783:
576:
down by a factor of 100,000 or more. After all, radiowaves, microwaves, and visible light are all electromagnetic radiation; they differ only in frequency. So other things equal, a microwave circuit shrunk down by a factor of 100,000 will behave the same way but at 100,000 times higher frequency. This effect is somewhat analogous to a lightning rod, where the field concentrates at the tip. The technological field that makes use of the interaction between light and metals is called
755:
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of the solar spectrum, but well into the high-energy visible blue as well. In 2008, Thulin and Guerra published modeling that showed not only bandgap shift, but also band-edge shift, and higher hole mobility for lower charge recombination. The band-gap engineered titanium dioxide is used as a photoanode in efficient photolytic and photo-electro-chemical production of hydrogen fuel from sunlight and water.
592:
509:-based subfield of nanophotonics in which nano-scale structures of the optoelectronic devices realized on silicon substrates and that are capable to control both light and electrons. They allow to couple electronic and optical functionality in one single device. Such devices find a wide variety of applications outside of academic settings, e.g. mid-infrared and
456:). In 1995, Guerra demonstrated this by imaging a silicon grating having 50 nm lines and spaces with illumination having 650 nm wavelength in air. This was accomplished by coupling a transparent phase grating having 50 nm lines and spaces (metamaterial) with an immersion microscope objective (superlens).
575:
may be hundreds of times smaller than the free-space wavelength. For a similar reason, visible light can be confined to the nano-scale via nano-sized metal structures, such as nano-sized structures, tips, gaps, etc. Many nano-optics designs look like common microwave or radiowave circuits, but shrunk
487:
In 2002, Guerra (Nanoptek
Corporation) demonstrated that nano-optical structures of semiconductors exhibit bandgap shifts because of induced strain. In the case of titanium dioxide, structures on the order of less than 200 nm half-height width will absorb not only in the normal ultraviolet part
478:
Nanophotonics in the form of subwavelength near-field optical structures, either separate from the recording media, or integrated into the recording media, were used to achieve optical recording densities much higher than the diffraction limit allows. This work began in the 1980s at
Polaroid Optical
403:
often work best when the light is absorbed very close to the surface, both because electrons near the surface have a better chance of being collected, and because the device can be made thinner, which reduces cost. Researchers have investigated a variety of nanophotonic techniques to intensify light
412:
Nanophotonics has also been implicated in aiding the controlled and on-demand release of anti-cancer therapeutics like adriamycin from nanoporous optical antennas to target triple-negative breast cancer and mitigate exocytosis anti-cancer drug resistance mechanisms and therefore circumvent toxicity
742:
are artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in nature. They are created by fabricating an array of structures much smaller than a wavelength. The small (nano) size of the structures is important: That way, light interacts with them as if they made up a uniform,
645:
frequencies, are some current areas of nanophotonics development. That said, there are a number of very important differences between nano-optics and scaled-down microwave circuits. For example, at optical frequency, metals behave much less like ideal conductors, and also exhibit interesting
372:
is a nanophotonic approach to increasing the amount of data that a magnetic disk drive can store. It requires a laser to heat a tiny, subwavelength area of the magnetic material before writing data. The magnetic write-head would have metal optical components to concentrate light at the right
465:
Near-field microscopy refers more generally to any technique using the near-field (see below) to achieve nanoscale, subwavelength resolution. In 1987, Guerra (while at the
Polaroid Corporation) achieved this with a non-scanning whole-field Photon tunneling microscope. In another example,
462:(NSOM or SNOM) is a quite different nanophotonic technique that accomplishes the same goal of taking images with resolution far smaller than the wavelength. It involves raster-scanning a very sharp tip or very small aperture over the surface to be imaged.
1395:
Saha, Tanmoy; Mondal, Jayanta; Khiste, Sachin; Lusic, Hrvoje; Hu, Zhang-Wei; Jayabalan, Ruparoshni; Hodgetts, Kevin J.; Jang, Haelin; Sengupta, Shiladitya; Lee, Somin Eunice; Park, Younggeun; Lee, Luke P.; Goldman, Aaron (2021-06-24).
1496:
Zhang, R.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, Z. C.; Jiang, S.; Zhang, C.; Chen, L. G.; Zhang, L.; Liao, Y.; Aizpurua, J.; Luo, Y.; Yang, J. L.; Hou, J. G. (2013). "Chemical mapping of a single molecule by plasmon-enhanced Raman scattering".
