2679:
1661:
642:
656:
2691:
31:
315:
The aircraft was lost when one engine component (redesigned since) failed in an unusual high-altitude storm turbulence at 17 km. By early 2023, Airbus planned to launch operations from the end of 2024 with around 18 aircraft. By 2034, a 1,000 aircraft constellation could cover 2.9 billion people, and
397:
Designed to fly at 20 km (65,000 ft) for more than a month, the 25 m (82 ft) wide Zephyr 8 is 30% lighter and can lift 50% more batteries than the Zephyr 7. It weighs 60 kg, 40% of which are batteries (24 kg), and the 5 kg payload can transmit video with a
304:
In summer 2018, for its maiden flight from
Arizona, the Zephyr S remained aloft for 25 days 23 hours 57 minutes, nearly twice as long as the previous record flight of 14 days set by its predecessor. By October 2021, it had flown 2,435 hours.
312:, venturing for the first time into international airspace and over water. On 19 August, the plane was lost over the Arizona desert after a flight time of 64 days. It covered 56,000 km over the southern United States, the Gulf of Mexico, and South America.
151:
in daylight to stay aloft at night. The latest Zephyr 8/S weighs 60 kg (130 lb), has a wingspan of 25 m (82 ft), can reach 23,200 m (76,100 ft) and can lift a 5 kg (11 lb) payload for months. They can be used for
1255:
268:
after a 336 hours (14 days), 22 min and 8 s flight, reaching 21,562 m (70,741 ft). It exceeded the nine days (216 hours) of the 1986 round-the-world flight of the
389:
Zephyr 7 was larger, at 53 kg, and capable of a maximum altitude between 20 and 21 km, it required five ground crew to launch, as opposed to three previously for the Zephyr 6.
1011:
459:
Endurance is targeted for up to 200–300 days. An 8 kg (17.6 lb) mobile connectivity payload can serve up to 100,000 people on the ground. A 5 kg Airbus-developed
1129:
1318:
1052:
324:
In
January 2023, the Aalto HAPS company was set up by Airbus to sell its mobile connectivity and earth observation services. In June 2024, a Japanese consortium led by
1111:
2732:
912:
286:
In 2014 it flew for 11 days in the short days of winter whilst carrying a small payload for the
British Ministry of Defence, and later near civilian airspace.
1074:
1617:
460:
1182:
1217:
438:
301:
In 2016, a twin-tailed Zephyr T variant, providing a maritime surveillance and communications capability, was scheduled for flight testing in 2018.
2737:
1665:
374:
1144:
1596:
935:
1015:
1603:
329:
761:
381:. Launched by hand, it can reach 18 km (60,000 ft). The first version had a battery capacity of 3 kW·h, driving two propellers.
876:
855:
261:
249:
2584:
2261:
449:
316:
would provide emergency 4G/5G following natural disasters. The larger Zephyr variant, with twice the payload capacity, is expected for 2026.
2717:
956:
2230:
2066:
1030:
2742:
1939:
366:
2401:
1305:"In-flight break-up involving Airbus Zephyr unmanned aerial vehicle, near Wyndham Airport, Western Australia, on 28 September 2019"
1236:
2368:
2363:
1697:
1092:
2108:
1578:
1197:
430:
1624:
189:, was planning to fly its Zephyr 3 up to 40 km at 70 m/s (250 km/h; 140 kn), after being released from a
807:
332:
committed to invest USD$ 100m in AALTO to commercialise connectivity HAPS services in Asia, targeting a 2026 introduction.
2406:
920:
361:
Zephyr 6 has a 18 m (59 ft) span and weighs 30–34 kg (70 lb) for a 2 kg (4.5 lb) payload.
