374:
2365:
2354:
2345:
2342:
2333:
2318:
2309:
2295:
2286:
2272:
2263:
2256:
2247:
2240:
2231:
2212:
2203:
2188:
2179:
2168:
2159:
2154:in Germany and
2144:
2135:
2124:
2115:
2092:
2083:
2072:
2063:
2060:Ciudad del Este
2032:
2023:
2012:
2003:
2000:
1991:
1980:Tijuana, Mexico
1976:
1967:
1952:
1937:
1891:national origin
1859:
1822:
1812:has issued the
1795:
1787:
1781:
1773:
1755:Free-trade zone
1735:
1719:Main articles:
1717:
1694:
1674:Main articles:
1672:
1640:
1618:
1610:Main articles:
1608:
1600:border barriers
1588:
1582:
1579:
1572:needs expansion
1557:
1523:
1513:Boundary marker
1511:Main articles:
1509:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1449:needs expansion
1434:
1432:Border conflict
1428:
1426:Border conflict
1324:and subsequent
1286:
1280:Immigration law
1268:
1262:
1105:
1103:Free-trade zone
1091:
1085:
1041:
1023:
1011:First World War
982:
917:
912:
906:
898:West Antarctica
894:Marie Byrd Land
883:
877:Frontier thesis
871:Main articles:
869:
837:Air sovereignty
822:
784:maritime nation
779:
773:
757:Simla Agreement
753:line of control
749:
681:
657:
616:
600:
543:drainage divide
539:Mountain ranges
479:Lake Tanganyika
377:
359:
357:Natural borders
346:
341:
335:
304:medieval period
284:
152:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:National border
15:
12:
11:
5:
6084:
6074:
6073:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5610:
5602:
5601:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5254:
5253:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5197:Exclusion zone
5194:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:Economic zone
5173:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5135:Urban township
5132:
5127:
5125:Paper township
5122:
5120:Civil township
5117:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4940:Capital region
4937:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4921:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4906:Roman province
4902:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4774:Indian reserve
4771:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4724:Urban district
4721:
4720:
4719:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4682:
4677:
4675:Rural district
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4368:County borough
4364:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4316:
4315:
4301:
4300:
4288:
4287:
4279:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4208:
4207:External links
4205:
4204:
4203:
4187:Border Regions
4182:
4172:Said Saddiki,
4170:
4132:
4094:
4073:
4066:
4048:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4007:
3976:
3954:
3936:
3916:
3898:
3879:(2): 143â161.
3861:
3842:(2): 186â207.
3824:
3787:(7): 657â667.
3765:
3734:
3706:
3657:
3628:(3): 733â790.
3608:
3571:(1): 170â192.
3549:
3522:
3494:
3467:
3442:
3415:
3379:
3350:
3324:
3298:
3272:
3248:
3204:
3193:on 15 May 2008
3178:
3147:
3116:
3086:
3069:
3037:
3012:
2994:"General info"
2985:
2958:
2946:Stimson Center
2933:
2897:
2874:
2849:
2828:(2): 313â334.
2806:
2796:
2778:
2735:
2724:
2704:
2684:
2677:
2669:Berghahn Books
2644:
2637:
2631:. p. 47.
