213:
187:
second similar performance on
November 19, this time before a crowd of VIPs and Media. It lasted 1 hr and 29 minutes. The third and final flight of the low altitude test series took place on December 3. On this flight the vehicle was loaded down to its maximum gross weight of 1,806 pounds (819.2 kg) to test its weight carrying capability. Total flight time on this flight was 30 minutes, as it was shortened because high winds were anticipated by mid-morning. All of these flights took place on battery power and verified the design's
160:
26:
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570:
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pounds (272.2 kg)) more efficiently. Its wing incorporated a redesigned high-altitude airfoil and the span was increased to 206 feet (63 m). The number of motors was increased to 14 and the number of underwing pods to carry batteries, flight control system components, ballast, and landing gear rose to four.
186:
on
November 10, 1998, and lasted a total of 1 hr and 24 minutes. At the time, it weighed in at 1,385 pounds (628.2 kg) (including a 150 pounds (68.0 kg) steel anvil hanging on its centerline to simulate a payload) for its first flight. The flight was nearly flawless and was followed by a
203:
The design of
Centurion resulted in an aircraft that looked very much like the Pathfinder, but with a much longer wingspan of 206 feet (63 m). Although the Centurion shape resembled the Pathfinder, the structure was designed to be stronger and capable of carrying numerous payloads (up to 600
1129:
725:
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unmanned aircraft. The ERAST program managers had determined that an aircraft based on the
Pathfinder/Pathfinder Plus concept would be the lowest risk approach of achieving the altitude goal.
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1111:
167:
Centurion, originally built for the 100,000 feet (30,000 m) altitude on solar power milestone specified by the ERAST project, was the third generation aircraft in the
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674:: Better Solar Cells—with Wires Where the Sun Don't Shine", an article by Daniel Cho on page thirty-three of the September, 2003 issue of
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1977:
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2017:
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191:, performance, and structural integrity. Following these three flights, NASA decided to expand the aircraft into the
139:
program. They were built to develop the technologies that would allow long-term, high-altitude aircraft to serve as
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143:, to perform atmospheric research tasks as well as serve as communications platforms. It was developed from the
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713:"3G Tested at 65,000 feet (20,000 m) in the stratosphere" 3G news release July 23, 2002
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2011:
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NASA Centurion fact sheet, archived at archive.org, accessed
September 8, 2008
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This article contains material that originally came from the web article
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25:
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on March 4, 1997. The full-size
Centurion's maiden flight took place at
1942:
1644:
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543:
119:
was the third aircraft developed as part of an evolutionary series of
2359:
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Initially, a quarter-scale model of the
Centurion was test flown at
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Environmental
Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST)
1027:
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603:
996:
649:
Investigation of the Helios
Prototype Aircraft Mishap
638:
NASA Pathfinder fact sheet, archived at archive.org
622:
620:
618:
566:by Greg Goebel, which exists in the Public Domain.
216:Solar Aircraft Evolution through the ERAST Program
33:Centurion takes off from Dryden in December, 1998
757:NASA-AeroVironment contract for followon projects
661:NASA Centurion Fact Sheet archived at archive.org
631:
2429:
654:
615:
2453:Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
1012:
814:
599:"NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: Helios Prototype"
579:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
593:
591:
589:
642:
1391:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
1019:
1005:
828:
821:
807:
721:article on Pathfinder Plus altitude record
651:– Volume 1, T.E. Noll et al., January 2004
2478:High-altitude and long endurance aircraft
2458:1990s United States experimental aircraft
2285:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
586:
211:
158:
2370:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
429:electric, 2 hp (1.5 kW) each
198:
195:, with work starting in January, 1999.
2430:
1158:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
1948:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
1000:
802:
2410:
147:aircraft and was developed into the
135:developed the vehicles under NASA's
13:
1064:National Aeronautics and Space Act
577:from websites or documents of the
14:
2489:
2463:Fourteen-engined tractor aircraft
2018:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1572:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
739:History of solar powered UAVs at
683:
207:
2409:
2398:
2397:
2313:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
2071:Space Flight Operations Facility
1257:Operations and Checkout Building
611:from the original on 2023-04-19.
