Mercury Seven - Knowledge

2211: 1070:. Accepting only military test pilots would simplify the selection process, and would also satisfy security requirements, as the role would almost certainly involve the handling of classified information. The decision to restrict selection to military test pilots was taken by Glennan, Dryden and Gilruth in the last week of December 1958, but the irony of using military test pilots in a civilian program was not overlooked, and in view of the President's express preference for a space program outside the military, Glennan thought it best to run the decision past Eisenhower. A meeting was arranged with the President, who was convinced by the arguments. 1493:

that he "didn't think that any of us could really go on with something like this if we didn't have pretty good backing at home. My wife's attitude towards this has been the same as it has been all along through my flying. If it is what I want to do, she is behind it, and the kids are too, one hundred percent." Carpenter received even more applause when he noted that he was at sea when NASA had phoned to inform him that he had been chosen, and his wife Rene had accepted on his behalf. His selection had also tested the Navy's commitment to Project Mercury when the skipper of his ship, the

2138: 1765: 1885: 1116: 38: 2025: 134: 1949: 1542: 2169:, convinced Cole to turn this into an ongoing marketing campaign. Henceforth, astronauts were able to lease new Corvettes for a dollar a year. All of the Mercury Seven but Glenn took up the offer. Cooper, Grissom and Shepard were soon racing their Corvettes around Cape Canaveral, with the military and local police ignoring their exploits. From a marketing perspective, it was very successful, and helped the highly priced Corvette become established as a desirable brand. 1203:

this was more than expected, NASA decided not to bother with the remaining 41 candidates, as 32 candidates seemed a more than adequate number from which to select 12 astronauts as planned. The degree of interest also indicated that far fewer would drop out during training than anticipated, which would result in training astronauts who would not be required to fly Project Mercury missions. It was therefore decided to cut the number of astronauts selected to just six.

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always possible, but the Mercury spacecraft set a limit of 180 pounds (82 kg). Cooper was the lightest, at 150 pounds (68 kg), while Glenn was at the maximum weight of 180 pounds (82 kg), and Schirra was slightly overweight at 185 pounds (84 kg), and had to lose weight to be accepted. Both had to watch their weight carefully while they were in the space program. IQs ranged from 135 to 147.

1195:; the Minnesota Engineering Analogies Test to measure engineering aptitude; and the Doppelt Mathematical Reasoning Test to measure mathematical aptitude. Donlan, North and Gamble conducted interviews in which they asked technical questions, and queried candidates about their motivations for applying to the program. Candidates were evaluated by two USAF psychiatrists, George E. Ruff and Edwin Z. Levy. A USAF 6069: 129: 1061:

position and attitude and other instrument readings, and will have the capability of operating the reaction controls, and of initiating the descent from orbit. He will contribute to the operation of the communications system. In addition, the astronaut will make research observations that cannot be made by instruments; these include physiological, astronomical and meteorological observations.

2274:, Gus Grissom's widow, in 1984 the Mercury astronauts founded the Mercury Seven Foundation, which raises money to provide college scholarships to science and engineering students. It was renamed the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation in 1995. Shepard was elected its first president and chairman, positions which he held until October 1997, when he was succeeded by Jim Lovell. 6029: 1380:, did so only in January 1958, and was not one of the finalists. Yet the Mercury Seven were similar beyond what was a simple result of the selection criteria. Four were their fathers' namesakes. All were the eldest or only sons in their families. All were born in the United States, and were raised in small towns. All were married with children, and all were 1504:

wanted to project an image of its astronauts as loving family men, and that his story would not stand up to scrutiny, he drove down to San Diego to see Trudy at the first opportunity. Lured by the prospect of a great adventure for herself and her daughters, she agreed to go along with the charade and pretend that they were a happily married couple.

2048:, so he assumed responsibility for the spacecraft's communications and navigation systems. Grissom had a degree in mechanical engineering, so he became responsible for the attitude control systems. Glenn had experience flying many types of aircraft, so he oversaw the cockpit layout. Schirra drew responsibility for the life support systems and the 2230:, while astronauts from later groups had to compete for the remaining spaces allotted to astronauts. While Shepard prohibited junior astronauts from receiving gifts and consulting or teaching part-time, he remained vice president and part owner of the Baytown National Bank in Houston, and devoted much of his time to it. 1176:. Both pledged their support to the space program, and promised that the careers of volunteers would not be adversely affected. NASA officials then briefed the candidates on Project Mercury. The officials conceded that it would be a hazardous undertaking, but emphasized that it was of great national importance. 2219:

the first thirty astronauts were military personnel, the Astronaut Office had a military character, although few of the astronauts wore their uniforms even as much as once a year. There was a bi-weekly military-style pilots' meeting at which activities planned for the upcoming two weeks would be discussed. A "

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Although the entire satellite operation will be possible, in the early phases, without the presence of man, the astronaut will play an important role during the flight. He will contribute by monitoring the cabin environment and by making necessary adjustments. He will have continuous displays of his

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Test pilots accepted that their jobs were dangerous; during Glenn's three years serving as one for the Navy, 12 had died. When asked about how their families thought about their taking on such a dangerous job, most of the seven were surprised, as they had never considered this before. Glenn replied

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Training was always ungraded; the Mercury astronauts had nothing to gain and much to lose from being objectively compared to the newer classes, as it could threaten their privileged status, managerial control, and priority for flight assignments. The astronaut's attendance at their training events

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As additional groups of astronauts were selected in the 1960s, the Mercury Seven remained in control of management decisions. The Astronaut Office, which was headed by Shepard, was one of three divisions in the Directorate of Flight Crew Operations, which was headed by Slayton. Since twenty-six of

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Because they wore civilian clothes, the audience did not see them as military test pilots but "mature, middle-class Americans, average in height and visage, family men all." To the astronauts' surprise, the reporters asked questions about their personal lives instead of their war records or flight

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Their ages at the time of selection ranged from 32 (Cooper) to 37 (Glenn). Shepard was the tallest, at the maximum height of 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m); Grissom, the shortest at 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m). Weight was not a firm criterion like height, as losing weight was

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The candidates were given three briefings by NASA officials. The first was about NASA and Project Mercury; the second concerned the role of the pilot in the project; and the third was about the proposed astronaut training syllabus. In the afternoon candidates had short individual meetings with the

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The process was repeated with a second group of 34 candidates a week later. Of the 69, six were found to be over the height limit, 15 were eliminated for other reasons, and 16 declined. This left NASA with 32 candidates: 15 from the Navy, 15 from the Air Force and two from the Marine Corps. Since

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Cooper's wife Trudy had left him in January 1959 after he had an affair with another officer's wife, and had moved to San Diego. During the selection interviews, he had been asked about his domestic relationship, and had lied, saying that he and Trudy had a good, stable marriage. Aware that NASA

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magazine on behalf of the astronauts for $ 500,000 (equivalent to $ 5,200,000 in 2023) in exchange for exclusive access to their private lives, homes, and families. The money was used as life insurance. Between August, 1959, and May 15, 1963, they each received $ 71,428.71 (equivalent to $

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that test pilots used to cope with danger – but privately calculated that one of the seven would die during Project Mercury. The astronauts participated in the project's design and planning, dividing the work between them. Carpenter had training in airborne electronics and

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All of the Mercury Seven eventually flew in space. They piloted the six spaceflights of the Mercury program that had an astronaut on board from May 1961 to May 1963, and members of the group flew on all of the NASA human spaceflight programs of the 20th century – Mercury,

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that flocked around them. NASA actively sought to protect the astronauts and the agency from negative publicity and maintain an image of "clean-cut, all-American boy." The seven Mercury astronauts agreed to share equally any proceeds from interviews regardless of who flew first.

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then went through the records in January 1959, and identified 110 pilots – five Marines, 47 from the Navy, and 58 from the Air Force – who met the rest of the minimum standards. The 110 were then split into three groups, with the most promising in the first group.