2607:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:Border control
2453:
2451:Border barrier
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2423:
2421:
2414:Hadrian's Wall
2411:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2375:
2368:
2366:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2108:European Union
2094:A sign at the
2093:
2086:
2084:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2013:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1964:Radcliffe Line
1953:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1935:Images gallery
1933:
1858:
1855:
1821:
1820:Border studies
1818:
1802:European Union
1783:Main article:
1780:
1777:
1716:
1713:
1688:Seed dispersal
1676:Border control
1671:
1668:
1652:Russian border
1607:
1604:
1596:border markers
1590:
1589:
1569:
1567:
1539:Defensive wall
1527:Border outpost
1517:Border barrier
1508:
1505:
1501:Kashmir region
1477:no man's lands
1473:fortifications
1467:
1466:
1446:
1444:
1430:Main article:
1427:
1424:
1407:Hadrian's Wall
1326:European Union
1315:border control
1264:Main article:
1261:
1258:
1207:Horn of Africa
1087:Main article:
1084:
1081:
1022:
1019:
981:
978:
970:United Kingdom
937:industrialized
916:
913:
910:Border control
908:Main article:
905:
902:
868:
865:
821:
818:
775:Main article:
772:
769:
748:
745:
680:
677:
656:
653:
647:) west to the
615:
612:
599:
596:
591:
590:
536:
502:
472:
421:Ichamati river
398:
375:Natural border
373:Main article:
358:
355:
345:
342:
334:
333:Classification
331:
283:
280:
272:
271:
268:
262:
259:
256:
253:
231:border control
156:border control
151:
148:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6083:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6016:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5725:Kommun/Kunta
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5592:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5549:Roman diocese
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:Neighbourhood
5387:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:Alpine resort
5266:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5244:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5151:Regional unit
5149:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:Federal state
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:Subprefecture
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Land district
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:City district
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4451:Imperial city
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4297:English terms
4293:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4272:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4214:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4114:(2): 208â23.
4113:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4011:
3997:on 2013-08-09
3996:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3553:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3511:. 7 June 2007
3510:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3383:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3354:
3339:on 3 May 2016
3338:
3334:
3328:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3208:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3171:
3168:. p. 3.
3167:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2725:9780230114685
2721:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:Slater, Terry
2612:
2608:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Schengen Area
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Illegal entry
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2418:Roman Britain
2415:
2412:A section of
2408:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2384:in Russia to
2383:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2362:entirely open
2359:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2200:Baarle Hertog
2197:
2196:Baarle Nassau
2193:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:Foz do IguazĂș
2045:
2041:
2040:Puerto IguazĂș
2037:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:North America
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:globalization
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1786:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1616:Port of entry
1613:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1570:This section
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:38th Parallel
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1447:This section
1445:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:Liechtenstein
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:Schengen Area
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1035:Terra nullius
1032:
1028:
1027:No man's land
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
986:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:United States
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:jurisdictions
926:
923:Crossing the
921:
911:
901:
899:
895:
891:
890:terra nullius
886:
882:
881:Terra nullius
878:
874:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:Pacific Ocean
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
817:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
778:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:South Vietnam
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
690:
685:
679:Relic borders
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
652:
650:
649:Pacific Ocean
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:North America
611:
609:
605:
595:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:, separating
510:
506:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:
470:
469:Potomac River
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Niagara River
402:
399:
396:
392:
388:
385:
384:
383:
380:
376:
368:
363:
354:
350:
340:
330:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
302:. During the
301:
297:
293:
289:
279:
277:
269:
267:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
244:
240:
239:Schengen Area
236:
232:
228:
219:
215:
213:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
190:documents or
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
165:
161:
157:
147:
145:
141:
137:
130:
126:
119:
115:
111:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:Schengen Area
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
19:
6020:
5941:Maalaiskunta
5901:Heerlijkheid
5741:LĂ€n (Sweden)
5409:Protectorate
5404:Principality
5325:Constituency
5214:Neutral zone
5009:
4904:
4897:
4872:
4785:Municipality
4463:
4456:
4449:
4435:Charter city
4409:
4340:Special area
4330:Insular area
4210:
4186:
4173:
4149:
4143:
4111:
4105:
4077:
4062:the original
4055:
4043:
4019:
4010:
3999:. Retrieved
3995:the original
3988:
3979:
3971:the original
3966:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3928:
3919:
3908:
3901:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3810:10044/1/1343
3784:
3778:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3750:
3729:the original
3722:
3679:(1): 40â59.
