Nanotechnology - Knowledge

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properties change versus macroscopic systems. One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal, and catalytic properties of materials. Diffusion and reactions can be different as well. Systems with fast ion transport are referred to as nanoionics. The mechanical properties of nanosystems are of interest in research.

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estimated that over 800 manufacturer-identified nanotech products were publicly available, with new ones hitting the market at a pace of 3–4 per week. Most applications are "first generation" passive nanomaterials that includes titanium dioxide in sunscreen, cosmetics, surface coatings, and some food

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Productive nanosystems are "systems of nanosystems" could produce atomically precise parts for other nanosystems, not necessarily using novel nanoscale-emergent properties, but well-understood fundamentals of manufacturing. Because of the discrete (i.e. atomic) nature of matter and the possibility of

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Such bottom-up approaches should be capable of producing devices in parallel and be much cheaper than top-down methods, but could potentially be overwhelmed as the size and complexity of the desired assembly increases. Most useful structures require complex and thermodynamically unlikely arrangements

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Andrew Maynard, chief science advisor to the Woodrow Wilson Center's Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, reported insufficient funding for human health and safety research, and as a result inadequate understanding of human health and safety risks. Some academics called for stricter application of

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effects become important in describing properties of matter. This definition of nanotechnology includes all types of research and technologies that deal with these special properties. It is common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to research and

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is an important technique both for characterization and synthesis. Atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes can be used to look at surfaces and to move atoms around. By designing different tips for these microscopes, they can be used for carving out structures on surfaces and to

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Drexler and other researchers have proposed that advanced nanotechnology ultimately could be based on mechanical engineering principles, namely, a manufacturing technology based on the mechanical functionality of these components (such as gears, bearings, motors, and structural members) that would

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said "We know that some of them probably have the potential to cause mesothelioma. So those sorts of materials need to be handled very carefully." In the absence of specific regulation forthcoming from governments, Paull and Lyons (2008) have called for an exclusion of engineered nanoparticles in

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The emergence of nanotechnology as a field in the 1980s occurred through the convergence of Drexler's theoretical and public work, which developed and popularized a conceptual framework, and high-visibility experimental advances that drew additional attention to the prospects. In the 1980s, two

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Calls for tighter regulation of nanotechnology have accompanied a debate related to human health and safety risks. Some regulatory agencies cover some nanotechnology products and processes – by "bolting on" nanotechnology to existing regulations – leaving clear gaps. Davies proposed a road map

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size effect" in which the electronic properties of solids alter along with reductions in particle size. Such effects do not apply at macro or micro dimensions. However, quantum effects can become significant when nanometer scales. Additionally, physical (mechanical, electrical, optical, etc.)

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Nanoencapsulation involves the enclosure of active substances within carriers. Typically, these carriers offer advantages, such as enhanced bioavailability, controlled release, targeted delivery, and protection of the encapsulated substances. In the medical field, nanoencapsulation plays a

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In the electric car industry, single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) address key lithium-ion battery challenges, including energy density, charge rate, service life, and cost. SWCNTs connect electrode particles during charge/discharge process, preventing battery premature degradation. Their

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in the US and UK carried out by the Center for Nanotechnology in Society found that participants were more positive about nanotechnologies for energy applications than for health applications, with health applications raising moral and ethical dilemmas such as cost and availability.

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silver nanoparticles used in socks to reduce foot odor are released in the wash. These particles are then flushed into the wastewater stream and may destroy bacteria that are critical components of natural ecosystems, farms, and waste treatment processes.

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In the early 2000s, the field garnered increased scientific, political, and commercial attention that led to both controversy and progress. Controversies emerged regarding the definitions and potential implications of nanotechnologies, exemplified by the

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Nanotechnology is the science and engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up making complete, high-performance products.

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may become cheaper, faster, and contain more memory thanks to nanotechnology. Also, to build structures for on chip computing with light, for example on chip optical quantum information processing, and picosecond transmission of information.

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Molecular nanotechnology is a proposed approach that involves manipulating single molecules in finely controlled, deterministic ways. This is more theoretical than the other subfields, and many of its proposed techniques are beyond current

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was awarded. MBE lays down atomically precise layers of atoms and, in the process, build up complex structures. Important for research on semiconductors, MBE is also widely used to make samples and devices for the newly emerging field of

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applications whose common trait is scale. An earlier understanding of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabricating macroscale products, now referred to as

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Experts, including director of the Woodrow Wilson Center's Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies David Rejeski, testified that commercialization depends on adequate oversight, risk research strategy, and public engagement. As of 206

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can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable precursor gasses are applied at the same time. For example, this technique is used routinely to create sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis in

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in 1999 used a scanning tunneling microscope to move an individual carbon monoxide molecule (CO) to an individual iron atom (Fe) sitting on a flat silver crystal and chemically bound the CO to the Fe by applying a voltage.

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More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of supramolecular chemistry, and molecular recognition in particular, to cause single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some useful

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what inventions nanotechnology might yield, or attempt to propose an agenda along which inquiry could progress. These often take a big-picture view, with more emphasis on societal implications than engineering details.

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considers self-sufficient machines operating at the nanoscale. There are hopes for applying nanorobots in medicine. Nevertheless, progress on innovative materials and patented methodologies have been demonstrated.

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By the mid-2000s scientific attention began to flourish. Nanotechnology roadmaps centered on atomically precise manipulation of matter and discussed existing and projected capabilities, goals, and applications.

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Molecular nanotechnology, sometimes called molecular manufacturing, concerns engineered nanosystems (nanoscale machines) operating on the molecular scale. Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with

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Leary SP, Liu CY, Apuzzo ML (June 2006). "Toward the emergence of nanoneurosurgery: part III--nanomedicine: targeted nanotherapy, nanosurgery, and progress toward the realization of nanoneurosurgery".

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Kurtoglu ME, Longenbach T, Reddington P, Gogotsi Y (2011). "Effect of Calcination Temperature and Environment on Photocatalytic and Mechanical Properties of Ultrathin Sol–Gel Titanium Dioxide Films".

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systems. The premise was that molecular-scale biological analogies of traditional machine components demonstrated molecular machines were possible: biology was full of examples of sophisticated,

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A Royal Society report identified a risk of nanoparticles or nanotubes being released during disposal, destruction and recycling, and recommended that "manufacturers of products that fall under

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found lab mice consuming nano-titanium dioxide showed DNA and chromosome damage to a degree "linked to all the big killers of man, namely cancer, heart disease, neurological disease and aging".

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help guide self-assembling structures. By using, for example, feature-oriented scanning approach, atoms or molecules can be moved around on a surface with scanning probe microscopy techniques.

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Wu J, Liu W, Xue C, Zhou S, Lan F, Bi L, et al. (December 2009). "Toxicity and penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles in hairless mice and porcine skin after subchronic dermal exposure".

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proposed four states of nanotechnology that seem to parallel the technical progress of the Industrial Revolution, progressing from passive nanostructures to active nanodevices to complex

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research. For these reasons, some groups advocate that nanotechnology be regulated. However, regulation might stifle scientific research and the development of beneficial innovations.

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Goodman RP, Schaap IA, Tardin CF, Erben CM, Berry RM, Schmidt CF, et al. (December 2005). "Rapid chiral assembly of rigid DNA building blocks for molecular nanofabrication".

