1710:
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408:
1722:
37:
235:
The Solar
Challenger was designed to be sturdier, more powerful, and more maneuverable than the Gossamer Penguin so as to be able to withstand sustained high-altitude flight and normal turbulence. It was over three times as heavy (without pilot) as the Gossamer Penguin and had a shorter wingspan, but
182:
The Solar
Challenger was designed by a team led by Paul MacCready as a more airworthy improvement on the Gossamer Penguin, directly incorporating lessons learned from flight testing the earlier aircraft. As with the Gossamer Penguin, construction was sponsored by
191:
supplied the motors and solar panels, designed by Robert
Boucher. The plane's wings carried 16,128 solar cells yielding a maximum solar power of 3,800 watts. It was flight tested in Western USA in winter 1980–1981.
236:
was proportionately more powerful, with electricity supplied by 16,128 solar cells powering two three-horsepower motors. The solar panels were directly affixed to the wing and large
515:
174:, and was the first such craft capable of long-distance flight. In 1981, it successfully completed a 163-mile (262 km) demonstration flight from France to England.
1951:
1760:
1615:
1292:
661:
454:
240:, both of which had to be flat on top to accommodate them. The two motors, each 3 inches wide and 17 inches long and incorporating
1261:
1097:
970:
591:
1971:
1432:
1399:
1394:
728:
1139:
249:
1981:
1753:
623:
1437:
196:
1453:
805:
219:, staying aloft 5 hours and 23 minutes, with pilot Stephen Ptacek at the controls. Currently the plane is owned by the
1581:
1516:
1458:
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570:
481:
1586:
1349:
830:
17:
1961:
1946:
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1107:
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701:
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543:
224:
1784:
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1651:
1031:
790:
1976:
1561:
1036:
721:
369:
14,300 ft (4,360 m) demonstrated, 35,000 ft (11,000 m) calculated at summer solstice
1818:
1571:
1424:
1413:
1287:
1134:
1092:
1072:
537:
1956:
1920:
1895:
1792:
1051:
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800:
685:
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1468:
1359:
1205:
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1087:
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Solar
Challenger - Exclusive first hand report, of Paul MacCready's solar powered aircraft project
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399:
220:
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1714:
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825:
714:
241:
160:
72:
1915:
1531:
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1354:
1177:
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778:
237:
171:
55:
1566:
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1511:
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1021:
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763:
187:
in exchange for publicity for the company's patented materials incorporated in the design.
8:
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253:
144:
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1661:
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1302:
1154:
1056:
1046:
1016:
773:
483:"Solar-Powered UAVS: HALSOL & Solar HAPP", The Prehistory Of Endurance UAVs
216:
148:
88:
697:
1940:
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1041:
758:
737:
487:
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77:
65:
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36:
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141:
608:
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1144:
922:
565:
Ciotti, Paul, (2002) "More With Less", Encounter Books, San
Francisco,
426:
252:. The design incorporated advanced synthetic materials with very high
1463:
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393:
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1666:
1641:
694:
Aerovironment page on Solar
Challenger (some info now out-of-date)
598:
Martyn Cowley, with drawings by Pat Lloyd. Aeromodeller, June 1981
1681:
516:"Physicist's Solar Airplane Set to Challenge the English Channel"
407:
245:
706:
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269:
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257:
204:
184:
273:
261:
200:
1836:
547:
248:, operated in tandem on a common shaft to drive a single,
688:
Gallery of photographs of Solar
Challenger by Don Monroe
155:. The aircraft was designed as an improvement on the
389:
439:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
357:
400 mi (645 km, 350 nmi) (projected)
159:, which in turn was a solar-powered variant of the
662:"The Solar Challenger | Exhibitions | Smithsonian"
276:, all supplied by the aircraft's sponsor, Dupont.
