138:
strontium copper ferrite and lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite. Studies show that Ni/YSZ electrode was less active in reverse fuel cell operation than in fuel cell operation, and this can be attributed to a diffusion-limited process in the electrolysis direction, or its susceptibility to aging in a high-steam environment, primarily due to coarsening of nickel particles. Therefore, alternative materials such as the titanate/ceria composite (La0.35Sr0.65TiO3–Ce0.5La0.5O2−δ) or (La0.75Sr0.25)0.95Mn0.5Cr0.5O3 (LSCM) have been proposed electrolysis cathodes. Both LSF and LSM/YSZ are reported as good anode candidates for electrolysis mode. Furthermore, higher operation temperature and higher absolute humidity ratio can result in lower area specific resistance.
133:) curves and impedance spectra are investigated and recorded. Impedance spectra are realized applying an ac current of 1–2A RMS (root-mean-square) in the frequency range from 30 kHz to 10 Hz. Impedance spectra shows that the resistance is high at low frequencies (<10 kHz) and near zero at high frequencies (>10 kHz). Since high frequency corresponds to electrolyte activities, while low frequencies corresponds to electrodes process, it can be deduced that only a small fraction of the overall resistance is from the electrolyte and most resistance comes from anode and cathode. Hence, developing high performance electrodes are essential for high efficiency SORFC. Area specific resistance can be obtained from the slope of
122:
operation of YSZ electrolyte cells with current densities of 0.3 A cm and 100% Faraday efficiency at only 1.07 V. The recent study by researchers from Sweden shows that ceria-based composite electrolytes, where both proton and oxide ion conductions exist, produce high current output for fuel cell operation and high hydrogen output for electrolysis operation. Zirconia doped with scandia and ceria (10Sc1CeSZ) is also investigated as potential electrolyte in SORFC for
73:
form oxygen and protons; protons will be transported through the solid electrolyte to the cathode where they can be reduced to form hydrogen. In this reverse mode, the polarity of the cell is opposite to that for the fuel cell mode. The following reactions describe the chemical process in the hydrogen generation mode:
72:
When the fuel cell is operated in regenerative mode, the anode for the electricity production mode (fuel cell mode) becomes the cathode in the hydrogen generation mode (reverse fuel cell mode), and vice versa. When an external voltage is applied, water at the anode side will undergo electrolysis to
28:
run in reverse mode, which consumes electricity and chemical B to produce chemical A. By definition, the process of any fuel cell could be reversed. However, a given device is usually optimized for operating in one mode and may not be built in such a way that it can be operated backwards. Standard
137:
curve. Commonly used/tested electrodes materials are nickel/zirconia cermet (Ni/YSZ) and lanthanum-substituted strontium titanate/ceria composite for SORFC cathode, and lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) for SORFC anode. Other anode materials can be lanthanum strontium ferrite (LSF), lanthanum
121:
The electrolyte can be O conducting and/or proton (H) conducting. The state of the art for O conducting yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based SORFC using Ni–YSZ as the hydrogen electrode and LSM (or LSM–YSZ) as the oxygen electrode has been actively studied. Dönitz and Erdle reported on the
117:
operates at high temperatures with high fuel-to-electricity conversion ratios and it is a good candidate for high temperature electrolysis. Less electricity is required for electrolysis process in solid oxide regenerative fuel cells (SORFC) due to high temperature.
643:
562:
Laguna-Bercero, M.A.; J.A. Kilner; S.J. Skinner (2011). "Development of oxygen electrodes for reversible solid oxide fuel cells with scandia stabilized zirconia electrolytes".
414:
zhu, Bin; Ingvar
Albinsson; Camilla Andersson; Karin Borsand; Monika Nilsson; Bengt-Erik Mellander (20 February 2006). "Electrolysis studies based on ceria-based composites".
255:
126:
at intermediate temperatures (500-750 °C). It is reported that 10Sc1CeSZ shows good behavior and produces high current densities, with suitable electrodes.
201:
990:
638:
442:
301:
224:
387:
Dönitz, W.; Erdle, E. (1985). "High-temperature electrolysis of water vapor—status of development and perspectives for application".
336:
1150:
520:
Marina, O. A.; Pederson, L. R.; Williams, M. C.; Coffey, G. W.; Meinhardt, K. D.; Nguyen, C. D.; Thomsen, E. C. (22 March 2007).
259:
176:
937:
493:
Brisse, Annabelle; Josef
Schefold; Mohsine Zahida (October 2008). "High temperature water electrolysis in solid oxide cells".