3676:
3670:
3660:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3568:
3562:
3552:
3540:. Retrieved
3536:the original
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3506:
3497:
3485:. Retrieved
3479:
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3454:
3445:
3433:. Retrieved
3427:
3418:
3406:. Retrieved
3399:the original
3394:
3382:
3370:. Retrieved
3363:
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3337:the original
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3311:
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3286:www.siue.edu
3285:
3275:
3264:. Retrieved
3260:
3251:
3226:
3220:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3191:the original
3181:
3157:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3128:
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3101:
3079:
3072:
3060:. Retrieved
3056:the original
3049:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:
3015:
3003:. Retrieved
2997:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2970:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2945:
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
2917:the original
2900:
2887:
2877:
2866:. Retrieved
2862:
2852:
2825:
2819:
2809:
2801:
2787:
2781:
2770:the original
2757:
2751:
2738:
2730:Google Books
2728:– via
2714:
2707:
2696:
2687:
2664:
2647:
2624:
2611:
2437:Roman Empire
2299:Treriksröset
2228:Herzogenrath
2215:
2102:border near
2052:IguazĂș River
2020:Karigasniemi
1938:
1911:, physical,
1902:
1895:
1881:, identity,
1879:surveillance
1870:
1860:
1823:
1788:
1774:
1759:Refugee camp
1707:or types of
1701:permeability
1698:
1695:
1665:
1660:Lappeenranta
1650:side of the
1638:Custom house
1626:Trading post
1593:
1580:
1576:adding to it
1571:
1489:buffer zones
1470:
1457:
1453:adding to it
1448:
1403:Maginot Line
1396:
1362:
1319:
1308:
1302:Mount Hermon
1227:
1203:pastoralists
1196:
1178:, and/or of
1168:prostitution
1136:border trade
1133:
1130:
1089:Border trade
1052:
1042:
1005:or the open
991:
980:Open borders
930:
887:
884:
823:
815:
792:
780:
750:
705:West Germany
694:
668:
664:
658:
655:Fiat borders
617:
604:Song dynasty
601:
592:
433:Hebrew Bible
381:
378:
351:
347:
316:
299:
295:
291:
285:
275:
273:
266:Soviet Union
247:
224:
210:constitutes
196:
169:
153:
139:
136:Buffer zones
134:
129:North Korean
114:South Korean
104:border zones
89:
85:colonization
75:, and other
49:geographical
44:
43:
5936:Landskommun
5828:SavivaldybÄ
5694:Switzerland
5689:South Tyrol
5569:Viceroyalty
5362:Governorate
5320:Condominium
5223:Trade zone
5097:Market town
5092:Census town
4990:Proto-state
4962:Microregion
4527:County town
4522:County seat
4389:Half-canton
4098:James, Paul
3140:28 February
3062:19 November
3030:19 November
3005:19 November
2863:JSTOR Daily
2586:Quadripoint
2496:Geopolitics
2244:Netherlands
2220:Netherlands
2192:Netherlands
2176:Netherlands
2158:in Austria.
1917:nationalist
1877:, borders,
1747:Sister City
1725:Third place
1622:Border town
1535:Buffer zone
1420:World War I
1411:stone walls
1381:Third World
1377:First World
1371:during its
1346:Switzerland
1311:checkpoints
1284:Travel visa
1254:Euroregions
1164:pornography
1065:outer space
1039:Buffer zone
999:for example
994:open border
857:outer space
853:KĂĄrmĂĄn line
729:South Yemen
629:Middle East
619:such as in
589:and others.
583:Switzerland
573:separating
561:separating
499:Great Lakes
481:, with the
441:river Arnon
188:immigration
178:, or other
102:; adjacent
65:governments
5884:Historical
5848:ShahrestÄn
5791:Autonomous
5539:Presidency
5487:Historical
5456:Suzerainty
5439:Autonomous
5283:Autonomous
5005:Free state
4995:City-state
4957:Mesoregion
4850:Prefecture
4577:Department
4001:2008-09-24
3586:10532/3989
3266:2023-11-29
2926:2 February
2868:2023-01-05
2760:: 93â108.
2603:References
2382:Zabaykalsk
2330:East Timor
2148:Burghausen
2126:A typical
2076:Peace Arch
1988:California
1984:San Ysidro
1978:Border at
1962:along the
1857:Border art
1743:Federalism
1737:See also:
1620:See also:
1525:See also:
1383:country".
