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cooperate in order to survive harsh winters by traveling long distances. He did not deny the competitive form of struggle but argued that the cooperative counterpart has been under-emphasized: "There is an immense amount of warfare and extermination going on amidst various species; there is, at the
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Daniel P. Todes, in his account of
Russian naturalism in the 19th century, concludes that Kropotkin's work "cannot be dismissed as the idiosyncratic product of an anarchist dabbling in biology" and that his views "were but one expression of a broad current in Russian evolutionary thought that
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Kropotkin emphasizes the distinction between competitive struggle between individual organisms over limited resources and collective struggle between organisms and the environment. He drew from his firsthand observations of
688:, where he saw that animal populations were limited not by food sources, which were abundant, but rather by harsh weather. For example, predatory birds may compete by stealing food from one another while
622:, who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love. Instead, Kropotkin argues that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of human and animal communities and, along with the
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644:. Kropotkin considers the importance of mutual aid for prosperity and survival in the animal kingdom, in indigenous and early European societies, in the medieval
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Includes
Introdution by David Graeber and Andrej Grubaac, Foreward by Ruth Kinna, Postscript by GATS, Afterword by Allan Antliff, and illustrations by N.O.Bonzo
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same time, as much, or perhaps even more, of mutual support, mutual aid, and mutual defense... Sociability is as much a law of nature as mutual struggle."
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admired
Kropotkin's observations, noting that cooperation, if it increases individual survival, is not ruled out by
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pre-dated, indeed encouraged, his work on the subject and was by no means confined to leftist thinkers."
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for destroying historically important mutual aid institutions, particularly through the imposition of
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As a description of biology, Kropotkin's perspective is consistent with contemporary understanding.
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Without Malthus: The Struggle for Existence in Russian Evolutionary Thought
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Boucher, Douglas H., ed. (1985). "The Idea of
Mutualism, Past and Future".
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between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually beneficial
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Works originally published in
Nineteenth Century (periodical)
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is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by
Russian
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1008:The Biology of Mutualism: Ecology and Evolution
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33:The cover of the 1902 edition of
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239:Proletarian internationalism
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1165:public domain audiobook at
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984:"Kropotkin was no crackpot"
958:. Loughborough University.
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