675:
29:
fuel cells operated backwards generally do not make very efficient systems unless they are purpose-built to do so as with
713:
50:
915:
856:
38:
811:
851:
34:
1040:
951:
734:
1094:
975:
904:
821:
764:
147:
1061:
1005:
965:
930:
841:
703:
30:
1079:
831:
749:
708:
521:
836:
744:
668:
1033:
826:
759:
739:
69:
O); a regenerative hydrogen fuel cell uses electricity and water to produce hydrogen and oxygen.
785:
1028:
995:
923:
754:
718:
152:
114:
335:
Laguna-Bercero, M. A.; Campana, R.; Larrea, A.; Kilner, J. A.; Orera, V. M. (30 July 2010).
308:
231:
769:
602:
536:
457:
8:
1176:
980:
790:
661:
123:
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540:
461:
1084:
1015:
1010:
698:
618:
590:
369:
400:
622:
443:"Performance of solid oxide electrolysis cells based on scandia stabilised zirconia"
373:
337:"Performance and Aging ofMicrotubular YSZ-based Solid Oxide Regenerative Fuel Cells"
1140:
1119:
1045:
945:
891:
886:
881:
876:
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571:
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506:
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648:
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180:
1020:
1000:
575:
1170:
1064:
806:
280:
947:
816:
478:
355:
157:
54:
1155:
1145:
202:"2001-High pressure electrolysis – The key technology for efficient H.2"
985:
588:
364:
614:
548:
440:
1109:
1104:
684:
561:
25:
281:"Proton Exchange Membrane- based Electrochemical Hygrogen Generator"
1089:
1074:
868:
589:
Hauch, A.; S. H. Jensen; S. Ramousse; M. Mogensen (18 July 2006).
492:
1099:
1069:
334:
1114:
441:
Laguna-Bercero, M.A; S.J. Skinnera; J.A. Kilner (1 July 2009).
591:"Performance and Durability of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells"
653:
522:"Electrode Performance in Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cells"
519:
1124:
113:
One example of RFC is solid oxide regenerative fuel cell.
649:
639:
2005– PEM regenerative fuel cell energy storage system
644:
Data sheet Model Car with a reversible fuel cell(PDF)
108:
330:
328:
325:
1168:
931:
669:
302:"Hydrogen-oxygen PEM regenerative fuel cell"
386:
938:
924:
676:
662:
477:
363:
1151:Standard electrode potential (data page)
495:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
389:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
256:"Electrolyzer and Reversible Fuel Cell"
1169:
595:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
529:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
44:
919:
657:
225:"Microsoft Word - E-14264 Layout.doc"
65:) to produce electricity and water (H
177:"Reversible fuel cell learning kit"
13:
1055:Materials produced by electrolysis
714:Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell
109:Solid oxide regenerative fuel cell
51:proton-exchange membrane fuel cell
14:
1188:
632:
283:. European Commission. 2005-10-01
39:unitized regenerative fuel cells
857:Unitized regenerative fuel cell
582:
555:
513:
486:
434:
416:Electrochemistry Communications
258:. Nfcrc.uci.edu. Archived from
991:Electrolysis of carbon dioxide
683:
507:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.07.120
470:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.12.139
407:
380:
294:
273:
248:
217:
194:
169:
35:solid-oxide electrolyser cells
1:
852:Solid oxide electrolyzer cell
179:. Ecosoul.org. Archived from
163:
1041:Electrochemical fluorination
952:Standard electrode potential
735:Direct borohydride fuel cell
428:10.1016/j.elecom.2006.01.011
401:10.1016/0360-3199(85)90181-8
7:
1095:Hydrogen evolution reaction
822:Membrane electrode assembly
765:Reformed methanol fuel cell
148:Glossary of fuel cell terms
141:
33:, regenerative fuel cells,
31:high-pressure electrolysers
10:
1193:
966:Betts electrolytic process
842:Protonic ceramic fuel cell
812:Electro-galvanic fuel cell
704:Molten carbonate fuel cell
1133:
1054:
958:
900:
867:
832:Photoelectrochemical cell
799:
778:
750:Direct methanol fuel cell
727:
709:Phosphoric acid fuel cell
691:
576:10.1016/j.ssi.2010.01.003
129:Current density–voltage (
837:Proton-exchange membrane
745:Direct-ethanol fuel cell
450:Journal of Power Sources
976:Castner–Kellner process
827:Membraneless Fuel Cells
760:Metal hydride fuel cell
740:Direct carbon fuel cell
959:Electrolytic processes
847:Regenerative fuel cell
786:Enzymatic biofuel cell
356:10.1002/fuce.201000069
18:regenerative fuel cell
996:Electrolysis of water
755:Formic acid fuel cell
719:Solid oxide fuel cell
153:Hydrogen technologies
115:Solid oxide fuel cell
1006:Hall–Héroult process
946:Articles related to
53:, for example, uses
981:Chloralkali process
791:Microbial fuel cell
607:2006JElS..153A1741H
541:2007JElS..154B.452M
462:2009JPS...192..126L
124:hydrogen production
45:Process description
1085:Electrolysed water
1016:Kolbe electrolysis
1011:Hofmann voltameter
699:Alkaline fuel cell
564:Solid State Ionics
87:At anode: O → 1/2O
49:A hydrogen fueled
1164:
1163:
913:
912:
615:10.1149/1.2216562
549:10.1149/1.2710209
501:(20): 5375–5382.
