374:
366:
293:
320:, which could convert almost 19 percent of the solar energy they receive to useful electrical energy to power the craft's motors, avionics and communication systems. That compared with about 14 percent efficiency for the older solar arrays that cover most of the surface of the mid- and outer wing panels from the original Pathfinder. Maximum potential power was boosted from about 7,500 watts on Pathfinder to about 12,500 watts on Pathfinder-Plus. The number of electric motors was increased to eight, and the motors used were more powerful units, designed for the follow-on aircraft.
353:
tower to provide the same signal. According to Stuart Hindle, Vice
President of Strategy & Business Development for SkyTower, "SkyTower platforms are basically geostationary satellites without the time delay." Further, Hindle said that such platforms flying in the stratosphere, as opposed to actual satellites, can achieve much higher levels of frequency use. "A single SkyTower platform can provide over 1,000 times the fixed broadband local access capacity of a geostationary satellite using the same frequency band, on a bytes per second per square mile basis."
38:
301:
2674:
284:. On one of seven flights there in the spring and summer of 1997, Pathfinder raised the altitude record for solar-powered aircraft — as well as propeller-driven aircraft — to 71,530 feet (21,800 m) on July 7, 1997. During those flights, Pathfinder carried two lightweight imaging instruments to learn more about the island's terrestrial and coastal ecosystems, demonstrating the potential of such aircraft as platforms for scientific research.
226:
By the time the aircraft was adopted into the ERAST project in late 1993, solar cells were being added, eventually covering the entire upper surface of the wing. The solar arrays provide power for the aircraft's electric motors, avionics, communications and other electronic systems. Pathfinder also had a backup battery system that can provide power for between two and five hours to allow limited-duration flight after dark.
2686:
214:(the ratio between the wingspan and the wing chord) can successfully take-off and land from an airport and can be flown to extremely high altitudes (between 50,000 feet (15,000 m) and 80,000 feet (24,000 m)) propelled by the power of the sun. In addition, the ERAST Project also wanted to determine the feasibility of such a UAV for carrying instruments used in a variety of scientific studies.
731:
254:. Pathfinder flight tested two ERAST-developed scientific instruments, a high spectral resolution Digital Array Scanned Interferometer (DASI) and a high spatial resolution Airborne Real-Time Imaging System (ARTIS), both developed at Ames. These flights were conducted at altitudes between 22,000 feet (6,700 m) and 49,000 feet (15,000 m) in 1997.
209:
to develop science platform aircraft technology. It was renamed "Pathfinder" because it was "literally the pathfinder for a future fleet of solar-powered aircraft that could stay airborne for weeks or months on scientific sampling and imaging missions". A series of flights were planned to demonstrate
225:
Pathfinder was powered by eight electric motors — later reduced to six — which were first powered by batteries. It had a wing span of 98.4 feet (30.0 m). Two underwing pods contain the landing gear, batteries, triple-redundant instrumentation system, and dual-redundant flight control computers.
352:
wireless communications signal from 65,000 feet (20,000 m), giving the aircraft the equivalence of a 12 miles (19 km) tall transmitter tower. Because of the aircraft's high lookdown angle, the transmission utilized only one watt of power, or 1/10,000 of the power required by a terrestrial
323:
The
Pathfinder-Plus development flights flown at PMRF in the summer of 1998 validated power, aerodynamic, and systems technologies for its successor, the Centurion. On August 6, 1998, Pathfinder-Plus, piloted by Derek Lisoski, proved its design by raising the national altitude record to 80,201 feet
311:
During 1998, the
Pathfinder was modified into the longer-winged Pathfinder-Plus configuration. It used four of the five sections from the original Pathfinder wing, but substituted a new 44 feet (13 m) long center wing section that incorporated a high-altitude airfoil designed for the follow-on
229:
Pathfinder flies at an airspeed of only 15 miles per hour (24 km/h) to 25 miles per hour (40 km/h). Pitch control is maintained by the use of tiny elevators on the trailing edge of the wing Turn and yaw control is accomplished by slowing down or speeding up the motors on the outboard
356:
Ray Morgan, president of AeroVironment, has described the concept as, "What we're trying to do is create what we call an 'atmospheric satellite,' which operates and performs many of the functions as a satellite would do in space, but does it very close in, in the atmosphere"
312:
Centurion/Helios. The new section was twice as long as the original, and increased the overall wingspan of the craft from 98.4 feet (30.0 m) to 121 feet (37 m). The new center section was topped by more-efficient silicon solar cells developed by
174:, who built the first solar-powered flying models in 1974. As part of the ERAST program, AeroVironment built four generations of long endurance unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under the leadership of Ray Morgan, the first of which was the Pathfinder.