195:On July 7, 1981, the aircraft flew 163 miles from
336:1 × solar-powered electric motor , 2.75 hp (2 kW)
170:on its wing and stabilizer, without even reserve
1938:
1423:
532:
530:
528:
1754:
1616:List of countries by photovoltaics production
1293:Solar-Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One
722:
455:Solar-Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One
429:, whose solar cells were used on this project
1098:Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
525:
1768:
1761:
1747:
971:Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells
729:
715:
692:UAS Advanced Development: Solar Challenger
629:
1952:1980s United States experimental aircraft
509:
507:
505:
503:
1433:Grid-connected photovoltaic power system
584:
582:
580:
578:
1400:Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge
1395:Hunt-Winston School Solar Car Challenge
620:"Solar Challenger" by Don Monroe (1981)
513:
14:
1939:
500:
473:
351:40 mph (64 km/h, 35 kn)
1742:
710:
575:
1721:
1438:List of photovoltaic power stations
24:
1454:Rooftop photovoltaic power station
857:Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si)
806:Third-generation photovoltaic cell
479:
318:47 ft 0 in (14.3 m)
25:
1993:
1459:Building-integrated photovoltaics
956:Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics
862:Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si)
736:
679:
312:29 ft 0 in (8.8 m)
279:
166:. It was powered entirely by the
41:A drawing of the Solar Challenger
1720:
1709:
1708:
831:Polarizing organic photovoltaics
702:San Diego Air & Space Museum
637:"Solar-Plane Sets Height Record"
514:Lindsey, Robert (June 9, 1981),
406:
392:
381:150 ft/min (0.765 m/s)
35:
1972:Single-engined tractor aircraft
966:Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
847:List of semiconductor materials
539:Solar-Power Research and Dryden
197:Pontoise – Cormeilles Aerodrome
1078:Incremental conductance method
872:Copper indium gallium selenide
821:Thermodynamic efficiency limit
654:
613:
601:
559:
13:
1:
1385:South African Solar Challenge
544:Dryden Flight Research Center
467:
1982:Aircraft first flown in 1980
1032:Photovoltaic mounting system
250:controllable-pitch propeller
209:Manston Royal Air Force Base
7:
1037:Maximum power point tracker
607:Boucher, Robert J, (1984),
385:
10:
1998:
1827:MacCready Solar Challenger
1288:Solar panels on spacecraft
1135:Solar-powered refrigerator
1093:Concentrated photovoltaics
1073:Perturb and observe method
852:Crystalline silicon (c-Si)
177:
1873:
1835:
1811:
1804:
1777:
1704:
1624:
1608:
1599:
1477:
1446:
1412:
1332:
1316:
1270:
1229:
1127:
1120:
1065:
994:
986:Heterojunction solar cell
961:Dye-sensitized solar cell
921:
910:
885:
839:
801:Multi-junction solar cell
791:Nominal power (Watt-peak)
751:
744:
330:350 lb (159 kg)
254:strength to weight ratios
230:
124:
116:
111:
103:
95:
83:
71:
61:
51:
46:
34:
29:
1469:Strasskirchen Solar Park
1360:American Solar Challenge
1206:Solar-powered flashlight
1193:Solar-powered calculator
1188:Solar cell phone charger
877:Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
686:Solar Challenger Gallery
324:205 lb (90 kg)
1375:Frisian Solar Challenge
1345:List of solar car teams
1103:Space-based solar power
1083:Constant voltage method
1012:Solar charge controller
898:Timeline of solar cells
893:Growth of photovoltaics
609:History of Solar Flight
400:Renewable energy portal
291:General characteristics
221:Smithsonian Institution
1962:AeroVironment aircraft
1947:Solar-powered aircraft
1365:Formula Sun Grand Prix
1197:Solar-powered fountain
1140:Solar air conditioning
941:Quantum dot solar cell
931:Nanocrystal solar cell
826:Sun-free photovoltaics
1355:World Solar Challenge
1178:Photovoltaic keyboard
1108:PV system performance
981:Perovskite solar cell
779:Solar cell efficiency
363:11 hours (projected)
238:horizontal stabilizer
56:Experimental aircraft
1861:NASA Pathfinder Plus
1625:Individual producers
1333:Solar vehicle racing
1022:Solar micro-inverter
951:Plasmonic solar cell
796:Thin-film solar cell
764:Photoelectric effect
225:Air and Space Museum
1221:Solar traffic light
1201:Solar-powered radio
1168:Solar-powered watch
976:Printed solar panel
811:Solar cell research
421:Related development
47:General information
1977:High-wing aircraft
1787:Gossamer Albatross
1257:The Quiet Achiever
1216:Solar street light
1163:Solar-powered pump
936:Organic solar cell
816:Thermophotovoltaic
784:Quantum efficiency
594:2011-08-20 at the
168:photovoltaic cells
164:Gossamer Albatross
1934:
1933:
1869:
1868:
1736:
1735:
1700:
1699:
1595:
1594:
1408:
1407:
1283:Mauro Solar Riser
1278:Electric aircraft
1211:Solar-powered fan
1116:
1115:
1007:Balance of system
995:System components
946:Hybrid solar cell
906:
905:
867:Cadmium telluride
189:AstroFlight, Inc.
