885:
1767:, the conventional strike is an important (but not the only) weapon for improving wages, hours, and working conditions for working people. These strikes are also good training to help workers educate themselves about the class struggle, and about what it will take to execute an eventual general strike for the purpose of achieving industrial democracy. During the final general strike, workers would not walk out of their shops, factories, mines, and mills, but would rather occupy their workplaces and take them over. Prior to taking action to initiate industrial democracy, workers would need to educate themselves with technical and managerial knowledge in order to operate industry.
651:
1661:. It outlawed actions taken by unionized workers in support of workers at other companies, effectively rendering both solidarity actions and the general strike itself illegal. Before 1947 and the passage of the Taft–Hartley Act the term general strike meant when various unions would officially go on strike in solidarity with other striking unions. The act made it illegal for one union to go on strike to support another. Hence, the definition and practice of a general strike changed in modern times to mean periodic days of mass action coordinated, often, by unions, but not an official or prolonged strike.
4676:
1774:, the Wobbly conception of industrial democracy is intentionally not presented in detail by IWW theorists; in that sense, the details are left to the "future development of society". However, certain concepts are implicit. Industrial democracy will be "a new society within the shell of the old". Members of the industrial union educate themselves to operate industry according to democratic principles, and without the current hierarchical ownership/management structure. Issues such as production and distribution would be managed by the workers themselves.
5078:
1284:
1505:
1175:
5128:
5088:
5108:
1727:, Niemeyer perceived the socialist-friendly general strike for political rights within the system and the general strike as a revolutionary mechanism to overthrow the existing order—which he associated with a "rising anarcho-syndicalist movement"—as mutually exclusive. Niemeyer believed that the difficulty arose from the fact that the general strike was "one instrument", but was frequently considered "without distinction of underlying motives".
7006:
46:
5068:
1389:
1918:
1000:
5118:
5098:
1825:
1752:
the capitalists do? They go on strike, don't they? They withdraw their finances from that particular mill. They close it down because there are no profits to be made there. They don't care what becomes of the working class. But the working class, on the other hand, has always been taught to take care of the capitalist's interest in the property.
1617:, passed resolutions in opposition to the general strike. The official report of these proceedings described the convention as the "largest and in all probability the most important Convention ever held" by the organisation, in part for having engineered the "overwhelming defeat of the so-called Radical element" via crushing a "
927:. Although the general strike started as an apolitical demand for better working conditions, by August 1842, it became directly associated with the Chartists and took on a revolutionary character. But government forces intervened, cracking down on the protests and arresting its leaders, eventually forcing a return to work.
748:, Chassebœuf proposed a general strike by "every profession useful to society" against the "civil, military, or religious agents of government", contrasting "the People" against the "men who do nothing". Chassebœuf's work held a great influence in Great Britain, where it was distributed throughout the country by the
792:
871:
adopted Benbow's platform for a "national holiday". The
Chartists planned to carry out their month-long national holiday in August 1839, but following Benbow's arrest, the campaign was abandoned. Benbow was tried and found guilty of sedition. Although he attempted to continue his Chartist activities
1751:
The capitalists have wealth; they have money. They invest the money in machinery, in the resources of the earth. They operate a factory, a mine, a railroad, a mill. They will keep that factory running just as long as there are profits coming in. When anything happens to disturb the profits, what do
1079:
joined the
International the following year, he declared his own support for these proposals. Bakunin rejected political participation, instead advocating for workers to take strike actions to improve their working conditions. He argued that the International could be the organisation through which
1808:
At SCFL's monthly meeting Monday, Feb. 21, delegates endorsed the following: "The SCFL endorses a general strike, possibly for the day Walker signs his 'budget repair bill.'" An ad hoc committee was formed to explore the details. SCFL did not CALL for a general strike because it does not have that
624:
in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal. They are organised by large coalitions of political, social, and labour organizations and may also include rallies, marches,
1621:
proposition", and also for defeating a proposal for a nationwide general strike, both "by a vote of more than 20 to 1". The AFL amended its constitution to disallow any central labour union (i.e., regional labour councils) from "taking a strike vote without prior authorization of the national
1554:
of the syndicalists. Malatesta was particularly critical of the general strike, which he dismissed as a "magic weapon" that was incapable of fighting a violent conflict with state militaries, which had the ability to starve out workers in the event of such an industrial dispute. Although the
1214:, which had been a focus of demands for Parsons and the Chicago anarchists. Throughout the United States, hundreds of thousands of workers went on strike. The general strike's epicenter was in Chicago, where protests against the police repression of striking workers escalated into a
636:
to begin negotiations or offer more favourable terms to the strikers; though not all strikers may have a material interest in each other's negotiations, they all have a material interest in maintaining and strengthening the collective efficacy of strikes as a bargaining tool.
987:, who dismissed Du Bois' claims of a general strike as fantastical. A. A. Taylor also rejected Du Bois' interpretation, noting that the flight from the plantations did not constitute an organised movement to achieve economic or political concessions. And American historian
1739:(IWW) began to fully embrace the general strike in 1910–1911. The ultimate goal of the general strike, according to Industrial Workers of the World theory, is to displace capitalists and give control over the means of production to workers. In a 1911 speech in
1062:
proposed that a general strike could be used to prevent the outbreak of war, which he considered to be a means for the ruling class to subordinate working people. He further declared that trade unions themselves constituted the mechanism for replacing
863:, which would itself carry out wide-reaching societal reforms. Months after the pamphlet's publication, Benbow was arrested for leading a 100,000-strong demonstration, which he had intended as a "dress rehearsal" for his proposed "national holiday".
1241:(CGT). The CGT launched its own campaign for workers themselves to institute the eight-hour day, culminating in a general strike which secured French workers a reduction in working time and workload, an increase in wages and the introduction of the
866:
The passage of the Reform Act brought with it the collapse of the radical movement, including Benbow's
National Union. But six years later, in an atmosphere of rising disillusionment with the progress of political reform, the nascent
1107:. The anti-authoritarians upheld the syndicalist view of using the International as a coordinating body to support strike actions and build them towards a revolutionary general strike, which would overthrow the state and establish
1218:. Eight of the protest's organisers, including Parsons, were executed by hanging on charges of conspiracy. In the wake of their execution, the IWPA demand for the eight-hour day spread around the world and 1 May was declared
1146:, which additionally stressed the need for smaller strikes as a means to achieve wage increases. The discussions over strike action at the Geneva Congress lay the foundations for what was to become known as
1426:, which the socialists embraced, but anarchists generally opposed; and, the general strike as a mechanism to prevent war, which anarchists supported, but socialists refused to endorse. As a result, at the
1586:
started in the coal industry and rapidly escalated; the unions called out 1,750,000 workers, mainly in the transport and steel sectors, although the strike was successfully suppressed by the government.
1555:
anarcho-syndicalists had seen the
Amsterdam Congress as a means to establish an international anarchist organisation, efforts in this direction were sabotaged by the conflict between the two factions.
1210:, the IWPA armed and drilled its members into workers' militias, seeing violent action as a necessary complement to strike action. On 1 May 1886, the IWPA organised a nationwide general strike for the
1542:. The latter upheld the central role of the trade union in organising a revolutionary general strike to overthrow capitalism, after which the unions would form the basis for the construction of a new
5977:
5967:
1248:
The CGT's example accelerated the spread of revolutionary syndicalism throughout the world, bringing with it a wave of general strikes at the turn of the 20th century, to mixed results. Although the
2461:
Taylor, A. A. (1935). "Black
Reconstruction: An Essay toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880 by W. E. Burghardt Du Bois".
