1826:
37:
3992:
65:
1344:
29:
5063:
726:
665:
5073:
5052:
3981:
5083:
1182:-based systems use a wider frequency band to achieve the same rate of transmission as FDMA, but this is compensated for by the ability to use a frequency reuse factor of 1, for example using a reuse pattern of 1/1. In other words, adjacent base station sites use the same frequencies, and the different base stations and users are separated by codes rather than frequencies. While
1243:
directional antennas aimed in three different directions with 120 degrees for each cell (totaling 360 degrees) and receiving/transmitting into three different cells at different frequencies. This provides a minimum of three channels, and three towers for each cell and greatly increases the chances of receiving a usable signal from at least one direction.
651:. Private cellular networks can be used for research or for large organizations and fleets, such as dispatch for local public safety agencies or a taxicab company, as well as for local wireless communications in enterprise and industrial settings such as factories, warehouses, mines, power plants, substations, oil and gas facilities and ports.
1702:
algorithm of the transmitter increases the power it transmits to restore the level of received power. As the interference (noise) rises above the received power from the transmitter, and the power of the transmitter cannot be increased anymore, the signal becomes corrupted and eventually unusable. In
1624:
As the phone user moves from one cell area to another cell while a call is in progress, the mobile station will search for a new channel to attach to in order not to drop the call. Once a new channel is found, the network will command the mobile unit to switch to the new channel and at the same time
1197:
are being deployed with a frequency reuse of 1. Since such systems do not spread the signal across the frequency band, inter-cell radio resource management is important to coordinate resource allocation between different cell sites and to limit the inter-cell interference. There are various means of
1054:
The key characteristic of a cellular network is the ability to reuse frequencies to increase both coverage and capacity. As described above, adjacent cells must use different frequencies, however, there is no problem with two cells sufficiently far apart operating on the same frequency, provided the
1366:
Modern mobile phone networks use cells because radio frequencies are a limited, shared resource. Cell-sites and handsets change frequency under computer control and use low power transmitters so that the usually limited number of radio frequencies can be simultaneously used by many callers with less
1326:
In a cellular system, as the distributed mobile transceivers move from cell to cell during an ongoing continuous communication, switching from one cell frequency to a different cell frequency is done electronically without interruption and without a base station operator or manual switching. This is
1018:. DSSS allows multiple simultaneous phone conversations to take place on a single wideband RF channel, without needing to channelize them in time or frequency. Although more sophisticated than older multiple access schemes (and unfamiliar to legacy telephone companies because it was not developed by
589:). These base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can be used for transmission of voice, data, and other types of content. A cell typically uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed service quality within each cell.
1652:
it will typically be impossible to test the target channel directly while communicating. In this case, other techniques have to be used such as pilot beacons in IS-95. This means that there is almost always a brief break in the communication while searching for the new channel followed by the risk
771:
of Bell Labs that permitted multiple callers in a given area to use the same frequency by switching calls to the nearest available cellular tower having that frequency available. This strategy is viable because a given radio frequency can be reused in a different area for an unrelated transmission.
1396:
mile (0.80 km), while in rural areas, the range could be as much as 5 miles (8.0 km). It is possible that in clear open areas, a user may receive signals from a cell site 25 miles (40 km) away. In rural areas with low-band coverage and tall towers, basic voice and messaging service
1322:
In a primitive taxi system, when the taxi moved away from a first tower and closer to a second tower, the taxi driver manually switched from one frequency to another as needed. If communication was interrupted due to a loss of a signal, the taxi driver asked the base station operator to repeat the
737:
system, a land area to be supplied with radio service is divided into cells in a pattern dependent on terrain and reception characteristics. These cell patterns roughly take the form of regular shapes, such as hexagons, squares, or circles although hexagonal cells are conventional. Each of these
1242:
Although the original cell towers created an even, omnidirectional signal, were at the centers of the cells and were omnidirectional, a cellular map can be redrawn with the cellular telephone towers located at the corners of the hexagons where three cells converge. Each tower has three sets of
1041:
ability compared to original AMPS cells, that typically only addressed one to three unique spaces. Massive MIMO deployment allows much greater channel reuse, thus increasing the number of subscribers per cell site, greater data throughput per user, or some combination thereof.
1690:
Higher frequencies are a disadvantage when it comes to coverage, but it is a decided advantage when it comes to capacity. Picocells, covering e.g. one floor of a building, become possible, and the same frequency can be used for cells which are practically neighbors.
1636:
code (PN code) that is specific to each phone. As the user moves from one cell to another, the handset sets up radio links with multiple cell sites (or sectors of the same site) simultaneously. This is known as "soft handoff" because, unlike with traditional
1374:
to achieve both coverage and capacity for their subscribers. Large geographic areas are split into smaller cells to avoid line-of-sight signal loss and to support a large number of active phones in that area. All of the cell sites are connected to
1331:
or handoff. Typically, a new channel is automatically selected for the mobile unit on the new base station which will serve it. The mobile unit then automatically switches from the current channel to the new channel and communication continues.
788:
approximately covers some area. When they do not receive a signal from the transmitter, they try other channels until finding one that works. The taxi drivers only speak one at a time when invited by the base station operator. This is a form of
947:
With FDMA, the transmitting and receiving frequencies used by different users in each cell are different from each other. Each cellular call was assigned a pair of frequencies (one for base to mobile, the other for mobile to base) to provide
964:"B" system. The number of channels was expanded to 416 pairs per carrier, but ultimately the number of RF channels limits the number of calls that a cell site could handle. FDMA is a familiar technology to telephone companies, which used
1113:
is the number of cells per cluster. Cells may vary in radius from 1 to 30 kilometres (0.62 to 18.64 mi). The boundaries of the cells can also overlap between adjacent cells and large cells can be divided into smaller cells.
783:
Consider the case of a taxi company, where each radio has a manually operated channel selector knob to tune to different frequencies. As drivers move around, they change from channel to channel. The drivers are aware of which
1656:
If there is no ongoing communication or the communication can be interrupted, it is possible for the mobile unit to spontaneously move from one cell to another and then notify the base station with the strongest signal.
612:, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.
987:(time delay) into the audio signal. As long as the latency time is short enough that the delayed audio is not heard as an echo, it is not problematic. TDMA is a familiar technology for telephone companies, which used
1698:, and the transmitter should not send with too high transmission power in view to not cause interference with other transmitters. As the receiver moves away from the transmitter, the power received decreases, so the
1202:(ICIC) already defined in the standard. Coordinated scheduling, multi-site MIMO or multi-site beamforming are other examples for inter-cell radio resource management that might be standardized in the future.
1268:
The details of the process of paging vary somewhat from network to network, but normally we know a limited number of cells where the phone is located (this group of cells is called a
Location Area in the
1129:
is the number of cells which cannot use the same frequencies for transmission. Common values for the frequency reuse factor are 1/3, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9 and 1/12 (or 3, 4, 7, 9 and 12, depending on notation).
