202:
423:. Investigation was to be performed by 'operative groups' "in a speedy and simplified way" and the results were to be delivered to troikas for trials. The regional troikas had control over the target groups, the size of the initial limits, the extension of the deadline for completing the operation, the relationship between the initial limits and the final number of victims" Initially, the target groups were limited to only Kulaks and criminals. After some time it broadened to enemies of the Motherland.
528:, 1937–38, there was a directive to rid the Soviet lands of all those with outside (non-Soviet) ties or connections. Members of the Agro-Joint, as well as foreign colonies and national diasporas such as the settlements they established, fell squarely within those parameters. Although the Agro-Joint was never intended as a permanent program, the swiftness and fierceness with which it was dismantled by the Soviet Regime shocked those involved, in particular, its leader
365:
25:
548:
founded
Birofeld, the first Jewish collective farm in 1928. In 1936, barely a year after the official recognition as an Autonomous Region, The Great Terror began and the Jewish Party leadership both in Moscow and Birobidzhan was decimated by arrests and fast trials (by troika), resulting in either imprisonment or execution on charges such as "bourgeois nationalism" or being spies for the Germans. Prominent Jewish writer
524:(small Jewish settlements) into new agriculture based settlements across Southern Ukraine and Crimea. Agro-Joint had aided in the resettlement of German-Jewish doctors to help grow the living standards of the communities. Germans were among the top nationalities being repressed and eliminated in Soviet Russia during the thirties while Stalin prepared for war with Hitler. During the
862:"СТАЛИНСКИЙ ПЛАН ПО УНИЧТОЖЕНИЮ НАРОДА: Подготовка и реализация приказа НКВД № 00447 "Об операции по репрессированию бывших кулаков, уголовников и других антисоветских элементов" (STALIN'S PLAN FOR THE ELIMINATION OF PEOPLE: Preparation and implementation of the NKVD Order number 00447 "Concerning the repression of former kulaks, criminals and other anti-Soviet elements")"
311:. This decree issued from Moscow in 1941 was the responsibility of the Troika and all measures of decrees execution were left in the hands of the so-called three who made up this particular Troika. After the war responsibilities within the government began to shift and in 1952 two special Troikas were crested. The first Troika consisted of
484:
On August 11, 1937, following a
Politburo top-secret resolution taken two days earlier, Nikolai Yezhov issued another secret directive, Order No. 00485, aimed at "the complete liquidation of local branches of the Polish Military Organization (POW) and its networks of spies, wreckers and terrorists in
547:
established in 1928, though not officially recognized as an
Autonomous Region by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of USSR until May 1934. Though conditions were tough and approximately 2/3rds of the original settlers left upon seeing that things were not as promised, those that remained
298:
The secret police troikas became an execution machine, implementing persecutions and torture of priests or other "anti-Soviet elements." This was done in secret and the victims of these trials often stood no chance at fighting the claims placed before them. They were often forced to give evidence
180:
to execute many hundreds of thousands of Soviet citizens. Defendants in the Troika's proceeding were typically not entitled to legal aid or the presumption of innocence. Convictions usually did not include information about the actual incriminating evidence and basically contained only information
572:
on the whereabouts of the 15,000 Polish POWs in 1941, the Soviet Union replied that the soldiers had fled and could not be located. The whereabouts of these prisoners remained unknown until 1943 when approximately 4,000 bodies were found by German soldiers at the Katyn location. Physical evidence
450:
Protocols of a troika session were passed to the corresponding operative group for executions of sentences. Times and places of executions of death sentences were ordered to be held in secret. Troikas of this purpose were established for a period of 4 months, but functioned for about a year.
503:
targeting a number of the Soviet Union's diaspora nationalities and ethnic groups: the German, Finnish, Latvian, Estonian, Romanian, Greek, and
Chinese. The NKVD referred to these decrees collectively as "the National Operations" directed against "nationalities of foreign governments".
266:
as a class". This instituted a regional based system for these troikas to work, so that the operations could be handed locally and with a quicker result. In each region, the troikas would decide the fate of the landlords branded as "kulaks". The troika, composed of a member of the
302:
Gradually, troikas were introduced to other parts of the Soviet Union for various and different purposes: "court troikas" (судебная тройка), "extraordinary troikas" (чрезвычайная тройка), and "special troikas" (специальная тройка). At the beginning of the
507:
According to NKVD statistics, from July 1937 to
November 1938, 335,513 persons were sentenced by troikas in the course of the implementation of the National Operations. Among them, 247,157 (or 73.6%) were executed by shooting.