702:, which correspond to the angular spatial frequencies. The frequency components with higher wavenumbers compared to the free-space wavenumber of the light form evanescent fields. Evanescent components exist only in the
1176:
Sidiropoulos, Themistoklis P. H.; Röder, Robert; Geburt, Sebastian; Hess, Ortwin; Maier, Stefan A.; Ronning, Carsten; Oulton, Rupert F. (2014). "Ultrafast plasmonic nanowire lasers near the surface plasmon frequency".
1039:
Hewakuruppu, Yasitha L.; Dombrovsky, Leonid A.; Chen, Chuyang; Timchenko, Victoria; Jiang, Xuchuan; Baek, Sung; Taylor, Robert A. (2013). "Plasmonic "pump–probe" method to study semi-transparent nanofluids".
366:, it has indeed been possible to make images much finer than the wavelength—for example, drawing 30 nm lines using 193 nm light. Plasmonic techniques have also been proposed for this application.
313:
Nanophotonics researchers pursue a very wide variety of goals, in fields ranging from biochemistry to electrical engineering to carbon-free energy. A few of these goals are summarized below.
424:: If a given amount of light energy is squeezed into a smaller and smaller volume ("hot-spot"), the intensity in the hot-spot gets larger and larger. This is especially helpful in
1224:
1788:
436:
measurements of even single molecules located in the hot-spot, unlike traditional spectroscopy methods which take an average over millions or billions of molecules.
479:
Engineering (Cambridge, Massachusetts), and continued under license at
Calimetrics (Bedford, Massachusetts) with support from the NIST Advanced Technology Program.
2035:
816:
358:, i.e. exposure to light. In order to make very small transistors, the light needs to be focused into extremely sharp images. Using various techniques such as
392:(i.e. passing information from one part of a microchip to another by sending light through optical waveguides, instead of changing the voltage on a wire).
1083:
Assefa, Solomon; Xia, Fengnian; Vlasov, Yurii A. (2010). "Reinventing germanium avalanche photodetector for nanophotonic on-chip optical interconnects".
336:
including low threshold current (which helps power efficiency) and fast modulation (which means more data transmission). Very small lasers require
1241:
536:
etc. An area of particular interest is silicon nanostructures capable to efficiently generate electrical energy from solar light (e.g. for
388:
circuits can only be miniaturized if the optical components are shrunk along with the electronic components. This is relevant for on-chip
202:
2204:
1221:
633:
frequencies, the values of the latter being of the order of femtohenries and attofarads, respectively), and impedance-matching of
2255:
588:, usually ultraviolet), the permittivity of a metal is not so large, and the metal stops being useful for concentrating fields.
598:(SEM) image of a five-element Yagi-Uda antenna consisting of a feed element, one reflector, and three directors, fabricated by
459:
298:
2036:"Photonics Breakthrough for Silicon Chips: Light can exert enough force to flip switches on a silicon chip," by Hong X. Tang,
1266:
Pan, L.; Park, Y.; Xiong, Y.; Ulin-Avila, E.; Wang, Y.; Zeng, L.; Xiong, S.; Rho, J.; Sun, C.; Bogy, D. B.; Zhang, X. (2011).
2194:
128:
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2080:
2245:
1323:
2006:
1821:
1137:
429:
1344:
Ferry, Vivian E.; Munday, Jeremy N.; Atwater, Harry A. (2010). "Design
Considerations for Plasmonic Photovoltaics".
2159:
467:
369:
123:
782:
289:). Nevertheless, it is possible to squeeze light into a nanometer scale using other techniques like, for example,
277:
Normal optical components, like lenses and microscopes, generally cannot normally focus light to nanometer (deep
563:
Metals are an effective way to confine light to far below the wavelength. This was originally used in radio and
2260:
302:
286:
1936:
Dregely, Daniel; Taubert, Richard; Dorfmüller, Jens; Vogelgesang, Ralf; Kern, Klaus; Giessen, Harald (2011).
195:
103:
1867:
595:
325:
tend to have a variety of desirable properties including low noise, high speed, and low voltage and power.
1162:
2174:
452:(see below) or other techniques to create images that are more accurate than the diffraction limit (deep
321:
If light can be squeezed into a small volume, it can be absorbed and detected by a small detector. Small
60:
2048:
1837:
Marques
Lameirinhas, Ricardo A.; N. Torres, João Paulo; Baptista, António; Marques Martins, Maria João.
1998:
17:
2025:
1814:
Near Field Optics: Principles and
Applications / The Second Asia-Pacific Workshop on Near Field Optics
725:(mentioned above) would prevent the decay of the evanescent wave, allowing higher-resolution imaging.