145:electric aircraft
134:
133:
16:(Redirected from
1989:
1957:1981 in aviation
1901:RQ-14 Dragon Eye
1891:Nano Hummingbird
1821:Gossamer Penguin
1809:
1808:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1740:
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1724:
1723:
1712:
1711:
1606:
1605:
1447:Building-mounted
1425:PV power station
1421:
1420:
1350:Solar challenges
1340:Solar car racing
1308:Solar Challenger
1298:Gossamer Penguin
1125:
1124:
919:
918:
769:Solar irradiance
749:
748:
731:
724:
717:
708:
707:
674:
673:
668:. Archived from
658:
652:
650:
649:
648:
643:, August 6, 1998
633:
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486:, archived from
477:
433:Gossamer Penguin
416:
411:
410:
402:
397:
396:
367:Service ceiling:
344:
293:
157:Gossamer Penguin
138:Solar Challenger
129:Gossamer Penguin
39:
30:Solar Challenger
27:
26:
21:
18:Solar Challenger
1997:
1996:
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1990:
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1986:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1886:Global Observer
1881:FQM-151 Pointer
1865:
1856:NASA Pathfinder
1831:
1800:
1795:Gossamer Condor
1773:
1767:
1737:
1732:
1696:
1620:
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1473:
1442:
1415:
1404:
1328:
1317:Water transport
1312:
1266:
1252:Solar golf cart
1225:
1183:Solar road stud
1112:
1066:System concepts
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990:
913:
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881:
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596:Wayback Machine
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242:samarium-cobalt
233:
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120:6 November 1980
91:
62:National origin
42:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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1846:NASA Centurion
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1662:Solar Frontier
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1637:Hanwha Q CELLS
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1582:United Kingdom
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1517:Czech Republic
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1303:Qinetiq Zephyr
1300:
1295:
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1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1265:
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1259:
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1230:Land transport
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1203:
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1155:Solar backpack
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1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1057:Synchronverter
1054:
1049:
1047:Solar shingles
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:Solar inverter
1014:
1009:
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774:Solar constant
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680:External links
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672:on 2013-09-26.