573: This article incorporates
568:
546:(First flight 11 September 2019)
502:The prehistory of endurance UAVs
163:Quarter scale model of Centurion
24:
1532:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
552:(First flight 17 February 2020)
526:(First flight 8 September 1999)
726:Telecom relay achievements at
1:
762:Helios record attempt article
556:
171:series of electrical-powered
2473:Aircraft first flown in 1998
2350:Space program on U.S. stamps
2275:Gemini and Apollo medallions
2225:Solar System Family Portrait
2001:Joint Polar Satellite System
1870:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
1124:Vision for Space Exploration
1094:Space Exploration Initiative
700:Helios model by DesignsbyALX
154:
7:
2345:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
2302:We choose to go to the Moon
2265:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
1823:International Space Station
1803:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1542:Great Observatories program
1386:International Space Station
1364:Roscosmos State Corporation
1281:Science Mission Directorate
1227:Manned Space Flight Network
539:(First flight 28 June 2016)
495:
10:
2494:
2162:NASA cameras on spacecraft
1973:James Webb Space Telescope
1885:Solar Dynamics Observatory
1106:U.S. National Space Policy
887:MacCready Solar Challenger
564:"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles"
2393:
2293:
2170:
2085:
2030:
1993:
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1602:
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1237:Vehicle Assembly Building
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519:(First flew in June 1983)
428:
302:
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32:
23:
18:
2308:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2232:The Day the Earth Smiled
1567:Solar Terrestrial Probes
1026:
766:NASA image collections:
489:Li batteries, fuel cell
129:unmanned aerial vehicles
2365:Other primates in space
2077:Deep Space Atomic Clock
1897:Mars Science Laboratory
1685:Spitzer Space Telescope
1274:Lunar Sample Laboratory
1217:Launch Services Program
747:Pathfinder Plus at NASM
542:SoftBank/AeroVironment
2448:Solar-powered aircraft
2438:AeroVironment aircraft
2380:National Astronaut Day
2323:The Astronaut Monument
2145:Space Shuttle missions
1845:Mars Exploration Rover
1828:Hubble Space Telescope
1737:Kepler space telescope
1537:Earth Observing System
1511:Mars Exploration Rover
1222:Mercury Control Center
575:public domain material
533:(First flight in 2008)
512:Regenerative fuel cell
217:
164:
141:atmospheric satellites
2328:Lunar sample displays
2318:Space Mirror Memorial
2260:Voyager Golden Record
2152:United States rockets
1344: (with the
1252:Launch Control Center
792:NASA Helios Prototype
728:Airport International
690:NASA's Helios Project
454:Solar pwr output (kW)
338:16.5–23.5 (30.6–43.5)
215:
162:
1346:Soviet space program
1264:Johnson Space Center
1232:Kennedy Space Center
1195:spinoff technologies
921:NASA Pathfinder Plus
782:NASA Pathfinder Plus
752:Helios crash article
741:The Future of Things
672:Photovoltaic Finesse
550:BAE Systems PHASA-35
199:Aircraft description
145:NASA Pathfinder Plus
2355:Apollo 17 Moon mice
2211:Pillars of Creation
2118:Space Shuttle crews
1596:(human and robotic)
1590:Individual featured
1173:Ranks and positions
677:Scientific American
522:NASA/AeroVironment
222:
133:AeroVironment, Inc.
2157:NASA cancellations
2052:Deep Space Network
2042:Near Earth Network
1527:Living With a Star
1501:Project Prometheus
1481:Planetary Observer
847:Gossamer Albatross
775:2013-04-15 at the
705:2011-05-19 at the
607:. 13 August 2015.