190:
in Nevada. The flights were conducted using radio control and battery power, as the aircraft had not been fitted with solar cells. HALSOL's aerodynamics were validated, but the investigation led to the conclusion that neither
1404:
202:(BMDO). With the addition of small solar arrays, five low-altitude checkout flights were flown under the BMDO program at NASA Dryden in the fall of 1993 and early 1994 on a combination of solar and battery power.
1005:
2029:
1386:
1018:
1410:
1432:
982:
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954:"Photovoltaic Finesse: Better Solar Cells—with Wires Where the Sun Don't Shine", an article by Daniel Cho on page thirty-three of the September, 2003 issue of
257:
On
September 11, 1995, Pathfinder set an unofficial altitude record for solar powered aircraft of 50,000 feet (15,000 m) during a 12-hour flight from
1851:
855:
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217:
On
October 21, 1995, the aircraft's fragility was aptly demonstrated when it was severely damaged in a hangar accident, but was subsequently rebuilt.
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in 1992, sediment/algal concentrations in coastal waters and assessment of coral reef health. Science activities are coordinated by the NASA
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1066:
871:"SkyTower Successfully Tests World's First Commercial Telecom Applications from More Than 65,000 feet (20,000 m) in the Stratosphere",
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825:
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Major science activities of
Pathfinder missions have included detection of forest nutrient status, forest regrowth after damage caused by
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cell nor energy storage technology were mature enough to make the idea practical for the time being, and so HALSOL was put into storage.
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concept designated "High
Altitude Solar" or HALSOL. The HALSOL prototype first flew in June 1983. Nine HALSOL flights took place at
2335:
2742:
2644:
2377:
1521:
1516:
199:
911:
Knapp, Don. "'Atmospheric satellites' could cut the cost of communications", CNN, August 11, 1998, accessed
September 13, 2008
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2222:
1660:
1392:
332:
In July 2002 Pathfinder-Plus carried commercial communications relay equipment developed by
Skytower, Inc., a subsidiary of
142:(ERAST) program. They were built to develop the technologies that would allow long-term, high-altitude aircraft to serve as
2619:
2426:
1949:
1088:
146:, to perform atmospheric research tasks as well as serve as communications platforms. They were developed further into the
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David, Leonard, "Stratospheric
Platform Serves As Satellite" Space.com, July 24, 2002, accessed September 11, 2008
724:
261:. This and subsequent records claimed by NASA for Pathfinder remain unofficial, as they were not validated by the
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presented the NASA-industry ERAST team with an award for one of the "10 Most Memorable Record Flights" of 1995.
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In 1993, after ten years in storage, the aircraft was brought back to flight status for a brief mission by the
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In 1983, AeroVironment obtained funding from an unspecified US government agency to secretly investigate a
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336:, in a test of using the aircraft as a broadcast platform. Skytower, in partnership with NASA and the
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Pathfinder-Plus in flight over Hawaii, June 2002, equipped with Skytower communications equipment
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2011:
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993:"3G Tested at 65,000 feet (20,000 m) in the stratosphere" 3G news release July 23, 2002
892:
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1538:
1506:
1442:
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710:
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8:
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2016:
1997:
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37:
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1801:
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79:
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AeroVironment initiated its development of full-scale solar-powered aircraft with the
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2124:
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2004:
1964:
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20:
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1972:
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921:
677:
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102:
265:, the internationally recognized aviation world record sanctioning body. The
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1954:
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vehicles in the late 1970s and early 1980s, following the pioneering work of
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123:
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were the first two aircraft developed as part of an evolutionary series of
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1073:
723:
This article contains material that originally came from the web article
171:
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106:
210:
that an extremely light and fragile aircraft structure with a very high
2217:
1919:
1912:
1427:
704:
369:
Pathfinder Plus (left) and Helios Prototype (right) on the Dryden ramp
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2607:
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2196:
2189:
1986:
1884:
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127:
349:
313:
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324:(24,445 m) for solar-powered and propeller-driven aircraft.