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520:New York Times
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480:Goebel, Greg,
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379:Rate of climb:
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349:Maximum speed:
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281:
280:Specifications
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217:United Kingdom
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149:Paul MacCready
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125:Developed from
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1967:Photovoltaics
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1778:Human-powered
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1770:AeroVironment
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1237:Solar vehicle
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1189:
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1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:Solar charger
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
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1133:
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1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1109:
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1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:Solar tracker
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
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1003:
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993:
987:
984:
982:
979:
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974:
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967:
964:
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949:
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944:
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934:
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929:
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920:
917:
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868:
865:
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848:
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844:
842:
838:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
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812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
785:
782:
781:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
759:Photovoltaics
757:
756:
754:
750:
747:
743:
739:
738:Photovoltaics
732:
727:
725:
720:
718:
713:
712:
709:
703:
699:
696:
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684:
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671:
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642:
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632:
625:
621:
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610:
604:
597:
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590:
585:
583:
581:
579:
572:
571:1-893554-50-3
568:
562:
549:
545:
541:
540:
533:
531:
529:
521:
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510:
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504:
490:on 2009-02-11
489:
485:
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450:Solar Impulse
448:
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415:
414:Energy portal
409:
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368:
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359:
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350:
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335:
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329:
328:Gross weight:
326:
323:
322:Empty weight:
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308:
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175:
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169:
165:
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161:human-powered
158:
154:
153:AeroVironment
150:
146:
143:
142:solar-powered
139:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
78:AeroVironment
76:
74:
70:
67:
66:United States
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
38:
33:
28:
19:
1826:
1820:
1794:
1786:
1726:
1713:
1692:Yingli Solar
1672:Sungen Solar
1647:Motech Solar
1601:PV companies
1562:South Africa
1380:Solar Splash
1121:Applications
1052:Solar mirror
912:Photovoltaic
700:, hosted by
670:the original
665:
656:
645:, retrieved
640:
631:
615:
603:
561:
551:, retrieved
538:
519:
492:, retrieved
488:the original
482:
475:
464:
438:
437:
420:
419:
378:
372:
366:
360:
354:
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341:
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333:
327:
321:
315:
309:
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297:
290:
288:
284:
283:
256:, including
234:
194:
181:
147:designed by
137:
135:
117:First flight
104:Number built
99:Museum piece
73:Manufacturer
1921:Switchblade
1896:RQ-11 Raven
1851:NASA Helios
1687:Trina Solar
1632:First Solar
1572:Switzerland
1552:Netherlands
1390:Tour de Sol
1088:Fill factor
1027:Solar cable
1002:Solar panel
923:Solar cells
641:Space Daily
460:Sunseeker I
342:Performance
334:Powerplant:
199:, north of
1941:Categories
1906:RQ-20 Puma
1819:MacCready
1793:MacCready
1785:MacCready
1609:By country
1479:By country
1414:Generation
1324:Solar boat
1173:Solar Tuki
1159:Solar tree
1145:Solar lamp
1128:Appliances
752:Technology
666:www.si.edu
647:2008-08-13
553:2008-08-13
494:2008-08-13
468:References
427:Sunrise II
361:Endurance:
244:permanent
1487:Australia
1464:Solar Ark
1370:Solar Cup
1262:Sunmobile
1242:Solar car
840:Materials
373:g limits:
316:Wingspan:
304:Capacity:
285:Data from
172:batteries
1772:aircraft
1715:Category
1677:Sunpower
1667:Solyndra
1642:JA Solar
1577:Thailand
1497:Bulgaria
745:Concepts
592:Archived
386:See also
84:Designer
1916:SkyTote
1812:Piloted
1727:Commons
1682:Suntech
1557:Romania
1527:Germany
1492:Belgium
1416:systems
886:History
624:Archive
310:Length:
246:magnets
213:Manston
178:History
112:History
1532:Greece
1522:France
1502:Canada
914:system
569:
445:Solair
375:+6, -3
355:Range:
272:, and
270:Teflon
266:Delrin
258:Kevlar
231:Design
205:France
185:DuPont
140:was a
96:Status
1657:Sharp
1567:Spain
1547:Japan
1542:Italy
1537:India
1512:China
1507:Chile
698:Video
298:Crew:
274:Mylar
262:Nomex
201:Paris
1926:Wasp
1911:T-20
1839:UAVs
1837:NASA
567:ISBN
548:NASA
136:The
52:Type
1652:REC
306:One
300:One
223:'s
211:in
207:to
151:'s
1943::
1587:US
664:.
639:,
577:^
546:,
542:,
527:^
518:,
502:^
268:,
264:,
260:,
227:.
215:,
203:,
1762:e
1755:t
1748:v
730:e
723:t
716:v
651:.
626:)
622:(
107:1
20:)
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