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job specification for astronauts. The panel proposed that astronauts be in civil service grades 12 to 15, depending on qualifications and experience, with an annual salary of $ 8,330 to $ 12,770 (equivalent to $ 87,066 to $ 133,473 in 2023). It described the duties of an

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NASA introduced the astronauts in Washington, DC, on April 9, 1959. Although the agency viewed Project Mercury's purpose as an experiment to determine whether humans could survive space travel, the seven men immediately became national heroes and were compared by

1238:, was eliminated on medical grounds at this stage, a diagnosis that was later found to be in error; thirteen others were recommended with reservations. Gilruth found himself unable to select only six from the remaining eighteen, and ultimately seven were chosen. 1065:

Although the panel considered that many people might possess the required skills – aircraft pilots, submariners, deep sea divers and mountain climbers were all considered likely prospects – it decided that they could be best met by military

983:(NASA), which would absorb NACA and be responsible for the overall direction of the American space program. In September 1958, the USAF agreed to transfer responsibility for MISS to NASA, which was established on October 1, 1958. On November 5, the 1107:, which could not accommodate someone taller. It was still uncertain as to whether piloting in the conventional sense would ever be possible in a spacecraft, but from the beginning the spacecraft design provided for some degree of manual control. 2086:(equivalent to $ 125 in 2023) for overnight trips, which did not cover the cost of hotels and restaurant meals. As a result, astronauts avoided spending money while traveling, as they were personally responsible for costs over their allotted 1589:

program, and sustained an injury to his left arm in a motorbike accident. Two surgical interventions in 1964 and 1967 failed to correct the condition, and he resigned from NASA in August 1967, and retired from the Navy in 1969, with the rank of

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boosters used by Project Mercury. The astronauts affected the design of the Mercury spacecraft in significant ways, insisting that a window be installed, and pressing for a greater degree of astronaut autonomy in flying the spacecraft.

2052:. Drawing on his experience as a Naval officer, Shepard looked after the tracking network and liaised with the Navy on recovery operations. Cooper and Slayton were Air Force officers with engineering backgrounds, so they dealt with the 1864:, the first crewed Apollo mission. Schirra was the first person to be launched into space three times, and the only one to fly Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo missions. He resigned from NASA and retired from the U.S. Navy with the rank of 1180:

NASA selection committee. It was emphasized that participation was entirely voluntary, that candidates were free to decline, and that there would be no career repercussions if they did so. Several candidates declined at this point.

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Glenn and Carpenter did not meet all of their schools' degree requirements; Glenn had not completed his senior year in residence or his final proficiency exam, and Carpenter had not finished his final course in

1725:, the first orbital Mercury flight, and became the first American to orbit the Earth. He retired from NASA in 1964, and from the Marine Corps with the rank of Colonel in 1965. From 1974 to 1999, he served as a 1039:", although Project Mercury's ambitions were far more limited. They thought that they had coined a new word, but the term had been used in science fiction since the 1920s. A three-man panel consisting of 1658:. His lax attitude toward training and his personal safety put him at odds with Slayton. After Shepard was given his potential Apollo command, Cooper retired from NASA and the Air Force with the rank of 1031:

The STG had to decide on a name for the people who would fly into space. A brainstorming session was held on December 1, 1958. By analogy with "aeronaut" (air traveler), someone came up with the term "

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They were forbidden from being compensated for radio or television appearances, or endorsing commercial products, but were allowed to sell their personal stories. In August 1959, they hired an agent,

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All seven had attended post-secondary institutions in the 1940s. Of the five astronauts who had completed undergraduate degrees before being selected, two (Shepard and Schirra) were graduates of the

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pilot. He graduated from the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, with Class 56D (the same class as Gordon Cooper) in 1956. Grissom flew in space on

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experience, or details about Project Mercury. After Glenn responded by speaking eloquently "on God, country, and family," the others followed his example, and were applauded by the reporters.

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The astronauts traveled to frequent meetings around the country on commercial flights, which forced them to earn their flight pay on weekends. Grissom and Slayton regularly drove to

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Despite their rejection from the first group of astronauts, many of the 25 finalists who were passed over still had successful military careers. Three eventually became astronauts:

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in 1968, the first crewed Apollo mission, in Grissom's place, and became the only astronaut to fly Mercury, Gemini and Apollo missions. Cooper piloted the last Mercury spaceflight,

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in 1962. He later took leave of absence to join the U.S. Navy SEALAB project as an aquanaut, but in training suffered injuries that made him unavailable for further spaceflights.

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The four surviving Mercury 7 astronauts at a reception after Shepard's memorial service in 1998. Left to right: Glenn, Schirra, Cooper and Carpenter. All are since deceased.

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in 1949. Average flying hours were 3,500, of which 1,700 was in jets. Most were fighter pilots except Carpenter, who flew multi-engine patrol planes for most of his career.

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Shepard ran the Astronaut Office on a "rank has its privileges" basis. The Mercury and 1962 astronauts had their own allocated parking spaces outside Building 4 at

1852:, flying 90 combat missions, and downing two MiGs. He qualified as a test pilot with Class 20 at the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School in 1958. Schirra flew in space on 603: 3227: 1302: 1290: 2287:, and became the oldest person to fly in space at the time, aged 77. He was the last living member of the Mercury Seven when he died in 2016 at the age of 95. 3525: 5091: 1435:. Both were admitted on the basis of professional equivalency, and were ultimately awarded their bachelor's degrees after their 1962 space flights—Glenn in 2184:, you were looking at an astronaut." While busy with the intense training for their flights, they also drank and partied. Some had affairs with the female 1650:, the final Mercury mission. He was the first American to fly in space for more than a day, and the last to fly in space alone. He flew in space again on 4221: 4195: 3384: 2073: 2029: 1130:. All services agreed to cooperate fully, and handed over their records. There were 508 military test pilots in total, of whom 225 were Air Force, 225 6124: 1298: 1199:, William S. Augerson, went over the candidates' medical records. Some were found to be over the height limit, and were eliminated at this juncture. 1154:

in Washington, DC, in two groups. The first group of 35 assembled there on February 2, 1959. The Navy and Marine Corps officers were welcomed by the

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to fly in space at the time. He was the oldest member of the Mercury Seven, and the last living member of the group when he died in 2016 at age 95.

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in 1951, and the USAF in 1952. He graduated from the USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, with Class 55C, and served as a

1143: 5204: 620: 2090:. An important component of their income was monthly flight pay, which ranged from $ 190 to $ 245 (equivalent to $ 1,986 to $ 2,561 in 2023). 1372:

All were male and white. Women were not yet accepted into the military test pilot schools, and the first African American to graduate from the

1294: 306: 5377: 3944: 2683: 1485:." Two hundred reporters overflowed the room used for the announcement and alarmed the astronauts, who were unused to such a large audience. 1166: 980: 2234:

was voluntary. The character of the Astronaut Office would only change after Mercury astronauts retired in the 1970s, and control passed to

833:. The Mercury Seven created a new profession in the United States, and established the image of the American astronaut for decades to come. 5382: 754: 3996: 2127: 946: 110: 2130:. Within weeks the astronauts were given priority access to USAF T-33s, F-102s and F-106s at Langley. In 1962, NASA acquired a fleet of 929:. The demonstration of American technological inferiority came as a profound shock to the American public. The Soviets followed up with 3136: 1804:, the first crewed Gemini mission in 1965, becoming the first NASA astronaut to fly in space twice. He was designated as commander of 5419: 613: 1454:, which resulted in his grounding two months prior to what would have been his first space flight, and the second orbital mission. 4670: 5367: 3208: 1207: 647: 3190: 3058: 425: 5121: 1932:, until an experimental corrective surgery cured him, and he was returned to flight status in May 1969. In 1971, he commanded 1916:, the first piloted Mercury flight, and became the first American in space. He was slated to command the last Mercury flight, 1183:

The rest reported to NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC, the following day for further screening. Voas gave them a series of

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710,871 in 2023). Their official spokesman from 1959 to 1963 was NASA's public affairs officer, USAF Lieutenant Colonel

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explode during launch on May 18, 1959, they publicly joked "I'm glad they got that out of the way" – typical

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The Mercury Seven wrote first-hand accounts of their selection and preparation for the Mercury missions in the 1962 book

1127: 1052: 710: 685: 201: 4860: 1399:, in 1944 and 1945, respectively. Following a decade of intermittent studies, Cooper completed his bachelor's degree in 3095:(Interview). Interviewed by John P. Richmond, Jr. Military Air Transport Service, United States Air Force. pp. 4–7 1809: 1381: 1336: 401: 1936:, the third crewed lunar landing mission, and became the fifth and oldest man to walk on the Moon. He was promoted to 4147:"Nat Geo Hands Series Order To Adaptation Of Tom Wolfe's 'The Right Stuff' From Leonardo DiCaprio's Appian Way – TCA" 3235: 1714:. He qualified as a test pilot with Class 12 at the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School in 1954. In 1957, he made the first 1444: 1404: 1215: 961: 902: 291: 119: 1908:

Shepard graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in 1944. After service afloat during

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Schirra graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in 1945. After service afloat during

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Due to manufacturing constraints, Slayton and Glenn wore work boots spray-painted silver for the promotional photo.