2422:
1774:
2550:
2485:
2427:
1924:
1382:
1304:
629:
19 August 2022, Arizona, just before breaking the record for the longest flight of any aircraft (a total of 64 days)
345:
The 12 m (39 ft) wide aircraft had a carbon composite frame to weigh 12 kg (26 lb), and 1 kW of
2555:
2318:
1799:
1589:
1256:"MicroLink Devices Powers Successful Stratospheric Flight of Airbus Defence and Space Zephyr S HAPS Solar Aircraft"
224:
In
February 2005, Qinetiq was preparing a demonstration above 30,000 ft for the UK Ministry of Defence at the
2727:
2569:
2076:
1934:
1815:
1283:
1130:"NTT DOCOMO and Space Compass partners with Airbus on HAPS, committing to a USD$ 100 million investment in AALTO"
1752:
2694:
2520:
2046:
1840:
1789:
1340:
1269:
452:(ISR) with a wide visual payload coverage of 20Ă—30 km (12.4Ă—18.6 mi) and can be equipped with radar,
2353:
626:
28 September 2019, Wyndham, Western
Australia, during the first flight after the first incident in March 2019
2640:
2620:
2000:
1759:
1610:
2530:
2005:
1690:
997:
2540:
2393:
2382:
2256:
2103:
2061:
2041:
2722:
2020:
1954:
1929:
1769:
1643:
1467:
1349:
378:
370:
2455:
2437:
2328:
2174:
2161:
2156:
2056:
280:
206:
157:
133:
69:
2545:
2465:
2343:
2313:
2071:
2051:
1980:
1866:
1861:
1830:
1825:
1583:
647:
265:
140:
429:
up from 300–320 Wh/kg. Solar cells are high-efficiency, lightweight, and flexible inverted
2683:
2525:
2495:
2460:
2447:
2333:
1909:
1899:
1794:
1683:
727:
707:
398:
50 cm resolution from above 20 km. They should be able to operate year-round between
295:
186:
129:
2500:
2490:
2470:
2323:
2146:
1949:
1747:
1375:
1218:"United Kingdom Ministry of Defence places order for two solar-powered Airbus Zephyr 8s"
190:
117:
46:
441:, with specific power exceeding 1,500 W/kg and areal powers greater than 350 W/m.
248:
in
Arizona, the Zephyr 6 flew for 82 hours and 37 minutes, an unofficial record as the
2535:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2480:
2475:
1990:
1919:
1764:
1732:
701:
894:
8:
2189:
2169:
2136:
1944:
1880:
1820:
1779:
1498:
418:
403:
245:
979:
833:
2225:
2184:
2131:
1904:
1784:
1149:
225:
1164:
132:. In July 2010, the Zephyr 7 flew for 14 days. In March 2013, the project was sold to
2251:
2246:
2179:
1975:
1914:
1845:
1835:
1549:
1202:
362:
2308:
2292:
2276:
2266:
1737:
1523:
1493:
1368:
1350:"Zephyr S high-altitude persistent drone could achieve 100-day flight during tests"
682:
445:
422:
399:
210:
153:
148:
30:
785:
2220:
2151:
1513:
1012:"Farnborough 2016: Airbus releases Zephyr T details, outlines CONOPS for systems"
940:
688:
669:
661:
426:
198:
2630:
2605:
2271:
2123:
2025:
2015:
1985:
1742:
1528:
1075:"Up, up and away: Airbus' Zephyr drone breaks flight record high above Arizona"
675:
233:
229:
165:
161:
2711:
2215:
2205:
2118:
2010:
1727:
1706:
1429:
269:
2660:
2615:
2348:
1419:
358:
298:
purchased two Zephyr 8 planes. In August 2016, a third was purchased.
276:
244:
Between 28 and 31 July 2008, in a demonstration for the US military at its
202:
2655:
2625:
2600:
2358:
1995:
1970:
1648:
1554:
1424:
1198:"Solar Plane Aims for New Record: 3 Months Aloft Without a Pilot or Fuel"
860:
Absolute Record of class U (Experimental / New
Technologies) for Duration
194:
2141:
2113:
1891:
1414:
695:
346:
325:
144:
1093:"Unexpected end to Zephyr 8's record-smashing 64-day endurance flight"
197:
which had reached 29 km. It was envisionned as an alternative to
2432:
2338:
2210:
1559:
1508:
1472:
881:
Record of class U (Experimental / New
Technologies) for True altitude
411:
218:
641:
2645:
2635:
2610:
872:
851:
214:
1053:"Airbus Zephyr breaks more aviation records during flight testing"
2650:
1477:
1445:
1391:
309:
182:
125:
80:
1675:
957:"Airbus Zephyr Proves Value For Civil Operations in Middle East"
1533:
1221:
916:
407:
121:
619:
As of August 2022, three hull losses have been reported:
1518:
1503:
453:
1319:"Outback aviation incident linked to UK Ministry of Defence"
762:"Airbus readies high-flying Zephyr for 2024 service launch"
434:
1360:
136:. In the summer of 2022, the Zephyr 8/S flew for 64 days.