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exceptional ability to wrap active material particles enhanced electrical conductivity and physical properties, setting them apart multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon black.

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Faunce T, Murray K, Nasu H, Bowman D (2008). "Sunscreen Safety: The Precautionary Principle, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration and Nanoparticles in Sunscreens".

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Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a resist, which is then followed by an etching process to remove material in a top-down method.

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Cho H, Pinkhassik E, David V, Stuart JM, Hasty KA (May 2015). "Detection of early cartilage damage using targeted nanosomes in a post-traumatic osteoarthritis mouse model".

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and colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories and UC Berkeley constructed at least three molecular devices whose motion is controlled via changing voltage: a nanotube

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Mayer B, Janker L, Loitsch B, Treu J, Kostenbader T, Lichtmannecker S, et al. (January 2016). "Monolithically Integrated High-β Nanowire Lasers on Silicon".

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regimes such as end-of-life regulations publish procedures outlining how these materials will be managed to minimize possible human and environmental exposure".

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Nanotechnology may have the ability to make existing medical applications cheaper and easier to use in places like the doctors' offices and at homes. Cars use

1812:'s microenvironment to direct its differentiation down a suitable lineage. For example, when creating scaffolds to support bone growth, researchers may mimic 945:

enable programmable, positional assembly to atomic specification. The physics and engineering performance of exemplar designs were analyzed in Drexler's book

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in 1981 enabled visualization of individual atoms and bonds, and was successfully used to manipulate individual atoms in 1989. The microscope's developers

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allows for bottom-up assemblies of materials, most notably semiconductor materials commonly used in chip and computing applications, stacks, gating, and

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One concern is the effect that industrial-scale manufacturing and use of nanomaterials will have on human health and the environment, as suggested by

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In contrast, bottom-up techniques build or grow larger structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule. These techniques include chemical synthesis,

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seeks to develop molecules with useful electronic properties. These could be used as single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic device, such as

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Meanwhile, commercial products based on advancements in nanoscale technologies began emerging. These products were limited to bulk applications of

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characteristics. With the decrease in dimensionality, an increase in surface-to-volume ratio is observed. This indicates that smaller dimensional

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in 2003. Though biology clearly demonstrates that molecular machines are possible, non-biological molecular machines remained in their infancy.

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To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth.

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Kralj S, Makovec D (October 2015). "Magnetic Assembly of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Clusters into Nanochains and Nanobundles".

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food. A newspaper article reports that workers in a paint factory developed serious lung disease and nanoparticles were found in their lungs.

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Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which

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Das S, Gates AJ, Abdu HA, Rose GS, Picconatto CA, Ellenbogen JC (2007). "Designs for Ultra-Tiny, Special-Purpose Nanoelectronic Circuits".

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Jonaitis TS, Card JW, Magnuson B (February 2010). "Concerns regarding nano-sized titanium dioxide dermal penetration and toxicity study".

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Narayan RJ, Kumta PN, Sfeir C, Lee DH, Choi D, Olton D (2004). "Nanostructured Ceramics in Medical Devices: Applications and Prospects".

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can prepare small molecules of almost any structure. These methods are used to manufacture a wide variety of useful chemicals such as

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seeks to apply biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology.

4736:"Osteogenic lineage restriction by osteoprogenitors cultured on nanometric grooved surfaces: the role of focal adhesion maturation" 4063: 1551: 344: 891:. Thus, components can be designed to be complementary and mutually attractive so that they make a more complex and useful whole. 6346: 6208: 483: 1514:

The top-down approach anticipates nanodevices that must be built piece by piece in stages, much as manufactured items are made.

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In general, assembling devices on the atomic scale requires positioning atoms on other atoms of comparable size and stickiness.

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received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2007 for their discovery of giant magnetoresistance and contributions to the field of

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When Drexler independently coined and popularized the term "nanotechnology", he envisioned manufacturing technology based on

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tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called

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is not related to conventional technologies used to manufacture nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles.

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Cavalcanti A, Shirinzadeh B, Freitas RA, Kretly LC (2007). "Medical nanorobot architecture based on nanobioelectronics".

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Nanoscale materials can be used for bulk applications; most commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor.

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is one tool suitable for characterization of self-assembled thin films. Another variation of the bottom-up approach is

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tubes or Bucky tubes) which suggested potential applications for nanoscale electronics and devices. The discovery of

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Cathode by Using Mono-Dispersed Ultra-Long Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for High-Rate Performance Li-Ion Battery"

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Kafshgari MH, Voelcker NH, Harding FJ (2015). "Applications of zero-valent silicon nanostructures in biomedicine".

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Many areas of science develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions.

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argued that mechanosynthesis was impossible due to difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules.

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seeks to design materials whose properties can be easily, reversibly and externally controlled though a fusion of

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DNA nanotechnology utilizes Watson–Crick basepairing to construct well-defined structures out of DNA and other

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and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as various

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Kerativitayanan P, Carrow JK, Gaharwar AK (August 2015). "Nanomaterials for Engineering Stem Cell Responses".

3305: 2186: 861: 753:. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control. 451:

energy production, and consumer products. However, nanotechnology raises issues, including concerns about the

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is important: molecules can be designed so that a specific configuration or arrangement is favored due to

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Kubik T, Bogunia-Kubik K, Sugisaka M (February 2005). "Nanotechnology on duty in medical applications".

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Buzea C, Pacheco II, Robbie K (December 2007). "Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity".

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was not initially described as nanotechnology; the term was used regarding subsequent work with related

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Functional approaches seek to develop useful components without regard to how they might be assembled.

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of atoms. Nevertheless, many examples of self-assembly based on molecular recognition in exist in

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The tip of a scanning probe can also be used to manipulate nanostructures (positional assembly).

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produced many materials that may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other

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offer top-down fabrication techniques where a bulk material is reduced to a nano-scale pattern.

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Schinwald A, Murphy FA, Prina-Mello A, Poland CA, Byrne F, Movia D, et al. (August 2012).

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Cassidy JW, Roberts JN, Smith CA, Robertson M, White K, Biggs MJ, et al. (February 2014).

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Lyon D, Hubler A (2013). "Gap size dependence of the dielectric strength in nano vacuum gaps".

2191: 1583: 1175: 923: 918:, machines that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of 785: 537: 459:. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special 5045:"Testimony of David Rejeski for U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation" 4214: 2877:"Nanotechnology Information Center: Properties, Applications, Research, and Safety Guidelines" 1500:

have much higher resolution, since they are not limited by the wavelengths of sound or light.

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strengthening using silica nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes for stain-resistant textiles.

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to increase public awareness and understanding of nanotechnology concepts and implications.

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Elishakoff I, Dujat K, Muscolino G, Bucas S, Natsuki T, Wang CM, et al. (March 2013).

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Trache D, Tarchoun AF, Derradji M, Hamidon TS, Masruchin N, Brosse N, et al. (2020).

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have been infused with nanotechnology to last longer and lower temperature in the summer.

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in products such as display technology, lighting, solar cells and biological imaging; see

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Murray RG (1993). "A Perspective on S-Layer Research". In Beveridge TJ, Koval SF (eds.).

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The bottom-up approach seeks to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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for applications in nanotechnology, including the use of viruses and lipid assemblies.

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exponential growth, this stage could form the basis of another industrial revolution.

