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astronomy, solar physics, magnetic fields and energetic particles; or, viewing the Earth from space, in meteorology, oceanography and geology. Release from the Earth's gravity will permit biologists and physicians to conduct sophisticated experimentation on the nature and properties of fundamental biological processes. A vast scientific frontier will be thus opened to exploration by competent scientists. The observations will provide the world with new facts and hypotheses in the study of the solar system and life.
445:
31:
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going to get any better for a long time. Although we'd like to put all of you into space some time, we can't guarantee it, so you may as well face the prospect of long delays and perhaps no flights. We don't need you around here, at least for the time being. I'm saying this just so you'd understand. So bearing this in mind, any of you who feels like he doesn't want to hack this can walk out of the room right now. You'll be a free man and there'll be no misgivings either way.
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1492:, as AAP was renamed on February 17, 1970. Musgrave (who cultivated a notable passion for flying, eventually accumulating over 17,700 hours in 160 different types of civilian and military aircraft) and Lenoir were the first members of the group to secure potential flight assignments as backup Science Pilots in the Skylab Program. However, Skylab B was canceled and Skylab A abandoned in place after only three missions were flown.
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191:. This was barely sufficient for Apollo, but not enough to allow AAP missions to be flown at the same time. While Slayton and other NASA officials held private doubts about whether AAP would be approved and flown as planned, it was important that it would not be delayed or sidetracked by a shortage of astronauts. To carry out the program,
122:, Slayton told them that "We don't need you around here". He offered to accept their resignations, and promised ground assignments if they did not quit, but warned them to not fool themselves that they would soon fly in space. With self-deprecation, the men named themselves the "XS-11", or "Excess Eleven".
1409:, including two solo flights, he decided that he did not like flying. On April 22 he informed a sympathetic Slayton that he had decided to resign from the Astronaut Corps. On August 23, NASA announced that Llewellyn had also tended his resignation after completing the first phase of flight training at
1464:
After completing their training, the XS-11 were divided between Apollo and AAP, with Allen, Chapman, England, Henize and Parker assigned to Apollo. A new role, the mission scientist, was created as an interface between the crew and the scientific community, as scientific aspects became more important
1404:
About a third of each flight school class flunked, were dropped because they developed a fear of flying, or quit, usually because they discovered that they did not like flying. The response of the scientist astronauts was mixed. Chapman found that he really enjoyed flying, especially in the T-38, and
1388:
The next phase of their training was flight training. Only
Chapman had a private pilot's license, and of the rest only Musgrave had flown a plane before. None had flown jets. While the Excess Eleven had hoped that it would be possible for them to undergo it together, this was considered impractical,
1380:
to become qualified as jet pilots like the Group 4 scientists before them. But first there was five months of classroom training, 330 hours of instruction, mainly in the form of lectures and field trips. Many of these were delivered by the astronauts themselves, and there was even a guest lecture on
244:
The announcement said that exceptions might be made for outstanding candidates, but height requirement was firm, an artifact of the size of the Apollo spacecraft. Applicants had to provide supporting documentation in the form of academic transcripts, multiple references, a research bibliography and
411:
in 1961 and 1965 respectively. From August 1975 to 1978, Allen served as NASA Assistant
Administrator for Legislative Affairs in Washington, D.C. Returning to the Johnson Space Center in 1978, as a senior scientist astronaut, Allen was assigned to the Operations Mission Development Group. He served
1368:
I might as well warn you troops that you won't be seeing any action for quite some time. We've been receiving word from
Washington that the budget in the post-Apollo Program will be severely cut again next year and many flights will have to be postponed or scrapped. And it looks like things aren't
215:
An early Apollo mission will place an astronaut on the surface of the Moon to observe first hand both a wholly new environment and unknown phenomena. Subsequent flights may provide the opportunity to carry out long-term studies from manned orbiting laboratories above the Earth's atmosphere in
1232:
mission in
December 1990. He was director of the Division of Policy and Plans for the Office of Space Flight at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. from January 1991 to December 1991, director of the Spacelab and Operations Program from January 1992 to November 1993, manager of the Space
1363:
was inexorably rising. NASA's appropriation was cut to $ 4.59 billion, with AAP receiving only $ 122 million. When the eleven new astronauts reported for duty on
September 18, 1967, they were met by Shepard and Slayton. In his welcome address to the newcomers, Slayton was blunt:
319:
were over the age limit. They had written to
Slayton during the selection process, and Slayton had informed them that the requirement would be waived for specially qualified individuals like themselves, a decision supported by the director of the Manned Spacecraft Center,
1499:
in 1972 before rejoining the
Astronaut Corps for a second nine-year stint in 1979. Allen also returned to active duty with the Astronaut Office in 1978 after a stint as director of Legislative Affairs at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C., returning one day before the
854:, but returned in June 1989 as the Associate Administrator for Space Flight, responsible for the development, operating and implementation of the necessary policy for the Space Shuttle and all U.S. government civil launch activities. He resigned from NASA in April 1992.