1307:. Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 28 September 2020.
1237:"Record-Breaking Zephyr's Battery Holds eVTOL Potential"
377:
with twice the energy density of the best alternative,
1068:
1066:
1112:"Airbus brands stratospheric drone business as Aalto"
1031:"Airbus sets flight endurance record with Zephyr UAV"
1046:
1044:
637:
1165:"Wing-to-tail guide to Zephyr, the 'eternal' plane"
1063:
954:
1253:
1041:
801:
799:
2733:Unmanned military aircraft of the United Kingdom
2709:
1299:
1297:
808:"UK's Zephyr UAV to be tested for military role"
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
221:balloon altitude record attempt failed in 2003.
2392:
1210:
1183:"British MoD Acquires Solar-Powered Zephyr UAV"
1234:
974:
972:
970:
827:
825:
823:
821:
796:
779:
777:
775:
2585:List of countries by photovoltaics production
2262:Solar-Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One
1691:
1376:
1294:
1145:"Inside Qinetiq's Zephyr solar powered plane"
913:"First flight of Astrium's Zephyr solar HAPS"
738:
450:intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
1028:
936:"Fly 11 days non-stop? Now that's long-haul"
260:On 23 July 2010, the Zephyr 7 took the
2067:Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
1347:
1109:
967:
818:
805:
772:
759:
725:
463:can deliver 18 cm-resolution imagery.
1940:Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells
1698:
1684:
1383:
1369:
614:
308:On 15 June 2022, the Zephyr S took off in
2738:High-altitude and long endurance aircraft
1072:
2402:Grid-connected photovoltaic power system
1000:(Press release). UK MOD. 17 August 2016.
410:operation gets more difficult at higher
2369:Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge
2364:Hunt-Winston School Solar Car Challenge
1195:
1050:
713:
275:In March 2013, the project was sold to
16:Series of lightweight solar-powered UAV
2710:
1579:Defence Evaluation and Research Agency
955:Woodrow Bellamy III (1 October 2014).
623:March 2019, Wyndham, Western Australia
319:
1679:
1364:
1254:MicroLink Devices (17 October 2018).
1073:Buchaniec, Catherine (22 July 2022).
1014:. Janes. 14 July 2016. Archived from
980:"MoD to buy high-flying solar planes"
933:
2690:
1241:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1142:
1132:(Press release). AALTO. 3 June 2024.
998:"MOD buys third record-breaking UAV"
892:
831:
783:
124:. They were designed originally by
2718:2000s British experimental aircraft
2407:List of photovoltaic power stations
1235:Graham Warwick (13 December 2018).
919:. 25 September 2013. Archived from
13:
2423:Rooftop photovoltaic power station
1826:Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si)
1775:Third-generation photovoltaic cell
895:"'Eternal plane' returns to Earth"
38:An artist's impression of the UAV
14:
2754:
2743:Airbus Defence and Space aircraft
2428:Building-integrated photovoltaics
1925:Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics
1831:Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si)
1705:
1332:
1143:Bush, Steve (28 September 2007).
834:"Solar plane makes record flight"
832:Amos, Jonathan (24 August 2008).
466:
2689:
2678:
2677:
1800:Polarizing organic photovoltaics
1660:
1659:
1051:Sampson, Ben (15 October 2021).
806:Craig Hoyle (22 February 2005).
698:(First flight 11 September 2019)
654:
640:
29:
1935:Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
1816:List of semiconductor materials
1354:Aerospace Testing International
1311:
1276:
1262:
1247:
1228:
1189:
1175:
1157:
1136:
1122:
1116:Aerospace testing international
1110:Ben Sampson (23 January 2023).