343:. These troikas were created to make sure there were clear duties between party and state, although it was common to be involved on both party and state committees this blurred the lines between party and state functions.
1091:
361:. While the original intent was to discover if there was a plot stemming from the ROVS, a group of white officers based in Paris, this can be seen as the first step in the creation of order NKVD Order no. 00447.
430:
of a republican NKVD, etc.). Usually a troika included the prosecutor of the republic/krai/oblast in question; if not, he was allowed to be present at the session of a troika. The third person was usually the
1121:
535:
In total around 60 high-ranking members of the Agro-Joint staff were arrested, most of whom were tried and sentenced by NKVD Troikas on the grounds of being counter-revolutionaries, nationalists, or spies.
247:). The troikas were tasked with administering quick punishment of anti-Soviet elements, without public trial or investigation. The sentences that were doled out, executions, were to be held in secret.
455:
806:
Zubkova, Elena. "The Soviet Regime and Soviet
Society in the Post War Years: Innovations and Conservaitism, 1945-1953." Journal of Modern European History 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2004): 134-52. P. 140
262:
population of the entire Soviet Union. Normal legal procedures were suspended and the corresponding OGPU order of the 2nd of
February, specified the measures needed for "the liquidation of the
435:(CPSU) secretary of the corresponding regional level. The staff of these troikas were personally specified in the Order No. 00447. While Order 00447 decreed the personal constitution of all
939:
Nicolas Werth, The NKVD Mass Secret
National Operations (August 1937 - November 1938), Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, , published on 20 May 2010, accessed 1 January 2014, URL :
914:
Nicolas Werth, The NKVD Mass Secret
Operation n° 00447 (August 1937 – November 1938), Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, , published on 24 May 2010, accessed 1 January 2014, URL :
577:
acknowledged that the Soviet Union was, in fact, responsible for the deaths. Many of the documents surrounding the massacre were destroyed and others were not made public until 2010.
1080:
891:"Приложение 2. Составы троек НКВД—УНКВД 1937–1938 гг., созданных для рассмотрения дел арестованных в ходе массовой операции по приказу НКВД СССР № 00447 от 30 июля 1937 г."
601:
573:
suggested that the soldiers were shot in the back of the head and then buried in large piles. The Soviet Union went on to deny these killings until 1990 when Soviet leader
463:
181:
about indictment and sentencing. The outcome of such trials was often determined before it even began due to targeted numbers of citizens to be executed or imprisoned in
201:
1113:
168:. The three members were judge and jury, though they themselves did not carry out the sentences they dealt. These commissions were employed as instruments of
488:
Due to a backlog of people being processed by "dvoikas" (two person extrajudicial commissions) as part of the Polish
Operations, on September 15, 1938, the
943:
539:
Happening in conjunction with the resettlements by the Agro-Joint was the Soviet Union's attempt at giving the Jewish population a homeland. This was the
918:
229:
589:
644:
1174:
549:
308:
865:
894:
564:
was a mass execution of around 15,000 Polish military officers carried out by the NKVD during the spring of 1940. The killings took place in the
172:
introduced to supplement the Soviet legal system with a means for quick and secret execution or imprisonment. It began as an institution of the
692:
742:
489:
1060:
752:
713:
89:
1184:
432:
272:
61:
108:
981:
Mitsel, Mikhael (2009). "The Final Chapter: Agro-Joint workers - victims of the Great Terror in the USSR, 1937-40".
940:
68:
915:
1149:
886:
857:
46:
492:
issued the resolution (# П64/22) about the creation of special troikas (Особая тройка) for the period of the
235:
The first "operational troikas" (оперативная тройка) were introduced in the "centre", in the Moscow military
75:
493:
42:
1169:
819:
Ellman, Michael (2010). "Regional influences on the Formulation and Implementation of NKVD Order 00447".
606:
500:
479:
149:
861:
783:
Hakobyan, Julia (Apr 2007). "At Odds With God: Communist repressions were a setback, but not a defeat".