1389:
as the US Air Force's training facilities were stretched by the needs of the war in
Vietnam. Instead they were sent to several different flight schools in Arizona, Oklahoma and Texas. Training commenced with six weeks in the piston engine
1504:
arrived in order to secure his seniority. Holmquest also requested permission to return in
October 1979, but his request was denied. The requirement for scientists to be trained as jet pilots was lifted with the creation of the
248:
By the deadline, 923 applications had been received. The NAS selection panel then went through them, and forwarded 69 on to NASA for consideration. For these candidates, background and security checks were conducted by the
1526:
in
November 1982, fifteen years after he had been selected as an astronaut. Parker, Allen and Thornton flew two missions, and Musgrave ultimately flew six, the last being in 1996. He also carried out four
1469:, although owing to the abort of the mission, he was not called upon to perform the role. Starting with Apollo 14, the mission scientist was part of the support crew. Chapman served in the role on
156:
to service them, and further visits to the Moon, as many as six a year, leading to the establishment of permanent bases there. Plans called for no less than 45 crewed missions, utilizing 19
35:
Group 6 astronauts. Back row, L-R: Henize, England, Holmquest, Musgrave, Lenoir. Front row, L-R: Chapman, Parker, Thornton, Llewellyn. Flanking the group are Allen (left) and O'Leary (right)
416:
during the reentry phase for this mission. In 1980 and 1981, he worked as the technical assistant to the director of flight operations. He flew in space as a mission specialist on the
1385:. Normally, there were two lectures per day of two hours duration, with afternoons and every other Friday free to allow the new scientist astronauts to pursue personal projects.
311:
The group were demographically similar to previous astronaut groups: all were male and white, and all were married, seven with children. Two were born outside the United States.
125:
The group would be the last group selected by NASA for over a decade. The seven members who stayed with NASA after the Apollo Program ended went on to form the core of early
168:. The first AAP launch was expected to occur as early as April 1968 if the Moon landing went well. Each orbital laboratory was expected to be visited by two or three crews.
1373:
The new astronaut group started calling themselves the Excess Eleven or XS-11. Assignments for the group were further delayed by the requirement to complete a full year of
1742:
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207:(NAS) would conduct initial screening of candidates and forward their applications to NASA for selection. Accompanying the press release was a statement from
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medical history. The deadline for applications was midnight, January 8, 1967. It was expected that between twenty and thirty astronauts would be selected.
328:. The group contained three astronomers, two physicists, a chemist, a geophysicist, an electrical engineer, two physiologists and a physician/physicist.
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came second in his class; Musgrave and Allen topped theirs. O'Leary objected to the hazards of flight training, and after a month of flight training at
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habitability systems and medical experiments, but left NASA in September 1973 following two extended leaves (encompassing post-doctoral training in
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1972:
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300:, the chief engineer of the Apollo Program; and Robert F. Thompson, the head of the Apollo Applications Program. Finally, they were taken to
115:
had planned to hire 20 to 30 new scientist-astronauts, but NASA found that only 11 of the 923 applicants were qualified, and hired them all.
111:
program, and NASA's existing surplus of astronauts, they did not expect any of the group to fly in space. Director of Flight Crew Operations
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training, he served as officer-in-charge of the Instrumentation Lab at the Flight Test Air Proving Ground, and later became a consultant to
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to measure their degree of comfort with flying. The names of the eleven successful candidates were officially announced on August 4, 1967.
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The seven remaining members of the Excess Eleven all went on to fly at least one Space Shuttle mission. Allen was the first, flying on
253:. They were then subjected to a week of physical and psychological tests and examinations at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine at
850:
in November 1982. He resigned from NASA in September 1984 to assume a position with the management and technology consulting firm of
1304:
in San Antonio, where he completed the Primary Flight Surgeon's training in 1964. He flew in space as a mission specialist on the
2957:
1036:
965:
1300:, and then returned to active duty with the United States Air Force, and was assigned to the USAF Aerospace Medical Division at
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1401:, the aircraft they would be flying for NASA. By this time four astronauts had been killed in accidents involving the T-38.