2912:
Paetsch, Michael (1993): The evolution of mobile communications in the US and Europe. Regulation, technology, and markets. Boston, London: Artech House (The Artech House mobile communications library).
2670:
1694:
Cell service area may also vary due to interference from transmitting systems, both within and around that cell. This is true especially in CDMA based systems. The receiver requires a certain
1524:
system network. There are many functions that are performed by this network in order to make sure customers get the desired service including mobility management, registration, call set-up, and
1335:
The exact details of the mobile system's move from one base station to the other vary considerably from system to system (see the example below for how a mobile phone network manages handover).
1671:
The effect of frequency on cell coverage means that different frequencies serve better for different uses. Low frequencies, such as 450 MHz NMT, serve very well for countryside coverage.
1046:(QAM) modems offer an increasing number of bits per symbol, allowing more users per megahertz of bandwidth (and decibels of SNR), greater data throughput per user, or some combination thereof.
1281:, cells are grouped into Tracking Areas). Paging takes place by sending the broadcast message to all of those cells. Paging messages can be used for information transfer. This happens in
1211:
983:
bursts of voice data that are fit into time slices for transmission, and expanded at the receiving end to produce a somewhat normal-sounding voice at the receiver. TDMA must introduce
2806:
1716:
One can see examples of cell coverage by studying some of the coverage maps provided by real operators on their web sites or by looking at independently crowdsourced maps such as
1731:
is used to extend cell coverage into larger areas. They range from wideband repeaters for consumer use in homes and offices to smart or digital repeaters for industrial needs.
1261:
systems, the most important use of broadcast information is to set up channels for one-to-one communication between the mobile transceiver and the base station. This is called
776:
from the signal from the other cells which use the same frequency. Consequently, there must be at least one cell gap between cells which reuse the same frequency in a standard
2180:
1186:
is shown as 1 in this example, that does not mean the CDMA cell has only one sector, but rather that the entire cell bandwidth is also available to each sector individually.
1099:
1257:
Practically every cellular system has some kind of broadcast mechanism. This can be used directly for distributing information to multiple mobiles. Commonly, for example in
631:
With data compression and multiplexing, several video (including digital video) and audio channels may travel through a higher frequency signal on a single wideband carrier
1235:(FCC) limits omnidirectional cell tower signals to 100 watts of power. If the tower has directional antennas, the FCC allows the cell operator to emit up to 500 watts of
2175:
3109:
2376:
4327:
3045:
1704:
830:. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network. It was an analog
2438:
2842:
2660:
1246:
The numbers in the illustration are channel numbers, which repeat every 3 cells. Large cells can be subdivided into smaller cells for high volume areas.
628:
Capability of utilizing higher frequency signals (and thus more available bandwidth / faster data rates) that are not able to propagate at long distances
3587:
625:
Larger coverage area than a single terrestrial transmitter, since additional cell towers can be added indefinitely and are not limited by the horizon
908:
generation, was launched in 1991. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G analog network operators.
2170:
3608:
2546:
3955:
756:. The group of frequencies can be reused in other cells, provided that the same frequencies are not reused in adjacent cells, which would cause
1724:. In certain cases they may mark the site of the transmitter; in others, it can be calculated by working out the point of strongest coverage.
3835:
1190:
975:
With TDMA, the transmitting and receiving time slots used by different users in each cell are different from each other. TDMA typically uses
619:
More capacity than a single large transmitter, since the same frequency can be used for multiple links as long as they are in different cells
2813:
767:
in a cellular network, compared with a network with a single transmitter, comes from the mobile communication switching system developed by
5035:
5007:
5002:
4027:
3847:
3407:
2779:
1721:
1452:
3134:
2713:
2313:
1249:
Cell phone companies also use this directional signal to improve reception along highways and inside buildings like stadiums and arenas.
592:
When joined together, these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables numerous portable transceivers (e.g.,
5117:
2479:
2165:
1931:
1606:
1448:
1420:
are mobile phones that do not communicate directly with a ground-based cellular tower but may do so indirectly by way of a satellite.
3785:
3759:
2963:
2869:
2665:
1707:, the effect of interference from other mobile transmitters in the same cell on coverage area is very marked and has a special name,
3038:
2923:
1153:
sector antennas per site. Some current and historical reuse patterns are 3/7 (North
American AMPS), 6/4 (Motorola NAMPS), and 3/4 (
1137:
sector antennas on the same base station site, each with different direction, the base station site can serve N different sectors.
5127:
1424:
5029:
3915:
2204:
281:
19:
This article is about the infrastructure of cellular networks. For the companies that provide services on these networks, see
5024:
5014:
4994:
4796:
3364:
2972:
1444:
772:
In contrast, a single transmitter can only handle one transmission for a given frequency. Inevitably, there is some level of
287:
2638:
2595:
3820:
3261:
2199:
1199:
484:
276:
4161:
635:
Major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks over most of the inhabited land area of
5086:
5019:
4865:
3452:
3031:
1554:
Radio channels effectively use the transmission medium through the use of the following multiplexing and access schemes:
1460:
299:
2987:
5112:
5107:
4791:
3830:
2955:
2355:
1555:
1416:(analog), the term "cell phone" is in some regions, notably the US, used interchangeably with "mobile phone". However,
957:
917:
777:
546:
2950:
P. Key, D. Smith. Teletraffic
Engineering in a competitive world. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam Netherlands, 1999.
4885:
3519:
3168:
3089:
2707:
2632:
2589:
2473:
2282:
1540:
1513:
1463:(iDEN). The transition from existing analog to the digital standard followed a very different path in Europe and the
1232:
851:
712:
686:
644:
694:
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3531:
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1011:
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823:
690:
2848:
4801:
3859:
3842:
1563:
1559:
1179:
1161:
1058:
The elements that determine frequency reuse are the reuse distance and the reuse factor. The reuse distance,
953:
933:
925:
790:
410:
162:
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4072:
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3305:
3280:
3163:
3154:
2769:
J. E. Flood. Telecommunication
Networks. Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, UK, 1997. chapter 12.
2303:
1890:
1428:
1413:
147:
3873:
1300:
In LTE/4G, the Paging procedure is initiated by the MME when data packets need to be delivered to the UE.
5066:
4573:
4013:
3320:
2373:"Google's Private Cell Phone Network Could Be a Threat to Cellular Carriers | MIT Technology Review"
1912:
1499:
1282:
1265:. The three different paging procedures generally adopted are sequential, parallel and selective paging.