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1980:
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1939:
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1302:
1171:
770:
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After further modifications, the aircraft was moved to the
344:" by successfully using the aircraft to transmit both an
1271:
922:
Investigation of the Helios Prototype Aircraft Mishap
140:
Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
842:
NASA Pathfinder fact sheet, archived at archive.org
837:
835:
833:
826:
NASA Pathfinder fact sheet, archived at archive.org
789:Goebel, Greg, "The Prehistory of Endurance UAVs",
727:by Greg Goebel, which exists in the Public Domain.
377:Solar Aircraft Evolution through the ERAST Program
1032:NASA-AeroVironment contract for followon projects
934:NASA Centurion Fact Sheet archived at archive.org
927:
804:
2704:
830:
327:
2728:Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
1287:
1089:
766:"NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: Helios Prototype"
740:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
233:
875:, July 22, 2002, accessed September 11, 2008
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
915:
1666:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
1294:
1280:
1103:
1096:
1082:
1001:article on Pathfinder Plus altitude record
924:– Volume 1, T.E. Noll et al., January 2004
793:, chapter 12. Exists in the public domain.
2733:1990s United States experimental aircraft
2560:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
747:
886:
864:
372:
364:
299:
291:
205:In 1994 the aircraft transferred to the
2645:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
782:
590:electric, 2 hp (1.5 kW) each
220:
2705:
1433:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
200:Ballistic Missile Defense Organization
2223:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
1275:
1077:
2685:
1195:
338:Japan Ministry of Telecommunications
138:developed the vehicles under NASA's
904:
668:History of unmanned aerial vehicles
13:
1339:National Aeronautics and Space Act
738:from websites or documents of the
304:Pathfinder-Plus on display at the
287:
14:
2759:
2293:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1847:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
1019:History of solar powered UAVs at
963:
360:
280:(PMRF) on the Hawaiian island of
2684:
2673:
2672:
2588:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
2346:Space Flight Operations Facility
1532:Operations and Checkout Building
778:from the original on 2023-04-19.
734: This article incorporates
729:
707:(First flight 11 September 2019)
42:Pathfinder in flight over Hawaii
36:
1807:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
938:
713:(First flight 17 February 2020)
687:(First flight 8 September 1999)
680:(First flight 10 November 1998)
267:National Aeronautic Association
246:and include researchers at the
19:For the Mars roving probe, see
16:Unmanned solar powered aircraft
2743:Eight-engined tractor aircraft
1006:Telecom relay achievements at
846:
278:Pacific Missile Range Facility
177:
1:
1037:Helios record attempt article
717:
157:
2738:Six-engined tractor aircraft
2625:Space program on U.S. stamps
2550:Gemini and Apollo medallions
2500:Solar System Family Portrait
2276:Joint Polar Satellite System
2145:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
1399:Vision for Space Exploration
1369:Space Exploration Initiative
980:Helios model by DesignsbyALX
340:, tested the concept of an "
7:
2620:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
2577:We choose to go to the Moon
2540:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
2098:International Space Station
2078:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1817:Great Observatories program
1661:International Space Station
1639:Roscosmos State Corporation
1556:Science Mission Directorate
1502:Manned Space Flight Network
700:(First flight 28 June 2016)
656:
328:Atmospheric satellite tests
10:
2764:
2437:NASA cameras on spacecraft
2248:James Webb Space Telescope
2160:Solar Dynamics Observatory
1381:U.S. National Space Policy
1162:MacCready Solar Challenger
725:"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles"
234:Flight testing and records
18:
2668:
2568:
2445:
2360:
2305:
2268:
2067:
1877:
1864:
1794:
1708:
1698:
1653:
1579:
1568:
1512:Vehicle Assembly Building
1420:
1319:
1309:
1208:
1170:
1146:
1139:
1112:
589:
463:
446:
429:
98:
93:
85:
75:
63:
52:
47:
35:
28:
2583:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2507:The Day the Earth Smiled
1842:Solar Terrestrial Probes
1301:
1041:NASA image collections:
791:Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
650:Li batteries, fuel cell
252:University of California
132:unmanned aerial vehicles
2640:Other primates in space
2352:Deep Space Atomic Clock
2172:Mars Science Laboratory
1960:Spitzer Space Telescope
1549:Lunar Sample Laboratory
1492:Launch Services Program
1027:Pathfinder Plus at NASM
703:SoftBank/AeroVironment
2723:Solar-powered aircraft
2713:AeroVironment aircraft
2655:National Astronaut Day
2598:The Astronaut Monument
2420:Space Shuttle missions
2120:Mars Exploration Rover
2103:Hubble Space Telescope
2012:Kepler space telescope
1812:Earth Observing System
1786:Mars Exploration Rover
1497:Mercury Control Center
880:November 20, 2006, at
736:public domain material
694:(First flight in 2008)
673:Regenerative fuel cell
378:
370:
308:
297:
230:sections of the wing.