1078:. Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are related to nanoionics and nanoelectronics. 7516: 7453: 7339: 7006: 6902: 6884: 6781: 6459: 6108: 6014: 5989: 5918: 5908: 5753: 5678: 5428:"Nanobiotechnology Regulation: A Proposal for Self-Regulation with Limited Oversight" 5387: 5212: 5177: 5119: 5001: 4962: 4826: 4765: 4716: 4660: 4641: 4556: 4436: 4395: 4346: 4315: 4264: 4223: 4192: 4184: 4086: 4036: 3993: 3958: 3923: 3841: 3805: 3670: 3619: 3568: 3529: 3494: 3463: 3378: 3279: 3271: 3181:

California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)

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Another group of nano-technological techniques include those used for fabrication of

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Lapshin RV (2011). "Feature-oriented scanning probe microscopy". In Nalwa HS (ed.).

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Shinn E (2012). "Nuclear energy conversion with stacks of graphene nanocapacitors".

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may be a promising way to implement these nano-scale manipulations via an automatic

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These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly.

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Bowman D, Hodge G (2006). "Nanotechnology: Mapping the Wild Regulatory Frontier".

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The concepts that seeded nanotechnology were first discussed in 1959 by physicist

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Field of science involving control of matter on atomic and (supra)molecular scales

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breakthroughs sparked the growth of nanotechnology. First, the invention of the

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Amir Y, Ben-Ishay E, Levner D, Ittah S, Abu-Horowitz A, Bachelet I (May 2014).

4431: 4414: 4158:"Feature-oriented scanning methodology for probe microscopy and nanotechnology" 4032: 3723: 3490: 2012: 1953: 1864: 1845: 1809: 1735: 1668: 1391: 1390:

Due to the popularity and media exposure of the term nanotechnology, the words

1200: 1097: 710: 689:(nm) is one billionth, or 10, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon–carbon 452: 401: 306: 207: 103: 5547: 4132: 3690:"The Synthesis of Curved and Linear Structures from a Minimal Set of Monomers" 3455: 3225: 2851: 2423: 1467:

with a sharp tip is deflected by features on a sample surface, much like in a

360:

is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100

7597: 7463: 7314: 7210: 6979: 6932: 6854: 6583: 5573: 4911: 4479: 4440: 4082: 3954: 3908: 3782: 3637:

Eslamian L, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Karimi S, Saadat S, Badiee MR (July 2020).

3035: 3002: 2385:

Carbon Nanotubes and Nano Sensors: Vibrations, Buckling, and Ballistic Impact

2318: 2141: 2136: 2096: 1988:, slowing marketing approval, enhanced labelling and additional safety data. 1849: 1798: 1664: 1615: 1595: 1575: 1476: 1440: 1424: 1408: 1321: 1093: 805: 765: 761: 746: 735:

device; such devices are on a larger scale and come under the description of

651: 635: 628: 255: 226: 127: 5382: 5365: 4300: 3374: 3084: 2812: 2724: 2707: 2463: 2277: 2239: 1856:

research potential health effects stemming from exposures to nanoparticles.

1412: 979:, a molecular actuator, and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator. 899:, most notably Watson–Crick basepairing and enzyme-substrate interactions. 435:

Nanotechnology may be able to create new materials and devices with diverse

7549: 7539: 7511: 7367: 7329: 7114: 7029: 6942: 6720: 6611: 6558: 6225: 5597: 5391: 5350: 5216: 5181: 5123: 4966: 4905:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. November 7, 2012. 4898: 4830: 4769: 4720: 4645: 4560: 4399: 4381: 4319: 4268: 4090: 4064:"Smart microrobots for mechanical cell characterization and cell convoying" 4040: 3997: 3962: 3927: 3845: 3705: 3674: 3623: 3533: 3525: 3498: 3382: 3283: 3224:. Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley. Archived from 3092: 2733: 2584: 2539: 2482: 2146: 2126: 1782: 1754: 1619: 1398:

have been coined in analogy to it, although these are used only informally.

1358: 1329: 1146:

Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical synthesis (Inorganic and

1140: 1123: 1119: 1085: 1054:

to nanocrystals above them, causing the nanocrystals to emit visible light.

1051: 793: 647: 612: 440: 425: 369: 278: 146: 98: 5098:"The significance of nanoparticles in particle-induced pulmonary fibrosis" 4812: 3564: 800:. The positions of the individual atoms composing the surface are visible. 780: 7582: 7501: 7468: 7458: 7372: 7357: 7109: 7104: 6996: 6874: 6859: 6849: 6022: 5634: 5279: 3826: 3655: 3120: 3107: 2171: 2091: 1820: 1746: 1679:

Nanowire lasers for ultrafast transmission of information in light pulses

1608: 1432: 1370: 1366: 1317: 1220: 1216: 1151: 1015: 860:

to automatically arrange themselves into a useful conformation through a

690: 639: 620: 588: 580: 525: 502:

in 1974, though it was not widely known. Inspired by Feynman's concepts,

448: 405: 6792: 6299: 4876:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. June 15, 2012. 4702: 4114:"International Perspective on Government Nanotechnology Funding in 2005" 2619: 1010: 856:

These approaches utilize the concepts of molecular self-assembly and/or

638:

and did not involve atomic control of matter. Some examples include the

7387: 7377: 7347: 7281: 7069: 6954: 6037: 5407:"Is Chronic Inflammation the Key to Unlocking the Mysteries of Cancer?" 4360:

Guo M, Cao Z, Liu Y, Ni Y, Chen X, Terrones M, et al. (May 2023).

3865:

Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment

3557:

Nanomaterials in tissue engineering : fabrication and applications

3140: 2749:"Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes?" 2361: 2309: 2292: 1813: 1731: 1468: 1464: 1436: 1420: 1303: 1262: 1112: 1108: 1071: 972: 934: 769: 715: 576: 361: 6764: 4958: 4260: 3636: 3605: 3332: 3275: 3267: 2985:

What is nanotechnology and why does it matter?: from science to ethics

2576: 2521: 2006: 301: 7099: 6917: 6591: 6331: 5848: 4899:"Filling the Knowledge Gaps for Safe Nanotechnology in the Workplace" 4735: 2684: 1750: 1563: 1508: 1444: 1207:-based hard drives already on the market fit this description, as do 1101: 976: 876: 686: 568: 560: 136: 3306:"Surface-tension-driven nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator" 7016: 7001: 6922: 6372: 6362: 6220: 4332: 3239:

Regan BC, Aloni S, Jensen K, Ritchie RO, Zettl A (September 2005).

2809:"Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties" 1949: 1925: 1643: 1416: 1275: 1000: 995: 698: 604: 456: 384:

Nanotechnology defined by scale includes fields of science such as

7271: 6776: 4455:"Single wall CNT cells: high energy density anodes & cathodes" 4062:

Boukallel M, Gauthier M, Dauge M, Piat E, Abadie J (August 2007).

4018: 2567: 2020: 1634:

One of the major applications of nanotechnology is in the area of

810:

Several phenomena become pronounced as system size. These include

313: 7559: 6892: 6474: 5490:"Nanotechnology Oversight: An Agenda for the Next Administration" 4845:"Technion Nano Bible, world's smallest, displayed at Smithsonian" 2131: 1920:

Inhaling airborne nanoparticles and nanofibers may contribute to

1766: 1758: 1675: 1299: 1286: 1075: 896: 846: 819: 709:'s diameter is around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest 5363: 3803: 2259:

Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation

1046: 1034: 947:

Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation

853:

consisting of many molecules arranged in a well-defined manner.