1270:See also:
1250:free trade
1230:kidnapping
1093:See also:
1075:, and the
1061:Antarctica
1025:See also:
972:, and the
892:, such as
829:atmosphere
569:; and the
409:Rio Grande
337:See also:
319:marchlands
300:borderland
296:borderline
288:pre-modern
207:quarantine
199:excise tax
5925:Landskap
5921:LÀn/LÀÀni
5875:Vingtaine
5843:Seniƫnija
5833:Selsoviet
5808:Poblacion
5745:Landskap
5675:Gemeinde
5666:Freguesia
5621:Apskritis
5544:Residency
5509:Exarchate
5451:Sultanate
5342:Eldership
5273:Bailiwick
5022:Territory
4972:Subregion
4717:in the US
4549:Viscounty
4476:Community
4194:, Mainz:
4152:: 58â79.
4128:144816686
4085:, Mainz:
3893:143640667
3856:143392991
3652:239873111
3644:1945-7669
3595:0002-8282
3312:Traveller
3229:: 58â79.
3098:"Air law"
2844:2059-1632
2388:in China.
2386:Manzhouli
2326:Indonesia
2050:) on the
2036:Argentina
2016:Anarjohka
1925:activists
1913:emotional
1909:political
1887:ethnicity
1841:based in
1729:Hybridity
1709:pollution
1692:Pollution
1662:, Finland
1583:July 2020
1543:Barricade
1460:July 2020
1234:commuting
1180:narcotics
1176:fireworks
1140:Smuggling
1113:San Diego
954:Australia
947:check or
861:space law
841:high seas
665:bona fide
645:Minnesota
567:Argentina
529:Venezuela
449:Israelite
395:continent
212:smuggling
172:passports
6065:Category
6026:See also
5761:Maakunta
5756:LocalitĂ
5701:Gemeente
5661:Frazione
5631:Barangay
5461:Townland
5399:Precinct
5384:Muftiate
5335:District
5295:Cadastre
5107:Township
4885:Province
4776:(Canada)
4734:Division
4595:District
4243:Archived
4166:53724373
4100:(2014).
3963:"ABORNE"
3819:34665896
3701:55067930
3243:53724373
3170:Archived
2972:BBC News
2663:(eds.).
2596:Tripoint
2444:See also
2224:Kerkrade
2132:Kufstein
2128:Schengen
2112:Schengen
2056:Paraguay
1960:Pakistan
1875:homeland
1871:frontera
1847:Nijmegen
1806:Interreg
1656:Nuijamaa
1555:Landmark
1367:and the
1336:states (
1276:Passport
1260:Politics
1238:commerce
1223:Djibouti
1211:Ethiopia
1188:airports
1160:services
1053:de facto
945:passport
873:Frontier
867:Frontier
825:Airspace
765:Pakistan
759:between
715:between
699:between
697:boundary
627:and the
547:Pyrenees
525:Colombia
491:Tanzania
447:and the
276:de facto
227:barriers
164:seaports
160:airports
150:Overview
144:frontier
63:such as
59:, or by
6071:Borders
6021:italics
5981:Satrapy
5966:Pargana
5891:Commote
5749:Finland
5729:Finland
5721:Kampong
5711:Hromada
5684:Germany
5679:Austria
5651:Comarca
5609:Current
5564:Tithing
5534:Monthon
5519:Hundred
5466:Village