1103:
1085:
1057:Aerospace Testing International
1022:
1004:
990:
948:
927:
893:Amos, Jonathan (23 July 2010).
784:Amos, Jonathan (24 June 2003).
704:(First flight 17 February 2020)
685:(First flight 8 September 1999)
678:(First flight 10 November 1998)
581:62-65 kg (137-143 lb)
392:
201:, stationed permanently in the
185:, a commercial offshoot of the
128:, a commercial offshoot of the
2047:Incremental conductance method
1841:Copper indium gallium selenide
1790:Thermodynamic efficiency limit
1029:Dan Thisdell (8 August 2018).
934:Tovey, Alan (31 August 2014).
905:
886:
865:
844:
760:Craig Hoyle (6 January 2023).
719:
584:23,200 m (76,100 ft)
564:21 000 m (69 000 ft)
544:18 300 m (60 000 ft)
525:11 000 m (36 000 ft)
171:
118:high-altitude platform station
47:high-altitude platform station
1:
2354:South African Solar Challenge
506:9 140 m (30 000 ft)
384:
352:
340:
289:
2001:Photovoltaic mounting system
1348:Ben Sampson (17 July 2018).
1196:Goodier, Rob (7 July 2010).
786:"Strato-plane looks forward"
726:Craig Hoyle (11 July 2006).
448:. It can be used to perform
425:anodes for a 435 Wh/kg
7:
2006:Maximum power point tracker
1390:
691:(First flight 28 June 2016)
633:
456:and infrared technologies.
444:One Zephyr can replace 250
255:
239:
176:
10:
2759:
2257:Solar panels on spacecraft
2104:Solar-powered refrigerator
2062:Concentrated photovoltaics
2042:Perturb and observe method
1821:Crystalline silicon (c-Si)
963:. Access Intelligence LLC.
431:metamorphic multi-junction
193:at 9 km, besting the
2673:
2593:
2577:
2568:
2446:
2415:
2381:
2301:
2285:
2239:
2198:
2096:
2089:
2034:
1963:
1955:Heterojunction solar cell
1930:Dye-sensitized solar cell
1890:
1879:
1854:
1808:
1770:Multi-junction solar cell
1760:Nominal power (Watt-peak)
1720:
1713:
1657:
1636:
1571:
1542:
1486:
1468:Defence Technology Centre
1458:
1438:
1407:
1398:
873:"FAI Record ID No. 18683"
852:"FAI Record ID No. 16052"
672:(First flew in June 1983)
601:145 kg (320 lb)
379:lithium polymer batteries
371:lithium-sulphur batteries
335:
37:
28:
23:
2438:Strasskirchen Solar Park
2329:American Solar Challenge
2175:Solar-powered flashlight
2162:Solar-powered calculator
2157:Solar cell phone charger
1846:Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
608:20 kg (44 lb)
561:53 kg (117 lb)
558:22,5 m (74 ft)
550:2 kg (4.4 lb)
281:Airbus Defence and Space
207:environmental monitoring
158:environmental monitoring
141:unmanned aerial vehicles
134:Airbus Defence and Space
70:Airbus Defence and Space
2344:Frisian Solar Challenge
2314:List of solar car teams
2072:Space-based solar power
2052:Constant voltage method
1981:Solar charge controller
1867:Timeline of solar cells
1862:Growth of photovoltaics
1584:Defence Research Agency
1288:AviationsMilitaires.net
1284:"Airbus-QinetiQ Zephyr"
694:SoftBank/AeroVironment
648:Renewable energy portal
615:Accidents and incidents
598:32 m (105 ft)
590:5 kg (11 lb)
570:5 kg (11 lb)
541:30 kg (66 lb)
522:31 kg (68 lb)
503:17 kg (37 lb)
437:sheets manufactured by
2728:Solar-powered aircraft
2334:Formula Sun Grand Prix
2166:Solar-powered fountain
2109:Solar air conditioning
1910:Quantum dot solar cell
1900:Nanocrystal solar cell
1795:Sun-free photovoltaics
708:Solar-powered aircraft
578:25 m (82 ft)
538:18 m (59 ft)
519:16 m (52 ft)
500:12 m (39 ft)
472:Airbus-QinetiQ Zephyr
349:powering five motors.