772:

have evolved to provide nanotechnology's scientific foundation.

5592: 3155: 1906:

A video on the health and safety implications of nanotechnology

1639: 1475:

beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of

880: 879:

rules are a direct result of this, as is the specificity of an

667:

Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development

551: 5603: 4789:"Universal computing by DNA origami robots in a living animal" 4362:"Preparation of Tough, Binder-Free, and Self-Supporting LiFePO 2659:

Kroto HW, Heath JR, O'Brien SC, Curl RF, Smalley RE (1985). "C

3881: 3511: 2382: 1786: 1762: 1472: 902: 826: 775: 4733: 4288:

Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research

3587: 2606:

Binnig G, Rohrer H (1986). "Scanning tunneling microscopy".

5313:"Nanoparticles used in paint could kill, research suggests" 5139:"Tiny Inhaled Particles Take Easy Route from Nose to Brain" 3884:"Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications" 2047:

Electrostatic deflection (molecular physics/nanotechnology)

1790: 1769:

are infused with silver nanoparticles to heal cuts faster.

1455: 1203:

are capable of creating features smaller than 100 nm.

1150:) aim at designing molecules with well-defined shape (e.g. 842: 789: 694: 4061: 3940: 3554: 2411:

IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation

1960:

in Edinburgh, Scotland, who contributed to the article on

1646:≈10 nm in length. Here is a simulation of such a nanowire. 4937:

Lubick N (June 2008). "Silver socks have cloudy lining".

3405:"Wireless Nanocrystals Efficiently Radiate Visible Light" 2658: 706: 616: 4786: 4617: 4281: 4246: 3476: 3352: 1622:

vesicles, are approved for human use in some countries.

4687:"Nanotechnology in the Regeneration of Complex Tissues" 4222:. Vol. 14. American Scientific. pp. 105–115. 3588:

Gaharwar AK, Peppas NA, Khademhosseini A (March 2014).

3555:

Gaharwar A, Sant S, Hancock M, Hacking S, eds. (2013).

3238: 1830:

in order to increase youth interest in nanotechnology.

1826:

A nano bible (a .5mm2 silicon chip) was created by the

1427:

have higher surface area compared to 3D nanomaterials.

5533: 4618:

Kumari A, Singla R, Guliani A, Yadav SK (March 2014).

4530: 4282:

Rajan R, Jose S, Mukund VP, Vasudevan DT (July 2011).

1050:

This device transfers energy from nano-thin layers of

5255:"Effects of Nanotubes May Lead to Cancer, Study Says" 5232:"Amid Nanotech's Dazzling Promise, Health Risks Grow" 3590:"Nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical applications" 3303: 2495: 2220:

Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology

1854:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

1407:

Nanomaterials can be classified in 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D

1026:. Each edge of the tetrahedron is a 20 base pair DNA 509:

Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology

5194: 4990:

Advances in Bacterial Paracrystalline Surface Layers

4661:"Microencapsulation and Nanoencapsulation: A Review" 4412: 3722:. National Nanotechnology Initiative. Archived from 3433: 3137:"Nanotechnology: Developing Molecular Manufacturing" 2002: 1887: 1084:

Progress has been made in using these materials for

2871: 2869: 1195:Many technologies that descended from conventional 3687: 2912:. The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies. 2008. 2746: 2552: 2217: 1980:describing steps to deal with these shortcomings. 1884:was the only US city to regulate nanotechnology. 1618:, such as the highly deformable, stress-sensitive 1402: 1168:. This technique fits into the larger subfield of 5280:"Nanotechnology: The Next Challenge for Organics" 2496:Belkin A, Hubler A, Bezryadin A (February 2015). 1281:Synthetic chemical methods can be used to create 619:in 1991, for which Iijima won the inaugural 2008 7595: 4413:Jimenez NP, Balogh MP, Halalay IC (April 2021). 3768: 2866: 2634:"Press Release: the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics" 2444: 723:, following the definition used by the American 506:used the term "nanotechnology" in his 1986 book 4658: 2982: 2904: 2902: 2803: 2801: 2708:"Retrospective: Richard E. Smalley (1943-2005)" 2062:Ion implantation-induced nanoparticle formation 1022:nanostructure of the type made in the field of 7272:Levels of technological manipulation of matter 4484:National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network 4216:Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 4151: 4149: 3975: 3020:. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 31–32. 2251: 2249: 7257: 6808: 6490: 5619: 3304:Regan BC, Aloni S, Jensen K, Zettl A (2005). 3066: 3064: 2705: 1226:Solid-state techniques can be used to create 498:The term "nano-technology" was first used by 338: 5159: 4240: 4208: 4206: 4071:IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering 3070: 2899: 2827: 2798: 2605: 2082:List of software for nanostructures modeling 1730:products; Carbon allotropes used to produce 430:direct control of matter on the atomic scale 5460: 5075:"Berkeley considering need for nano safety" 4359: 4146: 3814:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 3771:IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I 2952: 2936:"Productive Nanosystems Technology Roadmap" 2445:Saini R, Saini S, Sharma S (January 2010). 2246: 1527:Various techniques of lithography, such as 364:(nm). At this scale, commonly known as the 7264: 7250: 7224: 6815: 6801: 6497: 6483: 5626: 5612: 5277: 5095: 5072: 3061: 2451:Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery 2407: 1912:Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials 1785:in such ways that car parts require fewer 1030:, and each vertex is a three-arm junction. 963:This led to an exchange of letters in the 903:Molecular nanotechnology: a long-term view 827:Simple to complex: a molecular perspective 776:Larger to smaller: a materials perspective 661:into nanotechnology, such as American the 345: 331: 6822: 5381: 5229: 5113: 4910: 4891: 4820: 4759: 4710: 4635: 4430: 4389: 4309: 4299: 4203: 3917: 3907: 3835: 3825: 3664: 3654: 3613: 3346: 3119: 3042: 2928: 2850: 2723: 2566: 2529: 2472: 2462: 2308: 1659:Nanostructures provide this surface with 1614:Therapeutic products based on responsive 1373:and ultimately to productive nanosystems. 1118:Applications incorporating semiconductor 5582:) is being considered for deletion. See 5020: 5014: 1891: 1674: 1649: 1629: 1454: 1293: 1252: 1045: 1033: 1009: 994: 779: 579:(buckyballs) were discovered in 1985 by 550: 489: 31: 5507: 4874:NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic 4684: 4335:Journal of the American Ceramic Society 4212: 4155: 3134: 3105: 2706:Adams WW, Baughman RH (December 2005). 2608:IBM Journal of Research and Development 2255: 2215: 2209: 1483: 1450: 1431:have been extensively investigated for 1268:materials such as magnetic nano chains. 1261:Magnetic assembly for the synthesis of 1130: 676: 544:and Gerber also invented the analogous 19:For the materials science journal, see 7596: 7080:Differential technological development 6406:Electrical and electronics engineering 5487: 5143:University of Rochester Medical Center 4987: 4939:Environmental Science & Technology 4936: 4919:from the original on November 11, 2012 4880:from the original on September 4, 2015 4419:Journal of the Electrochemical Society 3859:Hogan CM (May 2010). Draggan S (ed.). 3681: 3015: 2740: 2599: 2290: 1310:is one example of the systems studied. 1186: 713:life forms, the bacteria of the genus 7245: 6796: 6478: 5607: 5310: 5252: 5136: 4862: 4691:Bone and Tissue Regeneration Insights 4620:"Nanoencapsulation for drug delivery" 4490:from the original on January 19, 2012 3858: 3415:from the original on 14 November 2012 2887:from the original on 26 December 2014 2447:"Nanotechnology: the future medicine" 2339: 2052:Energy applications of nanotechnology 1952:if inhaled in sufficient quantities. 6751: 6439: 5404: 5049:Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 4659:Suganya V, Anuradha V (March 2017). 4472: 4111: 3943:Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 3197: 3048: 2077:List of nanotechnology organizations 1727:Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 1682: 563:, is a representative member of the 484:There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom 428:with dimensions on the nanoscale to 23:. For other uses of "Nanotech", see 7169:Future-oriented technology analysis 6449: 5425: 5343:"Nanofibres 'may pose health risk'" 5096:Byrne JD, Baugh JA (January 2008). 4510:"Nano in computing and electronics" 3688:Levins CG, Schafmeister CE (2006). 2960:"NASA Draft Nanotechnology Roadmap" 2636:. Nobelprize.org. 15 October 1986. 1944:study suggested that some forms of 1863:. Researchers have discovered that 1721:List of nanotechnology applications 13: 6928:High-temperature superconductivity 6504: 5335: 4480:"Nanotechnology Consumer Products" 3990:10.1227/01.NEU.0000217016.79256.16 2983:Allhoff F, Lin P, Moore D (2010). 2177:National Nanotechnology Initiative 1958:Institute of Occupational Medicine 1429:Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials 922:. Manufacturing in the context of 725:National Nanotechnology Initiative 663:National Nanotechnology Initiative 14: 7630: 5600:(A Vega/BBC/OU Video Discussion). 5586:to help reach a consensus. › 5565: 5442:from the original on 14 July 2011 3745:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007" 3049:Kahn J (2006). "Nanotechnology". 3018:Modern Concepts in Nanotechnology 2747:Monthioux M, Kuznetsov V (2006). 2167:Nanotechnology in water treatment 1888:Health and environmental concerns 657:Governments moved to promote and 494:Comparison of nanomaterials sizes 7223: 7040:Self-reconfiguring modular robot 6775: 6763: 6750: 6739: 6738: 6458: 6448: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6298: 5300:from the original on 2011-07-18. 4776:from the original on 2017-08-30. 4347:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04218.x 4236:from the original on 2013-09-09. 4199:from the original on 2013-09-09. 4121:Journal of Nanoparticle Research 4021:Recent Patents on Nanotechnology 3594:Biotechnology and Bioengineering 3342:from the original on 2006-05-26. 3166:from the original on 2006-04-11. 3156:"Some papers by K. Eric Drexler" 2972:from the original on 2013-01-22. 2948:from the original on 2013-09-08. 2640:from the original on 5 June 2011 2019: 2005: 1993:extended producer responsibility 1804:Nanotechnology may play role in 1687: 1580:Dual-polarization interferometry 1243:Transmission electron microscopy 1074:, and various nanoparticles and 1058: 312: 300: 213:Semiconductor device fabrication 5633: 5527: 5501: 5481: 5454: 5419: 5398: 5357: 5304: 5271: 5246: 5223: 5188: 5153: 5130: 5089: 5066: 5037: 4981: 4930: 4903:NIOSH Publications and Products 4837: 4780: 4727: 4678: 4652: 4611: 4589: 4567: 4524: 4502: 4447: 4406: 4353: 4326: 4275: 4105: 4055: 4012: 3969: 3934: 3875: 3852: 3797: 3762: 3751:from the original on 2011-08-05 3737: 3712: 3630: 3581: 3559:. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing. 3548: 3505: 3470: 3427: 3397: 3297: 3241:"Nanocrystal-powered nanomotor" 3232: 3214: 3191: 3170: 3148: 3128: 3099: 3009: 2976: 2916:from the original on 5 May 2011 2839:Chemical & Engineering News 2699: 2652: 2626: 1859:Nanoparticle products may have 1852:research agencies, such as the 1833: 1625: 1471:but on a much smaller scale. A 1403:Dimensionality in nanomaterials 969:Chemical & Engineering News 796:) surface, as visualized using 693:, or the spacing between these 7406:Microelectromechanical systems 6933:High-temperature superfluidity 4992:. 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John Wiley & Sons. 2162:Nanotechnology in fiction 2102:Molecular design software 2035:Outline of nanotechnology 1696:This section needs to be 1578:and positional assembly. 1537:electron beam lithography 1516:Scanning probe microscopy 1505:Feature-oriented scanning 1498:scanning probe microscopy 1463:setup. A microfabricated 1285:, such as in a so-called 864:approach. The concept of 851:supramolecular assemblies 756:Areas of physics such as 611:is largely attributed to 473:History of nanotechnology 25:Nanotech (disambiguation) 7444:Molecular nanotechnology 6975:Molecular nanotechnology 6938:Linear acetylenic carbon 6708:Molecular nanotechnology 6652:Solid lipid nanoparticle 6637:Self-assembled monolayer 5584:templates for discussion 5508:Maynard A (2008-04-16). 