2281:
2225:
2154:
1398:"Nanotherapeutic approaches to overcome distinct drug resistance barriers in models of breast cancer"
838:"Nano-plasmonic Bundt Optenna for broadband polarization-insensitive and enhanced infrared detection"
651:
599:
294:
251:
2343:
2149:
188:
1245:
2209:
2073:
1652:"Near-Field Optical Recording without Low-Flying Heads: Integral Near-Field Optical (INFO) Media"
691:
31:
2286:
2184:
1650:
Guerra, John; Vezenov, Dmitri; Sullivan, Paul; Haimberger, Walter; Thulin, Lukas (2002-03-30).
239:
564:
389:
359:
333:
297:
around nanoscale metal objects, and the nanoscale apertures and nanoscale sharp tips used in
257:
The term "nano-optics", just like the term "optics", usually refers to situations involving
1949:
1894:
1789:"Silicon Nanophotonics: Basic Principles, Present Status, and Perspectives, Second Edition"
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607:
521:
65:
721:
Nanophotonics is primarily concerned with the near-field evanescent waves. For example, a
8:
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680:
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scale, and of the interaction of nanometer-scale objects with light. It is a branch of
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2066:
1970:
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1918:
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1397:
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1300:
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1212:
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1016:
983:
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703:
683:. The higher spatial frequencies correspond to the very fine features and sharp edges.
671:
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of the metal is very large and negative. At very high frequencies (near and above the
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2002:
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1305:
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1065:
1021:
947:
Dürig, U.; Pohl, D. W.; Rohner, F. (1986). "Near-Field
Optical Scanning Microscopy".
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1739:
Karabchevsky, Alina; Katiyi, Aviad; Ang, Angeleene S.; Hazan, Adir (2020-09-04).
1549:
1228:
686:
In nanophotonics, strongly localized radiation sources (dipolar emitters such as
568:
558:
377:
348:
290:
98:
45:
2312:
2189:
2108:
1881:
Muhlschlegel, P.; Eisler, H. J.; Martin, O. J.; Hecht, B.; Pohl, D. W. (2005).
1851:
1838:
1836:
1722:
862:
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760:
634:
385:
340:
243:
113:
70:
1707:"Calculations of strain-modified anatase $ {\text{TiO}}_{2}$ band structures"
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156:
88:
1906:
1550:"Super‐resolution through illumination by diffraction‐born evanescent waves"
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has picometer resolution in the vertical plane above the waveguide surface.
2103:
1979:
1914:
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1526:
1482:
1441:
1373:
1365:
1309:
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881:
739:
734:
687:
581:
449:
433:
1816:. Singapore New Jersey London Hong Kong: World Scientific. pp. 9–21.
1651:
1324:"IBM Research | IBM Research | Silicon Integrated Nanophotonics"
690:
molecules) are often studied. These sources can be decomposed into a vast
516:
As of 2016 the research of in silicon photonics spanned light modulators,
2052:
1675:
1620:
1061:
743:
continuous medium, rather than scattering off the individual structures.
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572:
445:
363:
227:
1812:
Pohl, D. W. (2000). "Near Field Optics Seen as an
Antenna Problem".
932:
907:
1935:
981:
173:
93:
1038:
982:
Betzig, E.; Harootunian, A.; Isaacson, M.; Kratschmer, E. (1986).
768:
610:
following essentially the same design as used for radio antennas.
250:, or metallic components, which can transport and focus light via
714:
information from the emitter is blurred out; this results in the
506:
407:
706:
of the emitter and decay without transferring net energy to the
591:
2307:
1649:
344:
231:
2164:
1880:
329:
223:
2058:
1455:
Acuna, Guillermo; Grohmann, Dina; Tinnefeld, Philip (2014).
606:
For example, researchers have made nano-optical dipoles and
269:
light (free-space wavelengths from 300 to 1200 nanometers).
1868:"Optical Nano-antenna Controls Single Quantum Dot Emission"
1457:"Enhancing single-molecule fluorescence with nanophotonics"
1175:
908:"Optical Stethoscopy: Image Recording with Resolution λ/20"
1738:
2026:
1839:"A Novel Analysis for Light Patterns in Nano Structures"
444:
One goal of nanophotonics is to construct a so-called "
316:
1454:
1265:
817:
Ultraperformance Nanophotonic Intrachip Communications
679:
of a spatial field distribution consists of different
1394:
658:
in a fundamentally different way than microwaves do.