296:UK Ministry of Defence
294:In February 2016, the
187:UK Ministry of Defence
130:UK Ministry of Defence
2324:World Solar Challenge
2147:Photovoltaic keyboard
2077:PV system performance
1950:Perovskite solar cell
1748:Solar cell efficiency
419:lithium-ion batteries
211:mobile phone coverage
191:high-altitude balloon
154:mobile phone coverage
120:aircraft produced by
2594:Individual producers
2302:Solar vehicle racing
1991:Solar micro-inverter
1920:Plasmonic solar cell
1765:Thin-film solar cell
1733:Photoelectric effect
812:Flight International
714:Notes and references
702:BAE Systems PHASA-35
234:communications relay
166:communications relay
2190:Solar traffic light
2170:Solar-powered radio
2137:Solar-powered watch
1945:Printed solar panel
1780:Solar cell research
1499:Foster-Miller TALON
1224:. 18 February 2016.
1185:. 17 February 2016.
858:. 16 October 2017.
728:"Energetic Qinetiq"
681:NASA/AeroVironment
473:
461:Opaz optical sensor
433:epitaxial lift-off
320:Commercial services
246:Yuma Proving Ground
2226:The Quiet Achiever
2185:Solar street light
2132:Solar-powered pump
1905:Organic solar cell
1785:Thermophotovoltaic
1753:Quantum efficiency
1543:Places and vessels
1150:Electronics weekly
1018:on 25 August 2016.
986:. 2 February 2016.
923:on 5 October 2013.
879:. 29 August 2018.
471:
228:in Australia, for
226:Woomera Test Range
217:applications. The
106:Under development
2705:
2704:
2669:
2668:
2564:
2563:
2377:
2376:
2252:Mauro Solar Riser
2247:Electric aircraft
2180:Solar-powered fan
2085:
2084:
1976:Balance of system
1964:System components
1915:Hybrid solar cell
1875:
1874:
1836:Cadmium telluride
1673:
1672:
1550:MoD Boscombe Down
1459:Shareholdings and
1454:
1453:
1220:(Press release).
1203:Popular mechanics
1099:. 24 August 2022.
915:(Press release).
612:
611:
446:cell phone towers
439:MicroLink Devices
365:solar cells from
363:Amorphous silicon
252:wasn't involved.
110:
109:
2750:
2723:Qinetiq aircraft
2693:
2692:
2681:
2680:
2575:
2574:
2416:Building-mounted
2394:PV power station
2390:
2389:
2319:Solar challenges
2309:Solar car racing
2277:Solar Challenger
2267:Gossamer Penguin
2094:
2093:
1888:
1887:
1738:Solar irradiance
1718:
1717:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1524:QinetiQ Mercator
1405:
1404:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1344:
1343:
1341:Official website
1327:
1326:
1325:. 12 April 2019.
1315:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1258:(Press release).
1251:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1008:
1002:
1001:
994:
988:
987:
976:
965:
964:
952:
946:
945:
931:
925:
924:
909:
903:
902:
890:
884:
883:
869:
863:
862:
848:
842:
841:
829:
816:
815:
803:
794:
793:
781:
770:
769:
757:
736:
735:
723:
683:Helios Prototype
664:
659:
658:
657:
650:
645:
644:
474:
470:
423:silicon nanowire
417:It used Amprius
400:40 degrees North
375:Sion Corporation
199:space satellites
58:
50:Type of aircraft
33:
21:
20:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2665:
2589:
2560:
2442:
2411:
2384:
2373:
2297:
2286:Water transport
2281:
2235:
2221:Solar golf cart
2194:
2152:Solar road stud
2081:
2035:System concepts
2030:
1959:
1882:
1871:
1850:
1804:
1709:
1704:
1674:
1669:
1653:
1632:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1567:
1538:
1514:QinetiQ Banshee
1482:
1460:
1450:
1434:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1252:
1248:
1233:
1229:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1171:. 23 July 2010.