400:
4925:
4847:
4786:
4493:
2536:
2347:
1709:
988:
969:
847:
568:
237:
4697:
4658:
4503:
4403:
4332:
4265:
4092:
3315:
2297:
2225:
2140:
1918:
1825:
1117:
The frequency reuse factor is the rate at which the same frequency can be used in the network. It is
1068:
807:
The history of cellular phone technology began on
December 11, 1947 with an internal memo written by
622:
Mobile devices use less power than a single transmitter or satellite since the cell towers are closer
390:
5056:
4298:
4233:
4186:
4146:
3985:
3815:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3514:
3482:
3084:
2241:
1954:
1440:
1380:
1278:
1236:
1194:
802:
675:
1397:
may reach 50 miles (80 km), with limitations on bandwidth and number of simultaneous calls.
4895:
4880:
4724:
4675:
4598:
4498:
4176:
4062:
4057:
3935:
3543:
3184:
2013:
1649:
1536:
773:
757:
679:
20:
2783:
1739:
The following table shows the dependency of the coverage area of one cell on the frequency of a
1584:
Small cells, which have a smaller coverage area than base stations, are categorised as follows:
4817:
4603:
4418:
4363:
4358:
4171:
4136:
3960:
3072:
2155:
2044:
1850:
1492:
605:
539:
501:
247:
2693:
1632:, multiple CDMA handsets share a specific radio channel. The signals are separated by using a
4719:
4523:
4488:
4408:
4388:
4310:
4198:
4119:
3898:
3825:
3251:
2277:
2135:
2125:
1904:
1861:
1695:
1371:
1290:
435:
292:
4052:
3006:
2459:
901:) devices leading to the development and proliferation of digital wireless mobile networks.
4633:
4593:
4563:
4320:
4255:
4077:
3903:
3888:
3878:
3104:
3099:
2624:
2246:
2145:
2115:
2105:
2100:
1666:
1038:
420:
2873:
8:
4643:
4583:
4342:
4304:
4102:
4087:
3893:
3883:
2193:
2120:
2110:
1638:
1401:
1224:
881:
in 1959, was adapted for cellular networks by the early 1990s, with the wide adoption of
858:
1351:
The most common example of a cellular network is a mobile phone (cell phone) network. A
1168:, each cell can only use a number of frequency channels corresponding to a bandwidth of
838:
had developed cellular technology since 1947, and had cellular networks in operation in
4870:
4827:
4758:
4628:
4558:
4533:
4468:
4315:
4036:
2518:
2287:
1633:
1532:
1376:
753:
380:
340:
182:
107:
2661:"Remarks by Director Iancu at the 2019 International Intellectual Property Conference"
815:
engineer in which he proposed development of a cellular telephone system by AT&T.
36:
4910:
4832:
4746:
4729:
4692:
4538:
4368:
4337:
4203:
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3996:
2968:
2951:
2752:
2703:
2628:
2585:
2469:
2351:
2261:
2251:
2236:
2215:
2081:
Starting with EVDO the following techniques can also be used to improve performance:
1837:
1728:
1030:
980:
870:
532:
440:
425:
415:
385:
320:
137:
48:
4578:
2522:
2053:(IEEE 802.20, Mobile Broadband Wireless Access, HC-SDMA, iBurst, has been shut down)
4915:
4875:
4822:
4751:
4709:
4623:
4478:
4463:
4438:
4413:
4373:
4223:
4082:
4067:
3910:
3810:
3682:
3124:
2744:
2581:
2571:
2510:
2266:
2024:
1258:
992:
862:
831:
768:
764:
640:
572:
172:
167:
97:
4543:
4398:
4166:
4141:
4129:
3854:
3017:
2618:
2575:
2308:
2220:
1417:
1055:
masts and cellular network users' equipment do not transmit with too much power.
999:
984:
808:
648:
597:
506:
232:
177:
87:
64:
56:
2903:– Richard H. Frenkiel (Bell Labs), filed 22 September 1976, issued 13 March 1979
4741:
4613:
4588:
4548:
4518:
4393:
4228:
4181:
4156:
4114:
3945:
3940:
3769:
3386:
3075:
2748:
2036:
734:
430:
395:
350:
102:
82:
2895:
2423:
1483:
A simple view of the cellular mobile-radio network consists of the following:
1216:
5101:
4890:
4663:
4653:
4568:
4458:
4453:
4443:
4428:
4250:
4109:
3950:
3023:
2991:
2756:
2541:
2338:
1699:
1464:
1297:
system where it allows for low downlink latency in packet-based connections.
1228:
460:
222:
192:
142:
74:
4768:
4608:
4553:
4483:
4448:
4383:
4282:
4272:
4124:
3925:
3672:
3656:
3289:
2443:
2339:
2019:
2008:
1885:
1878:
1488:
1456:
1352:
1022:), CDMA has scaled well to become the basis for 3G cellular radio systems.
1003:
976:
890:
882:
729:
Example of frequency reuse factor or pattern, with four frequencies (F1-F4)
593:
586:
405:
330:
217:
152:
112:
92:
1641:, there is no one defined point where the phone switches to the new cell.
1423:
There are a number of different digital cellular technologies, including:
4968:
4618:
4528:
4513:
4473:
4433:
4292:
3754:
3703:
3613:
3601:
2093:
2069:
2050:
1467:. As a consequence, multiple digital standards surfaced in the US, while
1034:
949:
874:
835:
582:
470:
375:
325:
187:
28:
4973:
4680:
4378:
4287:
4243:
4213:
4191:
2620:
Junctionless Field-Effect
Transistors: Design, Modeling, and Simulation
2398:
1717:
1579:
1360:
898:
475:
370:
3380:
2514:
1535:) at a corner of the corresponding cell which in turn connects to the
1210:
4958:
4423:
4238:
4005:
2807:"Heterogeneous LTE Networks and Inter-Cell Interference Coordination"
2699:
2465:
1660:
1600:
1588:
1356:
1343:
1019:
878:
812:
785:
465:
345:
335:
197:
157:
2804:
2162:
Deployed networks by country (including technology and frequencies)
664:
4953:
4943:
4860:
4685:
4508:
3733:
3637:
3536:
3459:
3426:
2196:- code, frequency, and technology for each operator in each country
1973:
1948:
1740:
1619:
1594:
1436:
1328:
1007:
861:
began in the early 1990s, leading to the transition from analog to
257:
2805:
Pauli, Volker; Naranjo, Juan Diego; Seidel, Eiko (December 2010).
1386:
In cities, each cell site may have a range of up to approximately
725:
4948:
4933:
4151:
3967:
3497:
3464:
3339:
3270:
3204:
3199:
3119:
2735:
O'Neill, A. (2008). "Asad Abidi
Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS".
2231:
1942:
1898:
1525:
1478:
1432:
1277:
system, or
Routing Area if a data packet session is involved; in
894:
839:
1355:
is a portable telephone which receives or makes calls through a
4978:
4938:
4260:
3676:
3547:
3447:
3189:
3129:
1964:
1936:
1679:
1800 (1.8 GHz) starts to be limited by structural walls.