1726: 1635: 1373: 872:, in 1963, and in 1965 became the first astronaut to make a second orbital flight when he flew as command pilot of 700: 670: 256: 4809:. Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program. Washington, DC: NASA. 4306: 1126:

The first step in the selection process was to obtain the service records of test pilot school graduates from the

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Glenn joined the U.S. Navy in 1942, and transferred to the U.S. Marine Corps in 1943. He saw active service as a

1211: 635: 608: 418: 266: 5190: 2400: 2158: 972: 580: 5028:. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA History Office, Office of Policy and Plans. pp. 165–166. 6114: 5412: 5372: 3568: 2004: 1929: 941:. American intelligence analysts assessed that the Soviets planned to put a man into orbit, which caused the 888: 5215: 1306: 6119: 6109: 3985:. American Journalism Historians Association Conference. Roanoke, Virginia: Northeast Louisiana University. 1981: 1937: 1865: 1274: 1262: 241: 964:(ARPA). The core of the problem was the USAF's inability to articulate a clear military purpose for MISS. 6075: 5990: 4119: 4088: 2264: 1392: 1329: 1286: 1282: 585: 435: 378: 4957: 4574: 2343:

at the White House "for pioneering manned space flight in the United States". The Mercury 7 monument at

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Glenn became the first American in orbit in 1962. In 1998 (while a sitting U.S. senator) he flew on the

6019: 2210: 2110: 1848:, he qualified as a pilot in 1948, and saw service on exchange with the USAF as a fighter pilot in the 1135: 313: 251: 20: 2302: 2109:, where a friend let him fly higher-performance F-104B jets. This came up when Cooper had lunch with 2008: 1925: 1591: 1155: 715: 575: 373: 368: 149: 6104: 6099: 5467: 5405: 4757: 4609: 4146: 3563: 2314: 2035:

The Mercury spacecraft was less finished than the astronauts' previous vehicles. After watching an

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From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners

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containing reports, photographs and a movie is buried beneath the monument, to be opened in 2464.

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but was killed in a fire during a launch pad rehearsal test. At the time of his death, he was a

1011:, the director of Space Flight Development at STG, that the human spaceflight project be called 6094: 5923: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5132: 5063: 4415: 4385: 2256: 2251: 2094: 1992:. Before Slayton could make his Mercury flight, he was diagnosed with an erratic heart rhythm ( 1831: 1639: 1408: 1322: 1254: 1246: 1015:. The name was publicly announced by Glennan on December 17, 1958, the 55th anniversary of the 730: 281: 96: 3115: 2072:

The astronauts remained on active duty as military officers, and were paid according to their

1999:), and grounded by NASA and the Air Force. He resigned from the USAF in 1963 with the rank of 1368:(L to R) Cooper, Schirra (partially obscured), Shepard, Grissom, Glenn, Slayton, and Carpenter 1289:, and was Chief of Naval Operations. Three of the finalists later died in aircraft accidents: 3530: 2172:

The Mercury astronauts established the style and appearance of astronauts. "I soon learned",

2036: 2000: 1989: 1400: 1377: 1258: 1188: 957: 695: 301: 261: 213: 186: 4268: 4250: 3088: 6000: 5220: 2227: 2045: 1895: 1729: 1566: 1470: 1440: 1087: 976: 953: 430: 406: 356: 2347:, where the four Mercury-Atlas launches took place, was dedicated on November 10, 1964. A 1940:, the first astronaut to reach this rank. He retired from NASA and the U.S. Navy in 1974. 8: 5880: 5875: 5625: 5605: 2235: 2131: 2115: 1996: 1703: 1451: 1396: 1270: 1115: 1036: 884: 545: 474: 191: 6045: 5830: 5610: 5600: 5500: 5493: 4874: 4679: 2319:

were named in honor of the astronauts Carpenter, Grissom, Cooper, Glenn, and Shepherd.

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from January to March, under the direction of Albert H. Schwichtenberg, a retired USAF

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History of the USAF Experimental Test Pilot School 4 February 1951 – 12 October 1961

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Shepard became the first American to enter space in 1961, and walked on the Moon on

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Mercury Rising: John Glenn, John Kennedy, and the New Battleground of the Cold War

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Light This Candle: The Life & Times of Alan Shepard, America's First Spaceman

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Life Magazine and the Mercury Seven Astronauts: A Historic Case of Media Control

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Failure Is Not an Option: Mission Control from Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond

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technological and ideological competition with the United States known as the

37: 6088: 5798: 5755: 5750: 5677: 5635: 5620: 5580: 5570: 5163: 5148: 5083: 4978: 4948: 4814: 4745: 4713: 4678:. Edwards Air Force Base, California: United States Air Force. Archived from 4605: 4597: 4565: 4503: 4461: 4449: 4407: 2271: 2098: 2049: 2040: 1826: 1746: 1695: 1608: 1432: 1416: 1350: 1332: 1250: 1162: 846: 822: 810: 725: 457: 396: 223: 59: 53: 5051: 5010: 4844: 4785: 4631: 4533: 4356: 2415: 2137: 2013: 5777: 5761: 5729: 5672: 5595: 5575: 5565: 5555: 5173: 5168: 4920: 4870: 4801: 4793: 4465: 3777: 3605: 3415: 3361: 2517: 2348: 2298: 2294: 2119:, and was duly reported in the paper. Cooper then discussed the issue with 1977: 1954: 1909: 1890: 1845: 1699: 1478: 1358: 1354: 1151: 918: 830: 826: 740: 504: 484: 63: 45: 4970: 4422:. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. New York; London: Springer. 4392:. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. New York; London: Springer. 2600: 2598: 2561: 2559: 2546: 2544: 1948: 1023:, return him safely to the Earth, and evaluate his capabilities in space. 1019:' first flight. The objective of Project Mercury was to launch a man into 5865: 5734: 5585: 5457: 5158: 4890: 4721: 4457: 3152: 2290: 2120: 2065: 1770: 1436: 1343: 1242: 1004: 864:

fire; the others all survived past retirement from service. Schirra flew

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Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966).

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Despite the extensive physical examinations, Slayton had an undiagnosed

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Then came a grueling series of physical and psychological tests at the

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NASA Astronaut Group 1, "The Mercury Seven", "The Original Seven" 1959

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Selecting the Mercury Seven: The Search for America's First Astronauts

4370:. Indiana Biography Series. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 3385:"Scott Carpenter, One of the Original Seven Astronauts, Is Dead at 88" 3068:. Vol. 3, no. 1. NASA. October 30, 1963. pp. 1, 4, 5, 7 1756:, and, at the age of 77, became the oldest person to orbit the Earth. 1670: 1654:

in August 1965. In 1969, he served as commander of the backup crew of

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in 1942, and flew combat missions over Europe and the Pacific during

1933: 1876:'s co-anchor for the broadcasts of the Apollo Moon landing missions. 1857: 1800:, the second suborbital Mercury flight, and then as Command Pilot of 1788:

Grissom joined the USAF in 1950, and flew 100 combat missions in the

1655: 1219: 1032: 930: 914: 853: 786: 529: 2727: 2725: 2723: 5842: 3313: 3215:. Spokane, Washington). Chicago Tribune. April 10, 1959. p. 2. 3171: 2078: 1869: 1861: 1820: 1805: 1801: 1736:. While a U.S. Senator in 1998, he was chosen to fly as a civilian 1651: 1578: 922: 873: 865: 861: 857: 479: 5397: 5212: 5002: 4803:

Volume VII Human Spaceflight: Projects Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo

4690:

Gubert, Betty Kaplan; Sawyer, Miriam; Fannin, Caroline M. (2002).