5319:. London. Archived from 4912:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013101 4432:10.1149/1945-7111/abe3f1 4083:10.1109/TBME.2007.891171 3955:10.2174/1389201053167248 3909:10.3389/fchem.2020.00392 3783:10.1109/TCSI.2007.907864 3135:Phoenix C (March 2005). 2157:Nanotechnology education 1871:Public deliberations on 1757:to become more durable. 1345:These subfields seek to 909:Molecular nanotechnology 858:supramolecular chemistry 593:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 379:molecular nanotechnology 265:Molecular nanotechnology 165:Self-assembled monolayer 21:Nanotechnology (journal) 7578:Timelines of technology 7149:Technological evolution 7122:Exploratory engineering 6693:Atomic force microscope 6642:Supramolecular assembly 6629:Molecular self-assembly 6317:Bachelor of Engineering 6159:Engineering mathematics 5598:What is Nanotechnology? 4301:10.4103/2231-4040.85524 3720:"Applications/Products" 3375:10.1126/science.1120367 3313:Applied Physics Letters 3085:10.1021/acsnano.5b02328 2987:. Wiley. pp. 3–5. 2725:10.1126/science.1122120 2464:10.4103/0974-2077.63301 1986:precautionary principle 1948:could be as harmful as 1861:unintended consequences 1753:to fly straighter, and 1642:'s being made of small 1586:or MBE. Researchers at 1556:atomic layer deposition 1541:nanoimprint lithography 1535:, dip pen lithography, 1490:atomic force microscope 1209:atomic layer deposition 1205:Giant magnetoresistance 1166:dip pen nanolithography 1162:Atomic force microscope 1042:, one kind of fullerene 833:Molecular self-assembly 546:atomic force microscope 514:The Foresight Institute 422:molecular self-assembly 236:Atomic force microscopy 170:Supramolecular assembly 156:Molecular self-assembly 7353:Bering Strait crossing 7159:Technology forecasting 7154:Technological paradigm 7127:Proactionary principle 6416:Structural engineering 6411:Mechanical engineering 6154:Engineering management 5370:Toxicological Sciences 5137:Elder A (2006-08-03). 4382:10.1002/advs.202207355 3888:Frontiers in Chemistry 3810:"Lipid nanotechnology" 3804:Mashaghi S, Jadidi T, 3706:10.1002/chin.200605222 3526:10.1002/adhm.201500272 3222:"Zettl Research Group" 2192:Translational research 2187:Top-down and bottom-up 1907: 1680: 1672: 1647: 1584:molecular-beam epitaxy 1480: 1176:Molecular Beam Epitaxy 1055: 1043: 1031: 1007: 924:productive nanosystems 812:statistical mechanical 801: 572: 555:Buckminsterfullerene C 538:Nobel Prize in Physics 495: 37: 7573:History of technology 7545:Limits of computation 7320:Planetary engineering 7297:Megascale engineering 7085:Disruptive innovation 6948:Metamaterial cloaking 6824:Emerging technologies 6782:Technology portal 6396:Aerospace engineering 6309:Engineering education 5383:10.1093/toxsci/kfs171 4813:10.1038/nnano.2014.58 4793:Nature Nanotechnology 3565:10.1533/9780857097231 3112:Nature Nanotechnology 1941:Nature Nanotechnology 1905: 1678: 1658: 1633: 1458: 1326:mechanical properties 1294:Biomimetic approaches 1253:Functional approaches 1049: 1037: 1013: 998: 873:intermolecular forces 866:molecular recognition 783: 751:molecular recognition 554: 493: 414:molecular engineering 398:semiconductor physics 319:Technology portal 289:Molecular engineering 35: 7507:Particle accelerator 7132:Technological change 7075:Collingridge dilemma 6569:Green nanotechnology 6337:Graduate certificate 5405:Stix G (July 2007). 5027:Nanotechnology Today 3827:10.3390/ijms14024242 3656:10.3390/nano10081466 3121:10.1038/nnano.2006.5 1931:A two-year study at 1882:Berkeley, California 1797:significant role in 1484:Scanning microscopes 1451:Tools and techniques 1131:Bottom-up approaches 1086:medical applications 916:molecular assemblers 889:folding of a protein 814:effects, as well as 677:Fundamental concepts 644:silver nanoparticles 559:, also known as the 198:Molecular logic gate 109:Green nanotechnology 7363:Great Wall of China 7310:Climate engineering 7189:Technology scouting 7164:Accelerating change 7035:Powered exoskeleton 6992:Programmable matter 6870:Smart manufacturing 6865:Molecular assembler 6845:3D microfabrication 6716:Molecular assembler 6322:Bachelor of Science 6164:Engineering physics 6148:Engineering drawing 5670:Interdisciplinarity 5412:Scientific American 5260:The Washington Post 4951:2008EnST...42.3910L 4805:2014NatNa...9..353A 4703:10.4137/BTRI.S12331 4597:"Nano in transport" 4545:2016NanoL..16..152M 4177:2004Nanot..15.1135L 4156:Lapshin RV (2004). 3900:2020FrCh....8..392T 3448:2004JOM....56j..38N 3367:2005Sci...310.1661G 3325:2005ApPhL..86l3119R 3260:2005NanoL...5.1730R 3051:National Geographic 2770:2006Carbo..44.1621M 2677:1985Natur.318..162K 2620:10.1147/rd.441.0279 2514:2015NatSR...5E8323B 2354:2013Cmplx..18c..24S 2256:Drexler KE (1992). 2216:Drexler KE (1986). 2107:Molecular mechanics 2087:Magnetic nanochains 1771:Video game consoles 1661:superhydrophobicity 1529:optical lithography 1381:information science 1377:Programmable matter 1187:Top-down approaches 1018:is an artificially 939:biological machines 883:targeting a single 875:. The Watson–Crick 839:synthetic chemistry 747:assemble themselves 701:, are in the range 650:-based sunscreens, 642:platform for using 274:Molecular assembler 246:Electron microscope 36:Fullerene nanogears 7614:1985 introductions 7609:1960 introductions 7484:Wet nanotechnology 7479:Wearable generator 7434:DNA nanotechnology 7206:Technology roadmap 6908:Conductive polymer 6770:Science portal 6647:DNA nanotechnology 5924:Telecommunications 5829:Naval architecture 5488:Davies JC (2008). 5197:Toxicology Letters 5162:Toxicology Letters 4740:Acta Biomaterialia 4575:"Nano in medicine" 3747:. Nobelprize.org. 3106:Rodgers P (2006). 3016:Prasad SK (2008). 2502:Scientific Reports 2362:10.1002/cplx.21427 2310:10.1002/cplx.20306 2197:Wet nanotechnology 2152:Nanoscale networks 1922:pulmonary diseases 1908: 1806:tissue engineering 1775:personal computers 1681: 1673: 1648: 1481: 1211:(ALD) techniques. 1090:tissue engineering 1056: 1044: 1038:Rotating view of C 1032: 1024:DNA nanotechnology 1008: 984:Cornell University 887:, or the specific 816:quantum mechanical 802: 603:(sometimes called 573: 496: 457:doomsday scenarios 424:, from developing 374:quantum mechanical 307:Science portal 175:DNA nanotechnology 38: 7591: 7590: 7517:Synthetic element 7454:Nanobiotechnology 7340:Macro-engineering 7239: 7238: 7058: 7057: 7007:Synthetic diamond 6903:Artificial muscle 6885:Materials science 6790: 6789: 6472: 6471: 6401:Civil engineering 6347:Licensed engineer 6342:Engineer's degree 6294: 6293: 6126:Building services 6109:Health technology 5970:Chemical reaction 5919:Signal processing 5323:on March 15, 2010 5007:978-0-306-44582-8 4959:10.1021/es0871199 4261:10.2217/nnm.15.91 4229:978-1-58883-163-7 3606:10.1002/bit.25160 3574:978-0-85709-596-1 3333:10.1063/1.1887827 3268:10.1021/nl0510659 3027:978-81-8356-296-6 2994:978-1-4051-7545-6 2881:American Elements 2577:10.1116/1.2815690 2522:10.1038/srep08323 2394:978-1-84821-345-6 2291:Hubler A (2010). 2269:978-0-471-57547-4 2231:978-0-385-19973-5 2112:Nanobiotechnology 2067:Gold nanoparticle 2027:Technology portal 1903: 1819:Researchers used 1816:resorption pits. 1717: 1716: 1656: 1533:X-ray lithography 1385:materials science 1314:Bionanotechnology 1308:Biomineralization 1266:superparamagnetic 1238:Focused ion beams 1148:organic synthesis 931:molecular machine 565:carbon structures 540:in 1986. Binnig, 394:molecular biology 390:organic chemistry 355: 354: 7626: 7416:Photolithography 7383:Space settlement 7305:Astroengineering 7266: 7259: 7252: 7243: 7242: 7227: 7226: 7174:Horizon scanning 7090:Ephemeralization 7050:Uncrewed vehicle 6970:Carbon nanotubes 6835: 6834: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6794: 6793: 6780: 6779: 6768: 6767: 6754: 6753: 6742: 6741: 6726:Mechanosynthesis 6617:characterization 6499: 6492: 6485: 6476: 6475: 6462: 6452: 6451: 6442: 6441: 6432: 6431: 6302: 5889:Electromechanics 5675: 5674: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5560: 5559: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5512:. Archived from 5505: 5499: 5497: 5492:. Archived from 5485: 5479: 5478: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5385: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5284: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5263:. Archived from 5253:Weiss R (2008). 5250: 5244: 5243: 5238:. Archived from 5227: 5221: 5220: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5145:. Archived from 5134: 5128: 5127: 5117: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5081:. Archived from 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5051:. Archived from 5041: 5035: 5034: 5029:. Archived from 5018: 5012: 5011: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4914: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4870:"Nanotechnology" 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4824: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4763: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4714: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4639: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4603:. Archived from 4593: 4587: 4586: 4581:. Archived from 4571: 4565: 4564: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4516:. Archived from 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4393: 4376:(13): e2207355. 