474:Supplemental power
386:Max. weight lb(kg)
346:Max altitude ft(m)
328:Airspeed kts(km/h)
220:
218:
189:handling qualities
180:El Mirage Dry Lake
165:
74:NASA ERAST Program
70:Primary user
65:November 10, 1998
41:Remote controlled
2425:
2424:
2338:stolen or missing
2135:uncrewed missions
2113:Apollo astronauts
2108:Gemini astronauts
2026:
2025:
1810:2001 Mars Odyssey
1585:
1584:
1461:Mars Surveyor '98
1419:
1418:
1362: (with
1295:Human spaceflight
1289:
1288:
1247:Launch Complex 48
1242:Launch Complex 39
994:
993:
929:
928:
734:Space.com article
507:Electric aircraft
493:
492:
113:
112:
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2239:Fallen Astronaut
1880:Van Allen Probes
1600:
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1506:Mars Exploration
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1070:Space Task Group
1042:
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961:RQ-14 Dragon Eye
951:Nano Hummingbird
881:Gossamer Penguin
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524:Helios Prototype
415:100–600 (45–270)
361:65,000 (19,812)
223:
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193:Helios Prototype
127:-system-powered
104:
92:
82:
46:Type of aircraft
28:
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2280:Mission patches
2255:Pioneer plaques
2218:Mystic Mountain
2195:Family Portrait
2188:The Blue Marble
2172:
2166:
2140:Apollo missions
2081:
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2022:
1989:
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1625:Mercury-Atlas 6
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1581:
1515:
1451:Mariner Mark II
1415:
1396:Commercial Crew
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1269:Mission Control
1168:Astronaut Corps
1163:Chief Scientist
1141:
1046:
1030:
1025:
995:
990:
946:Global Observer
941:FQM-151 Pointer
925:
916:NASA Pathfinder
891:
860:
855:Gossamer Condor
833:
827:
777:Wayback Machine
770:NASA Pathfinder
707:Wayback Machine
695:Helios for kids
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537:Facebook Aquila
517:NASA Pathfinder
498:
366:Empty Wt lb(kg)
358:96,863 (29,523)
352:80,201 (24,445)
349:71,530 (21,802)
232:Pathfinder-Plus
221:Specifications
210:
201:
184:Rogers Dry Lake
169:NASA Pathfinder
157:
102:
96:NASA Pathfinder
90:
80:
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2375:Astronauts Day
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2034:and navigation
2032:Communications
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2015:
2012:Europa Clipper
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1466:New Millennium
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906:NASA Centurion
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787:NASA Centurion
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684:External links
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208:Specifications
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117:NASA Centurion
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103:Developed into
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91:Developed from
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2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:NASA insignia
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:Lunar plaques
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2202:Pale Blue Dot
2199:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:NASA missions
2128:
2126:
2125:NASA aircraft
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Space Network
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
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1931:
1929:
1926:
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1912:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
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1878:
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1721:
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1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Space Shuttle
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
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1601:
1598:
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1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:New Frontiers
1560:
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1499:
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1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:Lunar Orbiter
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
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1432:
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1426:
1422:
1412:
1411:Lunar Gateway
1409:
1407:
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1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1370:Constellation
1368:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1352:Space Shuttle
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
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1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1317:
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1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1279:
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1210:
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1196:
1193:
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1191:
1190:NASA research
1188:
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1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