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Chapman and Holmquest left the program in July 1972 due to the paucity of flight opportunities. England transferred to the
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mission in November 1996. He is the only astronaut to have flown on all five Space Shuttles. He retired from NASA in 1997.
653:
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2267:
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152:. These called for Apollo hardware to be used to create space stations in Earth and lunar orbit, the development of a
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had proposed that NASA's budget be increased to $ 5.1 billion, of which $ 455 million was for the AAP, but
1292:
from University of North Carolina in 1963. He completed his internship in 1964 at the Wilford Hall USAF Hospital at
953:
412:
as a support crew member for the first orbital flight test of the Space Shuttle (Columbia) in April 1981 and was the
1233:
Operations Utilization Program from December 1993 to August 1997, and director of the NASA Management Office at the
195:
were selected in 1966. NASA also decided to augment the scientist astronauts selected in 1965 with a second intake.
2666:
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in 1953, served as an aviation electrician and instrument technician, and as an aircraft crew chief on board the
75:
2780:
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1485:. In addition Henize and Parker also served on the Apollo 15 support crew, and Chapman on that of Apollo 16.
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2048:
2012:
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902:, in 1955 and 1958 respectively. He dropped out of flight school and resigned from NASA in September 1968.
204:
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899:
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145:
104:
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762:
508:
1528:
1453:
1234:
1425:
1319:
1309:
1058:
1048:
1028:
693:
580:
301:
292:, the NASA Director of Science and Applications; NASA physician Charles Berry; scientist astronaut
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mission before resigning from NASA in July 1972 due to lack of spaceflight opportunities. First
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1005:
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to fly the scheduled Apollo missions, and he had 31 on hand from the selections conducted in
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1201:
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8:
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With a doctorate in the natural sciences, medicine or engineering, or the equivalent; and
203:
NASA issued a call for applications for scientist astronauts on September 26, 1966. The
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129:
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rockets. There would be three orbital workshops, three orbital laboratories and four
99:
on August 11, 1967, the second group of scientist-astronauts. Given the lack of post-
575:
in 1972 before rejoining NASA in 1979, and flew in space as a mission specialist on
2758:
2753:
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2517:
1193:
1145:
1141:
1123:
1035:. From 1979 to 1982, and 1983 to 1984, he was a test and verification pilot in the
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969:
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935:
778:
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620:
609:
384:
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in November 1984. He logged a total of 314 hours in space. He left NASA in 1985.
408:
369:
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220:
Key selection criteria were the same as for the 1965 intake. Candidates had to:
2748:
1281:
1149:
1001:
916:
804:
665:
615:
571:
degree in Earth and planetary sciences from MIT in 1970. He transferred to the
556:
289:
269:
208:
149:
100:
2610:
2268:"Astronaut William Thornton, who invented space shuttle treadmill, dies at 91"
2991:
2826:
2648:
2539:
1183:
1025:
728:
706:
444:
293:
273:
176:
153:
126:
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fire on January 27, 1967, had shaken its faith in NASA, and the cost of the
1241:, from August 1997 to August 2005. He retired from NASA on August 31, 2005.
648:
ended before he received his Naval commission, so he became a member of the
2618:
1896:
1417:
1374:
766:
645:
597:). From June 1987 to December 1987, he taught remote sensing geophysics at
496:
297:
285:
277:
112:
1541:
1531:, totaling 26 hours and 19 minutes, and flew on all five Space Shuttles.
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1341:
661:
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mission. From May 1986 to May 1987, he served as a program scientist for
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30:
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with the later Apollo missions. The first so designated was England on
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mission in April 1985. He resigned from NASA effective May 31, 1994.
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512:
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161:
92:
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equipment, including spacesuits, life support systems, airlocks and
862:
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1666:
1664:
1356:
1340:
While their selection process had been going on, NASA's budget for
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1209:
1063:
1054:
1021:
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717:
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reservist from 1953 to 1955. He served as mission scientist on the
427:
157:
2802:
1893:"Philip Chapman, first Australian-born NASA astronaut, dies at 86"
1249:
1117:
1008:
in 1987. He was the first of the group to serve on a backup crew,
527:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2409:
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2310:
1099:
Servicing mission as payload commander in December 1993, and the
873:
793:
472:
392:
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1661:
910:
1633:"Scientists Invited to Become Astronauts, Do Research in Space"
1489:
1223:
1172:
1100:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1024:
missions. He participated in the design and development of the
774:
108:
2385:
2334:
1678:
363:
1990:
1772:
1760:
1584:
1517:
1305:
1213:
1044:
841:
417:
132:, accomplishing a total of 15 flights between 1982 and 1996.