144:atmospheric satellites
2603:Lunar sample displays
2593:Space Mirror Memorial
2535:Voyager Golden Record
2427:United States rockets
1619: (with the
1527:Launch Control Center
1067:NASA Helios Prototype
1008:Airport International
970:NASA's Helios Project
898:May 15, 2008, at the
615:Solar pwr output (kW)
499:16.5–23.5 (30.6–43.5)
376:
368:
348:signal as well as an
342:atmospheric satellite
318:Sunnyvale, California
303:
295:
1621:Soviet space program
1539:Johnson Space Center
1507:Kennedy Space Center
1470:spinoff technologies
1196:NASA Pathfinder Plus
1057:NASA Pathfinder Plus
1021:The Future of Things
711:BAE Systems PHASA-35
314:SunPower Corporation
248:University of Hawaii
244:Ames Research Center
221:Aircraft description
120:NASA Pathfinder Plus
2630:Apollo 17 Moon mice
2486:Pillars of Creation
2393:Space Shuttle crews
1871:(human and robotic)
1865:Individual featured
1448:Ranks and positions
957:Scientific American
853:NAA record database
683:NASA/AeroVironment
383:
136:AeroVironment, Inc.
48:General information
2432:NASA cancellations
2327:Deep Space Network
2317:Near Earth Network
1802:Living With a Star
1776:Project Prometheus
1756:Planetary Observer
1122:Gossamer Albatross
1050:2013-04-15 at the
985:2011-05-19 at the
858:2012-02-12 at the
798:2009-02-11 at the
774:. 13 August 2015.
635:Supplemental power
547:Max. weight lb(kg)
507:Max altitude ft(m)
489:Airspeed kts(km/h)
381:
379:
371:
309:
298:
207:NASA ERAST Program
80:NASA ERAST Program
56:Remote controlled
2700:
2699:
2613:stolen or missing
2410:uncrewed missions
2388:Apollo astronauts
2383:Gemini astronauts
2301:
2300:
2085:2001 Mars Odyssey
1860:
1859:
1736:Mars Surveyor '98
1694:
1693:
1637: (with
1570:Human spaceflight
1564:
1563:
1522:Launch Complex 48
1517:Launch Complex 39
1269:
1268:
1204:
1203:
1014:Space.com article
663:Electric aircraft
654:
653:
306:Udvar-Hazy Center
112:
111:
2755:
2688:
2687:
2676:
2675:
2514:Fallen Astronaut
2155:Van Allen Probes
1875:
1874:
1781:Mars Exploration
1706:
1705:
1577:
1576:
1345:Space Task Group
1317:
1316:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1236:RQ-14 Dragon Eye
1226:Nano Hummingbird
1156:Gossamer Penguin
1144:
1143:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1075:
1074:
947:
942:
936:
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908:
902:
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862:
850:
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839:
828:
823:
802:
786:
780:
779:
762:
733:
732:
685:Helios Prototype
576:100–600 (45–270)
522:65,000 (19,812)
384:
380:
168:Solar Challenger
164:Gossamer Penguin
130:-system-powered
40:
26:
25:
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2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2664:
2564:
2555:Mission patches
2530:Pioneer plaques
2493:Mystic Mountain
2470:Family Portrait
2463:The Blue Marble
2447:
2441:
2415:Apollo missions
2356:
2308:
2297:
2264:
2069:
2063:
1900:Mercury-Atlas 6
1870:
1866:
1856:
1790:
1726:Mariner Mark II
1690:
1671:Commercial Crew
1649:
1572:
1560:
1544:Mission Control
1443:Astronaut Corps
1438:Chief Scientist
1416:
1321:
1305:
1300:
1270:
1265:
1221:Global Observer
1216:FQM-151 Pointer
1200:
1191:NASA Pathfinder
1166:
1135:
1130:Gossamer Condor
1108:
1102:
1052:Wayback Machine
1045:NASA Pathfinder
987:Wayback Machine
975:Helios for kids
966:
951:
950:
943:
939:
932:
928:
920:
916:
909:
905:
900:Wayback Machine
891:
887:
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860:Wayback Machine
851:
847:
840:
831:
824:
805:
800:Wayback Machine
787:
783:
764:
763:
748:
730:
720:
698:Facebook Aquila
659:
527:Empty Wt lb(kg)
519:96,863 (29,523)
513:80,201 (24,445)
510:71,530 (21,802)
393:Pathfinder-Plus
382:Specifications
363:
330:
290:
288:Pathfinder-Plus
240:Hurricane Iniki