1468:
991:
to add channels to their point-to-point wireline plants before
968:
to add channels to their point-to-point wireline plants before
921:
866:
843:
601:
2181:
List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa
1317:
4963:
4900:
4208:
3764:
3749:
3712:
3699:
3618:
3596:
3402:
3194:
3012:
What are cellular networks? 1G to 6G Features & Evolution
2501:
Rappaport, T. S. (November 1991). "The wireless revolution".
2064:
2031:
1978:
1959:
1645:
1613:
1015:
886:
827:
636:
609:
515:
252:
242:
132:
2872:. Privateline.com. 1 January 2006. p. 2. Archived from
916:
To distinguish signals from several different transmitters,
4905:
3930:
3628:
3442:
3310:
3237:
2271:
2176:
List of mobile network operators of the Asia
Pacific region
2085:
1989:
1984:
1872:
1867:
1680:
1648:
inter-frequency handovers and older analog systems such as
1629:
1506:
1409:
1294:
1286:
1274:
1026:
493:
2439:"The 1947 Paper That First Described a Cell-Phone Network"
1675:
900 (900 MHz) is suitable for light urban coverage.
3350:
3325:
3246:
3233:
3209:
1856:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1521:
1472:
1405:
1363:
are used to transfer signals to and from the cell phone.
1270:
1154:
929:
846:
prior to 1979, but commercial service was delayed by the
615:
Cellular networks offer a number of desirable features:
3728:
3651:
3421:
3223:
3144:
2901:
2058:
2002:
1925:
1846:
1842:
941:
905:
819:
1543:(PSTN). The link from a phone to the RBS is called an
575:
and the network is distributed over land areas called
1516:
to connect subscribers to the wider telephony network
1227:
to improve reception in higher-traffic areas. In the
1071:
826:(NTT) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of
2695:
5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies
1829:
Cellular network standards and generation timeline.
904:The first commercial digital cellular network, the
2436:
1683:, at 2.1 GHz is quite similar in coverage to
1661:Cellular frequency choice in mobile phone networks
1093:
1014:that was used for early CDMA cellular systems and
2617:Sahay, Shubham; Kumar, Mamidala Jagadesh (2019).
5099:
2782:. The Reverse Phone. 8 June 2011. Archived from
2461:RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies
2342:; Jens Zander; Ki Won Sung; Ben Slimane (2016).
2171:List of mobile network operators of the Americas
1252:
1214:Cellular telephone frequency reuse pattern. See
1025:Other available methods of multiplexing such as
956:systems had 666 channel pairs, 333 each for the
869:technology. The MOSFET, originally invented by
3053:
2990:. Nova Southeastern University. Archived from
2921:
1531:Any phone connects to the network via an RBS (
1479:Structure of the mobile phone cellular network
1149:denotes a further division in frequency among
4021:
3039:
1191:orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
1002:technology developed for military use during
738:cells is assigned with multiple frequencies (
581:, each served by at least one fixed-location
540:
2840:
2737:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter
2370:
1653:of an unexpected return to the old channel.
1539:(MSC). The MSC provides a connection to the
1453:Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
1379:(or switches), which in turn connect to the
5036:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2734:
2728:
2314:Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations
1318:Movement from cell to cell and handing over
818:The first commercial cellular network, the
693:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5072:
4028:
4014:
3046:
3032:
2964:Mobile Cellular Telecommunications Systems
2836:
2834:
2616:
2457:
2166:List of mobile network operators of Europe
1614:Cellular handover in mobile phone networks
1449:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
850:, with cellular assets transferred to the
547:
533:
2844:The Myth of Cellular Tower Health Hazards
2666:United States Patent and Trademark Office
2500:
1471:and many countries converged towards the
1172:, and each sector can use a bandwidth of
713:Learn how and when to remove this message
2566:
2564:
2437:Alexis C. Madrigal (16 September 2011).
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
1824:
1342:
1209:
724:
571:where the link to and from end nodes is
35:
27:
3016:Technical Details with Call Flow about
2831:
1425:Global System for Mobile Communications
1338:
1303:Paging types supported by the MME are:
1205:
911:
5100:
4035:
3916:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
2985:
2570:
2205:List of mobile phone brands by country
1845:networks (the first digital networks,
1625:switch the call onto the new channel.
1520:This network is the foundation of the
1359:(base station) or transmitting tower.
282:Wireless electronic devices and health
4009:
3027:
2958:. Chapter 1 (Plenary) and 3 (mobile).
2673:from the original on 17 December 2019
2653:
2610:
2561:
2325:
1445:Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
822:generation, was launched in Japan by
494:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
288:International Telecommunication Union
5082:
3874:Spectral efficiency comparison table
2716:from the original on 22 January 2023
2691:
2685:
2641:from the original on 22 January 2023
2598:from the original on 22 January 2023
2549:from the original on 16 October 2019
2482:from the original on 22 January 2023
2451:
2379:from the original on 29 October 2013
2344:Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks
2274:(multiple-input and multiple-output)
2200:Comparison of mobile phone standards
1200:inter-cell interference coordination
691:adding citations to reliable sources
658:
313:Radiation sources / regions
277:Wireless device radiation and health
1461:Integrated Digital Enhanced Network
1400:Since almost all mobile phones use
300:World Radiocommunication Conference
13:
2944:
2922:Colin Chandler (3 December 2003).
2458:Golio, Mike; Golio, Janet (2018).
2399:"Private 5G Networks: 2024 – 2030"
1556:frequency-division multiple access
1370:A cellular network is used by the
1323:message on a different frequency.
1049:
1029:, a more sophisticated version of
998:The principle of CDMA is based on
918:frequency-division multiple access
865:. This was enabled by advances in
778:frequency-division multiple access
14:
5139:
5118:Telecommunications infrastructure
2979:
2283:Mobile phone radiation and health
1833:Lists and technical information:
1541:public switched telephone network
1514:public switched telephone network
1502:for handling voice calls and text
1233:Federal Communications Commission
852:Regional Bell Operating Companies
645:public switched telephone network
5081:
5071:
5062:
5061:
5050:
4671:Free-space optical communication
3990:
3979:
3065:List of mobile phone generations
2812:. Nomor Research. Archived from
2371:Tom Simonite (24 January 2013).
2186:List of mobile network operators
2132:Deployed networks by technology
663:
639:. This allows mobile phones and
63:
2986:Raciti, Robert C. (July 1995).