2286:
688:. He flew in space as a mission specialist on the July 1985
2238:
2202:
2166:
2130:
2091:
2055:
2019:
1968:
1932:
1863:
1824:
1738:
1639:
1604:
1043:. He flew in space six times: as mission specialist on the
141:
96:
2358:
2346:
1488:
Holmquest, Lenoir, Musgrave and Thornton were assigned to
234:
6 feet 0 inches (1.83 m) or less in height;
2690:
NASA Astronaut Group 6, "XS-11 (The Excess Eleven)", 1967
2298:
1267:
1208:
in 1962. He flew in space as a mission specialist on two
1135:
881:
811:
627:
462:
1705:
1259:
1182:
1127:
920:
872:
803:
727:
619:
537:
454:
373:
211:, the chairman of the NAS selection panel, which said:
2421:
1794:. DePauw University News. May 1, 2005. Archived from
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1416:
The final phase of their astronaut training involved
840:
in 1965. He flew in space as a mission specialist on
2629:
Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle
1580:"Before the Fire: Saturn-Apollo Applications (1966)"
773:in 1988. He completed initial training and work on
16:
Group of eleven astronauts accepted by NASA in 1967
2626:
1616:
280:, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations; the
2989:
1792:"Joe Allen '59 Enters US Astronaut Hall of Fame"
1456:arm, prepares to be elevated to the top of the
261:. This reduced the number of candidates to 21.
2617:
2586:
2550:Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference
2499:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2415:
2403:
2379:
2328:
2316:
1996:
1778:
1766:
1699:
1684:
1672:
1610:
1562:
1550:
1393:, then moved on to twenty in the subsonic jet
2968:List of United States Marine Corps astronauts
2788:
2674:
2556:. NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA.
2973:List of United States Space Force astronauts
2007:
2005:
785:) due to lack of spaceflight opportunities.
2516:
2391:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2304:
2292:
2196:"Astronaut Bio: Robert Allan Ridley Parker"
2152:
2118:
2116:
1711:
1397:, and finally to twenty-seven weeks in the
1122:
838:electrical engineering and computer science
2795:
2781:
2681:
2667:
1920:
1918:
1851:
1849:
1728:"Eleven New Scientists to Join MSC Pilots"
1722:
1720:
1578:Portree, David S. F. (December 25, 2000).
1436:in Panama, and water survival training at
948:degree in mathematics and statistics from
29:
2077:
2002:
722:
304:where they were given a test flight in a
240:Meet the physical requirement for pilots.
3013:1967 establishments in the United States
2224:
2113:
1447:
1254:
171:Slayton estimated that he would need 24
2958:List of astronauts by year of selection
2232:"Astronaut Bio: William Edgar Thornton"
2085:"Astronaut Bio: John Anthony Llewellyn"
1915:
1846:
1717:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1037:Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory
966:University of California at Los Angeles
532:
449:
144:had formulated ambitious plans for the
2990:
2546:
2427:
2188:
2041:
1954:
1177:
915:
867:
798:
765:in 1967 and 1968, respectively, and a
676:, while also carrying out research at
614:
251:United States Civil Service Commission
2776:
2662:
2176:from the original on February 5, 2023
2065:from the original on January 16, 2023
1810:
1452:Musgrave, anchored on the end of the
1196:degree in astronomy and physics from
826:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
565:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
485:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
368:
2013:"Astronaut Bio: Donald L. Holmquest"
1568:
640:in Granville, Ohio, and then to the
2274:from the original on March 24, 2023
2248:from the original on April 14, 2021
2140:from the original on April 11, 2022
2101:from the original on March 30, 2021
1978:from the original on March 20, 2023
1926:"Astronaut Bio: Anthony W. England"
1649:from the original on April 17, 2023
13:
2049:"Astronaut Bio: William B. Lenoir"
1903:from the original on April 5, 2023
1857:"Astronaut Bio: Philip K. Chapman"
1748:from the original on June 16, 2022
1206:California Institute of Technology
1162:University of California, Berkeley
634:V-12 Navy College Training Program
228:, or become one by March 15, 1967;
14:
3024:
2701:← NASA Astronaut Group 6 →
2212:from the original on May 12, 2023
2160:"Astronaut Bio: Brian T. O'Leary"
2029:from the original on May 12, 2023
1942:from the original on May 12, 2023
1873:from the original on May 12, 2023
1834:from the original on May 12, 2023
1592:from the original on May 27, 2023
1222:mission in November 1983 and the
954:Master of Business Administration
426:mission in November 1982 and the
264:Interviews were conducted at the
1818:"Astronaut Bio: Joseph P. Allen"
1248:
1171:
1116:
909:
861:
792:
716:
608:
601:. He retired from NASA in 1988.