236:
223:
180:
160:
116:NASA Pathfinder
105:
43:
31:Pathfinder Plus
30:
24:
21:Mars Pathfinder
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2650:Astronauts Day
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2319:
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2311:
2309:and navigation
2307:Communications
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2287:Europa Clipper
2283:
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1140:Solar-powered
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1123:
1118:
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1113:Human-powered
1111:
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1105:AeroVironment
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751:
746:
743:
741:
737:
728:
726:
712:
709:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:Airbus Zephyr
689:
686:
682:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
649:
646:
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640:
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629:
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623:
620:
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614:
613:
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597:
594:
593:
586:
585:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
556:±1,900 (±862)
555:
552:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
525:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
496:15–18 (27–33)
495:
493:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
467:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
443:
440:
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434:
433:
426:
425:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
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401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
385:
375:
367:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:AeroVironment
325:
321:
319:
315:
307:
302:
294:
285:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
231:
227:
218:
215:
213:
208:
203:
201:
196:
194:
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185:
175:
173:
169:
165:
155:
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149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
108:
104:
101:
97:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
70:AeroVironment
68:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
2748:Flying wings
2690:
2678:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2285:
2234:Perseverance
2233:
2195:
2188:
2165:
2125:
2108:
2092:New Horizons
2090:
2083:
2076:
2049:
2041:
2017:
2005:
1998:
1985:
1973:
1965:
1926:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1633:
1617:Apollo–Soyuz
1190:
1155:
1129:
1121:
1020:
1007:
998:
955:
940:
929:
917:
906:
888:
872:
866:
848:
790:
784:
769:
722:
721:
647:Li batteries
452:Aspect ratio
407:Length ft(m)
402:Helios HP03
355:
331:
322:
310:
271:
256:
237:
228:
224:
216:
212:aspect ratio
204:
197:
193:photovoltaic
181:
161:
119:
115:
113:
86:Number built
76:Primary user
65:Manufacturer
2520:Deep fields
2448:and artwork
2446:NASA images
2018:Opportunity
1487:NASA Social
1313:and history
1256:Switchblade
1231:RQ-11 Raven
1186:NASA Helios
559:2,048 (929)
539:1,322 (600)
469:Glide ratio
447:247 (75.3)
438:98.4 (29.5)
427:Chord ft(m)
422:16.5 (5.0)
399:Helios HP01
259:NASA Dryden
178:Development
152:NASA Helios
107:NASA Helios
2707:Categories
2608:Moon rocks
2368:Astronauts
2361:NASA lists
2218:OSIRIS-REx
2052:helicopter
1920:Pioneer 11
1913:Pioneer 10
1716:Hitchhiker
1591:suborbital
1428:Space Race
1241:RQ-20 Puma
1154:MacCready
1128:MacCready
1120:MacCready
718:References
705:HAPSMobile
573:150 (67,5)
464:30.9 to 1
444:206 (61.8)
441:121 (36.3)
390:Pathfinder
188:Groom Lake
158:Pathfinder
154:aircraft.