4045: 4043: 2945: 2943: 1602: 5836: 4339:

The Real Stuff: A History of NASA's Astronaut Recruitment Program

4067: 2773: 2720: 2634: 2583: 2185: 2177: 2150: 2057: 1500:, refused to release him, and Burke had to personally intervene. 1073:

The panel also drew up selection criteria. Astronauts had to be:

469: 5043: 4777: 4495: 3838: 3794: 3792: 2456: 2454: 1364: 891:

in 1975. The first American in orbit in 1962, Glenn flew on the

4516:

For Spacious Skies: The Uncommon Journey Of A Mercury Astronaut

4040: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3997:"The Original "Voice of the Astronauts" – John "Shorty" Powers" 3765: 3262: 3250: 2940: 2790: 2788: 2761: 1924:

flight, but he was grounded in 1963 after being diagnosed with

1741: 1711: 1586: 720: 626:

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service

181: 4287: 3279: 3277: 3159: 2991: 2749: 2622: 2571: 2490: 1565:

Carpenter joined the U.S. Navy in 1949, and flew multi-engine

6051: 4694:

Distinguished African Americans in Aviation and Space Science

4420:

Faith 7: L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., and the Final Mercury Mission

3922: 3789: 3439: 2870: 2868: 2831: 2829: 2451: 1231: 934: 4011: 3898: 3886: 3143:. New London, Connecticut. Associated Press. October 4, 1983 2785: 2176:

later recalled, "if you saw someone wearing a short-sleeved

128: 5442: 3274: 2507: 2505: 2439: 2082:(equivalent to $ 94 in 2023) for day trips, and a $ 12 1733: 802: 144: 4055: 3753: 3702: 3656: 3617: 3505: 3403: 3349: 3015: 2892: 2880: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2826: 999:

as its director. On November 26, 1958, NASA Administrator

2003:, but stayed with the space program, first as unofficial 1967: 1903: 1839: 1783: 1689: 1621: 1560: 949:(NACA) to strengthen their efforts to achieve that goal. 4955: 3850: 3826: 3783: 3714: 3611: 3421: 3370: 3337: 3197:. (Kansas). Associated Press. April 10, 1959. p. 1. 2934: 2916: 2904: 2737: 2708: 2604: 2565: 2550: 2535: 2523: 2502: 2484: 2472: 2433: 2421: 2101:

aircraft with colonels and generals. Cooper traveled to

1080:

Less than 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall;

4547:

A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts

3910: 3325: 3027: 2076:. To supplement their travel, they were provided a $ 9 1958: 1894: 1830: 1774: 1680: 1612: 1551: 1192: 3427: 3301: 3039: 3003: 2979: 1407:(AFIT) in 1956. Grissom earned a bachelor's degree in 6017: 3862: 3591:"Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew – Gus Grissom" 3559:"John Glenn, First American to Orbit the Earth, Dies" 2646: 2610: 2249:

published a less sanitized version of their story in

1226:, submerging their feet in ice water, three doses of 1165:, while the Air Force officers were addressed by the 1103:

The height limit was a function of the design of the

4930:

Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle

3289: 2967: 1419:, from the AFIT in 1956. Slayton graduated from the 1096:

With a minimum of 1,500 hours total flying time; and

3874: 1443:and Carpenter in aeronautical engineering from the 5919:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14 4691: 4689: 4473: 4222:"Thunderbirds are go: First pictures of TV remake" 4118: 4087: 3952: 3059:"14 New Astronauts Introduced at Press Conference" 3051: 2961: 2691: 2030:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14 5914:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5 4965:. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA. 4444: 4196:"John Glenn and the courage of the Mercury Seven" 4073: 2997: 1721:across the United States. Glenn flew in space on 1634:in Germany for four years. He graduated from the 1321:The seven original American astronauts were Navy 6086: 4510: 4336: 3939: 3937: 3319: 3177: 3165: 2949: 2779: 2755: 2731: 2640: 2628: 2589: 2577: 956:(MISS), for which it obtained approval from the 860:Gemini mission in 1965, but died in 1967 in the 19:"Mercury 7" redirects here. For other uses, see 4604: 3844: 3673: 3671: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2196:, and he negotiated an exclusive contract with 979:, decided to create a new civilian agency, the 952:The USAF launched a spaceflight project called 621:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 6008:(non-NASA project inspired by Project Mercury) 5017: 4919: 4792: 4341:. Praeger special studies. New York: Praeger. 4337:Atkinson, Joseph D.; Shafritz, Jay M. (1985). 4293: 4269:"Astronauts Have Their Day at the White House" 3928: 3904: 3892: 3812:"Military Hazardous Duty Pay Charts 1955–1967" 3771: 3445: 3268: 3256: 2794: 2767: 2496: 2460: 2445: 2223:" was held afterwards to adjudicate disputes. 5413: 5378:List of United States Marine Corps astronauts 5198: 5107: 4480:. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. 3976:Carter, Ginger Rudeseal (October 6–8, 1994). 3934: 3089:"The MATS Flyer Interviews Major Gus Grissom" 3080: 1167:Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force 981:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 762: 5383:List of United States Space Force astronauts 4987:(1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. 4959:This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury 3668: 2658: 1415:in 1950, and a second bachelor's degree, in 4821: 4061: 4049: 4034: 2128:House Committee on Science and Astronautics 947:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 643:Department of State Office of Space Affairs 16:Group of American astronauts chosen in 1959 5420: 5406: 5205: 5191: 5114: 5100: 4865:. Washington, DC: NASA. pp. 143–166. 4638: 4022: 3798: 2255:. Wolfe's book was the basis for the 1983 2165:in 1960 and who was a Chevrolet dealer in 1920:, but it was canceled, and then the first 1636:USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School 769: 755: 604:Department of Energy national laboratories 132: 127: 4363: 3382: 3033: 3021: 1626:Cooper joined the USAF in 1949, and flew 1546: 1142:. Donlan, North, Gamble and psychologist 801:. Their names were publicly announced by 614:Office of Commercial Space Transportation 6125:1959 establishments in the United States 5068:. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. 4977: 4897:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 4309:. Air Force Space Museum. Archived from 4257:. p. 22 – via Newspapers.com. 4113: 4085: 3916: 3137:"College says Glenn degree was deserved" 3113: 2209: 2136: 2023: 1581:, with Class 13 in 1954. Carpenter flew 1363: 1114: 5368:List of astronauts by year of selection 4851: 4572: 4540: 4414: 4384: 4251:"Cooper the Cool Handles a Hair-Raiser" 3868: 3856: 3759: 3720: 3708: 3662: 3623: 3511: 3433: 3409: 3383:Goldstein, Richard (October 10, 2013). 3355: 3343: 3307: 3191:"Future challenging for new astronauts" 3086: 3045: 3009: 2985: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2743: 2714: 2652: 2616: 2511: 2339:presented the astronaut group the 1962 1953: 1889: 1856:, the third orbital Mercury flight; on 1825: 1769: 1569:patrol aircraft. He graduated from the 1245:and Jim Lovell, who were selected with 1218:. The tests included spending hours on 648:Office of Science and Technology Policy 6087: 4889: 4730:. New York: Grand Central Publishing. 4720: 4668: 4476:We Seven: By the Astronauts Themselves 4245: 4193: 3975: 3784:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 3612:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 3556: 3422:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 3371:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 3331: 3283: 2973: 2935:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2605:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2566:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2551:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2536:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2524:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2485:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2473:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2434:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2422:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 1646:, with Class 56D in 1956. Cooper flew 1607: 1150:Sixty-nine candidates were brought to 5401: 5186: 5095: 5058: 4752: 4698:. Westport, Connecticut: Oryx Press. 4219: 4144: 4120:"Cinema: Saga of a Magnificent Seven" 4089:"Books: Skywriting with Gus and Deke" 4086:Sheppard, R.Z. (September 24, 1979). 3880: 3832: 3642:The 40th Anniversary of the Mercury 7 3295: 3225: 3183: 1675: 1026: 6058: 4171:. Astronaut Scholarship Foundation. 2322: 2103:McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base 1533: 1457: 1281:became an admiral. He commanded the 1257:in 1966. Others achieved high rank: 1110: 5427: 4220:Idato, Michael (January 18, 2015). 3523: 2329:Society of Experimental Test Pilots 2153:presented Shepard with a brand-new 1374:USAF Experimental Test Pilot School 1212:Wright Aerospace Medical Laboratory 1128:United States Department of Defense 793:. They are also referred to as the 13: 5466: 4762:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 4194:Kaplan, Sarah (December 8, 2016). 4175:from the original on July 19, 2019 4145:White, Peter (February 10, 2019). 987:(STG) was established at the NASA 901:in 1998 to become, at age 77, the 426:Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska 402:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station 14: 6136: 5018:Warren-Findley, Jannelle (1998). 4933:(1st ed.). New York: Forge. 4669:Eppley, Charles V. (March 1963). 3951:. August 24, 1959. Archived from 3684:40th Anniversary of the Mercury 7 3588: 3209:"Mercury project team introduced" 3114:DeFelice, David (April 3, 2015). 2126:. The matter was taken up by the 1445:University of Colorado at Boulder 1405:Air Force Institute of Technology 1119:The Mercury Seven in front of an 962:Advanced Research Projects Agency 6067: 6039: 6027: 4299: 4261: 4239: 4213: 4187: 4161: 4138: 4107: 4079: 3989: 3969: 3732: 3677: 3635: 3557:Potter, Ned (December 8, 2016). 3484: 3457: 2962:Gubert, Sawyer & Fannin 2002 2690:. April 20, 1959. Archived from 2161:, a race car driver who won the 1947: 1883: 1827:Walter Marty (Wally) Schirra Jr. 1819: 1763: 1740:on the October–November mission 1669: 1601: 1540: 1507: 1093:A graduate of test pilot school; 1083:In excellent physical condition; 36: 4855:(1975). "Men for the Moon". In 4367:Gus Grissom: The Lost Astronaut 4329: 3804: 3726: 3629: 3582: 3550: 3517: 3478: 3451: 3376: 3226:Deiss, Heather (June 5, 2013). 3219: 3201: 3129: 3107: 2800: 1609:Leroy Gordon (Gordo) Cooper Jr. 789:selected to fly spacecraft for 636:Space Weather Prediction Center 609:Federal Aviation Administration 419:Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport 5831:McDonnell Aircraft Corporation 4862:Apollo Expeditions to the Moon 3087:Grissom, Gus (February 1963). 2393: 2373: 2011:flight. He left NASA in 1982. 1316: 973:President of the United States 967:Meanwhile, in response to the 921:on October 4, 1957, started a 581:National Reconnaissance Office 1: 5373:Astronaut ranks and positions 4827:The Making of an Ex-Astronaut 4275:. October 11, 1963. p. 3 3739:40th Anniversary of Mercury 7 3491:40th Anniversary of Mercury 7 3464:40th Anniversary of Mercury 7 2386: 2005:Chief of the Astronaut Office 1930:Chief of the Astronaut Office 908: 5022:. In Mack, Pamela E. (ed.). 4616:. New York: Harper Collins. 4576:Where No Man Has Gone Before 3320:Carpenter & Stoever 2003 3195:Lawrence Daily Journal-World 3178:Carpenter & Stoever 2003 3166:Carpenter & Stoever 2003 2950:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2780:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2756:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2732:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2641:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2629:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2590:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2578:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2327:The Mercury 7 group won the 2141:Plaque at Launch Complex 14 2019: 1982:Minnesota Air National Guard 1571:U.S. Naval Test Pilot School 1423:with a bachelor's degree in 1353:, Navy Lieutenant Commander 1253:, who was selected with the 236:Robotic spaceflight programs 7: 5991:Manned Space Flight Network 4646:. New York: ipicturebooks. 