526:
519:to be selected as an astronaut.
487:in the United States, earning a
443:
362:
331:
231:Born on or after August 1, 1930;
2260:
2124:"Astronaut Bio: Story Musgrave"
1962:"Astronaut Bio: Karl G. Henize"
1885:
1784:
1497:United States Geological Survey
1314:mission in August 1983 and the
118:When the group reported to the
76:List of astronauts by selection
1432:, jungle survival training at
1424:, desert survival training at
1420:training with the Navy at the
483:in 1956. He then attended the
1:
2963:Astronaut ranks and positions
2522:The Making of an Ex-Astronaut
2509:
1642:. September 22, 1966. 66-70.
1443:
747:Southern Methodist University
703:high altitude pulmonary edema
282:Chief of the Astronaut Office
135:
1737:. Vol. 6, no. 22.
1553:, pp. 171–172, 201–202.
1378:Undergraduate Pilot Training
1278:University of North Carolina
684:in astronomy in 1954 by the
205:National Academy of Sciences
198:
148:(AAP) that would follow the
7:
2593:NASA's Scientist Astronauts
2547:Orloff, Richard W. (2000).
1438:Pensacola Naval Air Station
1335:
1276:degree in physics from the
900:University College, Cardiff
705:(HAPE) during an ascent of
595:International Space Station
146:Apollo Applications Program
105:Apollo Applications Program
10:
3029:
2524:. London: Michael Joseph.
2500:Shayler & Burgess 2007
2488:Shayler & Burgess 2007
2476:Shayler & Burgess 2007
2464:Shayler & Burgess 2007
2452:Shayler & Burgess 2007
2440:Shayler & Burgess 2007
2416:Shayler & Burgess 2007
2404:Shayler & Burgess 2007
2380:Shayler & Burgess 2007
2329:Shayler & Burgess 2007
2317:Shayler & Burgess 2007
1997:Shayler & Burgess 2007
1779:Shayler & Burgess 2007
1767:Slayton & Cassutt 1994
1700:Shayler & Burgess 2007
1685:Shayler & Burgess 2007
1673:Shayler & Burgess 2007
1611:Shayler & Burgess 2007
1563:Shayler & Burgess 2007
1551:Slayton & Cassutt 1994
1422:Naval Air Station Key West
1286:Air Proving Ground Command
1280:in 1952. Having completed
1086:mission in November 1991,
1076:mission in November 1989,
932:United States Marine Corps
922:Stockbridge, Massachusetts
852:Booz, Allen & Hamilton
763:Baylor College of Medicine
636:, which first took him to
509:Royal Australian Air Force
73:
2950:
2819:
2772:
2709:
2696:
2619:Slayton, Donald K. "Deke"
1529:extravehicular activities
1454:Remote Manipulator System
1235:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
972:degree in chemistry from
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
193:nineteen pilot astronauts
91:") was a group of eleven
56:
48:
40:
28:
24:XS-11 (The Excess Eleven)
23:
1534:
1426:Fairchild Air Force Base
1033:Manned Maneuvering Units
1029:extra-vehicular activity
593:(which evolved into the
407:degrees in physics from
302:Ellington Air Force Base
266:Manned Spacecraft Center
120:Manned Spacecraft Center
107:being absorbed into the
2633:. New York, NY: Forge.
1565:, pp. 18, 117–118.
1407:Williams Air Force Base
1355:was not receptive. The
1294:Lackland Air Force Base
1144:degree in physics from
1053:mission in April 1983,
1004:in literature from the
886:Llewellyn received his
876:, Wales, United Kingdom
652:, reaching the rank of
375:Crawfordsville, Indiana
166:Apollo Telescope Mounts
2703:NASA Astronaut Group 7
2699:NASA Astronaut Group 5
1461:
1458:Hubble Space Telescope
1434:Albrook Air Force Base
1371:
1261:Faison, North Carolina
1204:in astronomy from the
1160:in astronomy from the
1097:Hubble Space Telescope
1066:mission in July 1985,
998:University of Kentucky
832:degree in 1962, and a
822:electrical engineering
743:electrical engineering
701:mission. He died from
686:University of Michigan
674:University of Virginia
642:University of Virginia
573:U.S. Geological Survey
218:
81:NASA Astronaut Group 6
2806:NASA Astronaut Groups
2595:. Praxis Publishing.