4370:Advanced Science 4357: 4351: 4350: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4313: 4303: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4221: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4135:. Archived from 4118: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4068: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3921: 3911: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3867:. Archived from 3856: 3850: 3849: 3839: 3829: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3668: 3658: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3617: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3411:. 12 July 2004. 3409:Photonics Online 3401: 3395: 3394: 3361:(5754): 1661–5. 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3310: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3286:. Archived from 3245: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3183:. Archived from 3174: 3168: 3167: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3139:. 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Archived from 2753: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2727: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2685:10.1038/318162a0 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2570: 2561:(4): MR17–MR71. 2550: 2544: 2543: 2533: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2476: 2466: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2312: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2253: 2244: 2243: 2223: 2213: 2029: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2010: 2009: 1962:carbon nanotubes 1946:carbon nanotubes 1904: 1749:to last longer, 1712: 1709: 1703: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1657: 1334:biocompatibility 1199:for fabricating 1005:molecular switch 954:Carlo Montemagno 920:mechanosynthesis 729:kinetic diameter 722: 704: 623:in Nanoscience. 609:carbon nanotubes 601:carbon nanotubes 410:microfabrication 347: 340: 333: 317: 316: 305: 304: 284:Mechanosynthesis 142:Carbon nanotubes 40: 39: 7634: 7633: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7619:1986 neologisms 7594: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7564: 7527:Femtotechnology 7521: 7488: 7420: 7398:Microtechnology 7392: 7334: 7291: 7273: 7270: 7240: 7235: 7215: 7054: 7011: 6913:Femtotechnology 6898:Amorphous metal 6879: 6826: 6821: 6791: 6786: 6774: 6762: 6730: 6702: 6679: 6675:Nanolithography 6662:Nanoelectronics 6656: 6623: 6578: 6541: 6532:Popular culture 6508: 6503: 6473: 6468: 6420: 6367: 6351: 6327:Master's degree 6303: 6290: 6204:Instrumentation 6067: 6009: 5975:Electrochemical 5928: 5914:Radio frequency 5853: 5780: 5744:Municipal/Urban 5668: 5666: 5660: 5637: 5632: 5587: 5568: 5563: 5532: 5528: 5519: 5517: 5506: 5502: 5486: 5482: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5424: 5420: 5403: 5399: 5362: 5358: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5309: 5305: 5297: 5282: 5276: 5272: 5251: 5247: 5228: 5224: 5193: 5189: 5158: 5154: 5135: 5131: 5094: 5090: 5071: 5067: 5058: 5056: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5019: 5015: 5008: 4986: 4982: 4935: 4931: 4922: 4920: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4883: 4881: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4854: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4785: 4781: 4732: 4728: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4657: 4653: 4616: 4612: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4529: 4525: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4411: 4407: 4365: 4358: 4354: 4331: 4327: 4280: 4276: 4255:(16): 2553–71. 4245: 4241: 4230: 4219: 4211: 4204: 4160: 4154: 4147: 4139: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4017: 4013: 3974: 3970: 3939: 3935: 3880: 3876: 3857: 3853: 3802: 3798: 3777:(11): 2528–40. 3767: 3763: 3754: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3729: 3727: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3686: 3682: 3635: 3631: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3553: 3549: 3520:(11): 1600–27. 3510: 3506: 3475: 3471: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3196: 3192: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3133: 3129: 3104: 3100: 3069: 3062: 3057:(June): 98–119. 3047: 3043: 3028: 3014: 3010: 2995: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2908: 2907: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2799: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2704: 2700: 2671:(6042): 162–3. 2662: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2604: 2600: 2551: 2547: 2494: 2490: 2443: 2439: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2381: 2377: 2338: 2334: 2289: 2285: 2270: 2254: 2247: 2232: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2122:Nanoengineering 2042:Carbon nanotube 2037: 2025: 2018: 2011: 2004: 2001: 1977: 1971: 1918: 1910:Main articles: 1892: 1890: 1873:risk perception 1842: 1836: 1723: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1692: 1688: 1650: 1636:nanoelectronics 1628: 1572: 1525: 1486: 1453: 1405: 1396:femtotechnology 1343: 1296: 1255: 1201:microprocessors 1189: 1180:nanowire lasers 1170:nanolithography 1133: 1061: 1041: 993: 958:Richard Smalley 911: 905: 843:pharmaceuticals 835: 829: 808: 778: 758:nanoelectronics 737:microtechnology 720: 702: 679: 598: 585:Richard Smalley 558: 530:Heinrich Rohrer 504:K. Eric Drexler 500:Norio Taniguchi 479:Richard Feynman 475: 469: 445:nanoelectronics 386:surface science 351: 311: 299: 203:Nanolithography 184:Nanoelectronics 72:Popular culture 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7632: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7604:Nanotechnology 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7555:Nuclear isomer 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7535:Femtochemistry 7531: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7494:Picotechnology 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7430: 7428: 7426:Nanotechnology 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7411:Micromachinery 7408: 7402: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7325:Space elevator 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7246: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7045:Swarm robotics 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6987:Picotechnology 6984: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6965:Nanotechnology 6962: 6957: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6889: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6841: 6839: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6820: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6797: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6772: 6760: 6748: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6633: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6594: 6588: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6564:Nanotoxicology 6561: 6555: 6553: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6506:Nanotechnology 6502: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6479: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6456: 6446: 6436: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6377: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6359: 6357: 6356:Related topics 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6276:Sustainability 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6145: 6140: 6138:Geoengineering 6135: 6134: 6133: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6119:Rehabilitation 6116: 6114:Pharmaceutical 6111: 6106: 6101: 6099:Bioinformatics 6091: 6086: 6081: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6058:Semiconductors 6055: 6050: 6048:Nanotechnology 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 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4610: 4607:on 2011-10-29. 4588: 4585:on 2011-11-14. 4566: 4539:(1): 152–156. 4523: 4520:on 2011-11-14. 4501: 4471: 4446: 4405: 4363: 4352: 4325: 4294:(3): 138–143. 4274: 4239: 4228: 4202: 4171:(9): 1135–51. 4165:Nanotechnology 4145: 4142:on 2012-01-31. 4104: 4077:(8): 1536–40. 4054: 4011: 3984:(6): 1009–26. 3968: 3933: 3874: 3871:on 2013-05-13. 3851: 3820:(2): 4242–82. 3796: 3761: 3736: 3711: 3680: 3629: 3600:(3): 441–453. 3580: 3573: 3547: 3504: 3485:(4): 939–946. 3469: 3426: 3396: 3345: 3319:(12): 123119. 3296: 3293:on 2006-05-10. 3231: 3228:on 2015-10-08. 3213: 3190: 3187:on 2014-10-08. 3169: 3147: 3143:on 2020-06-01. 3127: 3098: 3079:(10): 9700–7. 3060: 3041: 3026: 3008: 2993: 2975: 2951: 2927: 2898: 2865: 2826: 2815:on 26 May 2011 2797: 2739: 2718:(5756): 1916. 2698: 2660: 2651: 2625: 2614:(4): 355–369. 2598: 2555:Biointerphases 2545: 2488: 2437: 2418:(4): 1467–71. 2400: 2393: 2375: 2332: 2283: 2268: 2245: 2230: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 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Arthur 1571: 1568: 1524: 1521: 1492:(AFM) and the 1485: 1482: 1477:photodetectors 1452: 1449: 1447:applications. 1404: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1392:picotechnology 1388: 1374: 1362: 1356: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1316:is the use of 1311: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1279: 1269: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1235: 1224: 1213:Peter Grünberg 1188: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1173: 1159: 1155: 1144: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1116: 1105: 1098:antibacterials 1082: 1079: 1060: 1057: 1039: 1003:, useful as a 992: 989: 982:Ho and Lee at 935:stochastically 907:Main article: 904: 901: 845:or commercial 831:Main article: 828: 825: 804:Main article: 786:reconstruction 777: 774: 678: 675: 596: 556: 471:Main article: 468: 465: 463:is warranted. 