57:
797:{{McCauley, Martin. Stalin and Stalinism. Pearson Education Limited, 2008. Revised 3rd Edition. P. 68}}
189:
890:
376:
540:
169:
138:
35:
1038:
Where the Jews Aren't: The Sad and Absurd Tale of Birobidzhan, Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region
1018:
Dreams of Nationhood: American Jewish Communists and the Soviet Birobidzhan Project, 1924-1951
580:
According to the released documents, the executions were authorized by a troika consisting of
569:
467:
427:
426:
The chairman of a troika was the chief of the corresponding territorial subdivision of NKVD (
408:
380:
279:, had the authority to issue rapid and severe verdicts (death or exile) without the right to
210:
1179:
1164:
511:
396:
352:
680:
They had the right to pass a sentence... without benefit of judge, jury, lawyers or trial.
466:, it is estimated that up to 767,000 persons had been condemned, of whom 387,000 had been
299:
against themselves and watch as the members of the troika sentenced them, often to death.
8:
304:
82:
998:
965:
Farming the red land Jewish agricultural colonization and local Soviet power, 1924-1941
836:
686:
1056:
1002:
840:
748:
738:
709:
581:
574:
336:
316:
276:
218:
990:
828:
703:
673:
384:
328:
251:
129:
602:
Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Terror, famine and the Gulag
947:
922:
832:
669:
529:
358:
332:
312:
941:
http://www.massviolence.org/The-NKVD-Mass-Secret-National-Operations-August-1937
1189:
916:
http://www.massviolence.org/The-NKVD-Mass-Secret-Operation-no-00447-August-1937
699:
639:
611:
585:
561:
412:
340:
161:
994:
401:О репрессировании бывших кулаков, уголовников и других антисоветских элементов
1158:
176:, then later became prominent again in the NKVD, when it was used during the
16:
Set of three officials of the Soviet political police issuing quick sentences
565:
454:
When Operation No. 00447 was finally stopped, on November 17, 1938, by the
222:
1144:
346:
544:
525:
320:
292:
206:
177:
512:
The American Jewish Joint Agricultural Cooperation and Birobidzhan (JAR)
456:
Decree about Arrests, Prosecutor Supervision and Course of Investigation
652:
517:
324:
164:
to people after simplified, speedy investigations and without a public
357:
On June 28, 1937, the Politburo issued a decree to set up a troika in
459:
372:
255:
226:
364:
239:
in 1929. The qualifier "operational" denotes they were based on the
24:
532:
whose network of internal Soviet connections fell to the purges.
415:. By this order, troikas were created on the levels of republic,
307:
the NKVD was tasked with deporting thousands of Germans from the
259:
1145:
Comrade S,talin loses Ka,tyn trial 56 years after Assassination!
568:
in Russia and other cites. After a request from Polish general
521:
420:
288:
280:
263:
643:
404:
284:
236:
182:
173:
165:
520:, 1924–1938 worked to permanently resettle Jews from
416:
368:
268:
244:
217:
The first troika was instituted in 1918, the members being
153:
499:
Order No. 00485 served as a model for a series of similar
157:
473:
371:
document issued sentencing blind "Ukrainian pensioner
152:, were the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (
143:
852:
850:
516:The American Jewish Joint Agricultural Cooperation
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
879:
1088:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
847:
787:. Vol. 17, no. 1. New York. p. 18.
309:Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1156:
209:NKVD troika condemning priest Peter Zinoviev to
193:means "a group of three" or "triad" in Russian.
1053:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
552:confessed to being an agent for the Gestapo.
439:, in the course of the Purge many members of
347:Secret Order № 00447 — the "Kulak Operations"
1081:"The Birth and Persistence of the Katyn Lie"
744:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
770:Stalin and Stalinism, Revised third edition
664:
662:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
443:were repressed themselves, so the staff of
1078:
962:
691:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
258:authorized the state police to screen the
156:which would later be the beginning of the
935:
933:
931:
698:
543:commonly referred to by its central city
391:— "Secretary of the Troika") can be seen.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1175:Political repression in the Soviet Union
1050:
1015:
814:
812:
782:
767:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
668:
659:
623:
363:
319:(who was also heavily involved with the
200:
160:) made up of three officials who issued
1111:
1157:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1027:
980:
928:
908:
818:
737:
708:. London: Penguin Books. p. 116.
638:
485:industry, transport and agriculture".