5419:Regency
5414:Quarter
5347:Emirate
5315:Commune
5305:Circuit
5261:Current
4559:Country
4397:Capital
4360:Borough
4218:Borders
3789:Bibcode
3758:20 June
3681:Bibcode
3603:7277314
3542:26 July
3515:26 July
3487:26 July
3460:26 July
3435:26 July
3408:26 July
3372:27 July
3343:27 July
3317:28 July
3291:28 July
3197:26 July
3109:26 July
2978:24 July
2951:24 July
2629:Pearson
2435:of the
2306:Finland
2277:at the
2152:Salzach
2078:at the
1915:and/or
1833:at the
1648:Finnish
1354:Ireland
1338:Iceland
1298:Lebanon
1215:Somalia
1205:in the
1199:tariffs
1172:alcohol
1156:corrupt
1117:Tijuana
1095:Customs
1051:, or a
949:customs
943:check,
935:. Most
827:is the
741:Somalia
709:Germany
641:Ontario
587:Germany
517:Bolivia
505:Forests
495:Burundi
459:). The
429:thalweg
312:outlaws
308:capital
286:In the
282:History
203:customs
192:permits
81:warfare
57:terrain
45:Borders
5996:Syssel
5986:Socken
5954:Greece
5929:Sweden
5916:Korale
5911:Köping
5906:Komunë
5870:Tehsil
5786:Oblast
5734:Sweden
5656:Comune
5641:Bezirk
5636:Bashki
5626:Bakhsh
5499:Barony
5494:Agency
5471:Summer
5434:Sector
5429:Riding
5394:Parish
5367:Hamlet
5310:Colony
5300:Circle
5278:Banner
4917:Region
4499:County
4383:Canton
4164:
4126:
3967:ABORNE
3891:
3854:
3817:
3699:
3650:
3642:
3601:
3593:
3241:
2842:
2794:
2722:
2675:
2635:
2172:Aachen
2096:Polish
2044:Brazil
2042:) and
1921:medium
1905:social
1889:, and
1837:, the
1810:Europe
1800:, the
1798:Europe
1769:, and
1731:, and
1690:, and
1636:, and
1553:, and
1519:, and
1405:, and
1401:, the
1348:, and
1342:Norway
1313:where
1282:, and
1246:Europe
1244:or in
1152:export
1148:import
1146:or of
1144:excise
1101:, and
1071:, the
1037:, and
968:, the
966:Canada
962:Israel
956:, the
879:, and
801:, and
631:. The
625:Africa
608:treaty
579:France
557:; the
555:France
533:Guyana
513:Brazil
487:Zambia
453:Jordan
417:Mekong
401:Rivers
387:Oceans
292:border
184:aliens
140:border
53:oceans
5991:Subah
5976:Rreth
5971:PlasÄ
5961:Pagus
5949:Egypt
5945:Nome
5865:SĂœsla
5858:China
5838:Sitio
5823:Raion
5813:Purok
5803:OstÄn
5798:Okrug
5776:Mukim
5771:Muban
5766:Megye
5716:JudeÈ
5706:Gmina
5559:Tenth
5529:March
5504:Burgh
5446:Shire
5377:Royal
5372:Manor
5330:Duchy
5290:Block
4982:State
4162:S2CID
4140:(PDF)
4124:S2CID
3889:S2CID
3852:S2CID
3815:S2CID
3697:S2CID
3648:S2CID
3599:S2CID
3402:(PDF)
3391:(PDF)
3239:S2CID
3217:(PDF)
3173:(PDF)
3162:(PDF)
2920:(PDF)
2909:(PDF)
2773:(PDF)
2748:(PDF)
2308:meet.
2302:cairn
2100:Czech
1956:Wagah
1929:roles
1893:(s).