4550:. New York: Penguin Books. 4283:– via Newspapers.com. 3845:Cooper & Henderson 2000 3116:"Biography – John H. Glenn" 2354: 1393:United States Naval Academy 1301:on July 24, 1963. Finalist 586:United States Space Command 436:Vandenberg Space Force Base 202:International Space Station 120:United States space program 10: 6141: 5464: 4829:. London: Michael Joseph. 4573:Compton, W. David (1988). 4364:Boomhower, Ray E. (2004). 3929:Logsdon & Launius 2008 3905:Logsdon & Launius 2008 3893:Logsdon & Launius 2008 3772:Logsdon & Launius 2008 3735:"Donald K. "Deke" Slayton" 3446:Slayton & Cassutt 1994 3269:Logsdon & Launius 2008 3257:Logsdon & Launius 2008 2795:Logsdon & Launius 2008 2768:Logsdon & Launius 2008 2497:Logsdon & Launius 2008 2461:Logsdon & Launius 2008 2446:Logsdon & Launius 2008 2265:TV series of the same name 1955:Donald Kent (Deke) Slayton 1710:, when he shot down three 1305:died in the May 16, 1965, 1007:, adopted a suggestion by 883:Slayton, grounded with an 856:in 1971. Grissom flew the 161:Human spaceflight programs 21:Mercury 7 (disambiguation) 18: 5983: 5962: 5939: 5932: 5895: 5858: 5823: 5791: 5770: 5721: 5705: 5698: 5663: 5548: 5485: 5478: 5435: 5360: 5229: 5182: 5139: 5131:NASA Astronaut Group 1 → 5129: 4921:Slayton, Donald K. "Deke" 4226:The Sydney Morning Herald 2814:. NASA. November 30, 2006 2684:"Rendezvous with Destiny" 2009:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project 1891:Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. 1771:Virgil Ivan (Gus) Grissom 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1513:Mercury Seven astronauts 1297:on January 11, 1961; and 1156:Chief of Naval Operations 889:Apollo–Soyuz Test Project 887:, ultimately flew on the 716:Sierra Nevada Corporation 660:Commercial space industry 576:United States Space Force 94: 86: 78: 42:The Mercury Seven in 1960 35: 30: 4873:. SP-350. Archived from 4727:The Astronaut Wives Club 4582:. Washington, DC: NASA. 4514:; Stoever, Kris (2003). 2812:Project Mercury Overview 2366: 1425:aeronautical engineering 1357:, and Air Force Captain 1309:of multiple aircraft at 1077:Less than 40 years old; 785:were the group of seven 631:Office of Space Commerce 307:Solar System Exploration 97:Astronaut Group 2 (1962) 5909:Wallops Flight Facility 5849:North American Aviation 5471:Mercury program capsule 4518:. New York: NAL Trade. 2333:Iven C. Kincheloe Award 1719:transcontinental flight 1677:John Herschel Glenn Jr. 1548:Malcolm Scott Carpenter 1421:University of Minnesota 989:Langley Research Center 943:United States Air Force 570:National security space 414:Wallops Flight Facility 5924:Mercury Control Center 5472: 5133:NASA Astronaut Group 2 4462:Schirra, Walter M. Jr. 4074:Carpenter, et al. 2010 3686:. NASA. Archived from 3638:"Walter M. Schirra Jr" 3228:"Mercury – April 1959" 2998:Carpenter, et al. 2010 2403:. Smithsonian Magazine 2215: 2142: 2095:Langley Air Force Base 2032: 1832:Hackensack, New Jersey 1698:in the Pacific during 1640:Edwards Air Force Base 1409:mechanical engineering 1369: 1234:. Only one candidate, 1123: 1099:A qualified jet pilot. 1063: 731:United Launch Alliance 5972:(rival in space race) 5470: 5216:NASA Astronaut Groups 4644:The All-American Boys 4450:Cooper, L. Gordon Jr. 4249:(October 25, 1979a). 3680:"Alan B. Shepard, Jr" 3531:The Columbus Dispatch 3460:"L. Gordon Cooper Jr" 3286:, pp. 59, 70–71. 2808:"Astronaut Selection" 2424:, pp. 28–29, 37. 2401:"The Mercury 7 Caper" 2313:'s television series 2257:film of the same name 2213: 2140: 2027: 1401:aerospace engineering 1378:John L. Whitehead Jr. 1367: 1291:Halvor M. Ekeren, Jr. 1259:Lawrence Heyworth Jr. 1189:Miller Analogies Test 1118: 1058: 958:Joint Chiefs of Staff 451:Space launch vehicles 6115:NASA Astronaut Corps 6001:Astronaut Wives Club 5221:NASA Astronaut Corps 4877:on February 19, 2008 4466:Shepard, Alan B. Jr. 4149:. Deadline Hollywood 3999:. Marketing the Moon 2228:Johnson Space Center 2205:John "Shorty" Powers 2046:celestial navigation 1896:Derry, New Hampshire 1868:in 1969, and joined 1567:Lockheed P-2 Neptune 1348:Lieutenant Commander 1342:, Air Force Captain 1293:, on April 8, 1959; 977:Dwight D. Eisenhower 954:Man in Space Soonest 407:Kennedy Space Center 357:NASA Astronaut Corps 72:Scott Carpenter 6120:1959 in spaceflight 6110:American astronauts 5949:(successor program) 5851:(Little Joe rocket) 4446:Carpenter, M. Scott 4307:"Launch Complex 14" 4294:Warren-Findley 1998 4200:The Washington Post 4117:(October 3, 1983). 4052:, pp. 113–114. 4037:, pp. 168–169. 3957:on February 1, 2011 3835:, pp. 152–153. 3801:, pp. 442–443. 3786:, pp. 235–237. 3762:, pp. 343–350. 3711:, pp. 303–310. 3690:on November 3, 2004 3665:, pp. 329–336. 3626:, pp. 310–316. 3614:, pp. 365–370. 3538:on December 8, 2016 3514:, pp. 316–323. 3487:"John H. Glenn, Jr" 3424:, pp. 494–503. 3412:, pp. 336–343. 3373:, pp. 352–358. 3358:, pp. 323–329. 3322:, pp. 194–195. 3238:on January 17, 2021 3180:, pp. 238–240. 2964:, pp. 291–293. 2901:, pp. 152–153. 2889:, pp. 273–274. 2877:, pp. 110–117. 2862:, pp. 353–354. 2850:, pp. 284–285. 2838:, pp. 234–237. 2526:, pp. 131–132. 2335:in 1963. President 2116:The Washington Star 1997:atrial fibrillation 1972:Slayton joined the 1514: 1452:atrial fibrillation 1397:Annapolis, Maryland 1271:William P. Lawrence 885:atrial fibrillation 546:Space Launch System 5898:and Control Center 5722:In order of flight 5473: 4857:Cortright, Edgar M 4640:Cunningham, Walter 4470:Slayton, Donald K. 4458:Grissom, Virgil I. 4454:Glenn, John H. Jr. 4313:on August 18, 2019 3389:The New York Times 2216: 2182:aviator sunglasses 2167:Melbourne, Florida 2155:Chevrolet Corvette 2143: 2033: 1990:Flight Test Center 1914:Mercury-Redstone 3 1900:November 18, 1923 1810:Lieutenant Colonel 1798:Mercury-Redstone 4 1738:Payload Specialist 1575:NAS Patuxent River 1512: 1370: 1337:Lieutenant Colonel 1185:standardized tests 1124: 1105:Mercury spacecraft 1027:Selection criteria 913:The launch of the 805:on April 9, 1959: 314:Planetary Observer 292:Planetary Missions 6015: 6014: 5996:Mercury spacesuit 5979: 5978: 5845:(Redstone rocket) 5787: 5786: 5659: 5658: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5075:978-0-553-27556-8 5035:978-0-16-049640-0 4994:978-0-609-61001-5 4940:978-0-312-85503-1 4904:978-1-324-00325-0 4836:978-0-7181-0849-6 4798:Launius, Roger D. 4769:978-0-7432-0079-0 4737:978-1-4555-0325-4 4705:978-0-313-09239-8 4653:978-1-87696-324-8 4623:978-0-06-019416-1 4589:978-1-306-35053-2 4557:978-0-14-311235-8 4525:978-0-451-21105-7 4487:978-1-4391-8103-4 4429:978-3-319-30562-2 4399:978-1-4419-8405-0 4377:978-0-87195-176-2 4348:978-0-03-005187-6 4115:Schickel, Richard 4025:, pp. 40–43. 3859:, pp. 42–43. 3847:, pp. 24–25. 3814:. Navy Cyberspace 3774:, pp. 25–26. 3723:, pp. 59–60. 3567:. United States: 3346:, pp. 23–24. 3334:, pp. 16–19. 3271:, pp. 18–19. 3259:, pp. 16–18. 3024:, pp. 55–57. 2925:, pp. 70–71. 2913:, pp. 96–97. 2782:, pp. 43–47. 2770:, pp. 14–15. 2746:, pp. 57–58. 2734:, pp. 40–42. 2717:, pp. 46–51. 2643:, pp. 36–39. 2592:, pp. 36–37. 2514:, pp. 29–30. 2499:, pp. 11–12. 2475:, pp. 91–93. 2436:, pp. 69–74. 2345:Launch Complex 14 2323:Awards and honors 2113:, a reporter for 2017: 2016: 1974:US Army Air Corps 1960:Sparta, Wisconsin 1926:Ménière's disease 1776:Mitchell, Indiana 1614:Shawnee, Oklahoma 1553:Boulder, Colorado 1458:NASA introduction 1441:Muskingum College 1413:Purdue University 1311:Bien Hoa Air Base 1279:Thomas B. Hayward 1267:Robert B. Baldwin 1216:brigadier general 1111:Selection process 1088:bachelor's degree 1041:Charles J. Donlan 997:Robert R. Gilruth 993:Hampton, Virginia 917:satellite by the 876:. Carpenter flew 799:Astronaut Group 1 779: 778: 691:Firefly Aerospace 676:Bigelow Aerospace 104: 103: 6132: 6080: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6060: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6023: 5937: 5936: 5933:Related programs 5804:Mercury-Redstone 5703: 5702: 5483: 5482: 5448:Space Task Group 5422: 5415: 5408: 5399: 5398: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5055: 5014: 4974: 4964: 4952: 4925:Cassutt, Michael 4916: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4848: 4818: 4808: 4794:Logsdon, John M. 4789: 4749: 4717: 4697: 4686: 4684: 4677: 4665: 4635: 4610:Henderson, Bruce 4601: 4581: 4569: 4537: 4512:Carpenter, Scott 4507: 4479: 4441: 4411: 4381: 4360: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4122: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4091: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3956: 3941: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3675: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3534:. 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Archived from 3223: 3217: 3216: 3213:Spokesman-Review 3205: 3199: 3198: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3148: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2696:on June 18, 2007 2695: 2679: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2554: 2548: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2463:, pp. 9–10. 