1268:"Maskless Plasmonic Lithography at 22 nm Resolution"
750:
380:, for example the miniaturization of transistors in
1495:
422:
Using nanophotonics to create high peak intensities
1343:
1138:"Research Discovery By Ethiopian Scientist At IBM"
246:. It often involves dielectric structures such as
580:. It is fundamentally based on the fact that the
2330:
2045:Nanophotonics, nano-optics and nanospectroscopy
2031:Optically induced mass transport in near fields
1242:"High-Index Lenses Push Immersion Beyond 32 nm"
1082:
984:"Near Field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)"
946:
1160:
513:, logic gates and cryptography on a chip etc.
408:Controlled release of anti-cancer therapeutics
404:in the optimal locations within a solar cell.
384:, has improved their speed and cost. However,
2074:
1741:"On-chip nanophotonics and future challenges"
1163:"Avalanche photodetector breaks speed record"
196:
1992:
1986:
1704:
905:
901:
899:
548:
2081:
2067:
1705:Thulin, Lukas; Guerra, John (2008-05-14).
203:
189:
1969:
1850:
1764:
1472:
1431:
1421:
1299:
1206:
1132:
1130:
1015:
931:
896:
871:
861:
654:. Likewise, optical fields interact with
2205:Time stretch analog-to-digital converter
590:
491:
2256:Monte Carlo method for photon transport
1938:"3D optical Yagi–Uda nanoantenna array"
906:Pohl, D.W.; Denk, W.; Lanz, M. (1984).
482:
473:
14:
2331:
1594:
1547:
1127:
460:Near-field scanning optical microscope
413:to normal systemic tissues and cells.
332:have various desirable properties for
299:near-field scanning optical microscopy
2062:
1865:
1734:
1732:
1326:. Domino.research.ibm.com. 2010-03-04
27:Study of light on the nanometer scale
2195:Subwavelength-diameter optical fibre
1993:Novotny, Lukas; Hecht, Bert (2012).
1811:
1805:
661:
317:Optoelectronics and microelectronics
129:List of semiconductor scale examples
2055:Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
1656:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
354:Integrated circuits are made using
24:
2246:Extraordinary optical transmission
1729:
1388:
25:
2355:
2019:
430:surface-enhanced Raman scattering
301:(SNOM or NSOM) and photoassisted
2160:Erbium-doped waveguide amplifier
1239:
781:
767:
753:
728:
468:dual-polarization interferometry
370:Heat-assisted magnetic recording
222:is the study of the behavior of
172:
124:Semiconductor device fabrication
1929:
1874:
1859:
1830:
1781:
1698:
1643:
1588:
1541:
1489:
1448:
1337:
1316:
1259:
1233:
416:
40:Part of a series of articles on
2261:Wavelength selective switching
1595:Guerra, John M. (1990-09-10).
1548:Guerra, John M. (1995-06-26).
1169:
1154:
1076:
1032:
975:
940:
829:
617:(striplines), lumped-constant
395:
308:
303:scanning tunnelling microscopy
13:
1:
2088:
1662:(Part 1, No. 3B): 1866–1875.
1597:"Photon tunneling microscopy"
1474:10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.016
1161:Dumé, Isabelle (2010-03-04).
1008:10.1016/s0006-3495(86)83640-2
836:Awad, Ehab (21 August 2019).
822:
646:plasmon-related effects like
641:, all familiar techniques at
543:
439:
272:
596:Scanning electron microscopy
7:
2175:Photonic integrated circuit
1883:"Resonant Optical Antennas"
746:
432:. It also allows sensitive
80:Solid-state nanoelectronics
61:Molecular scale electronics
52:Single-molecule electronics
10:
2360:
1999:Cambridge University Press
1852:10.1109/JPHOT.2022.3227429
1723:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.195112
1227:December 25, 2016, at the
863:10.1038/s41598-019-48648-6
732:
665:
552:
495:
295:localized surface plasmons
252:surface plasmon polaritons
29:
2300:
2282:Fiber-optic communication
2274:
2226:Arrayed waveguide grating
2218:
2155:Delay line interferometer
2137:
2096:
1995:Principles of Nano-Optics
1793:Routledge & CRC Press
652:surface plasmon resonance
549:Plasmons and metal optics
281:) scales, because of the
2150:Optical DPSK demodulator
1766:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0204
1423:10.1515/nanoph-2021-0142
718:in the optical systems.