403:("Concerning the repression of former
1074:
1072:
976:
974:
958:
956:
809:
722:
555:
885:
856:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1024:
967:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
433:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13:
1114:"Kremlin Admits Massacre of Poles"
1069:
971:
953:
14:
1201:
1138:
1020:. Boston: Academic Studies Press.
864:. Alexander Yakovlev's Archives.
785:Armenian General Benevolent Union
646:Приказ НКВД от 30.07.1937 № 00447
383:. The title of the signatory (in
963:Dekel-Chen, Jonathan L. (2005).
250:In January 1930, as part of the
23:
1124:from the original on 2018-05-13
1105:
1094:from the original on 2018-04-18
1044:
1009:
897:from the original on 2017-08-13
893:Alexander Yakovlev's Archives.
868:from the original on 2017-06-28
34:needs additional citations for
1016:Srebrnik, Henry Felix (2010).
800:
791:
776:
761:
1:
617:
464:Central Committee of the CPSU
196:
983:East European Jewish Affairs
833:10.1080/09668136.2010.489254
494:Polish operation of the NKVD
7:
1150:The Memorial civil movement
1079:Wasilewski, Witold (2012).
1040:. New York: Schocken Books.
607:Special Council of the NKVD
595:
480:Mass operations of the NKVD
331:. The second consisted of
283:. In effect they served as
144:
10:
1206:
1185:Trials of political people
678:. London. pp. 286–7.
501:NKVD "National Operations"
477:
350:
995:10.1080/13501670902750303
768:McCauley, Martin (2006).
474:The "National Operations"
388:
133:
1051:Brackman, Roman (2001).
541:Jewish Autonomous Region
458:, issued jointly by the
170:extrajudicial punishment
1112:Remnick, David (1990).
407:, criminals, and other
241:operational departments
1036:Gessen, Masha (2016).
772:. New York: Routledge.
392:
214:
381:execution by shooting
367:
243:of the state police (
211:execution by shooting
204:
1055:. Psychology Press.
468:executed by shooting
409:anti-Soviet elements
397:NKVD Order no. 00447
353:NKVD Order No. 00447
254:program, the Soviet
43:improve this article
1118:The Washington Post
887:Yakovlev, Alexander
858:Yakovlev, Alexander
821:Europe-Asia Studies
305:Great Patriotic War
1170:Soviet phraseology
946:2016-04-12 at the
921:2012-10-12 at the
556:The Katyn Massacre
447:varied over time.
428:People's Commissar
411:") undersigned by
393:
215:
1062:978-0-7146-5050-0
754:978-0-465-00239-9
715:978-0-14-028310-5
582:Vsevolod Merkulov
575:Mikhail Gorbachev
399:by July 30, 1937
337:Mikhail Pervukhin
317:Nikita Khrushchev
275:secretary, and a
230:V. Aleksandrovich
219:Felix Dzerzhinsky
142:
119:
118:
111:
93:
1197:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1006:
978:
969:
968:
960:
951:
950:, ISSN 1961-9898
937:
926:
925:, ISSN 1961-9898
912:
906:
905:
903:
902:
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
854:
845:
844:
816:
807:
804:
798:
795:
789:
788:
780:
774:
773:
765:
759:
758:
735:
720:
719:
705:Gulag: A History
696:
690:
682:
675:The Great Terror
670:Conquest, Robert
666:
657:
656:
650:
636:
590:Leonid Bashtakov
570:Władysław Anders
390:
389:Секретарь Тройки
329:Nikolai Bulganin
277:state procurator
252:collectivization
205:Sentence by the
147:
137:
135:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1155:
1154:
1141:
1136:
1127:
1125:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1049:
1045:
1034:
1025:
1014:
1010:
979:
972:
961:
954:
948:Wayback Machine
938:
929:
923:Wayback Machine
913:
909:
900:
898:
884:
880:
871:
869:
855:
848:
817:
810:
805:
801:
796:
792:
781:
777:
766:
762:
755:
747:. Basic Books.
739:Snyder, Timothy
736:
723:
716:
700:Applebaum, Anne
684:
683:
667:
660:
640:Yezhov, Nikolai
637:
624:
620:
598:
558:
550:Moyshe Litvakov
514:
482:
476:
377:Ivan Kucherenko
355:
349:
333:Lavrentiy Beria
313:Georgy Malenkov
273:communist party
199:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1203:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1139:External links
1137:
1135:
1134:
1104:
1068:
1061:
1043:
1023:
1008:
970:
952:
927:
907:
878:
846:
827:(6): 915–931.