1798:on September 24, 2021
1511:Space Shuttle program
1451:
1391:Cessna T-41 Mescalero
1366:
1302:Brooks Air Force Base
1290:Doctorate in Medicine
1154:Georgetown University
1129:Boston, Massachusetts
1006:University of Houston
771:University of Houston
737:Holmquest received a
678:McCormick Observatory
591:Space Station Freedom
567:(MIT) in 1965, and a
539:Indianapolis, Indiana
255:Brooks Air Force Base
226:United States citizen
213:
2998:NASA Astronaut Corps
2811:NASA Astronaut Corps
1502:Thirty-Five New Guys
1411:Reese Air Force Base
1272:Thornton received a
1239:Pasadena, California
1202:Doctor of Philosophy
1158:Doctor of Philosophy
1041:Johnson Space Center
962:computer programming
930:Musgrave joined the
892:Doctor of Philosophy
869:J. Anthony Llewellyn
834:Doctor of Philosophy
755:Doctor of Philosophy
682:Doctor of Philosophy
654:lieutenant commander
569:Doctor of Philosophy
481:University of Sydney
456:Melbourne, Australia
405:Doctor of Philosophy
3008:1967 in spaceflight
3003:Lists of astronauts
2587:Shayler, David J.;
2502:, pp. 506–509.
2490:, pp. 328–329.
2478:, pp. 332–334.
2466:, pp. 279–281.
2454:, pp. 256–257.
2442:, pp. 252–253.
2418:, pp. 210–212.
2406:, pp. 185–188.
2394:, pp. 198–199.
2382:, pp. 182–185.
2343:, pp. 184–185.
2331:, pp. 181–182.
2319:, pp. 171–173.
1741:. August 18, 1967.
1702:, pp. 118–120.
1675:, pp. 117–118.
1399:Northrop T-38 Talon
1344:1968 had been cut.
1274:Bachelor of Science
1256:William E. Thornton
1179:Robert A. R. Parker
1140:O'Leary received a
1012:in 1973, and was a
982:Columbia University
958:operations analysis
950:Syracuse University
946:Bachelor of Science
888:Bachelor of Science
818:Bachelor of Science
724:Donald L. Holmquest
680:. He was awarded a
632:Henize entered the
549:Bachelor of Science
517:Australian American
469:Bachelor of Science
338:
313:William E. Thornton
306:Northrop T-38 Talon
130:mission specialists
2094:. September 1968.
1507:Mission Specialist
1462:
1298:San Antonio, Texas
1192:Parker received a
1187:December 14, 1936
1152:in astronomy from
978:Doctor of Medicine
816:Lenoir received a
751:Doctor of Medicine
672:in 1948, from the
650:U.S. Naval Reserve
638:Denison University
561:planetary sciences
534:Anthony W. England
507:in 1967. He was a
370:Joseph P. Allen IV
336:
259:San Antonio, Texas
103:funding, with the
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2744:Anthony Llewellyn
2640:978-0-312-85503-1
2602:978-0-387-21897-7
2563:978-0-16-050631-4
2531:978-0-7181-0849-6
2295:, pp. 80–81.
2205:. December 2005.
1899:. April 7, 2021.
1866:. December 1975.
1827:. December 1993.
1687:, pp. 36–37.
1638:(Press release).
1395:Cessna T-37 Tweet
1349:Lyndon B. Johnson
1333:
1332:
1132:January 27, 1940
986:Master of Science
917:F. Story Musgrave
830:Master of Science
800:William B. Lenoir
783:Baylor University
624:October 17, 1926
585:in the July 1985
553:Master of Science
547:England received
501:Doctor of Science
489:Master of Science
467:Chapman earned a
451:Philip K. Chapman
401:Master of Science
397:DePauw University
383:Allen received a
322:Robert R. Gilruth
72:
71:
3020:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2764:William Thornton
2734:Donald Holmquest
2683:
2676:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2632:
2623:Cassutt, Michael
2614:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2555:
2543:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2270:. collectSPACE.
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2128:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2022:. January 1995.
2017:
2009:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1930:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1889:
1883:
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1676:
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1648:
1637:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1509:position in the
1269:
1268:January 11, 2021
1252:
1200:in 1958, and a
1194:Bachelor of Arts
1175:
1146:Williams College
1142:Bachelor of Arts
1137:
1124:Brian T. O'Leary
1120:
974:Marietta College
970:Bachelor of Arts
944:. He received a
936:aircraft carrier
925:August 19, 1935
913:
883:
865:
813:
796:
779:nuclear medicine
769:degree from the
720:
658:Bachelor of Arts
656:. He received a
629:
621:Cincinnati, Ohio
612:
530:
464:
447:
385:Bachelor of Arts
366:
339:
335:
33:
21:
20:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3017:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2977:
2946:
2815:
2801:
2768:
2724:Anthony England
2705:
2692:
2687:
2655:
2641:
2603:
2577:
2575:
2564:
2553:
2532:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:. August 2011.