613:Metallic parallel-plate
2210:Wireless power transfer
1907:10.1126/science.1111886
1554:Applied Physics Letters
32:Nanophotonics (journal)
2287:Optical neural network
2185:Photonic-crystal fiber
1843:IEEE Photonics Journal
1366:10.1002/adma.201000488
835:
603:
240:electrical engineering
179:Electronics portal
1942:Nature Communications
594:
565:microwave engineering
511:overtone spectroscopy
492:Silicon nanophotonics
390:optical communication
360:immersion lithography
334:optical communication
30:For the journal, see
2047:A. J. Meixner (Ed.)
1676:10.1143/jjap.41.1866
1621:10.1364/AO.29.003741
1062:10.1364/AO.52.006041
483:Band-gap engineering
474:Optical data storage
66:Molecular logic gate
2318:Solid-state physics
2251:Holographic grating
2241:Diffraction grating
2170:Optical interleaver
1954:2011NatCo...2..267D
1899:2005Sci...308.1607M
1757:2020Nanop...9..204K
1668:2002JaJAP..41.1866G
1613:1990ApOpt..29.3741G
1566:1995ApPhL..66.3555G
1519:10.1038/nature12151
1511:2013Natur.498...82Z
1414:2021Nanop..10..142S
1358:2010AdM....22.4794F
1284:2011NatSR...1E.175P
1191:2014NatPh..10..870S
1105:10.1038/nature08813
1097:2010Natur.464...80A
1054:2013ApOpt..52.6041H
1000:1986BpJ....49..269B
961:1986JAP....59.3318D
924:1984ApPhL..44..651P
854:2019NatSR...912197A
681:spatial frequencies
532:, memory elements,
448:", which would use
382:integrated circuits
376:Miniaturization in
362:and phase-shifting
351:version of lasers.
236:optical engineering
1962:10.1038/ncomms1268
1346:Advanced Materials
1272:Scientific Reports
842:Scientific Reports
672:Near and far field
648:kinetic inductance
639:transmission lines
604:
600:e-beam lithography
526:optical amplifiers
518:optical waveguides
287:Rayleigh criterion
138:Related approaches
2326:
2325:
2129:Silicon photonics
2124:Optical computing
1866:van Hulst, Niek.
1751:(12): 3733–3753.
1711:Physical Review B
1607:(26): 3741–3752.
1560:(26): 3555–3557.
1467:(19): 3547–3552.
1408:(12): 3063–3073.
1352:(43): 4794–4808.
1292:10.1038/srep00175
1199:10.1038/nphys3103
1048:(24): 6041–6050.
955:(10): 3318–3327.
810:Photonics Spectra
775:Technology portal
716:diffraction limit
677:Fourier transform
668:Near-field optics
662:Near-field optics
621:elements such as
608:Yagi–Uda antennas
534:photonic crystals
503:Silicon photonics
498:Silicon photonics
283:diffraction limit
213:
212:
16:(Redirected from
2351:
2266:Photon diffusion
2231:Atomic coherence
2180:Photonic crystal
2083:
2076:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2013:
2012:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1893:(5728): 1607–9.
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1574:10.1063/1.113814
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1435:
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1332:
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1320:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1244:. Archived from
1237:
1231:
1220:
1210:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1165:. Physics World.
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
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1134:
1125:
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1080:
1074:
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1036:
1030:
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1019:
979:
973:
972:
969:10.1063/1.336848
944:
938:
937:
935:
912:Appl. Phys. Lett
903:
894:
893:
875:
865:
833:
791:
786:
785:
777:
772:
771:
763:
758:
757:
586:plasma frequency
428:; an example is
426:nonlinear optics
356:photolithography
343:. An example is
341:optical cavities
291:surface plasmons
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1948:(267): 267.
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1870:. 2physics.
700:wavenumbers
696:plane waves
688:fluorescent
627:capacitance
401:Solar cells
396:Solar cells
309:Application
259:ultraviolet
220:nano-optics
114:Moore's law
2333:Categories
2292:Solar sail
2236:Dark state
2200:Superprism
2118:Plasmonics
1798:2021-08-31
1330:2010-03-15
1252:2014-09-27
1147:2010-03-15
988:Biophys. J
823:References
704:near field
623:inductance
615:waveguides
578:plasmonics
573:waveguides
555:Plasmonics
544:Principles
440:Microscopy
373:location.
364:photomasks
273:Background
147:Nanoionics
109:Nanosensor
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2090:Photonics
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804:Photonics
723:superlens
708:far field
643:microwave
446:superlens
228:nanometer
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2219:Concepts
1980:21468019
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