29:Pathfinder
2635:Moon tree
2456:Earthrise
2331:Goldstone
2228:Mars 2020
2197:Voyager 2
2190:Voyager 1
2126:Curiosity
2070:operating
2068:Currently
2050:Ingenuity
1987:MESSENGER
1966:Sojourner
1895:Mercury 3
1885:Apollo 11
1832:Discovery
1822:Explorers
1411:Augustine
1375:Augustine
644:batteries
641:batteries
638:batteries
579:726 (329)
553:700 (315)
550:560 (252)
396:Centurion
274:U.S. Navy
128:fuel-cell
2679:Category
2341:Canberra
2253:timeline
2241:timeline
2177:timeline
2133:timeline
2030:observed
2025:timeline
1993:Aquarius
1933:timeline
1906:Magellan
1868:missions
1766:Surveyor
1702:programs
1632:Shuttle–
1573:programs
1405:Aldridge
1324:creation
1107:aircraft
1048:Archived
983:Archived
945:NASA.gov
896:Archived
878:Archived
856:Archived
796:Archived
776:Archived
690:QinetiQ/
657:See also
570:100 (45)
430:8 (2.4)
419:12 (3.6)
416:12 (3.6)
413:12 (3.6)
410:12 (3.6)
350:IMT-2000
250:and the
2691:Commons
2569:Related
2378:by year
2373:by name
2150:GOES 15
2140:GOES 14
2057:flights
2043:InSight
1999:Cassini
1927:Galileo
1852:SIMPLEx
1827:Voyager
1795:Current
1751:Pioneer
1721:Mariner
1700:Robotic
1681:Artemis
1654:Current
1597:Mercury
1589: (
1482:NASA TV
1421:General
1320:History
1251:SkyTote
1147:Piloted
587:Engines
475:21 to 1
472:18 to 1
461:26 to 1
458:15 to 1
455:12 to 1
94:History
2336:Madrid
2269:Future
2184:NuSTAR
2115:THEMIS
2037:RHESSI
1974:Spirit
1771:Viking
1761:Ranger
1612:Skylab
1607:Apollo
1602:Gemini
1460:Budget
1413:(2009)
1407:(2004)
1401:(2004)
1395:(2003)
1389:(2002)
1387:CFUSAI
1383:(1996)
1377:(1990)
1371:(1989)
1365:(1987)
1359:(1986)
1357:Rogers
1353:(1986)
1347:(1958)
1341:(1958)
1335:(1915)
1311:Policy
387:
126:- and
2281:NISAR
2236:rover
2208:MAVEN
2128:rover
2109:Swift
2020:rover
1981:LADEE
1976:rover
1968:rover
1945:GRAIL
1940:GALEX
1731:MESUR
1676:Orion
1477:NASA+
1453:Chief
1351:Paine
873:Ewire
630:18.5
282:Kauai
124:solar
2260:PACE
2203:WISE
2166:Juno
2006:Dawn
1950:WMAP
1890:COBE
1878:Past
1709:Past
1587:X-15
1580:Past
1393:CAIB
1363:Ride
1333:NACA
1303:NASA
1261:Wasp
1246:T-20
1174:UAVs
1172:NASA
771:NASA
621:12.5
346:HDTV
166:and
150:and
118:and
114:The
53:Type
2213:MMS
1634:Mir
618:7.5
610:10
516:n/a
316:of
276:'s
263:FAI
184:UAV
58:UAV
2709::
832:^
806:^
768:.
749:^
742:.
627:35
624:31
607:14
604:14
582:?
542:?
502:?
484:?
134:.
2579:"
2575:"
2348:)
2329:(
1641:)
1623:)
1593:)
1326:)
1322:(
1295:e
1288:t
1281:v
1097:e
1090:t
1083:v
989:.
601:8
598:6
536:?
533:?
530:?
481:?
478:?
89:1
23:.
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