2234:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:. August 2011.
2162:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:. August 1997.
2126:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:. August 2010.
2051:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:. August 1999.
1928:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1446:
1338:
1264:April 14, 1929
1263:
1198:Amherst College
1186:
1156:in 1964, and a
1131:
1000:in 1966, and a
924:
878:April 22, 1933
877:
812:August 26, 2010
808:March 14, 1939
807:
731:
664:in 1947, and a
628:October 5, 1993
623:
599:Rice University
541:
505:instrumentation
458:
409:Yale University
377:
334:
201:
138:
78:
68:
62:
49:Number selected
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:Story Musgrave
2746:
2741:
2739:William Lenoir
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2719:Philip Chapman
2716:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2639:
2615:
2601:
2589:Burgess, Colin
2584:
2574:. SP-2000-4029
2562:
2544:
2530:
2518:O'Leary, Brian
2513:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2430:, p. 271.
2420:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2369:
2367:, p. 190.
2357:
2355:, p. 162.
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2259:
2223:
2187:
2151:
2112:
2076:
2040:
2001:
1999:, p. 513.
1989:
1971:. March 2007.
1953:
1914:
1884:
1845:
1809:
1783:
1781:, p. 121.
1771:
1769:, p. 203.
1759:
1716:
1704:
1689:
1677:
1660:
1615:
1603:
1567:
1555:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1481:and Parker on
1445:
1442:
1381:exobiology by
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1288:. He earned a
1282:Air Force ROTC
1270:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1212:missions, the
1190:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1150:Master of Arts
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1002:Master of Arts
928:
926:
919:
914:
906:
905:
903:
884:
879:
871:
866:
858:
857:
855:
814:
809:
805:Miami, Florida
802:
797:
789:
788:
786:
735:
733:
732:April 7, 1939
726:
721:
713:
712:
710:
666:Master of Arts
630:
625:
618:
616:Karl G. Henize
613:
605:
604:
602:
557:Earth sciences
545:
543:
536:
531:
523:
522:
520:
499:in 1964 and a
465:
460:
459:March 5, 1935
453:
448:
440:
439:
437:
381:
379:
378:June 27, 1937
372:
367:
359:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
333:
330:
290:Wilmot N. Hess
270:Houston, Texas
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
209:Gene Shoemaker
200:
197:
150:Apollo program
137:
134:
101:Apollo program
74:Main article:
70:
69:
63:
57:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3025:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Robert Parker
2757:
2755:
2754:Brian O'Leary
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2307:, p. 82.
2306:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2227:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1714:, p. 50.
1713:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1613:, p. 18.
1612:
1607:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1477:, England on
1476:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
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1329:
1326:
1323:
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1313:
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1243:
1240:
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1231:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:New York City
1180:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:July 28, 2011
1134:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1098:
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1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:Space Shuttle
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:
937:
933:
929:
927:
923:
918:
912:
908:
907:
904:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
875:
870:
864:
860:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
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764:
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752:
749:in 1962, and
748:
744:
740:
736:
734:
730:
729:Dallas, Texas
725:
719:
715:
714:
711:
708:
707:Mount Everest
704:
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697:
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683:
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542:May 15, 1942
540:
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463:April 5, 2021
461:
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399:in 1959, and
398:
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361:
360:
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332:Group members
329:
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299:
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294:Owen Garriott
291:
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274:Mercury Seven
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154:Space Shuttle
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143:
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127:Space Shuttle
123:
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116:
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110:
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95:announced by
94:
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2549:
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2392:O'Leary 1970
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2341:O'Leary 1970
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2103:. Retrieved
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
1992:
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1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1905:. Retrieved
1897:collectSPACE
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1836:. Retrieved
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1735:NASA Roundup
1734:
1712:O'Leary 1970
1707:
1680:
1651:. Retrieved
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1583:
1558:
1522:
1515:
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1463:
1440:in Florida.