2915:
2906:
2888:
2862:
2798:
2772:
2763:
2293:Personal Communications Service
2151:List of deployed WiMAX networks
1125:according to some books) where
1094:{\displaystyle D=R{\sqrt {3N}}}
1044:Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
1012:direct-sequence spread spectrum
966:frequency-division multiplexing
643:devices to be connected to the
5128:Wireless communication systems
3007:A History of Cellular Networks
2529:
2494:
2430:
2416:
2391:
2364:
1573:
1568:space-division multiple access
1547:while the other way is termed
824:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
1:
2319:
1591:-> less than 2 kilometres,
1564:code-division multiple access
1560:time-division multiple access
1500:core circuit switched network
1253:Broadcast messages and paging
1223:Cell towers frequently use a
1180:Code-division multiple access
934:code-division multiple access
926:time-division multiple access
791:time-division multiple access
163:Low-noise block downconverter
32:Top of a cellular radio tower
5057:Telecommunication portal
4838:Telecommunications equipment
3986:Telecommunication portal
2503:IEEE Communications Magazine
2304:Routing in cellular networks
1891:Cellular Digital Packet Data
1734:
1429:General Packet Radio Service
148:Counterpoise (ground system)
7:
4574:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2870:"Cellular Telephone Basics"
1913:Personal Handy-phone System
1820:
1597:-> less than 200 metres,
752:) which have corresponding
401:Friis transmission equation
40:Indoor cell site in Germany
10:
5144:
4278:Telecommunications history
3483:CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0
2749:10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694
2468:. pp. ix, I-1, 18–2.
2348:Cambridge University Press
1664:
1617:
1577:
1347:WCDMA network architecture
989:time-division multiplexing
970:time-division multiplexing
920:(FDMA, used by analog and
848:breakup of the Bell System
800:
796:
654:
569:telecommunications network
238:Municipal wireless network
18:
5113:Radio resource management
5108:Mobile telecommunications
5045:
4987:
4924:
4886:Public Switched Telephone
4846:
4810:
4767:
4708:
4698:telecommunication circuit
4659:Fiber-optic communication
4642:
4404:Francis Blake (telephone)
4351:
4199:Optical telecommunication
4043:
3976:
3798:
3778:
3742:
3727:
3692:
3665:
3650:
3627:
3586:
3557:
3507:
3496:
3475:
3435:
3420:
3395:
3373:
3365:EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE
3349:
3338:
3298:
3290:D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)
3279:
3260:
3232:
3222:
3177:
3153:
3143:
3071:
3062:
2537:"The wireless revolution"
2298:Radio resource management
2226:Professional mobile radio
2141:List of CDMA2000 networks
1919:Personal Digital Cellular
485:Bell Laboratories Layered
4797:Orbital angular-momentum
4234:Satellite communications
4073:Communications satellite
2924:"CDMA 2000 and CDMA 450"
2577:Silicon RF Power MOSFETS
2375:. Technologyreview.com.
1509:for handling mobile data
1441:Evolution-Data Optimized
1381:public telephone network
1237:effective radiated power
1006:and improved during the
952:operation. The original
803:History of mobile phones
4676:Molecular communication
4499:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
4328:Undersea telegraph line
4063:Cable protection system
3821:Comparison of standards
3460:UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA
1603:-> around 10 metres,
1537:Mobile switching center
1507:packet switched network
1160:If the total available
1109:is the cell radius and
1033:, combined with active
995:rendered FDM obsolete.
972:rendered FDM obsolete.
758:co-channel interference
606:mobile broadband modems
518:Multiple Access (WSDMA)
516:Wideband Space Division
21:Mobile network operator
4818:Communication protocol
4604:Charles Sumner Tainter
4419:Walter Houser Brattain
4364:Edwin Howard Armstrong
4172:Information revolution
3826:Channel access methods
3465:UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA
2156:List of 5G NR networks
2047:(never commercialized)
2045:Ultra Mobile Broadband
2039:(WirelessMAN-Advanced)
1830:
1493:base station subsystem
1348:
1220:
1193:based systems such as
1095:
1037:provides much greater
936:(CDMA, first used for
730:
248:Radio masts and towers
41:
33:
4792:Polarization-division
4524:Narinder Singh Kapany
4489:Erna Schneider Hoover
4409:Jagadish Chandra Bose
4389:Alexander Graham Bell
4120:online video platform
3997:Telephones portal
3105:MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD
2988:"CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY"
2967:(1989), McGraw-Hill.
2896:U.S. patent 4,144,411
2625:John Wiley & Sons
2427:, issued 16 May 1972.
2424:U.S. patent 3,663,762
2278:Mobile edge computing
2136:List of UMTS networks
2126:5G NR frequency bands
1905:Circuit Switched Data
1862:Circuit Switched Data
1828:
1696:signal-to-noise ratio
1372:mobile phone operator
1346:
1293:messages, and in the
1217:U.S. patent 4,144,411
1213:
1096:
728:
436:Signal-to-noise ratio
271:Safety and regulation
39:
31:
16:Communication network
4634:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4594:Almon Brown Strowger
4564:Charles Grafton Page
4219:Prepaid mobile phone
4147:Electrical telegraph
3614:iBurst (IEEE 802.20)
3387:CDMA2000 1X Advanced
3018:LTE Paging Procedure
2702:. pp. 128–134.
2247:Radio access network
2146:List of LTE networks
2116:UMTS frequency bands
2106:CDMA frequency bands
2101:Cellular frequencies
1758:Relative cell count
1667:Cellular frequencies
1339:Mobile phone network
1313:QCI_1 through QCI_9.
1289:systems for sending
1206:Directional antennas
1069:
1039:spatial multiplexing
912:Cell signal encoding
687:improve this section
421:Radiation resistance
5123:Japanese inventions
4584:Johann Philipp Reis
4343:Wireless revolution
4305:The Telephone Cases
4162:Hydraulic telegraph
3500:(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)
3342:(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)
3110:Mobile TeleSeratout
2961:William C. Y. Lee,
2819:on 3 September 2013
2692:Asif, Saad (2018).
2545:. 21 January 1999.
2194:Mobile country code
2121:LTE frequency bands
2111:GSM frequency bands
1838:Mobile technologies
1639:cellular technology
1487:A network of radio
1459:(IS-136/TDMA), and
1402:cellular technology
1377:telephone exchanges
940:, and the basis of
859:wireless revolution
754:radio base stations
4782:Frequency-division
4759:Telephone exchange
4629:Charles Wheatstone
4559:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4534:Innocenzo Manzetti
4469:Reginald Fessenden
4204:Optical telegraphy
4037:Telecommunications
3988:
3574:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-B)
3568:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-A)
3566:1xEV-DO Revision A
2841:Drucker, Elliott,
2403:www.snstelecom.com
2288:Network simulation
1831:
1705:CDMA-based systems
1533:Radio Base Station
1349:
1310:SGs_CS and SGs_PS.
1225:directional signal
1221:
1141:is typically 3. A
1091:
944:) were developed.