418:device physics 402:energy storage 358:Nanotechnology 353: 352: 350: 349: 342: 335: 327: 324: 323: 322: 321: 309: 294: 293: 292: 291: 286: 281: 276: 268: 267: 261: 260: 259: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 230: 229: 223: 222: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 187: 186: 180: 179: 178: 177: 172: 167: 159: 158: 152: 151: 150: 149: 144: 139: 131: 130: 124: 123: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 104:Nanotoxicology 101: 93: 92: 82: 81: 80: 79: 74: 69: 64: 56: 55: 53:Nanotechnology 49: 48: 47:of articles on 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7631: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7464:Nanomaterials 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7315:Megastructure 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7267: 7262: 7260: 7255: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7232: 7231: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7212: 7211:Transhumanism 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6981: 6980:Nanomaterials 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6943:Metamaterials 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6855:3D publishing 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838:Manufacturing 6836: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6813: 6811: 6806: 6804: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6612:Nanoparticles 6610: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6584:Nanomaterials 6581: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6527:Organizations 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6500: 6495: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6455: 6447: 6445: 6437: 6435: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5819:Manufacturing 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5809:Biomechanical 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5707:Environmental 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5687:Architectural 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5624: 5622: 5617: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5569: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5516:on 2010-12-05 5515: 5511: 5504: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5055:on 2008-04-08 5054: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4624:EXCLI Journal 4621: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4601:NanoandMe.org 4598: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4579:NanoandMe.org 4576: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4514:NanoandMe.org 4511: 4505: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4425:(4): 040507. 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4341:(4): 1101–8. 4340: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4218: 4217: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4150: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3726:on 2010-11-20 3725: 3721: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643:Nanomaterials 3640: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3442:(10): 38–43. 3441: 3437: 3430: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3254:(9): 1730–3. 3253: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3065: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2968: 2961: 2955: 2944: 2937: 2931: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2903: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2787:on 2009-09-29 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764:(9): 1621–3. 2763: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2655: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2404: 2396: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2250: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2224:. Doubleday. 2222: 2221: 2212: 2208: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2142:Nanoneuronics 2140: 2138: 2137:Nanometrology 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2097:Nano-thermite 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2028: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2003: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1981: 1976: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1936: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1913: 1885: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1850:Public health 1847: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1799:drug delivery 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1783:nanomaterials 1779: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755:bowling balls 1752: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1722: 1711: 1699: 1694: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1670: 1666: 1663:, which lets 1662: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1616:nanomaterials 1612: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596:Alfred Y. Cho 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576:self-assembly 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1520: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1441:drug delivery 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425:nanomaterials 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1409:nanomaterials 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1355:capabilities. 1353: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322:Nanocellulose 1319: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1158:conformation. 1156: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1141:nucleic acids 1138: 1137: 1136: 1125: 1121: 1120:nanoparticles 1117: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094:drug delivery 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1059:Nanomaterials 1053: 1052:quantum wells 1048: 1036: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1006: 1002: 997: 988: 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 950: 948: 942: 940: 936: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 910: 900: 898: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 834: 824: 821: 817: 813: 807: 806:Nanomaterials 799: 795: 791: 787: 782: 773: 771: 767: 766:nanophotonics 763: 762:nanomechanics 759: 754: 752: 748: 743: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 718: 717: 712: 708: 700: 696: 692: 688: 683: 674: 670: 668: 664: 660: 659:fund research 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 636:nanomaterials 632: 630: 629:Royal Society 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 570: 566: 562: 553: 549: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 517: 515: 511: 510: 505: 501: 492: 488: 486: 485: 480: 474: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 439:, such as in 438: 433: 431: 427: 426:new materials 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 382: 380: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 348: 343: 341: 336: 334: 329: 328: 326: 325: 320: 315: 310: 308: 303: 298: 297: 296: 295: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 270: 269: 266: 263: 262: 257: 256:Nanotribology 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 232: 231: 228: 227:Nanometrology 225: 224: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 189: 188: 185: 182: 181: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 161: 160: 157: 154: 153: 148: 147:Nanoparticles 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 134: 133: 132: 129: 128:Nanomaterials 126: 125: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 95: 94: 91: 87: 84: 83: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 67:Organizations 65: 63: 60: 59: 58: 57: 54: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 34: 30: 26: 22: 7550:Mode-locking 7540:Hafnium bomb 7512:Rydberg atom 7439:Implications 7425: 7368:Panama Canal 7330:Terraforming 7228: 7115:Robot ethics 7030:Nanorobotics 6997:Quantum dots 6964: 6755: 6743: 6721:Nanorobotics 6559:Nanomedicine 6551:applications 6505: 6380:Engineering 6226:Mechatronics 6079:Agricultural 6047: 5729:Geotechnical 5697:Construction 5577: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5518:. Retrieved 5514:the original 5503: 5494:the original 5483: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5444:. Retrieved 5435: 5431: 5421: 5410: 5400: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5351:the original 5346: 5337: 5325:. Retrieved 5321:the original 5316: 5306: 5290: 5286: 5273: 5265:the original 5258: 5248: 5240:the original 5235: 5225: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5147:the original 5142: 5132: 5108:(1): 43–50. 5105: 5101: 5091: 5083:the original 5078: 5068: 5057:. Retrieved 5053:the original 5048: 5039: 5031:the original 5026: 5016: 4989: 4983: 4945:(11): 3910. 4942: 4938: 4932: 4921:. Retrieved 4915:. 2013-101. 4902: 4893: 4882:. Retrieved 4873: 4864: 4853:. Retrieved 4851:. 2015-11-04 4848: 4839: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4668:. Retrieved 4665:ResearchGate 4664: 4654: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4605:the original 4600: 4591: 4583:the original 4578: 4569: 4536: 4533:Nano Letters 4532: 4526: 4518:the original 4513: 4504: 4494:November 23, 4492:. Retrieved 4483: 4474: 4463:. 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