22:reverse fuel cell
1184:
1141:Electrochemistry
1120:Sodium hydroxide
1046:Wohlwill process
940:
933:
926:
917:
916:
770:Zinc–air battery
678:
671:
664:
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411:
405:
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384:
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341:
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307:. Archived from
306:
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292:
291:
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277:
271:
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252:
246:
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230:. Archived from
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173:
136:
132:
1192:
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1167:
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1110:Potassium metal
1105:Magnesium metal
1050:
971:Castner process
954:
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723:
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183:on May 11, 2008
175:
174:
170:
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144:
134:
130:
111:
105:
101:
97:
90:
83:
79:
68:
64:
61:) and oxygen (O
60:
47:
12:
11:
5:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
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1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1021:Hoopes process
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:Electrowinning
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
962:
960:
956:
955:
943:
942:
935:
928:
920:
911:
910:
908:
907:
901:
898:
897:
895:
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889:
884:
879:
873:
871:
865:
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861:
860:
859:
854:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
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776:
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747:
742:
737:
731:
729:
725:
724:
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
695:
693:
692:By electrolyte
689:
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673:
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634:
633:External links
631:
629:
628:
581:
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512:
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456:(1): 126–131.
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422:(3): 495–498.
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395:(5): 291–295.
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1132:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Lithium metal
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:Calcium metal
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1042:
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828:
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815:
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789:
787:
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783:
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779:Biofuel cells
777:
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479:10044/1/13889
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353:
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331:
329:
314:on 2011-03-03
310:
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282:
276:
262:on 2009-06-18
261:
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237:on 2009-06-29
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92:
85:
76:At cathode: H
74:
70:
56:
52:
42:
40:
36:
32:
27:
23:
19:
1115:Sodium metal
1065:(extraction)
1025:Dow process
948:electrolysis
846:
817:Flow battery
601:(9): A1741.
598:
594:
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498:
494:
488:
453:
449:
436:
419:
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388:
382:
347:
343:
316:. Retrieved
309:the original
296:
285:. Retrieved
275:
264:. Retrieved
260:the original
250:
239:. Retrieved
232:the original
219:
208:. Retrieved
196:
185:. Retrieved
181:the original
171:
158:Flow Battery
128:
120:
112:
93:
86:
75:
71:
55:hydrogen gas
48:
21:
17:
15:
1156:Electrology
1146:Gas cracker
807:Blue energy
570:: 501–504.
535:(5): B452.
365:10261/53668
350:: 116–123.
24:(RFC) is a
1177:Fuel cells
986:Downs cell
685:Fuel cells
344:Fuel Cells
318:2009-09-24
287:2021-10-18
266:2009-09-24
241:2009-09-24
210:2009-09-24
187:2009-09-24
164:References
94:Overall: H
80:O + 2e → H
1062:Aluminium
1034:Magnesium
26:fuel cell
1171:Category
1134:See also
1090:Fluorine
1075:Chlorine
905:Glossary
869:Hydrogen
623:98331744
374:33333495
142:See also
98:O → 1/2O
1029:Bromine
892:Vehicle
887:Storage
882:Station
877:Economy
728:By fuel
603:Bibcode
537:Bibcode
458:Bibcode
1080:Copper
800:Others
621:
372:
619:S2CID
525:(PDF)
446:(PDF)
370:S2CID
340:(PDF)
312:(PDF)
305:(PDF)
235:(PDF)
228:(PDF)
205:(PDF)
91:+ 2e
1125:Zinc
84:+ O
37:and
611:doi
599:153
572:doi
568:192
545:doi
533:154
503:doi
474:hdl
466:doi
454:192
424:doi
397:doi
360:hdl
352:doi
135:j-V
131:j-V
102:+ H
20:or
1173::
950:/
617:.
609:.
597:.
593:.
566:.
543:.
531:.
527:.
499:33
497:.
472:.
464:.
452:.
448:.
418:.
393:10
391:.
368:.
358:.
348:11
346:.
342:.
327:^
57:(H
41:.
16:A
939:e
932:t
925:v
677:e
670:t
663:v
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613::
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420:8
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190:.
104:2
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89:2
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67:2
63:2
59:2
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