731:
487:Space-Time (BLAST)
341:Near and far field
42:
34:
5095:
5094:
4833:Store and forward
4828:Data transmission
4742:Network switching
4693:Transmission line
4539:Guglielmo Marconi
4504:Internet pioneers
4369:Mohamed M. Atalla
4338:Whistled language
4003:
4002:
3806:Cellular networks
3794:
3793:
3723:
3722:
3646:
3645:
3492:
3491:
3448:UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA
3416:
3415:
3383:(TIA/EIA/IS-2000)
3334:
3333:
3218:
3217:
2973:978-0-071-00790-0
2572:Baliga, B. Jayant
2515:10.1109/35.109666
2262:Antenna diversity
2252:Mobile cell sites
2237:Remote radio head
2216:Cellular repeater
1818:
1817:
1752:Cell radius (km)
1729:cellular repeater
1089:
1062:is calculated as
1031:antenna diversity
981:store and forward
871:Mohamed M. Atalla
723:
722:
715:
557:
556:
441:Spurious emission
426:Radio propagation
416:Radiation pattern
391:Equivalent radius
386:Electrical length
293:Radio Regulations
138:Block upconverter
5135:
5085:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5065:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5053:
4926:Notable networks
4916:Wireless network
4856:Cellular network
4848:Types of network
4823:Computer network
4710:Network topology
4624:Thomas A. Watson
4479:Oliver Heaviside
4464:Philo Farnsworth
4439:Daniel Davis Jr.
4414:Charles Bourseul
4374:John Logie Baird
4083:Data compression
4078:Computer network
4030:
4023:
4016:
4007:
4006:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3911:Mobile broadband
3811:Mobile telephony
3799:Related articles
3740:
3739:
3683:LTE Advanced Pro
3663:
3662:
3578:EV-DO Revision C
3572:EV-DO Revision B
3505:
3504:
3433:
3432:
3347:
3346:
3230:
3229:
3151:
3150:
3076:radio telephones
3055:Cellular network
3048:
3041:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2876:on 17 April 2012
2866:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2847:, archived from
2838:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2786:on 30 April 2012
2780:"Phone Networks"
2776:
2770:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2669:. 10 June 2019.
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2582:World Scientific
2568:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2336:
2267:Cellular traffic
2025:LTE Advanced Pro
1981:(air interface)
1951:(air interface)
1749:Frequency (MHz)
1746:
1745:
1609:-> 1–4 metres
1418:satellite phones
1395:
1394:
1390:
1259:mobile telephony
1219:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1082:
993:packet switching
863:digital networks
832:wireless network
718:
711:
707:
704:
698:
667:
659:
641:mobile computing
561:cellular network
549:
542:
535:
314:
228:Cellular network
168:Passive radiator
67:
44:
43:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5051:
5049:
5041:
4983:
4920:
4842:
4806:
4763:
4712:
4704:
4645:
4638:
4544:Robert Metcalfe
4399:Tim Berners-Lee
4347:
4167:Information Age
4039:
4034:
4004:
3999:
3991:
3989:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3879:Frequency bands
3790:
3774:
3732:
3719:
3688:
3655:
3642:
3623:
3582:
3553:
3499:
3498:3G transitional
3488:
3471:
3425:
3412:
3391:
3369:
3341:
3340:2G transitional
3330:
3294:
3275:
3271:cdmaOne (IS-95)
3256:
3214:
3173:
3139:
3067:
3058:
3052:
2997:
2995:
2994:on 15 July 2013
2982:
2947:
2945:Further reading
2942:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2839:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2635:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2569:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2476:
2456:
2452:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2337:
2326:
2322:
2309:Signal strength
2221:Cellular router
2207:(manufacturers)
1945:(air interface)
1939:(air interface)
1823:
1755:Cell area (km)
1737:
1669:
1663:
1622:
1616:
1582:
1576:
1481:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1341:
1320:
1255:
1215:
1208:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1052:
1050:Frequency reuse
1000:spread spectrum
960:"A" system and
928:(TDMA, used by
914:
809:Douglas H. Ring
805:
799:
780:(FDMA) system.
751:
744:
719:
708:
702:
699:
684:
668:
657:
649:Internet access
553:
524:
523:
520:
517:
511:
507:Spread spectrum
502:Reconfiguration
489:
486:
480:
455:
447:
446:
445:
365:
364:Characteristics
357:
356:
355:
315:
312:
305:
304:
296:
290:
272:
264:
263:
262:
212:
204:
203:
202:
127:
119:
118:
117:
77:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5141:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5069:
5059:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5005:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4777:Space-division
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4614:Camille Tissot
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4589:Claude Shannon
4586:
4581:
4579:Tivadar Puskás
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4549:Antonio Meucci
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4519:Charles K. Kao
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4494:Harold Hopkins
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4394:Emile Berliner
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:Videotelephony
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4236:
4231:
4229:Radiotelephone
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
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4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4115:Internet video
4107:
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4105:
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4095:
4090:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
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3808:
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3166:
3160:
3158:
3148:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3120:Autotel (PALM)
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3060:
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3051:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2981:
2980:External links
2978:
2977:
2976:
2959:
2956:978-0444502681
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2914:
2905:
2887:
2861:
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2797:
2771:
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2609:
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2415:
2390:
2363:
2357:978-1107143210
2356:
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2048:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:WiMAX-Advanced
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2011:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
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1940:
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1910:
1909:
1908:
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1883:
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1881:
1876:
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1853:were analog):
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1801:
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1770:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1736:
1733:
1710:cell breathing
1665:Main article:
1662:
1659:
1618:Main article:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1578:Main article:
1575:
1572:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1480:
1477:
1367:interference.
1340:
1337:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1254:
1251:
1207:
1204:
1189:Recently also
1103:
1102:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1051:
1048:
913:
910:
798:
795:
763:The increased
749:
742:
735:cellular radio
721:
720:
671:
669:
662:
656:
653:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
604:equipped with
565:mobile network
555:
554:
552:
551:
544:
537:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
514:
510:
509:
504:
498:
497:
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490:
483:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
444:
443:
438:
433:
431:Radio spectrum
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
354:
353:
351:Vertical plane
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
317:
316:
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297:
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150:
145:
140:
135:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
115:
110:
105:
103:Satellite dish
100:
95:
90:
85:
79:
78:
73:
72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5140:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
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4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
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4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
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4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
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4853:
4851:
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4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4802:Code-division
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:Time-division
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:and switching
4711:
4707:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4664:optical fiber
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:Coaxial cable
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:Radia Perlman
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Lee de Forest
4457:
4455:
4454:Thomas Edison
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Donald Davies
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:Claude Chappe
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:Smoke signals
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4251:Semiconductor
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4110:Digital media
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4008:
3998:
3987:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3961:Wi-Fi Calling
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:NGMN Alliance
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:AMPS - N-AMPS
3162:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2851:on 2 May 2014
2850:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2835:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2715:
2711:
2709:9780429881343
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2640:
2636:
2634:9781119523536
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2597:
2593:
2591:9789812561213
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2542:The Economist
2538:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:(11): 52–71.