2458: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2397: 2380: 2377: 2280: 2163:Indianapolis 500 2060:, who built the 2054:Redstone Arsenal 1980:. He joined the 1969: 1951: 1918:Mercury-Atlas 10 1905: 1887: 1841: 1823: 1785: 1784:January 27, 1967 1767: 1749: 1691: 1690:December 8, 2016 1673: 1628:F-84 Thunderjets 1623: 1605: 1562: 1561:October 10, 2013 1544: 1535: 1515: 1511: 1121:F-106 Delta Dart 1035:", which meant " 1003:and his deputy, 1001:T. Keith Glennan 985:Space Task Group 939:Soviet space dog 933:, which carried 894: 771: 764: 757: 711:Northrop Grumman 277:Mars Exploration 150:U.S. Space Force 136: 131: 122: 106: 105: 40: 28: 27: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6105:Project Mercury 6100:NASA astronauts 6085: 6084: 6083: 6073: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6059:sister projects 6056:at Knowledge's 6050: 6040: 6038: 6028: 6026: 6018: 6016: 6011: 5975: 5958: 5955:(lunar program) 5928: 5897: 5891: 5854: 5819: 5814:Mercury-Jupiter 5783: 5766: 5746:Scott Carpenter 5717: 5694: 5665:Flown non-human 5655: 5544: 5474: 5462: 5431: 5429:Project Mercury 5426: 5396: 5387: 5356: 5225: 5211: 5178: 5144:Scott Carpenter 5135: 5125: 5120: 5090: 5076: 5065:The Right Stuff 5054:. NASA SP-4219. 5036: 4995: 4973:. NASA SP-4201. 4962: 4941: 4905: 4880: 4878: 4853:Sherrod, Robert 4837: 4806: 4800:, eds. (2008). 4770: 4738: 4706: 4685:on May 1, 2019. 4682: 4675: 4654: 4624: 4590: 4579: 4558: 4542:Chaikin, Andrew 4526: 4488: 4430: 4400: 4378: 4349: 4332: 4327: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4273:Chicago Tribune 4267: 4266: 4262: 4255:Chicago Tribune 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4084: 4080: 4076:, pp. 5–6. 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4023:Cunningham 2009 4021: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3945:"The Big Story" 3943: 3942: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3799:Cunningham 2009 3797: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3647: 3645: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3224: 3220: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2682: 2680: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2357: 2337:John F. Kennedy 2325: 2278: 2263:, and the 2020 2252:The Right Stuff 2134:for their use. 2124:James G. Fulton 2022: 1963: 1899: 1874:Walter Cronkite 1854:Mercury-Atlas 8 1836:March 12, 1923 1835: 1779: 1745: 1723:Mercury-Atlas 6 1685: 1682:Cambridge, Ohio 1648:Mercury-Atlas 9 1622:October 4, 2004 1617: 1583:Mercury-Atlas 7 1556: 1510: 1483:Wright brothers 1460: 1326:Scott Carpenter 1319: 1299:Hal R. Crandall 1208:Lovelace Clinic 1174:Thomas D. White 1113: 1049:Allen O. Gamble 1045:Warren J. North 1029: 1017:Wright Brothers 1013:Project Mercury 1009:Abe Silverstein 945:(USAF) and the 911: 892: 878:Mercury-Atlas 7 870:Mercury-Atlas 9 807:Scott Carpenter 791:Project Mercury 775: 746: 745: 736:Virgin Galactic 696:Lockheed Martin 661: 653: 652: 599: 591: 590: 571: 563: 562: 453: 443: 442: 392: 384: 383: 359: 349: 348: 267:Lunar Precursor 257:Large Strategic 237: 229: 228: 207:Commercial Crew 162: 154: 118: 100: 87:Number selected 74: 57: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6138: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6082: 6081: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6036: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5950: 5943: 5941: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5905:Wallops Island 5901: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5839:(Atlas rocket) 5834: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5732: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5502:Liberty Bell 7 5498: 5489: 5487: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5425: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5402: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5210: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5187: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5096: 5089: 5088: 5074: 5056: 5034: 5015: 4993: 4979:Thompson, Neal 4975: 4953: 4939: 4917: 4903: 4887: 4849: 4835: 4823:O'Leary, Brian 4819: 4790: 4768: 4750: 4736: 4718: 4704: 4687: 4666: 4652: 4636: 4622: 4606:Cooper, Gordon 4602: 4588: 4570: 4556: 4538: 4524: 4508: 4486: 4442: 4428: 4416:Burgess, Colin 4412: 4398: 4386:Burgess, Colin 4382: 4376: 4361: 4347: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4298: 4296:, p. 165. 4286: 4260: 4238: 4212: 4186: 4160: 4137: 4106: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4039: 4027: 4010: 3988: 3968: 3933: 3921: 3919:, p. 336. 3909: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3803: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3752: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3667: 3655: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3581: 3549: 3524:Hallett, Joe. 3516: 3504: 3477: 3450: 3448:, p. 236. 3438: 3436:, p. 247. 3426: 3414: 3402: 3375: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3310:, p. 280. 3300: 3298:, p. 115. 3288: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3218: 3200: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3128: 3106: 3093:The MATS Flyer 3079: 3050: 3048:, p. 345. 3038: 3034:Boomhower 2004 3026: 3022:Boomhower 2004 3014: 3012:, p. 337. 3002: 2990: 2988:, p. 152. 2978: 2966: 2954: 2952:, p. 100. 2939: 2937:, p. 164. 2927: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2825: 2799: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2719: 2707: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2607:, p. 131. 2594: 2582: 2570: 2568:, p. 130. 2555: 2553:, p. 129. 2540: 2538:, p. 134. 2528: 2516: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2353: 2341:Collier Trophy 2324: 2321: 2311:Gerry Anderson 2270:Together with 2261:Philip Kaufman 2221:captain's mast 2194:C. Leo DeOrsey 2147:General Motors 2050:pressure suits 2021: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2012: 1970: 1965: 1964:March 1, 1924 1957: 1952: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1922:Project Gemini 1906: 1901: 1893: 1888: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1842: 1837: 1829: 1824: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1786: 1781: 1780:April 3, 1926 1773: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1692: 1687: 1686:July 18, 1921 1679: 1674: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1662:in July 1970. 1624: 1619: 1618:March 6, 1927 1611: 1606: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1563: 1558: 1550: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1509: 1506: 1459: 1456: 1318: 1315: 1303:Robert G. Bell 1247:the next group 1197:flight surgeon 1144:Robert B. Voas 1112: 1109: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090:or equivalent; 1084: 1081: 1078: 1028: 1025: 969:Sputnik crisis 910: 907: 795:Original Seven 777: 776: 774: 773: 766: 759: 751: 748: 747: 744: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 671:Ball Aerospace 668: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 651: 650: 645: 640: 639: 638: 633: 628: 618: 617: 616: 606: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 589: 588: 583: 578: 572: 569: 568: 565: 564: 561: 560: 558:Vulcan Centaur 555: 548: 543: 538: 533: 526: 525: 524: 519: 514: 509: 502: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 454: 449: 448: 445: 444: 441: 440: 439: 438: 428: 423: 422: 421: 411: 410: 409: 404: 393: 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 376: 371: 366: 360: 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 310: 309: 304: 299: 289: 284: 282:New Millennium 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 238: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 226: 221: 216: 211: 210: 209: 199: 198: 197: 184: 179: 174: 169: 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 153: 152: 147: 141: 138: 137: 124: 123: 115: 114: 102: 101: 95: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6137: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6095:Mercury Seven 6093: 6092: 6090: 6078: 6077: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6055: 6054:Mercury Seven 6047: 6037: 6035: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5876:Blue Scout II 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5809:Mercury-Scout 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Mercury-Atlas 5797: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760:Did not fly: 5759: 5757: 5756:Gordon Cooper 5754: 5752: 5751:Wally Schirra 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739:Earth orbit: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5713:Mercury Seven 5711: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5688:Earth orbit: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5507:Earth orbit: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5418: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5164:Wally Schirra 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5149:Gordon Cooper 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5105: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4696: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4673: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4614:Leap of Faith 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4578: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4478: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4205:September 29, 4201: 4197: 4190: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4148: 4141: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4110: 4095: 4090: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4064:, p. 83. 