808:
799:
790:
775:
760:
753:
721:
714:
658:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
612:Kangaroo court
609:
604:
597:
594:
586:Bogdan Kobulov
562:Katyn Massacre
557:
554:
513:
510:
478:Main article:
475:
472:
413:Nikolai Yezhov
351:Main article:
348:
345:
341:Maksim Saburov
207:Kalinin Oblast
198:
195:
185:prison camps.
150:Soviet history
145:osobaya troyka
126:Special troika
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1202:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
975:
966:
959:
957:
949:
945:
942:
936:
934:
932:
924:
920:
917:
911:
896:
892:
888:
882:
867:
863:
859:
853:
851:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
813:
803:
794:
786:
779:
771:
764:
756:
750:
746:
745:
740:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
717:
711:
707:
706:
701:
694:
688:
681:
677:
676:
671:
665:
663:
654:
649:
647:
641:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
622:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
593:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
571:
567:
563:
553:
551:
546:
542:
537:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
509:
505:
502:
497:
495:
491:
486:
481:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
360:
354:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
228:
224:
220:
212:
208:
203:
194:
192:
191:
186:
184:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
140:
134:особая тройка
131:
127:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
58:"NKVD troika"
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1126:. Retrieved
1117:
1107:
1096:. Retrieved
1087:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1017:
1011:
989:(1): 79–99.
986:
982:
964:
910:
899:. Retrieved
881:
870:. Retrieved
824:
820:
802:
793:
784:
778:
769:
763:
743:
704:
679:
674:
651:– via
645:
579:
566:Katyn forest
559:
538:
534:
530:Joseph Rosen
515:
506:
498:
487:
483:
453:
449:
444:
440:
436:
425:
400:
394:
359:West Siberia
356:
301:
297:
293:executioners
269:state police
249:
240:
234:
223:Yakov Peters
216:
188:
187:
125:
121:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1180:Internments
1165:NKVD troika
1090:: 671–693.
545:Birobidzhan
526:Great Purge
321:Great Purge
178:Great Purge
122:NKVD troika
1159:Categories
1128:2018-04-18
1098:2018-04-18
901:2014-01-01
872:2014-01-01
653:Wikisource
618:References
518:Agro-Joint
325:Show trial
271:, a local
197:Background
69:newspapers
1003:145431605
841:154026107
697:Cited in
687:cite book
490:Politburo
460:Sovnarkom
373:bandurist
256:Politburo
162:sentences
139:romanized
99:July 2010
1122:Archived
1092:Archived
944:Archived
919:Archived
895:Archived
866:Archived
741:(2010).
702:(2001).
672:(1992).
642:(1937).
596:See also
522:shtetls
445:troikas
441:troikas
437:troikas
385:Russian
327:), and
260:peasant
227:Left SR
141::
130:Russian
83:scholar
1059:
1001:
839:
751:
712:
648:
588:, and
421:oblast
405:kulaks
339:, and
291:, and
289:juries
285:judges
281:appeal
264:kulaks
225:, and
190:Troika
148:), in
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1190:Trios
1084:(PDF)
999:S2CID
837:S2CID
237:okrug
183:Gulag
174:Cheka
166:trial
90:JSTOR
76:books
1057:ISBN
749:ISBN
710:ISBN
693:link
560:The
462:and
419:and
417:krai
395:The
369:NKVD
323:and
245:OGPU
154:NKVD
62:news
991:doi
829:doi
379:to
158:KGB
124:or
45:by
1161::
1120:.
1116:.
1086:.
1071:^
1026:^
997:.
987:39
985:.
973:^
955:^
930:^
889:.
860:.
849:^
835:.
825:62
823:.
811:^
724:^
689:}}
685:{{
661:^
625:^
592:.
584:,
496:.
470:.
387::
375:"
335:,
315:,
295:.
287:,
232:.
221:,
136:,
132::
1131:.
1101:.
1065:.
1005:.
993::
904:.
875:.
843:.
831::
757:.
718:.
695:)
655:.
213:.
128:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