2508:
2504:
2497:
2481:
2477:
2475:9781420006728
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2419:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:Baseband unit
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1700:power control
1697:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:base stations
1486:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:United States
1226:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:reuse pattern
1140:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:signaling to
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
909:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
804:
794:
792:
787:
781:
779:
775:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
748:
745: –
741:
736:
727:
717:
714:
706:
696:
692:
688:
682:
681:
677:
672:This section
670:
666:
661:
660:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:mobile phones
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
550:
545:
543:
538:
536:
531:
530:
528:
527:
519:
513:
512:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
491:
488:
482:
481:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:Beam steering
459:
458:
451:
450:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
361:
360:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
309:
308:
301:
298:
294:
289:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
268:
267:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
223:Amateur radio
221:
219:
216:
215:
208:
207:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
143:Coaxial cable
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
123:
122:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
76:
71:
70:
66:
62:
61:
58:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
38:
30:
26:
22:
4855:
4769:Multiplexing
4644:Transmission
4609:Nikola Tesla
4599:Henry Sutton
4554:Samuel Morse
4484:Robert Hooke
4449:Amos Dolbear
4384:John Bardeen
4303:
4283:Telautograph
4187:Mobile phone
4142:Edholm's law
4125:social media
4058:Broadcasting
3926:Push-to-talk
3805:
3704:IEEE 802.16m
3673:LTE Advanced
3657:IMT Advanced
3602:IEEE 802.16e
3597:Mobile WiMAX
3558:3GPP2 family
3485:(TIA/IS-856)
3476:3GPP2 family
3374:3GPP2 family
3353:/3GPP family
3169:TACS - ETACS
3054:
2996:. Retrieved
2992:the original
2962:
2931:. Retrieved
2929:. p. 17
2917:
2908:
2900:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2874:the original
2864:
2853:, retrieved
2849:the original
2843:
2821:. Retrieved
2814:the original
2800:
2788:. Retrieved
2784:the original
2774:
2765:
2743:(1): 57–58.
2740:
2736:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2694:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2664:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2619:
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2576:
2553:12 September
2551:. Retrieved
2540:
2531:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2484:. Retrieved
2460:
2453:
2444:The Atlantic
2442:
2432:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2366:
2343:
2340:Guowang Miao
2256:
2210:
2080:
2020:LTE Advanced
2009:IMT Advanced
1886:Digital AMPS
1879:Evolved EDGE
1832:
1738:
1726:
1715:
1708:
1693:
1689:
1670:
1655:
1643:
1627:
1623:
1583:
1566:(CDMA), and
1553:
1548:
1544:
1530:
1519:
1491:forming the
1482:
1457:Digital AMPS
1422:
1404:, including
1399:
1385:
1369:
1365:
1353:mobile phone
1350:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1302:
1299:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1222:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1024:
1004:World War II
997:
974:
946:
915:
903:
891:RF amplifier
883:power MOSFET
856:
817:
806:
782:
774:interference
762:
746:
739:
732:
709:
700:
685:Please help
673:
634:
614:
591:
587:base station
577:
576:
564:
560:
558:
331:Ground plane
227:
218:Antenna farm
75:Common types
25:
4969:NPL network
4681:Radio waves
4619:Alfred Vail
4529:Hedy Lamarr
4514:Dawon Kahng
4474:Elisha Gray
4434:Yogen Dalal
4359:Nasir Ahmed
4293:Teleprinter
4157:Heliographs
3755:5G-Advanced
3743:3GPP family
3693:IEEE family
3685:(4.5G/4.9G)
3666:3GPP family
3508:3GPP family
3436:3GPP family
3381:CDMA2000 1X
3252:CSD - HSCSD
2855:19 November
2383:23 November
2211:Equipment:
2094:Beamforming
2070:5G-Advanced
1634:pseudonoise
1574:Small cells
1361:Radio waves
1327:called the
1133:In case of
1035:beamforming
950:full-duplex
875:Dawon Kahng
836:Bell System
647:and public
585:(such as a
583:transceiver
471:Beamforming
376:Directivity
326:Focal cloud
188:Transmitter
5102:Categories
5015:Antarctica
4974:Toasternet
4896:Television
4379:Paul Baran
4311:Television
4295:(teletype)
4288:Telegraphy
4266:transistor
4244:Phryctoria
4214:Photophone
4192:Smartphone
4182:Mass media
3609:Flash-OFDM
2933:28 January
2720:16 October
2645:16 October
2602:16 October
2486:16 October
2320:References
2061:networks:
2005:networks:
1928:networks:
1722:CellMapper
1718:Opensignal
1580:Small cell
1475:standard.
924:systems),
899:RF circuit
801:See also:
476:Small cell
454:Techniques
381:Efficiency
371:Array gain
126:Components
108:Television
4999:Americas
4988:Locations
4959:Internet2
4720:Bandwidth
4424:Vint Cerf
4321:streaming
4299:Telephone
4239:Semaphore
4130:streaming
3709:WiMax 2.1
3564:CDMA2000
3057:standards
2757:1098-4232
2700:CRC Press
2466:CRC Press
2188:(summary)
2016:(TD-LTE)
1743:network:
1735:Cell size
1601:Femtocell
1589:Microcell
1443:(EV-DO),
1357:cell site
1162:bandwidth
1020:Bell Labs
879:Bell Labs
813:Bell Labs
786:frequency
769:Amos Joel
674:does not
466:Beam tilt
346:Side lobe
336:Main lobe
321:Boresight
198:Twin-lead
158:Feed line
5067:Category
4954:Internet
4944:CYCLADES
4861:Ethernet
4811:Concepts
4735:terminal
4686:wireless
4509:Bob Kahn
4352:Pioneers
4177:Internet
4068:Cable TV
3734:IMT-2020
3638:HiperMAN
3537:DC-HSDPA
3427:IMT-2000
2714:Archived
2671:Archived
2639:Archived
2596:Archived
2574:(2005).
2547:Archived
2523:46573735
2480:Archived
2377:Archived
1974:CDMA2000
1949:TD-SCDMA
1901:(IS-95)
1875:(IMT-SC)
1821:See also
1741:CDMA2000
1620:Handover
1607:Attocell
1595:Picocell
1570:(SDMA).
1562:(TDMA),
1558:(FDMA),
1549:downlink
1526:handover
1455:(DECT),
1451:(UMTS),
1447:(EDGE),
1437:CDMA2000
1431:(GPRS),
1329:handover
1008:Cold War
793:(TDMA).
765:capacity
703:May 2022
573:wireless
492:Massive
258:Wireless
173:Receiver
98:Monopole
57:Antennas
49:a series
47:Part of
5087:Commons
5077:Outline
5030:Oceania
4949:FidoNet
4934:ARPANET
4747:circuit
4316:digital
4045:History
3968:Osmocom
3816:History
3786:DECT-5G
3760:NR-IIoT
3205:DataTAC
3200:Mobitex
2998:2 April
2880:2 April
2823:2 April
2790:2 April
2677:20 July
2257:Other:
2232:OpenBTS
1943:TD-CDMA
1899:cdmaOne
1433:cdmaOne
1427:(GSM),
1391:⁄
1239:(ERP).