1163:
1162:
1158:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1108:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1071:
1064:
1049:
1042:
1027:
1023:
1010:
1009:
1005:
996:
995:
991:
978:
977:
968:
953:
949:
941:Daily Telegraph
932:
928:
911:
910:
906:
891:
887:
871:
870:
866:
850:
849:
845:
830:
819:
804:
797:
782:
773:
758:
739:
724:
720:
716:
689:Facebook Aquila
670:NASA Pathfinder
662:Aviation portal
660:
655:
653:
646:
639:
636:
617:
469:
427:specific energy
395:
387:
355:
343:
338:
322:
292:
266:duration record
258:
242:
179:
174:
143:are powered by
116:is a series of
98:2024 (planned)
61:United Kingdom
57:National origin
56:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2631:Solar Frontier
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Hanwha Q CELLS
2603:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2551:United Kingdom
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Czech Republic
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2272:Qinetiq Zephyr
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2199:Land transport
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2124:Solar backpack
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2026:Synchronverter
2023:
2018:
2016:Solar shingles
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Solar inverter
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1743:Solar constant
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1529:QinetiQ Zephyr
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1345:
1334:
1333:External links
1331:
1329:
1328:
1310:
1293:
1275:
1261:
1246:
1227:
1209:
1188:
1174:
1156:
1135:
1121:
1102:
1084:
1062:
1040:
1021:
1003:
989:
966:
961:Avionics Today
947:
926:
904:
885:
864:
843:
817:
795:
771:
737:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
705:
699:
692:
686:
679:
676:NASA Centurion
673:
666:
665:
651:
635:
632:
631:
630:
627:
624:
616:
613:
610:
609:
606:
604:
602:
599:
596:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
532:
531:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
513:
512:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
468:
467:Specifications
465:
394:
391:
386:
383:
354:
351:
342:
339:
337:
334:
321:
318:
291:
288:
257:
254:
241:
238:
230:reconnaissance
178:
175:
173:
170:
162:reconnaissance
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
90:December 2005
88:
84:
83:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
59:
53:
52:
49:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2755:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2698:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:Air transport
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Solar roadway
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Solar vehicle
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Solar charger
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Solar tracker
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1878:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:Photovoltaics
1726:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:Photovoltaics
1701:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:John Chisholm
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1430:Foster-Miller
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:Divisions and
1397:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1007:
999:
993:
985:
981:
975:
973:
971:
962:
958:
951:
943:
942:
937:
930:
922:
918:
914:
908:
900:
896:
889:
882:
878:
874:
868:
861:
857:
853:
847:
839:
835:
828:
826:
824:
822:
813:
809:
802:
800:
791:
787:
780:
778:
776:
767:
763:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
733:
729:
722:
718:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
693:
690:
687:
684:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
667:
663:
652:
649:
643:
638:
628:
625:
622:
621:
620:
607:
605:
603:
600:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
495:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