1418:scuba diving
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1375:US Air Force
1372:
1367:
1339:
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1228:
1218:
1105:
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1059:
1049:
980:degree from
940:
882:July 2, 2013
846:
767:Juris Doctor
694:
646:World War II
581:
497:astronautics
432:
422:
310:
298:Maxime Faget
286:Alan Shepard
278:Deke Slayton
263:
247:
243:
219:
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202:
170:
139:
124:
117:
113:Deke Slayton
88:
84:
80:
79:
18:
2729:Karl Henize
2428:Orloff 2000
2278:January 18,
1473:, Allen on
1361:Vietnam War
1342:fiscal year
1148:in 1961, a
984:in 1964, a
976:in 1960, a
968:in 1959, a
952:in 1958, a
894:degrees in
890:degree and
828:in 1961, a
757:degrees in
662:mathematics
555:degrees in
493:aeronautics
477:mathematics
389:mathematics
326:Chris Kraft
317:Karl Henize
2992:Categories
2611:1058309996
2510:References
1444:Operations
1430:Washington
1383:Carl Sagan
1321:Challenger
1311:Challenger
1060:Challenger
1050:Challenger
994:biophysics
990:physiology
988:degree in
956:degree in
836:degree in
820:degree in
759:physiology
695:Challenger
668:degree in
660:degree in
582:Challenger
471:degree in
387:degree in
337:The XS-11
276:astronaut
173:astronauts
136:Background
93:astronauts
2649:937566894
2578:March 30,
2540:500293846
2252:March 28,
2216:March 28,
2180:March 28,
2144:March 28,
2105:March 28,
2069:March 28,
2033:March 28,
1982:March 28,
1946:March 28,
1877:March 28,
1838:March 28,
1802:March 28,
1752:March 29,
1653:March 29,
1596:March 29,
1513:in 1978.
1483:Apollo 17
1479:Apollo 16
1475:Apollo 15
1471:Apollo 14
1467:Apollo 13
1346:President
1093:Endeavour
1073:Discovery
996:from the
964:from the
939:USS
896:chemistry
824:from the
670:astronomy
513:Apollo 14
479:from the
433:Discovery
199:Selection
162:Saturn IB
140:By 1966,
2625:(1994).
2591:(2007).
2572:44775012
2520:(1970).
2272:Archived
2243:Archived
2207:Archived
2171:Archived
2135:Archived
2096:Archived
2060:Archived
2024:Archived
1973:Archived
1937:Archived
1907:April 8,
1901:Archived
1868:Archived
1829:Archived
1743:Archived
1644:Archived
1590:Archived
1523:Columbia
1520:in
1357:Apollo 1
1353:Congress
1336:Training
1325:Spacelab
1316:STS-51-B
1229:Columbia
1219:Columbia
1210:Spacelab
1106:Columbia
1083:Atlantis
1064:Spacelab
1055:STS-51-F
1022:Skylab 4
1018:Skylab 3
1016:for the
1010:Skylab 2
847:Columbia
699:Spacelab
690:STS-51-F
587:Spacelab
577:STS-51-F
428:STS-51-A
423:Columbia
158:Saturn V
65:7 (1969)
60:5 (1966)
2951:Related
1460:in 1993
1039:at the
874:Cardiff
473:physics
393:physics
354:Career
160:and 26
2820:Groups
2647:
2637:
2609:
2599:
2570:
2560:
2538:
2528:
1490:Skylab
1224:STS-35
1101:STS-80
1088:STS-61
1078:STS-44
1068:STS-33
1014:CAPCOM
775:Skylab
414:CAPCOM
403:and a
342:Image
324:, and
109:Skylab
83:(the "
2554:(PDF)
2246:(PDF)
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2052:(PDF)
2027:(PDF)
2016:(PDF)
1976:(PDF)
1965:(PDF)
1940:(PDF)
1929:(PDF)
1871:(PDF)
1860:(PDF)
1832:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
1746:(PDF)
1731:(PDF)
1647:(PDF)
1636:(PDF)
1585:WIRED
1535:Notes
1518:STS-5
1318:
1308:
1306:STS-8
1226:
1216:
1214:STS-9
1103:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1057:
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395:from
351:Died
348:Born
345:Name
272:, by
268:near
224:Be a
85:XS-11
2645:OCLC
2635:ISBN
2607:OCLC
2597:ISBN
2580:2020
2568:OCLC
2558:ISBN
2536:OCLC
2526:ISBN
2280:2021
2254:2020
2239:NASA
2218:2020
2203:NASA
2182:2020
2167:NASA
2146:2020
2131:NASA
2107:2020
2092:NASA
2071:2020
2056:NASA
2035:2020
2020:NASA
1984:2020
1969:NASA
1948:2020
1933:NASA
1909:2021
1879:2020
1864:NASA
1840:2020
1825:NASA
1804:2020
1754:2020
1739:NASA
1655:2020
1640:NASA
1598:2020
1020:and
992:and
960:and
941:Wasp
753:and
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559:and
551:and
495:and
475:and
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187:and
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