985:latency
977:digital
895:RF CMOS
893:), and
840:Chicago
797:History
695:removed
680:sources
655:Concept
602:laptops
598:tablets
233:Hotspot
211:Systems
178:Rotator
88:Fractal
5025:Europe
4995:Africa
4979:Usenet
4939:BITNET
4876:Mobile
4752:packet
4261:MOSFET
4256:device
4053:Beacon
3770:NB-IoT
3736:(2021)
3731:(2018)
3677:E-UTRA
3659:(2013)
3654:(2009)
3631:family
3590:family
3548:E-UTRA
3429:(2001)
3424:(1998)
3283:family
3264:family
3240:family
3226:(1991)
3157:family
3147:(1979)
3130:B-Netz
3078:(1946)
2971:
2954:
2755:
2706:
2631:
2588:
2521:
2472:
2354:
1937:W-CDMA
1893:(CDPD)
1687:1800.
1545:uplink
1469:Europe
1412:, and
1307:Basic.
1283:pagers
1263:paging
1231:, the
1105:where
932:) and
922:D-AMPS
867:MOSFET
844:Dallas
834:. The
610:pagers
411:Height
396:Factor
83:Dipole
5008:South
5003:North
4964:JANET
4901:Telex
4891:Radio
4730:Nodes
4725:Links
4646:media
4224:Radio
4209:Pager
4137:Drums
4103:video
4098:image
4088:audio
3946:ViLTE
3941:VoLTE
3899:5G NR
3848:STDMA
3836:OFDMA
3779:Other
3765:LTE-M
3750:5G NR
3713:WiBro
3700:WiMAX
3619:WiBro
3532:HSPA+
3525:HSUPA
3520:HSDPA
3403:WiDEN
3396:Other
3299:Other
3262:3GPP2
3195:Hicap
3190:C-450
3178:Other
3095:Altai
2927:(PDF)
2817:(PDF)
2810:(PDF)
2519:S2CID
2408:8 May
2300:(RRM)
2228:(PMR)
2065:5G NR
2032:WiMAX
1979:OFDMA
1965:HSPA+
1960:HSDPA
1915:(PHS)
1907:(CSD)
1864:(CSD)
1814:16.2
1808:12.0
1805:2100
1800:12.2
1794:14.0
1791:1800
1783:2269
1780:26.9
1769:7521
1766:48.9
1646:IS-95
1628:With
1285:, in
1016:Wi-Fi
1010:into
887:LDMOS
828:Tokyo
733:In a
637:Earth
578:cells
567:is a
253:Wi-Fi
243:Radio
193:Tuner
133:Balun
5020:Asia
4906:UUCP
4866:ISDN
3956:ViNR
3951:VoNR
3931:MIMO
3904:CDMA
3889:UMTS
3867:SDMA
3860:CDMA
3855:SSMA
3843:TDMA
3831:FDMA
3629:ETSI
3588:IEEE
3515:HSPA
3453:FOMA
3443:UMTS
3408:DECT
3360:GPRS
3311:iDEN
3306:CDPD
3281:AMPS
3238:3GPP
3155:AMPS
3115:AMTS
3090:IMTS
3000:2012
2969:ISBN
2952:ISBN
2935:2024
2882:2012
2857:2013
2825:2012
2792:2012
2753:ISSN
2722:2019
2704:ISBN
2679:2019
2647:2019
2629:ISBN
2604:2019
2586:ISBN
2555:2019
2488:2019
2470:ISBN
2410:2024
2385:2013
2352:ISBN
2272:MIMO
2092:and
2090:SDMA
2086:MIMO
2051:MBWA
1990:SVDO
1985:EVDO
1955:HSPA
1932:UMTS
1873:EDGE
1868:GPRS
1849:and
1811:449
1797:618
1786:3.3
1777:950
1763:450
1681:UMTS
1630:CDMA
1512:The
1498:The
1414:AMPS
1410:CDMA
1295:UMTS
1287:CDMA
1275:UMTS
1174:B/NK
1121:(or
1027:MIMO
962:ILEC
958:CLEC
954:AMPS
873:and
857:The
842:and
811:, a
678:any
676:cite
600:and
406:Gain
183:Stub
153:Feed
113:Whip
93:Loop
4911:WAN
4881:NGN
4871:LAN
4152:Fax
4093:DCT
3936:IMS
3894:LTE
3884:GSM
3544:LTE
3351:GSM
3326:CT2
3321:PHS
3316:PDC
3247:GSM
3234:GSM
3210:CT1
3185:NMT
3135:AMR
3125:ARP
3100:OLT
3085:MTS
2745:doi
2511:doi
2014:LTE
1857:GSM
1720:or
1685:GSM
1677:GSM
1673:GSM
1650:NMT
1644:In
1522:GSM
1473:GSM
1406:GSM
1291:SMS
1279:LTE
1273:or
1271:GSM
1195:LTE
1170:B/K
1164:is
1157:).
1155:GSM
1147:N/K
1145:of
1119:1/K
938:PCS
930:GSM
877:at
689:by
563:or
5104::
3729:5G
3706:)
3652:4G
3422:3G
3224:2G
3145:1G
3073:0G
2899:–
2833:^
2751:.
2741:13
2739:.
2712:.
2698:.
2663:.
2637:.
2627:.
2623:.
2594:.
2584:.
2580:.
2563:^
2539:.
2517:.
2507:29
2505:.
2478:.
2464:.
2441:.
2401:.
2350:.
2346:.
2327:^
2088:,
2059:5G
2003:4G
1926:3G
1851:0G
1847:1G
1843:2G
1772:1
1727:A
1713:.
1551:.
1528:.
1505:A
1465:US
1439:,
1435:,
1408:,
1383:.
1176:.
942:3G
906:2G
885:,
854:.
820:1G
760:.
608:,
596:,
559:A
51:on
5038:)
5034:(
4029:e
4022:t
4015:v
3702:(
3679:)
3675:(
3550:)
3546:(
3236:/
3047:e
3040:t
3033:v
3020:.
3002:.
2975:.
2937:.
2884:.
2827:.
2794:.
2759:.
2747::
2724:.
2681:.
2649:.
2606:.
2557:.
2525:.
2513::
2490:.
2447:.
2412:.
2387:.
2360:.
1495:.
1393:2
1389:1
1184:N
1166:B
1151:N
1139:N
1135:N
1127:K
1123:K
1111:N
1107:R
1101:,
1087:N
1084:3
1079:R
1076:=
1073:D
1060:D
897:(
889:(
750:6
747:f
743:1
740:f
716:)
710:(
705:)
701:(
697:.
683:.
548:e
541:t
534:v
295:)
291:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