1804:, following a motion passed by the South Central Federation of Labor (SCFL) of Wisconsin endorsing a statewide general strike as a response to those legislative proposals. The SCFL website states,
1790:
1657:
in 1947, the general strike changed from a tool of labor strike solidarity into a general form of social, political, and economic protest. US Congress passed the law in the wake of the women-led
625:
boycotts, civil disobedience, non-payment of taxes, and other forms of direct or indirect action. Additionally, general strikes might exclude care workers, such as teachers, doctors, and nurses.
1688:. Other forms, identified by Gerhart Niemeyer, include: the general strike as a "revolutionary exercise" which would eventually lead to a transformation of society; a one-day demonstration on
1485:, but this too was voted down by the other delegates. While it was consistently defeated by the social democrats, the anarchist proposal for a general strike was taken up by members of the
1439:
2509:(1936). "Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880 by W. E. Burghardt Du Bois".
3768:
1898:
of 2,400,000 government workers, stating that "so deadly a social weapon" as a general strike should not be used in the impoverished and emaciated condition of Japan so soon after
1710:
also identified four different levels of general strike, rising from a localised strike, to an industry-wide strike, to a nationwide strike, and finally to a revolutionary strike.
1664:
Since then, in the US and Europe the general strike has become a tool of mass economic protest often in conjunction with other forms of electoral action and direct civil action.
1865:, a general strike was called in 2011 by union workers, farmers and other organisations demanding better education, an increase in the minimum wage and against fuel price hikes.
775:, but it lacked a systematic formulation. There were periodical strikes throughout the early 19th century that could loosely be considered as 'general strikes'. In the
4572:
1419:
1427:
723:
654:
3532:
Bill
Haywood, The General Strike (Chicago, n.d.), pamphlet, published by Industrial Workers of the World, from a New York City speech delivered March 16, 1911.
1764:
884:
1225:
Inspired by the IWPA's general strike, European anarchists began to reconsider the general strike as a revolutionary instrument, with the French anarchist
4813:
1150:. But before long, the anti-authoritarians began to move away from the anarcho-syndicalist model. Members of the Belgian section began to advocate for a
4675:
1206:
formulated a kind of revolutionary syndicalism that eschewed the general strike in favour of popular insurrection. In response to the repression of the
752:, while his chapter on the general strike was reprinted for decades after its initial publication. The idea was later taken up by the British economist
970:
1372:, blocking troop trains and even assassinating an army officer. This series of syndicalist-led general strikes brought about the establishment of the
991:
criticised what he described as "discrepancies between well established facts and extravagant generalization" in Du Bois' claims of a general strike.
5590:
1474:
1302:
demonstrated the efficacy of the general strike as a revolutionary instrument, but was ultimately suppressed; in 1909, the
Catalan syndicalist union
4564:
4466:
Williams, Dana M. (2018). "Tactics: Conceptions of Social Change, Revolution, and
Anarchist Organisation". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.).
3720:
7883:
1466:
1458:
851:, in which he outlined his proposals for a general strike. Benbow called for workers themselves to declare a month-long "holiday", which would be
1846:. The prolonged strike involved eleven million workers for two weeks in a row, and its impact was such that it almost caused the collapse of the
4856:
3477:
1461:, another French socialist politician defended the general strike as a means to convince socialist voters that they were not merely supporting
1276:
was broken up without achieving its demands, accelerating the split of syndicalists from the social-democratic unions and the formation of the
1430:, anarchists were ejected from the International and banned from attending future congresses. Anarchist trade union delegates from the French
5992:
4863:
1519:
1512:
1195:
3765:
5441:
1602:. While the IWW participated in the Seattle General Strike, that action was called by the Seattle Central Labor Union, affiliated with the
1446:
899:
was rejected by the
British Parliament, demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the
1080:
trade unions could build such strike actions into a revolutionary general strike, which would abolish capitalism and institute socialism.
707:
6089:
1645:, a mass protest and a form of civil disobedience that often involved a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law.
1269:
6939:
4598:
3377:
3702:
1622:
officers of the union concerned". The change was intended to "check the spread of general strike sentiment and prevent recurrences of
1029:(IWA) was established as a federation of trade unions by delegates from England and France. The French trade union delegates, such as
7787:
7057:
4795:
4783:
1198:(IWPA), which developed anarchist tendencies and held itself to be a continuation of the defunct IWA. Inspired by the example of the
1026:
1011:
950:, the first in Spanish history. After months of strike action and attempted negotitations, the general strike was suppressed and the
310:
7679:
1431:
1238:
1229:
taking up the idea of the revolutionary general strike, which then spread to
Italian and Spanish anarchists. Albert Parsons' wife
4851:
4839:
3748:
318:
4588:
3794:
5942:
3671:
2373:
Bilbija, Marina (2011). "Democracy's New Song: "Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880" and the Melodramatic Imagination".
1891:
1364:
resulted in no political reforms but strengthened the social movement; in 1908, syndicalists led a two-month general strike in
1116:
279:
6024:
5467:
4875:
4625:
4405:
4328:
3950:
2424:
Parfait, Claire (2009). "Rewriting History: The Publication of W. E. B. Du Bois's "Black Reconstruction in America" (1935)".
1335:
1303:
4807:
6419:
5836:
3994:
4569:
4558:
3327:
6579:
6519:
5163:
837:
305:
80:
4027:
3902:
D'Agostino, Anthony (2018). "Anarchism and Marxism in the Russian Revolution". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.).
783:
lasted for three weeks, after which the striking workers won their goal of a ten-hour workday and an increase in wages.
6014:
4518:
4483:
4448:
4323:
4107:
3919:
3857:
3837:
1828:
1819:
1583:
1415:
951:
1075:, Marx himself rejected what he described as "the Belgian nonsense that it was necessary to strike against war". When
7649:
7168:
4309:
4148:
4072:
4041:
4008:
3975:
1796:
On 18 March 2011, the Industrial Workers of the World supported an endorsement of a general strike as a follow-up to
1473:, but these were ardently opposed by the German delegates, who feared repression by the authorities. Finally, at the
1100:
1087:, who instead proposed the creation of political parties to take state power. Through the General Council, which had
1007:
632:, which is a multi-sector strike that is organised by trade unions who strike together in order to force pressure on
189:
1457:
adopted the idea of the revolutionary general strike in order to boost his popularity with the syndicalists. At the
657:, whose early conception of the general strike lay the groundwork for its systematic formulation in the 19th century
7762:
5305:
4921:
4767:
1261:
1191:
855:
first by workers' savings and then by exacting "contributions" from the wealthy. He also proposed the formation of
780:
451:
323:
174:
1789:, where 1,132 miners stayed off the job, and only 35 went to work, a participation rate which led directly to the
7580:
6854:
6569:
4869:
4845:
4801:
3437:
2511:
1972:
1736:
1445:
Nevertheless, the anarchist defense of the general strike left a lasting legacy within the International. At the
1340:
1234:
1151:
979:
603:
526:
3358:, Amalgamated Sheet Metal Workers' International Alliance, Volumes 24-25, Chicago, Illinois, 1919, pages 265-267
7832:
6859:
1260:, in 1902, anarcho-syndicalists organised the country's first general strike against the government of the new
1249:
224:
219:
7050:
6434:
6409:
5873:
5735:
3614:
1689:
1450:
1219:
1207:
511:
1858:, a general strike was called in 2011 by the federation of public labour unions to avert austerity measures.
6769:
6729:
6445:
6414:
5705:
5612:
5417:
5325:
4825:
3967:
1693:
1634:
1603:
966:
749:
486:
3817:
1883:, public sector workers in 2011 mounted a general strike for higher wages and improved working conditions.
1763:
made possible the general strike, and the general strike made possible industrial democracy. According to
1233:
also adopted the revolutionary general strike in her own platform, which became a founding precept of the
821:
7188:
7128:
6909:
6429:
5783:
5512:
5426:
4760:
4501:
Zimmer, Kenyon (2018). "Haymarket and the Rise of Syndicalism". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.).
4248:
4090:
Graham, Robert (2018). "Anarchism and the First International". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.).
3766:
http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/newsbriefs/general/2011/04/07/newsbrief-03
2017:
1658:
1361:
1273:
947:
5730:
5600:
4548:
1237:(IWW). The first trade union to adopt the revolutionary general strike into its platform was the French
7585:
7430:
7075:
6979:
6619:
6404:
6049:
5907:
5795:
4341:
3681:
1824:
1435:
1368:, but were likewise defeated; and in 1911, anarcho-syndicalists mobilised a general strike against the
1346:
1253:
931:
824:
of the early 19th century. After he was arrested for his political activities, Benbow turned away from
753:
560:
496:
6334:
7094:
6809:
6424:
6104:
6099:
5580:
5568:
5446:
5390:
5365:
5315:
5250:
5180:
5091:
4618:
4293:
4230:
4204:
4064:
2463:
1947:
1614:
1373:
1369:
1323:
1257:
695:
516:
244:
184:
4197:
Niemeyer, Gerhart (1966). "The Second International: 1889–1914". In Drachkovitch, Milorad M. (ed.).
3431:
7888:
7878:
7767:
7629:
7603:
7570:
7219:
7043:
6824:
6784:
6734:
6599:
6189:
6094:
6019:
6008:
5902:
5851:
5545:
5431:
5230:
4033:
4000:
3643:
1315:
1055:
491:
466:
194:
95:
6224:
1895:
1747:
explained his view of the economic situation, and why he believed a general strike was justified,
1518:
Having been completely frozen out of the International, the anarchists resolved to hold their own
1438:
attempted to continue participation, but after being physically attacked while trying to join the
7590:
7410:
7234:
7178:
7133:
6894:
6584:
6554:
6499:
6494:
5725:
5505:
5483:
5436:
5156:
5101:
5015:
4253:
4168:
1992:
1923:
1797:
1777:
In 1927 the IWW called for a three-day nationwide walkout to protest the execution of anarchists
1627:
1618:
1599:
1299:
1187:
506:
35:
6269:
4166:
McClurg, Donald J. (1963). "The Colorado Coal Strike of 1927 — Tactical Leadership of the IWW".
1252:
was halted in order to prevent damage to the workers' movement, it eventually won its demand of
650:
7772:
7450:
6869:
6804:
6739:
6664:
6644:
6639:
6484:
6474:
6319:
5821:
5640:
5622:
5575:
5522:
5456:
5451:
5330:
5320:
5310:
5255:
5020:
4819:
4735:
3795:"Tunisian general strike to cancel international flights, and halt land and sea transportation"
1623:
1595:
1591:
1462:
1322:
under workers' control before the revolt's suppression by government forces; and following the
1292:
1163:
1135:
943:
471:
441:
433:
204:
2739:
7575:
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6969:
6779:
6759:
6719:
6704:
6549:
6529:
6309:
6084:
6059:
6002:
5952:
5400:
5345:
5210:
5200:
5195:
5050:
5040:
4831:
3961:
1987:
1570:
war effort. The Second International itself collapsed, leaving only anarcho-syndicalists and
1567:
1498:
1350:
1096:
1092:
1083:
The proposals for a revolutionary general strike to overthrow the state were rejected by the
955:
829:
764:
757:
501:
461:
446:
169:
75:
4961:
3369:
1422:, it became clear that the International was already divided over two main tactical issues:
973:
and fled to Union territory, depriving the Confederacy of its main source of labour in what
7239:
7153:
7143:
7024:
6885:
6874:
6864:
6849:
6839:
6789:
6744:
6724:
6674:
6654:
6649:
6629:
6624:
6609:
6604:
6589:
6574:
6559:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6489:
6479:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6395:
6209:
6179:
6169:
5923:
5897:
5131:
4776:
4714:
4611:
4125:
Mather, F. C. (1974). "The General Strike of 1842". In Quinault, R.; Stevenson, J. (eds.).
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1782:
1724:
1654:
1550:. But the advancement of syndicalism was blocked chiefly by Malatesta, who objected to the
1403:
1396:
1242:
1120:
984:
699:
550:
481:
300:
135:
105:
2139:
8:
7837:
7691:
7674:
7295:
7254:
7148:
6959:
6844:
6834:
6819:
6799:
6794:
6774:
6754:
6749:
6714:
6709:
6699:
6679:
6634:
6614:
6534:
6524:
6454:
6349:
6239:
6120:
6034:
5997:
5972:
5937:
5912:
5879:
5868:
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5595:
5563:
5476:
5405:
4896:
4881:
4704:
4689:
4660:
4383:
4246:
Prothero, Iorwerth (May 1974). "William Benbow and the Concept of the "General Strike"".
2506:
1977:
1905:
In June 2022, Tunisian workers initiated a general strike that halted all transportation.
1760:
1699:
1672:
Two of the main forms of general strike are: the political strike, which aims to achieve
1547:
1539:
1477:, a proposal for a general strike to prevent war was put forward by the French socialist
1327:
1307:
1277:
1147:
1128:
1112:
1108:
1048:
988:
900:
889:
873:
856:
596:
476:
130:
1872:, thousands of people took the streets in a general strike in 2011 to protest President
1511:, a French syndicalist who argued in support of the revolutionary general strike at the
1478:
719:
7822:
7624:
7598:
7520:
7400:
7390:
7224:
7017:
6829:
6814:
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6539:
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5957:
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5857:
5811:
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4926:
4524:
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4388:
4371:
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4154:
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3925:
3882:
3843:
3471:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
2536:
2488:
2443:
2406:
2398:
1932:
1873:
1843:
1778:
1630:". The penalty for any unauthorised strike vote was revocation of that body's charter.
1551:
962:
935:
691:
666:
379:
239:
6194:
7747:
7742:
7530:
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7244:
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6764:
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6564:
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6149:
5932:
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5650:
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4946:
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4665:
4528:
4514:
4493:
4479:
4458:
4444:
4431:
van der Walt, Lucien (2018). "Syndicalism". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.).
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4004:
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3929:
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3890:
3874:
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3833:
3745:
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2435:
2410:
2390:
1887:
1847:
1835:
1685:
1543:
1531:
1486:
1407:
1159:
1139:
1084:
711:
629:
570:
521:
456:
399:
209:
65:
3855:
Carpenter, Niles (May 1921). "William Benbow and the Origin of the General Strike".
3668:
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3159:
1059:
7752:
7727:
7209:
7010:
6899:
6339:
6284:
6199:
6069:
6044:
5987:
5962:
5863:
5805:
5773:
5758:
5695:
5635:
5605:
5585:
5553:
5517:
5500:
5488:
5395:
5355:
5265:
5260:
5121:
5081:
5071:
5025:
4740:
4655:
4506:
4471:
4436:
4355:
4257:
4177:
4136:
4095:
3907:
3866:
3825:
2520:
2472:
2382:
2214:
1942:
1937:
1527:
1411:
1377:
1376:(USI), which itself led a further series of general strikes that culminated in the
1357:
1226:
1215:
1179:
1072:
974:
942:
to Spanish workers. But labour unrest grew as the new authorities again prohibited
833:
800:
731:
555:
545:
100:
4936:
4901:
1470:
1395:, a Polish socialist who argued in support of the political general strike in the
7565:
7515:
7415:
7385:
7123:
7085:
6949:
6359:
6259:
6254:
6234:
6204:
6159:
6154:
6144:
6109:
5982:
5831:
5655:
5630:
5558:
5335:
5215:
5111:
5045:
4966:
4650:
4581:
4576:
4510:
4440:
4359:
4126:
4099:
3911:
3829:
3772:
3752:
3706:
3675:
3049:
2002:
1982:
1771:
1563:
1490:
1454:
1360:, there was a particularly large wave of general strikes during this period: the
1334:
under workers' control before being repressed, resulting in the formation of the
1143:
1076:
1003:
939:
916:
841:
768:
715:
679:
575:
389:
347:
269:
55:
6314:
6134:
4941:
4475:
3187:
3094:
3092:
1138:, Belgian delegates proposed the adoption of the general strike as a tactic for
7847:
7732:
7706:
7686:
7664:
7545:
7540:
7525:
7290:
7118:
6964:
6954:
6214:
6129:
6039:
5753:
5748:
5675:
5645:
5360:
5290:
5245:
5225:
5220:
4986:
4956:
4916:
4911:
4593:
4552:
4543:
4319:
3319:
3302:
2723:
1839:
1681:
1638:
1590:
The year 1919 saw a number of general strikes throughout the United States and
1535:
1508:
1494:
1392:
1211:
1203:
1088:
1071:, the establishment of which would put a final end to all wars. In a letter to
1015:
809:
795:
684:
589:
414:
409:
394:
179:
25:
4423:
4285:
4181:
3894:
1558:
Despite all the calls for a general strike to prevent war, by the outbreak of
7872:
7817:
7782:
7777:
7696:
7654:
7475:
7445:
7405:
7285:
7275:
7249:
7214:
7193:
6374:
6329:
6294:
6274:
6229:
6184:
6079:
6029:
5947:
5768:
5715:
5300:
5295:
5275:
4981:
4976:
4367:
4269:
4189:
3878:
3427:
3255:
3215:
3089:
2532:
2484:
2439:
2394:
2386:
1962:
1952:
1740:
1703:
1298:
Some of the general strikes of this period reached revolutionary levels: the
1199:
1034:
1030:
908:
776:
661:
An early predecessor of the general strike were the Jewish traditions of the
621:
339:
274:
234:
199:
125:
4261:
4140:
1696:"; and a theoretical mechanism by which to stop wars between nation states.
767:, an ill-defined conception of a general strike was expressed by workers in
7852:
7812:
7807:
7737:
7510:
7498:
7465:
7359:
7354:
7300:
7138:
7080:
6914:
6904:
6379:
6304:
6244:
6219:
6164:
5816:
5778:
5743:
5270:
5205:
5077:
5035:
4951:
4931:
4750:
2426:
1957:
1899:
1756:
1744:
1707:
1469:, the anarchist calls for a general strike to prevent war were taken up by
1423:
1311:
1283:
1230:
1155:
703:
419:
384:
367:
264:
249:
214:
164:
159:
151:
85:
4389:
Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism
3271:
2200:
2198:
7797:
7757:
7669:
7460:
7380:
7349:
7339:
7329:
7259:
7183:
7173:
7158:
7090:
6384:
6354:
6344:
6299:
6174:
5763:
5720:
5685:
5375:
5285:
5010:
4789:
4755:
4719:
4635:
4589:
Strikes and You from the National Alliance for Worker and Employer Rights
2012:
1607:
1559:
1504:
1482:
1265:
1166:. By 1880, the debates within the International had led to its collapse.
1039:
924:
772:
735:
674:
670:
293:
120:
90:
70:
5107:
2447:
2402:
1174:
896:
7827:
7802:
7792:
7711:
7701:
7619:
7344:
7163:
6944:
6929:
6924:
6369:
5841:
5493:
5370:
5340:
5235:
4699:
3886:
2540:
2195:
1677:
1571:
1104:
1064:
1019:
983:. However, this conception were rebuffed by African-American economist
852:
817:
791:
739:
565:
259:
254:
4277:
4223:(1966). "The Anarchist Tradition". In Drachkovitch, Milorad M. (ed.).
3392:
3037:
2973:
2647:
2492:
2030:
1272:
resulted in harsh repression against the Dutch workers' movement. The
1014:, which advocated for a revolutionary general strike to overthrow the
930:
Strike actions by workers in Barcelona played a prominent role in the
7659:
7505:
7440:
7425:
7420:
7334:
6984:
6934:
6264:
5826:
5385:
5280:
5172:
5055:
5000:
4393:
4301:
4220:
4132:
4061:
The Theory of the General Strike From the French Revolution To Poland
3686:
2862:
2683:
2063:
2007:
1801:
1673:
1523:
1319:
1068:
1044:
1033:, saw the nascent International as a means to coordinate support for
912:
904:
825:
633:
374:
115:
110:
3870:
2524:
7857:
7842:
7435:
6289:
5846:
5532:
5350:
5005:
4397:
3942:
2476:
2318:
1862:
1855:
1786:
920:
868:
860:
727:
229:
7035:
5067:
4415:
3610:
3025:
3001:
2961:
2375:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
45:
7535:
6974:
5190:
5030:
4728:
3985:
3963:
We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World
3463:
3065:
2619:
1997:
1880:
1388:
1288:
813:
690:
Early conceptions of the general strike were proposed during the
404:
4238:
4212:
4082:
4051:
4018:
2759:
2342:
2330:
999:
628:
Historically, the term general strike has referred primarily to
7483:
7395:
6139:
6074:
1967:
1834:
The largest general strike that ever stopped the economy of an
1642:
1331:
662:
352:
5117:
5097:
4603:
1917:
7493:
6364:
1869:
1526:
in 1907. The Congress played host to a fierce debate between
1365:
1124:
1047:
conceived of the general strike as a means by which to build
872:
from prison, after being excommunicated from the movement by
849:
Grand National Holiday and Congress of the Productive Classes
362:
5141:
3451:
2840:
2838:
2270:
2246:
2234:
2183:
2171:
2159:
1820:
List of strikes § Chronological list of general strikes
859:
to keep the peace, distribute food and elect delegates to a
687:, has also been noted as a precursor to the general strike.
1613:
In June 1919, the AFL national organisation, in session in
4298:
El movimiento obrero en la historia de España. I.1832-1899
3408:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2103:
2079:
2890:
2835:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2711:
2671:
2559:
2547:
2053:
2051:
2049:
844:
and called for armed resistance against the government.
3700:
http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110408-702627.html
3569:
3567:
3552:
2258:
1676:; and the revolutionary strike, which aims to overthrow
3639:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3501:
3499:
3291:
The General Strike: The Politics of Industrial Conflict
3013:
2989:
2938:
2127:
2115:
840:, Benbow expressed impatience with the progress of the
808:
The idea of the general strike was first formulated by
3591:
3579:
3511:
3484:
3243:
3149:
3147:
3132:
3077:
2091:
2046:
1442:, the anarchists finally abandoned the International.
1158:, while the French and Italian sections moved towards
1091:
over the International, Marx moved to expel Bakunin's
3564:
2902:
2878:
2850:
2823:
2699:
2659:
2635:
2607:
2583:
2294:
2282:
1594:, including two that were considered significant—the
1383:
1099:. In response, the expelled sections established the
3721:"Teachers strike fuels unrest in polarized Honduras"
3535:
3528:
3526:
3496:
2926:
2914:
2595:
2354:
1913:
1169:
994:
847:
In January 1832, Benbow published a pamphlet titled
4814:
Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists
4382:
3370:"Everything You Need to Know About General Strikes"
3277:
3265:
3231:
3225:
3203:
3197:
3175:
3169:
3144:
3120:
3108:
3102:
3071:
3059:
3043:
3031:
3007:
2967:
2775:
2753:
2733:
2653:
2571:
2306:
1850:government. Other notable general strikes include:
1781:. The most notable response to the call was in the
1330:, a syndicalist-led general strike briefly brought
946:and work stoppages, leading to the outbreak of the
4029:History of the Labor Movement in the United States
3996:History of the Labor Movement in the United States
3784:The Sydney Morning Herald, 1 February 1947, page 1
3746:http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2011/s3185314.htm
1730:
3523:
903:in a capitalist country. The strike began in the
7870:
4505:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 353–370.
4470:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 107–124.
4435:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 249–264.
4094:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 325–342.
3906:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 409–428.
3824:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 389–408.
3787:
1653:In America, after the passage of the anti-union
1902:. Japan's labour leaders complied with his ban.
1779:Ferdinando Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
1718:
1103:, which was designed to operate according to a
3901:
3460:The Social General Strike, Debating Club No. 1
1115:. This view was particularly supported by the
911:and soon spread throughout Britain, affecting
7474:
7051:
5157:
4619:
4292:
2348:
2336:
2324:
1713:
1513:International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam
1278:Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden
1202:, IWPA members such as the Chicago anarchist
597:
4430:
3663:
3661:
3634:
3632:
1497:, who saw it as an instrument for obtaining
977:described as a "general strike" in his book
743:
714:, the idea was taken up by radicals such as
4561:From chartists.net, downloaded 5 June 2006.
4226:The Revolutionary Internationals, 1864–1943
4200:The Revolutionary Internationals, 1864–1943
3820:. In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.).
1566:and instead threw their support behind the
7058:
7044:
6940:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
5164:
5150:
4864:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union
4626:
4612:
3476:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3361:
1813:
1196:International Working People's Association
876:, Benbow ceased his political activities.
669:, the latter of which involves widespread
604:
590:
7788:International comparisons of labor unions
4058:
3854:
3658:
3629:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2220:
2204:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2145:
2121:
2036:
4465:
4318:
4245:
4196:
3959:
3517:
3490:
3414:
3398:
2983:
2955:
2224:
2208:
2149:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2069:
2057:
2040:
1823:
1503:
1387:
1282:
1173:
998:
883:
790:
649:
7884:Industrial Workers of the World culture
4165:
3939:Anarcho-syndicalism in the 20th Century
3818:"Anarchism and the First International"
3597:
3585:
3426:
3420:
2423:
2372:
1723:In his study of the debates within the
1037:by its members. In the first volume of
7871:
5943:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
4882:Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation
4796:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation
4784:International Workingmen's Association
4500:
4340:
4124:
4089:
3936:
3718:
3685:No 12 (September 1969). Translated by
3402:
3330:from the original on 27 September 2021
3055:
3019:
2995:
2979:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2765:
2745:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2641:
2629:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2553:
2460:
2360:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2228:
2153:
2073:
1892:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
1798:protests against Governor Scott Walker
1127:, although it was quickly put down by
1027:International Workingmen's Association
726:, who proposed a strike that included
7039:
5145:
4607:
4219:
4025:
3992:
3815:
3573:
3558:
3546:
3505:
3367:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3221:
3209:
3193:
3181:
3165:
3153:
3138:
3126:
3114:
3098:
3083:
2781:
2769:
2749:
2133:
1194:(SLPA) split off and established the
838:National Union of the Working Classes
3941:. Translated by Archibald, Malcolm.
3617:from the original on 21 January 2013
3457:
3380:from the original on 30 January 2022
2512:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
2505:
879:
16:Strike with most of the labour force
7065:
3640:"South Central Federation of Labor"
3613:. Industrial Workers of the World.
1641:promoted the use of what is called
1538:, a disciple of the new current of
1142:. This motion was supported by the
280:Workers' right to access the toilet
13:
4808:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
4503:The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism
4468:The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism
4433:The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism
4092:The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism
3904:The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism
3858:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
3822:The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism
1829:1926 United Kingdom general strike
1800:'s proposed labour legislation in
1584:1926 United Kingdom general strike
1416:Social Democratic Party of Germany
1404:Labour and Socialist International
1397:Labour and Socialist International
1384:Debate in the Second International
14:
7900:
4537:
3646:from the original on 9 April 2021
1574:to rally an anti-war opposition.
1170:Rise of revolutionary syndicalism
995:Debate in the First International
828:and began to publish a number of
724:Constantin François de Chassebœuf
655:Constantin François de Chassebœuf
7763:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
7650:Labor spies in the United States
7004:
5978:International Conference of Rome
5968:International Conference of Rome
5127:
5126:
5116:
5106:
5096:
5087:
5086:
5076:
5066:
4674:
4128:Popular Protest and Public Order
3778:
3758:
3738:
3712:
3692:
3603:
3462:. Translated by Roller, Arnold.
1916:
1562:, many socialists dropped their
1520:International Anarchist Congress
1192:Socialist Labor Party of America
1101:Anti-Authoritarian International
895:In April 1842, after the second
781:1835 Philadelphia General Strike
175:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
44:
7581:Enterprise bargaining agreement
4870:Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning
4846:Industrial Workers of the World
4840:General Confederation of Labour
4802:Brazilian Workers Confederation
4633:
4570:Strike! Famous Worker Uprisings
3808:
3719:Cuevas, Freddy (1 April 2011).
3438:Industrial Workers of the World
3312:
3296:
3283:
3278:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
3266:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
3226:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
3198:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
3170:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
3103:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
3072:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
3060:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
3044:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
3032:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
3008:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
2968:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
2754:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
2734:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
2654:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
2499:
2454:
2417:
2366:
1973:Industrial Workers of the World
1737:Industrial Workers of the World
1731:Syndicalism and general strikes
1577:
1481:and the Scottish labour leader
1239:General Confederation of Labour
1235:Industrial Workers of the World
1152:dictatorship of the proletariat
980:Black Reconstruction in America
7833:Occupational safety and health
6090:Australian Anarchist Centenary
6015:German Revolution of 1918–1919
4594:Seattle General Strike Project
4329:International Socialist Review
3611:"General Strike in Wisconsin!"
3368:Kelly, Kim (30 January 2022).
1274:Swedish general strike of 1909
1250:Belgian general strike of 1893
763:During the early years of the
225:Occupational safety and health
220:Occupational safety and health
1:
5731:Decentralized planned economy
5171:
4544:Chronology of general strikes
2024:
1770:According to labor historian
1674:political and economic reform
1633:As part of the fight for the
1208:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
836:polemics. At meetings of the
786:
645:
348:Chronological list of strikes
5326:Proletarian internationalism
4826:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund
4565:From Reflections on Violence
4511:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_21
4441:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_14
4360:10.1080/08935696.2014.857839
4300:(in Spanish) (2ÂŞ ed.).
4100:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_19
3968:University of Illinois Press
3912:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_24
3830:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_23
3356:Sheet Metal Workers' Journal
1791:Colorado coal strike of 1927
1719:Socialists versus anarchists
1635:Indian independence movement
1604:American Federation of Labor
820:that became involved in the
750:London Corresponding Society
7:
7189:Duty of fair representation
7129:National trade union center
6025:1919 United States bombings
4476:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_6
4386:; Schmidt, Michael (2009).
4342:Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty
4059:Goodstein, Phil H. (1984).
3458:Naft, Stephen (June 1905).
1909:
1836:advanced industrial country
1659:1946 Oakland General Strike
1648:
1628:is now going on at Winnipeg
1530:, a proponent of classical
1475:Copenhagen Congress of 1910
1316:Spanish invasion of Morocco
1287:The 1905 general strike in
1162:and proposed the theory of
1119:, which itself organised a
1117:Spanish Regional Federation
948:1855 Catalan general strike
710:. With the outbreak of the
10:
7905:
7586:Global Framework Agreement
6980:Situationist International
6050:Spanish Revolution of 1936
5908:Self-managed social center
4344:(2014). "General strike".
4026:Foner, Philip S. (1998) .
3993:Foner, Philip S. (1997) .
3816:Adams, Matthew S. (2018).
3682:Situationist International
3307:The General Strike of 1926
1817:
1714:Debates on general strikes
1692:, aimed at identifying a "
1690:International Workers' Day
1467:Stuttgart Congress of 1907
1459:Amsterdam Congress of 1904
1300:Russian Revolution of 1905
1254:universal manhood suffrage
1220:International Workers' Day
1093:anti-authoritarian faction
938:that extended a number of
932:Spanish Revolution of 1854
683:, during the times of the
640:
7720:
7642:
7612:
7558:
7373:
7322:
7313:
7268:
7202:
7111:
7104:
7071:
6999:
6884:
6444:
6394:
6119:
6105:Really Really Free Market
6100:1999 Seattle WTO protests
5922:
5794:
5704:
5668:
5621:
5544:
5475:
5466:
5416:
5391:Temporary autonomous zone
5316:Permanent autonomous zone
5251:Consensus decision-making
5179:
5063:
4994:
4890:
4775:
4727:
4683:
4672:
4643:
4231:Stanford University Press
4205:Stanford University Press
4182:10.1080/00236566308583916
4065:Columbia University Press
3960:Dubofsky, Melvyn (2000).
3674:10 September 2015 at the
2464:The New England Quarterly
1948:Demonstration (political)
1888:General Douglas MacArthur
1615:Atlantic City, New Jersey
1606:(AFL, predecessor of the
1420:Brussels Congress of 1891
1374:Italian Syndicalist Union
1370:Italian invasion of Libya
1258:Cuban War of Independence
1056:Brussels Congress of 1868
888:Statue commemorating the
756:and the French communist
311:International comparisons
245:Right to rest and leisure
185:Employment discrimination
7768:Equal pay for equal work
7604:Union security agreement
7571:Collaborative bargaining
7220:Social movement unionism
6095:Carnival Against Capital
6020:Bavarian Soviet Republic
6009:Manifesto of the Sixteen
5903:Radical environmentalism
5852:Independent Media Center
5784:Workers' self-management
5231:Autonomous social center
4761:Workers' self-management
4575:18 February 2011 at the
4034:International Publishers
4001:International Publishers
3698:The Wall Street Journal
3320:"Seattle General Strike"
2387:10.1177/0002716211407153
2018:Workers' self-management
1896:a planned general strike
1667:
1624:what happened at Seattle
1270:railroad strikes of 1903
1178:Engraving depicting the
822:British radical movement
96:Social movement unionism
7595:Mutual gains bargaining
7411:Occupation of factories
7134:Global union federation
5726:Cost the limit of price
5016:Criticism of capitalism
4876:National Workers' Union
4254:Oxford University Press
4141:10.4324/9781003186892-3
3937:Damier, Vadim (2009) .
3725:San Diego Union-Tribune
3669:The Beginning of an Era
3280:, pp. 23, 216–217.
1993:Occupation of factories
1924:Organized labour portal
1838:—and the first general
1814:Notable general strikes
1600:Winnipeg General Strike
1440:London Congress of 1896
1428:ZĂĽrich Congress of 1893
1414:, such as those of the
1336:National Workers' Union
1188:revolutionary socialist
1136:Geneva Congress of 1873
1058:, the Belgian delegate
1054:At the International's
954:suspended in a coup by
306:Trade union federations
301:Trade unions by country
7773:Exploitation of labour
7451:Organizational dissent
6520:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5331:Propaganda of the deed
5321:Prefigurative politics
5311:Participatory politics
5256:Conscientious objector
5021:Criticism of copyright
4736:Co-operative economics
3775:retrieved 9 April 2011
3755:retrieved 9 April 2011
3709:retrieved 9 April 2011
2327:, pp. 67–68, 105.
1831:
1811:
1754:
1596:Seattle General Strike
1515:
1447:Paris Congress of 1900
1399:
1362:general strike of 1904
1295:
1293:Grand Duchy of Finland
1183:
1164:propaganda of the deed
1097:Hague Congress of 1872
1022:
944:freedom of association
934:, which gave way to a
892:
805:
744:
708:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti
658:
205:Freedom of association
76:Exploitation of labour
7630:Workers' compensation
7576:Collective bargaining
7230:Members-only unionism
6970:Libertarian socialism
6085:Kate Sharpley Library
6060:Red inverted triangle
6003:High Treason Incident
5993:Congress of Amsterdam
5401:Voluntary association
5211:Anti-authoritarianism
5201:Anarchist criminology
5196:Anarchist Black Cross
5041:Libertarian socialism
4832:Solidarity Federation
4599:Oakland 1946! Project
4294:Tuñón de Lara, Manuel
4262:10.1093/past/63.1.132
3966:(Abridged ed.).
1988:Nonviolent resistance
1827:
1806:
1749:
1694:worldwide proletariat
1507:
1499:political concessions
1391:
1347:Portuguese socialists
1286:
1177:
1043:, published in 1867,
1002:
887:
853:financially supported
794:
765:Industrial Revolution
758:Louis Auguste Blanqui
653:
190:Employment protection
170:Collective bargaining
7240:Open-source unionism
7154:Father of the chapel
7144:Union representative
7011:Anarchism portal
6415:Fictional characters
5898:Radical cheerleading
4384:van der Walt, Lucien
4324:"The General Strike"
3771:9 April 2021 at the
3751:9 April 2021 at the
3324:depts.washington.edu
2692:, pp. 334–335;
2152:, pp. 133–134;
2148:, pp. 491–492;
2072:, pp. 160–161;
1725:Second International
1700:Industrial unionists
985:Abram Lincoln Harris
971:southern plantations
901:first general strike
700:Age of Enlightenment
696:Étienne de La Boétie
551:Industrial relations
540:Academic disciplines
136:National-syndicalism
106:Democratic socialism
7838:Occupational stress
7692:Demarcation dispute
7675:Anti-union violence
7296:Industrial unionism
7255:Solidarity unionism
7169:Vigilance committee
7149:Clerk of the chapel
6960:Left-libertarianism
6035:Kronstadt rebellion
5973:Trial of the Thirty
5938:Revolutions of 1848
5880:No gods, no masters
5691:Synthesis anarchism
5681:Anarcho-syndicalism
5669:Types of federation
4820:Free Workers' Union
4756:Labour unionisation
4661:Revolutions of 1848
4559:General Strike 1842
4207:. pp. 95–127.
3945:: Black Cat Press.
3561:, pp. 141–142.
3401:, pp. 99–100;
3172:, pp. 181–182.
3046:, pp. 214–215.
2899:, pp. 357–358.
2875:, pp. 355–356.
2847:, pp. 355–356.
2820:, pp. 354–355.
2808:, pp. 339–340.
2796:, pp. 337–339.
2756:, pp. 154–155.
2720:, pp. 336–337.
2680:, pp. 334–335.
2656:, pp. 153–154.
2568:, pp. 327–328.
2556:, pp. 326–327.
2351:, pp. 108–118.
2339:, pp. 106–108.
2279:, pp. 498–499.
2255:, pp. 497–498.
2243:, pp. 495–496.
2192:, pp. 494–495.
2180:, pp. 492–494.
2168:, pp. 491–492.
2136:, pp. 116–118.
2112:, pp. 161–162.
2088:, pp. 160–161.
1978:Industrial unionism
1761:industrial unionism
1540:anarcho-syndicalism
1406:was established by
1318:, briefly bringing
1148:anarcho-syndicalism
1113:means of production
1089:centralised control
1049:class consciousness
1012:First International
989:Arthur Charles Cole
890:1842 general strike
675:land redistribution
131:Anarcho-syndicalism
7823:Professional abuse
7625:Union wage premium
7599:Pattern bargaining
7531:Solidarity actions
7391:Diversity training
7225:Community unionism
6910:Anti-globalization
6580:Dominican Republic
6405:Anarcho-punk bands
6065:Labadie Collection
6055:Barcelona May Days
5958:Cantonal rebellion
5892:Property is theft!
5858:The Internationale
5812:Anarchist bookfair
5613:Without adjectives
5468:Schools of thought
4347:Rethinking Marxism
4249:Past & Present
4233:. pp. 57–92.
3705:8 May 2011 at the
3433:The General Strike
3417:, pp. 99–100.
3196:, pp. 85–86;
3168:, pp. 83–84;
3058:, pp. 17–18;
2982:, pp. 19–20;
2349:Tuñón de Lara 1977
2337:Tuñón de Lara 1977
2325:Tuñón de Lara 1977
1933:Civil disobedience
1886:In February 1947,
1874:Ali Abdullah Saleh
1844:May 1968 in France
1832:
1552:class reductionism
1516:
1463:career politicians
1424:electoral politics
1408:classical Marxists
1400:
1324:Revolution of 1910
1304:Solidaridad Obrera
1296:
1184:
1129:Spanish government
1023:
1008:anti-authoritarian
963:American Civil War
956:Leopoldo O'Donnell
952:draft constitution
936:progressive period
893:
830:anti-authoritarian
806:
736:industrial workers
659:
240:Professional abuse
7866:
7865:
7748:Conflict theories
7743:Four-day workweek
7638:
7637:
7554:
7553:
7456:Industrial action
7365:Union co-op model
7309:
7308:
7281:Independent union
7245:Business unionism
7033:
7032:
6990:Spontaneous order
6920:Anti-war movement
6425:Jewish anarchists
5933:French Revolution
5886:Popular education
5664:
5663:
5381:Spontaneous order
5241:Classless society
5139:
5138:
4834:(SF–IWA, Britain)
4828:(NSF–IAA, Norway)
4695:Council communism
4666:Utopian socialism
4407:978-1-904859-16-1
4322:(December 1916).
4135:. pp. 1–26.
3952:978-0-9737827-6-9
3252:, pp. 86–87.
3141:, pp. 82–83.
3086:, pp. 80–81.
3022:, pp. 18–19.
2998:, pp. 19–20.
1894:in Japan, banned
1785:coal district of
1686:social revolution
1548:socialist economy
1544:stateless society
1532:anarcho-communism
1160:anarcho-communism
1140:social revolution
1105:federal structure
897:Chartist Petition
880:Early expressions
869:Chartist movement
857:workers' councils
712:French Revolution
698:, and during the
630:solidarity action
614:
613:
571:Post-work society
400:Solidarity action
210:Legal working age
66:Conflict theories
7896:
7753:Critique of work
7728:35-hour workweek
7516:Pen-down strikes
7472:
7471:
7323:Shops and hiring
7320:
7319:
7210:Organizing model
7109:
7108:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7037:
7036:
7009:
7008:
7007:
6900:Anti-consumerism
6895:Anti-corporatism
6045:Amakasu Incident
5988:Strandza Commune
5963:Haymarket affair
5864:Jewish anarchism
5806:A las Barricadas
5774:Social ownership
5759:Market socialism
5736:Free association
5696:Union of egoists
5473:
5472:
5406:Workers' council
5396:Union of egoists
5356:Security culture
5266:Decentralization
5261:Critique of work
5166:
5159:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5130:
5129:
5122:Socialism portal
5120:
5110:
5102:Organized Labour
5100:
5092:Labour economics
5090:
5089:
5082:Communism portal
5080:
5072:Anarchism portal
5070:
5026:Critique of work
4857:IWW-South Africa
4810:(CNT–AIT, Spain)
4741:Labour economics
4678:
4656:Orthodox Marxism
4638:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4532:
4497:
4462:
4427:
4379:
4337:
4315:
4289:
4242:
4216:
4193:
4162:
4121:
4086:
4055:
4022:
3989:
3956:
3933:
3898:
3851:
3803:
3802:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3776:
3762:
3756:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3716:
3710:
3696:
3690:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3533:
3530:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3475:
3467:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3316:
3310:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3096:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2763:
2757:
2743:
2737:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2227:, pp. 133;
2218:
2212:
2202:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2044:
2034:
1943:Critique of work
1938:Civil resistance
1926:
1921:
1920:
1743:, IWW organiser
1655:Taft–Hartley Act
1528:Errico Malatesta
1479:Édouard Vaillant
1451:French socialist
1412:social democrats
1344:
1262:Republic of Cuba
1256:. Following the
1227:Joseph Tortelier
1180:Haymarket affair
1109:workers' control
1073:Friedrich Engels
1006:, leader of the
975:W. E. B. Du Bois
874:Feargus O'Connor
747:
720:Sylvain Maréchal
606:
599:
592:
556:Labour economics
546:Critique of work
390:Pen-down strikes
101:Social democracy
48:
38:
37:Organised labour
28:
21:
20:
7904:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7889:Protest tactics
7879:General strikes
7869:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7716:
7634:
7608:
7591:Master contract
7566:Bargaining unit
7550:
7546:Wildcat strikes
7470:
7416:Precarious work
7386:Contingent work
7369:
7315:
7305:
7264:
7198:
7124:Union organizer
7100:
7067:
7066:Organized labor
7064:
7034:
7029:
7005:
7003:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6950:Labour movement
6880:
6879:
6878:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:Occupy movement
5983:Ferrer movement
5918:
5917:
5916:
5832:Escuela Moderna
5790:
5789:
5788:
5700:
5660:
5617:
5581:Insurrectionary
5540:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5336:Refusal of work
5221:Anti-militarism
5216:Anti-capitalism
5175:
5170:
5140:
5135:
5112:Politics portal
5059:
5046:Post-capitalism
4990:
4886:
4878:(UON, Portugal)
4792:and affiliates
4771:
4723:
4679:
4670:
4651:Guild socialism
4639:
4634:
4632:
4577:Wayback Machine
4549:The Mass Strike
4540:
4535:
4521:
4486:
4451:
4408:
4320:Slobodin, Henry
4312:
4151:
4110:
4075:
4044:
4032:. Vol. 1.
4011:
3999:. Vol. 4.
3978:
3953:
3922:
3871:10.2307/1884099
3840:
3811:
3806:
3801:. 16 June 2022.
3799:Middle East Eye
3793:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3773:Wayback Machine
3763:
3759:
3753:Wayback Machine
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3717:
3713:
3707:Wayback Machine
3697:
3693:
3676:Wayback Machine
3666:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3536:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3469:
3468:
3466:. pp. 5–6.
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3301:
3297:
3289:G A. Phillips,
3288:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2768:, p. 337;
2764:
2760:
2748:, p. 337;
2744:
2740:
2732:, p. 337;
2728:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:, p. 332;
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2525:10.2307/1893295
2507:Cole, Arthur C.
2504:
2500:
2459:
2455:
2422:
2418:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2303:, pp. 2–3.
2299:
2295:
2291:, pp. 1–2.
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2223:, p. 497;
2219:
2215:
2211:, pp. 133.
2207:, p. 497;
2203:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2047:
2039:, p. 499;
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2003:Secessio plebis
1983:List of strikes
1922:
1915:
1912:
1842:in history—was
1822:
1816:
1772:Philip S. Foner
1733:
1721:
1716:
1670:
1651:
1580:
1564:anti-militarism
1522:, which met in
1491:Karl Liebknecht
1455:Aristide Briand
1386:
1338:
1190:faction of the
1172:
1144:Jura Federation
1085:Marxist faction
1077:Mikhail Bakunin
1004:Mikhail Bakunin
997:
940:civil liberties
919:and mines from
882:
789:
742:. In his essay
716:Jean-Paul Marat
680:secessio plebis
648:
643:
610:
581:
580:
576:Refusal of work
541:
533:
532:
531:
436:
426:
425:
424:
415:Wildcat strikes
410:Whipsaw strikes
395:Sitdown strikes
342:
332:
331:
328:
296:
286:
285:
284:
270:Toxic workplace
154:
144:
143:
140:
58:
56:Labour movement
36:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7902:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7848:Social support
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7818:Prison strikes
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7783:Hunger strikes
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7733:Eight-hour day
7730:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7707:Featherbedding
7704:
7699:
7697:Strikebreaking
7694:
7689:
7687:Union violence
7684:
7683:
7682:
7672:
7667:
7665:Churn and burn
7662:
7657:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7640:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7562:
7560:
7556:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7526:Sitdown strike
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7496:
7489:General strike
7486:
7480:
7478:
7476:Strike actions
7469:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7326:
7324:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7291:Craft unionism
7288:
7283:
7278:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7206:
7204:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7115:
7113:
7106:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7088:
7086:Labor movement
7083:
7078:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7040:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7021:
7014:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6965:Libertarianism
6962:
6957:
6955:Left communism
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6886:Related topics
6882:
6881:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6855:United Kingdom
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6570:Czech Republic
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6225:González Prada
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6040:Makhnovshchina
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5953:Hague Congress
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5888:
5883:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5754:Labour voucher
5751:
5749:Give-away shop
5746:
5741:
5740:General strike
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5676:Affinity group
5672:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5646:Post-anarchist
5643:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5569:Social ecology
5566:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5546:Post-classical
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5481:
5479:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5366:Social ecology
5363:
5361:Self-ownership
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5291:Horizontalidad
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5246:Class struggle
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5226:Affinity group
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5169:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5124:
5114:
5104:
5094:
5084:
5074:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4995:Related topics
4992:
4991:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:(SAC, Sweden)
4879:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4822:(FAU, Germany)
4817:
4816:(CRAS, Russia)
4811:
4805:
4799:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4746:General strike
4738:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4579:—slideshow by
4567:
4562:
4556:
4553:Rosa Luxemburg
4546:
4539:
4538:External links
4536:
4534:
4533:
4520:978-3319756196
4519:
4498:
4485:978-3319756196
4484:
4463:
4450:978-3319756196
4449:
4428:
4406:
4380:
4338:
4316:
4310:
4290:
4243:
4217:
4194:
4163:
4149:
4122:
4109:978-3319756196
4108:
4087:
4073:
4056:
4042:
4023:
4009:
3990:
3976:
3957:
3951:
3934:
3921:978-3319756196
3920:
3899:
3865:(3): 491–499.
3852:
3839:978-3319756196
3838:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3786:
3777:
3757:
3737:
3711:
3691:
3657:
3628:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3576:, p. 142.
3563:
3551:
3549:, p. 141.
3534:
3522:
3510:
3508:, p. 140.
3495:
3483:
3450:
3428:Chaplin, Ralph
3419:
3407:
3391:
3360:
3341:
3311:
3303:Keith Laybourn
3295:
3282:
3270:
3268:, p. 216.
3264:, p. 87;
3254:
3242:
3230:
3228:, p. 183.
3224:, p. 86;
3214:
3202:
3200:, p. 183.
3186:
3174:
3158:
3143:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3105:, p. 276.
3101:, p. 81;
3088:
3076:
3064:
3062:, p. 276.
3048:
3036:
3034:, p. 282.
3024:
3012:
3010:, p. 214.
3000:
2988:
2986:, p. 100.
2972:
2970:, p. 316.
2960:
2958:, p. 100.
2937:
2925:
2913:
2911:, p. 358.
2901:
2889:
2887:, p. 357.
2877:
2871:, p. 11;
2861:
2859:, p. 356.
2849:
2834:
2832:, p. 355.
2822:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2758:
2752:, p. 69;
2738:
2736:, p. 155.
2722:
2710:
2708:, p. 336.
2698:
2682:
2670:
2668:, p. 334.
2658:
2646:
2644:, p. 332.
2634:
2618:
2616:, p. 331.
2606:
2594:
2592:, p. 329.
2582:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2519:(2): 278–280.
2498:
2477:10.2307/360377
2471:(4): 608–612.
2453:
2434:(1): 266–294.
2416:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2277:Carpenter 1921
2269:
2267:, p. 498.
2265:Carpenter 1921
2257:
2253:Carpenter 1921
2245:
2241:Carpenter 1921
2233:
2221:Carpenter 1921
2213:
2205:Carpenter 1921
2194:
2190:Carpenter 1921
2182:
2178:Carpenter 1921
2170:
2166:Carpenter 1921
2158:
2146:Carpenter 1921
2138:
2126:
2124:, p. 499.
2122:Carpenter 1921
2114:
2102:
2100:, p. 161.
2090:
2078:
2062:
2060:, p. 160.
2045:
2043:, p. 147.
2037:Carpenter 1921
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1884:
1877:
1866:
1859:
1840:wildcat strike
1815:
1812:
1759:believed that
1732:
1729:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1669:
1666:
1650:
1647:
1639:Mahatma Gandhi
1579:
1576:
1536:Pierre Monatte
1509:Pierre Monatte
1495:Rosa Luxemburg
1418:(SPD). At the
1393:Rosa Luxemburg
1385:
1382:
1308:general strike
1212:eight-hour day
1204:Albert Parsons
1171:
1168:
1121:general strike
1060:CĂ©sar De Paepe
1035:strike actions
996:
993:
965:, millions of
881:
878:
810:William Benbow
796:William Benbow
788:
785:
754:Thomas Attwood
732:industrialists
685:Roman Republic
647:
644:
642:
639:
618:general strike
612:
611:
609:
608:
601:
594:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
561:Labour history
558:
553:
548:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
530:
529:
524:
522:United Kingdom
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
437:
434:Labour parties
432:
431:
428:
427:
423:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
371:
370:
365:
358:General strike
355:
350:
344:
343:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
327:
326:
321:
315:
313:
308:
303:
297:
292:
291:
288:
287:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
180:Eight-hour day
177:
172:
167:
162:
156:
155:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
54:
53:
50:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7901:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7778:Forced labour
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7719:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7680:United States
7678:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7655:Union busting
7653:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7611:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7511:Overtime bans
7509:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7477:
7473:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7446:Strike notice
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7318:
7312:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7286:General union
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7276:Company union
7274:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7250:Dual unionism
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7235:One Big Union
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7215:Service model
7213:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7194:Worker center
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7119:Labor council
7117:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7103:
7096:
7095:public sector
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7076:Labor history
7074:
7073:
7070:
7061:
7056:
7054:
7049:
7047:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7001:
6998:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6860:United States
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6620:French Guiana
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:Biennio Rosso
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5948:Paris Commune
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5769:Mutual credit
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5716:Communization
5714:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5506:Philosophical
5504:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5484:