475:
464:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
390:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
350:
348:
333:
331:
330:Space Compass
327:
317:
313:
311:
306:
302:
299:
297:
287:
284:
282:
278:
273:
271:
270:Rutan Voyager
267:
263:
253:
251:
247:
237:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
147:, recharging
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
105:
102:
101:
97:
95:Introduction
94:
93:
89:
87:First flight
86:
85:
82:
78:
76:Design group
75:
74:
71:
68:
66:Manufacturer
65:
64:
60:
55:
54:
48:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2695:
2682:
2661:Yingli Solar
2641:Sungen Solar
2616:Motech Solar
2570:PV companies
2531:South Africa
2349:Solar Splash
2090:Applications
2021:Solar mirror
1881:Photovoltaic
1664:
1572:Predecessors
1561:
1461:partnerships
1420:Boldon James
1401:subsidiaries
1353:
1322:
1313:
1287:
1278:
1264:
1249:
1240:
1230:
1212:
1201:
1191:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1148:
1138:
1124:
1115:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1079:Defense News
1078:
1056:
1035:Flightglobal
1034:
1024:
1016:the original
1006:
992:
983:
960:
950:
939:
929:
921:the original
907:
898:
888:
880:
867:
859:
846:
837:
811:
789:
766:Flightglobal
765:
732:flightglobal
731:
721:
618:
458:
443:
416:
396:
388:
359:carbon fiber
356:
344:
323:
314:
307:
303:
300:
293:
285:
277:EADS Astrium
274:
264:-sanctioned
259:
243:
223:
203:stratosphere
180:
138:
113:
111:
18:
2656:Trina Solar
2601:First Solar
2541:Switzerland
2521:Netherlands
2359:Tour de Sol
2057:Fill factor
1996:Solar cable
1971:Solar panel
1892:Solar cells
1649:Graham Love
1555:RAE Bedford
1425:Cyveillance
575:Zephyr 8/S
347:solar cells
195:NASA Helios
172:Development
160:, military
145:solar cells
2712:Categories
2578:By country
2448:By country
2383:Generation
2293:Solar boat
2142:Solar Tuki
2128:Solar tree
2114:Solar lamp
2097:Appliances
1721:Technology
1415:Automatika
696:HAPSMobile
393:Zephyr 8/S
326:NTT Docomo
290:Zephyr 8/S
79:initially
2456:Australia
2433:Solar Ark
2339:Solar Cup
2231:Sunmobile
2211:Solar car
1809:Materials
1597:A&AEE
1509:QinetiQ 1
1473:Metrix UK
1272:. Airbus.
1097:New Atlas
595:Zephyr T
555:Zephyr 7
535:Zephyr 6
516:Zephyr 5
497:Zephyr 4
489:Endurance
412:latitudes
369:recharge
219:QinetiQ 1
181:In 2003,
149:batteries
2684:Category
2646:Sunpower
2636:Solyndra
2611:JA Solar
2546:Thailand
2466:Bulgaria
1714:Concepts
1666:Category
1494:Cerberus
1487:Products
1270:"Zephyr"
1169:BBC News
899:BBC News
838:BBC News
790:BBC News
634:See also
492:Payload
406:, while
385:Zephyr 7
367:Unisolar
353:Zephyr 6
341:Zephyr 3
256:Zephyr 7
240:Zephyr 6
232:or as a
215:military
177:Zephyr 3
164:or as a
2696:Commons
2651:Suntech
2526:Romania
2496:Germany
2461:Belgium
2385:systems
1855:History
1478:PSivida
1446:Omni-ID
1408:Current
1392:QinetiQ
486:Ceiling
310:Arizona
183:QinetiQ
126:QinetiQ
103:Status
81:Qinetiq
24:Zephyr
2501:Greece
2491:France
2471:Canada
1883:system
1637:People
1562:Triton
1534:TopSat
1439:Former
1222:Airbus
917:Airbus
483:Weight
408:winter
336:Design
122:Airbus
114:Zephyr
2626:Sharp
2536:Spain
2516:Japan
2511:Italy
2506:India
2481:China
2476:Chile
1618:RARDE
1519:Q-Net
1504:PyTEC
1323:9News
587:624 h
567:336 h
477:Model
454:LIDAR
421:with
404:South
373:from
279:(now
43:Role
1625:RSRE
1604:MVEE
547:87 h
528:18 h
480:Span
435:GaAs
402:and
357:The
328:and
205:for
139:The
112:The
2621:REC
1611:RAE
1590:ARE
1560:RV
984:BBC
877:FAI
856:FAI
509:6 h
283:).
262:FAI
250:FAI
213:or
156:,
2714::
2556:US
1352:.
1321:.
1296:^
1286:.
1239:.
1200:.
1167:.
1147:.
1114:.
1095:.
1077:.
1065:^
1055:.
1043:^
1033:.
982:.
969:^
959:.
938:.
897:.
875:.
854:.
836:.
820:^
810:.
798:^
788:.
774:^
764:.
740:^
730:.
414:.
272:.
236:.
209:,
168:.
1699:e
1692:t
1685:v
1384:e
1377:t
1370:v
1356:.
1290:.
1243:.
1206:.
1153:.
1118:.
1081:.
1059:.
1037:.
944:.
901:.
840:.
814:.
792:.
768:.
734:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