1869:, or
1551:Fence
1415:China
1294:Syria
1219:Kenya
1184:ports
1170:, of
1166:, of
811:river
761:India
725:North
717:North
673:Latin
575:Italy
563:Chile
559:Andes
551:Spain
519:from
475:Lakes
437:Moses
413:Rhine
176:visas
94:âare
6001:Zhou
5818:Qark
5554:Seat
5514:Hide
5478:Ward
5170:Zone
5144:Unit
5084:Town
4422:City
4323:Area
3760:2007
3640:ISSN
3591:ISSN
3544:2018
3517:2018
3489:2018
3462:2018
3437:2018
3410:2018
3374:2018
3345:2018
3319:2018
3293:2018
3199:2018
3142:2019
3135:NATO
3111:2018
3064:2010
3032:2010
3007:2010
2980:2018
2953:2018
2928:2010
2840:ISSN
2792:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2673:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2328:and
2297:The
2226:and
2198:and
2074:The
1982:and
1954:The
1883:race
1849:and
1699:The
1630:Port
1614:and
1547:Wall
1487:and
1390:The
1379:and
1296:and
1221:and
1186:and
1063:and
941:visa
845:NATO
807:lake
763:and
735:and
727:and
719:and
703:and
701:East
669:fiat
661:fiat
643:and
571:Alps
565:and
553:and
531:and
521:Peru
515:and
493:and
485:and
445:Moab
425:Taki
367:Alps
174:and
162:and
96:open
55:and
5896:Gau
5853:Sum
5616:Amt
4200:pdf
4154:doi
4116:doi
4091:pdf
3881:doi
3844:doi
3805:hdl
3797:doi
3689:doi
3630:doi
3581:hdl
3573:doi
3231:doi
2830:doi
2762:doi
2324:in
2156:Ach
2018:in
1796:In
1598:to
1578:.
1455:.
1300:in
992:An
896:in
863:).
809:or
423:at
298:or
6067::
6023:.
5671:Fu
4202:).
4190:,
4160:.
4150:15
4148:.
4142:.
4122:.
4112:18
4110:.
4104:.
4093:).
4081:,
4054:.
4042:.
4018:.
3987:.
3965:.
3947:.
3927:.
3887:.
3877:30
3875:.
3850:.
3840:22
3838:.
3813:.
3803:.
3795:.
3785:33
3783:.
3777:.
3749:.
3737:^
3721:.
3709:^
3695:.
3687:.
3677:52
3675:.
3669:.
3646:.
3638:.
3626:14
3624:.
3620:.
3597:.
3589:.
3579:.
3569:93
3567:.
3561:.
3505:.
3478:.
3453:.
3426:.
3393:.
3362:.
3310:.
3284:.
3259:.
3237:.
3227:15
3225:.
3219:.
3133:.
3127:.
3100:.
3089:^
3048:.
3023:.
2996:.
2969:.
2944:.
2911:.
2861:.
2838:.
2824:.
2818:.
2800:.
2756:.
2750:.
2695:.
2667:.
2659:;
2150:,
2054:.
1986:,
1907:,
1885:,
1853:.
1765:,
1761:,
1757:,
1753:,
1749:,
1745:,
1741:,
1727:,
1723:,
1711:.
1686:,
1682:,
1678:,
1658:,
1632:,
1628:,
1624:,
1549:,
1545:,
1541:,
1537:,
1533:,
1529:,
1515:,
1499:,
1483:,
1479:,
1422:.
1344:,
1340:,
1278:,
1274:,
1252:.
1217:,
1209:.
1174:,
1138:.
1097:,
1079:.
1043:A
1033:,
1029:,
1017:.
964:,
960:,
875:,
797:,
790:.
751:A
671:,
651:.
623:,
585:,
581:,
577:,
527:,
523:,
435:,
158:,
146:.
83:,
71:,
67:,
4275:e
4268:t
4261:v
4168:.
4156::
4130:.
4118::
4046:.
4024:.
4004:.
3951:.
3933:.
3911:"
3895:.
3883::
3858:.
3846::
3821:.
3807::
3799::
3791::
3762:.
3703:.
3691::
3683::
3654:.
3632::
3605:.
3583::
3575::
3546:.
3519:.
3491:.
3464:.
3439:.
3412:.
3376:.
3347:.
3321:.
3295:.
3269:.
3245:.
3233::
3201:.
3144:.
3113:.
3066:.
3034:.
3009:.
2982:.
2955:.
2930:.
2871:.
2846:.
2832::
2826:2
2764::
2758:7
2732:.
2701:.
2681:.
2641:.
2332:.
2230:.
2098:-
2058:(
2046:(
2038:(
1966:.
1585:)
1581:(
1462:)
1458:(
1150:â
1119:.
1115:â
639:(
535:.
471:.
455:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