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1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
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1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1002:
999:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
936:
934:Military UAVs
932:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
901:
898:
894:
888:
885:
883:
882:
877:
876:
874:
870:
867:
865:Solar-powered
863:
857:
856:
851:
849:
848:
843:
842:
840:
838:Human-powered
836:
831:
830:AeroVironment
824:
819:
817:
812:
810:
805:
804:
801:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
774:
771:
768:
767:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:
724:
722:
720:
719:Science Daily
716:
714:
711:
708:
704:
701:
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696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
679:
678:
673:
669:
668:
662:
657:
650:
645:
639:
634:
628:
623:
621:
619:
610:
606:
605:
600:
594:
592:
590:
585:
582:
580:
576:
567:
565:
551:
548:
545:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:Airbus Zephyr
528:
525:
521:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
432:
425:
424:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:
400:
397:
395:±1,900 (±862)
394:
391:
388:
385:
384:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
364:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
344:
340:
337:
335:15–18 (27–33)
334:
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
306:
299:
296:
293:
290:
289:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
265:
264:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
244:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
214:
205:
196:
194:
190:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
161:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
109:
106:
101:
100:
97:
94:
89:
88:
84:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
64:
62:First flight
61:
60:
57:
56:AeroVironment
54:
52:Manufacturer
51:
50:
44:
40:
37:
36:
31:
27:
22:
17:
2468:Flying wings
2415:
2403:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2010:
1959:Perseverance
1958:
1920:
1913:
1890:
1850:
1833:
1817:New Horizons
1815:
1808:
1801:
1774:
1766:
1742:
1730:
1723:
1710:
1698:
1690:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1358:
1342:Apollo–Soyuz
905:
880:
854:
846:
740:
727:
718:
675:
656:
644:
633:
602:
561:
560:
486:Li batteries
291:Aspect ratio
246:Length ft(m)
241:Helios HP03
202:
177:
166:
116:
114:
81:Number built
2245:Deep fields
2173:and artwork
2171:NASA images
1743:Opportunity
1212:NASA Social
1038:and history
981:Switchblade
956:RQ-11 Raven
911:NASA Helios
398:2,048 (929)
378:1,322 (600)
308:Glide ratio
286:247 (75.3)
277:98.4 (29.5)
266:Chord ft(m)
261:16.5 (5.0)
238:Helios HP01
173:flying wing
149:NASA Helios
108:NASA Helios
2432:Categories
2333:Moon rocks
2093:Astronauts
2086:NASA lists
1943:OSIRIS-REx
1777:helicopter
1645:Pioneer 11
1638:Pioneer 10
1441:Hitchhiker
1316:suborbital
1153:Space Race
966:RQ-20 Puma
879:MacCready
853:MacCready
845:MacCready
557:References
544:HAPSMobile
412:150 (67,5)
303:30.9 to 1
283:206 (61.8)
280:121 (36.3)
229:Pathfinder
19:Centurion
2360:Moon tree
2181:Earthrise
2056:Goldstone
1953:Mars 2020
1922:Voyager 2
1915:Voyager 1
1851:Curiosity
1795:operating
1793:Currently
1775:Ingenuity
1712:MESSENGER
1691:Sojourner
1620:Mercury 3
1610:Apollo 11
1557:Discovery
1547:Explorers
1136:Augustine
1100:Augustine
483:batteries
480:batteries
477:batteries
418:726 (329)
392:700 (315)
389:560 (252)
235:Centurion
155:Centurion
125:fuel-cell
2404:Category
2066:Canberra
1978:timeline
1966:timeline
1902:timeline
1858:timeline
1755:observed
1750:timeline
1718:Aquarius
1658:timeline
1631:Magellan
1593:missions
1491:Surveyor
1427:programs
1357:Shuttle–
1298:programs
1130:Aldridge
1049:creation
832:aircraft
773:Archived
703:Archived
609:Archived
529:QinetiQ/
496:See also
409:100 (45)
269:8 (2.4)
258:12 (3.6)
255:12 (3.6)
252:12 (3.6)
249:12 (3.6)
2416:Commons
2294:Related
2103:by year
2098:by name
1875:GOES 15
1865:GOES 14
1782:flights
1768:InSight
1724:Cassini
1652:Galileo
1577:SIMPLEx
1552:Voyager
1520:Current
1476:Pioneer
1446:Mariner
1425:Robotic
1406:Artemis
1379:Current
1322:Mercury
1314: (
1207:NASA TV
1146:General
1045:History
976:SkyTote
872:Piloted
426:Engines
314:21 to 1
311:18 to 1
300:26 to 1
297:15 to 1
294:12 to 1
2061:Madrid
1994:Future
1909:NuSTAR
1840:THEMIS
1762:RHESSI
1699:Spirit
1496:Viking
1486:Ranger
1337:Skylab
1332:Apollo
1327:Gemini
1185:Budget
1138:(2009)
1132:(2004)
1126:(2004)
1120:(2003)
1114:(2002)
1112:CFUSAI
1108:(1996)
1102:(1990)
1096:(1989)
1090:(1987)
1084:(1986)
1082:Rogers
1078:(1986)
1072:(1958)
1066:(1958)
1060:(1915)
1036:Policy
226:
123:- and
2006:NISAR
1961:rover
1933:MAVEN
1853:rover
1834:Swift
1745:rover
1706:LADEE
1701:rover
1693:rover
1670:GRAIL
1665:GALEX
1456:MESUR
1401:Orion
1202:NASA+
1178:Chief
1076:Paine
469:18.5
121:solar
38:Role
1985:PACE
1928:WISE
1891:Juno
1731:Dawn
1675:WMAP
1615:COBE
1603:Past
1434:Past
1312:X-15
1305:Past
1118:CAIB
1088:Ride
1058:NACA
1028:NASA
986:Wasp
971:T-20
899:UAVs
897:NASA
604:NASA
460:12.5
115:The
1938:MMS
1359:Mir
457:7.5
449:10
355:n/a
43:UAV
2434::
617:^
601:.
588:^
581:.
463:31
446:14
443:14
421:?
381:?
341:?
323:?
151:.
131:.
85:1
2304:"
2300:"
2073:)
2054:(
1366:)
1348:)
1318:)
1051:)
1047:(
1020:e
1013:t
1006:v
822:e
815:t
808:v
709:.
670:"
466:?
440:8
437:6
375:?
372:?
369:?
320:?
317:?
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