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4015: 3998: 3992: 3981: 3980: 3972: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3931:, p. 20. 3930: 3925: 3918: 3917:Thompson 2004 3913: 3907:, p. 35. 3906: 3901: 3895:, p. 22. 3894: 3889: 3883:, p. 14. 3882: 3877: 3871:, p. 36. 3870: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3834: 3829: 3813: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3785: 3780: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3672: 3664: 3659: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3608: 3592: 3589:White, Mary. 3585: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3391:. p. B16 3390: 3386: 3379: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3357: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3168:, p. 97. 3167: 3162: 3154: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3117: 3110: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3036:, p. 71. 3035: 3030: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2976:, p. 23. 2975: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2797:, p. 16. 2796: 2791: 2789: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2758:, p. 42. 2757: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2716: 2711: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2655:, p. 38. 2654: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2631:, p. 38. 2630: 2625: 2619:, p. 35. 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2591: 2586: 2580:, p. 34. 2579: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2537: 2532: 2525: 2520: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2498: 2493: 2487:, p. 82. 2486: 2481: 2474: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2448:, p. 11. 2447: 2442: 2435: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2402: 2396: 2392: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2279:Space Shuttle 2275: 2273: 2272:Betty Grissom 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2111:William Hines 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2041:gallows humor 2038: 2031: 2026: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1968:June 13, 1993 1966: 1961: 1956: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1904:July 21, 1998 1902: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1860:in 1965; and 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1812:in the USAF. 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1748: 1747:Space Shuttle 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696:fighter pilot 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1516: 1508:Group members 1505: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469:magazine to " 1468: 1467: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433:heat transfer 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417:aeromechanics 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351:Wally Schirra 1349: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1333:Gordon Cooper 1331: 1327: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287:Pacific Fleet 1284: 1283:Seventh Fleet 1280: 1276: 1275:vice admirals 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251:Edward Givens 1249:in 1962; and 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163:Arleigh Burke 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1122: 1117: 1108: 1106: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1053:civil service 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037:star traveler 1034: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 906: 904: 903:oldest person 900: 899: 893:Space Shuttle 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 848: 847:Space Shuttle 844: 840: 834: 832: 828: 824: 823:Wally Schirra 820: 816: 812: 811:Gordon Cooper 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 783:Mercury Seven 772: 767: 765: 760: 758: 753: 752: 750: 749: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 657: 656: 649: 646: 644: 641: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 622: 619: 615: 612: 611: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 595: 594: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 567: 566: 559: 556: 554: 553: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 531: 527: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 507: 503: 501: 498: 497: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 460: 456: 455: 452: 447: 446: 437: 434: 433: 432: 431:Western Range 429: 427: 424: 420: 417: 416: 415: 412: 408: 405: 403: 400: 399: 398: 397:Eastern Range 395: 394: 388: 387: 380: 379:Space Shuttle 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 358: 353: 352: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 308: 305: 303: 302:New Frontiers 300: 298: 295: 294: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 262:Lunar Orbiter 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 233: 232: 225: 224:Lunar Gateway 222: 220: 217: 215: 214:Constellation 212: 208: 205: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 190: 189: 188: 187:Space Shuttle 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 158: 157: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 140: 139: 135: 130: 126: 125: 121: 117: 116: 112: 108: 107: 99: → 98: 93: 89: 85: 81: 79:Year selected 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 60:Wally Schirra 55: 54:Gordon Cooper 51: 47: 39: 34: 31:Mercury Seven 29: 26: 22: 6079:from Commons 6074: 6053: 5896:Launch sites 5833:(spacecraft) 5780:(space suit) 5778:Navy Mark IV 5762:Deke Slayton 5730:Alan Shepard 5712: 5596:Little Joe 5 5556:Little Joe 1 5539:Freedom 7 II 5538: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5510:Friendship 7 5509: 5501: 5494: 5458:Space flight 5236: 5174:Deke Slayton 5169:Alan Shepard 5122: 5064: 5024: 4983: 4958: 4929: 4894: 4891:Shesol, Jeff 4881:February 10, 4879:. 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In 1979 2180:shirt and 2174:Gene Kranz 2149:executive 1994:idiopathic 1986:test pilot 1850:Korean War 1794:F-86 Sabre 1790:Korean War 1727:Democratic 1716:supersonic 1708:Korean War 1644:California 1481:, and the 1340:John Glenn 1323:Lieutenant 1236:Jim Lovell 1228:castor oil 1220:treadmills 1056:astronaut: 1051:drew up a 927:Space Race 909:Background 845:, and the 815:John Glenn 787:astronauts 706:Rocket Lab 391:Spaceports 68:John Glenn 6034:Biography 5771:Equipment 5561:Big Joe 1 5495:Freedom 7 5084:849889526 4949:937566894 4815:931719123 4746:816563627 4714:651897906 4642:(2009) . 4598:868270614 4566:958200469 4504:429024791 4472:(2010) . 4408:747105631 4317:April 27, 3818:April 11, 3497:April 24, 3242:March 28, 3121:April 28, 2284:Discovery 2247:Tom Wolfe 2107:Tennessee 2020:Influence 1934:Apollo 14 1858:Gemini 6A 1753:Discovery 1656:Apollo 10 1592:Commander 1495:USS 1335:, Marine 1307:explosion 1261:became a 1033:astronaut 931:Sputnik 2 915:Sputnik 1 898:Discovery 854:Apollo 14 530:New Glenn 297:Discovery 247:Explorers 5871:Redstone 5843:Chrysler 5678:Miss Sam 5549:Uncrewed 5517:Aurora 7 5479:Missions 5062:(1979). 5052:37451762 5044:97027899 5011:52631310 4981:(2004). 4927:(1994). 4893:(2021). 4845:16189960 4825:(1971). 4786:43590801 4778:00027720 4756:(2000). 4724:(2013). 4632:59538671 4612:(2000). 4544:(2007). 4534:52821294 4496:62019074 4418:(2016). 4388:(2011). 4357:12052375 4231:April 9, 4179:June 25, 4173:Archived 3648:July 12, 3564:ABC News 3470:July 10, 3099:June 28, 3072:June 20, 2355:See also 2243:We Seven 2186:groupies 2088:per diem 2084:per diem 2079:per diem 2062:Redstone 1870:CBS News 1862:Apollo 7 1806:Apollo 1 1802:Gemini 3 1652:Gemini 5 1579:Maryland 1475:Magellan 1471:Columbus 1285:and the 1210:and the 923:Cold War 874:Gemini 5 866:Apollo 7 862:Apollo 1 701:Raytheon 552:Starship 495:Minotaur 480:Falcon 9 475:Electron 329:Vanguard 324:Surveyor 192:Shuttle– 111:a series 109:Part of 6020:Portals 5984:Related 5886:Jupiter 5859:Rockets 5837:Convair 5706:General 5531:Faith 7 5524:Sigma 7 5436:General 5361:Related 4871:1623434 4859:(ed.). 3141:The Day 2178:Ban-Lon 2151:Ed Cole 2058:Convair 1988:at the 1866:Captain 1744:of the 1712:MiG-15s 1660:Colonel 1530:Career 1403:at the 1346:, Navy 1330:Captain 1273:became 1171:General 1160:Admiral 1138:and 35 1086:With a 995:, with 541:Pegasus 470:Atlas V 465:Antares 364:Mercury 339:Voyager 287:Pioneer 272:Mariner 219:Artemis 167:Mercury 58:Front: 5970:Vostok 5963:Soviet 5953:Apollo 5947:Gemini 5486:Crewed 5230:Groups 5082: 5072: 5050: 5042: 5032: 5009: 5001: 4991: 4971:569889 4969: 4947: 4937: 4911: 4901: 4869: 4843: 4833: 4813: 4784: 4776: 4766: 4744: 4734: 4712: 4702: 4660: 4650: 4630: 4620: 4596: 4586: 4564: 4554: 4532: 4522: 4502: 4494: 4484: 4436: 4426: 4406: 4396: 4374: 4355: 4345: 3741:. 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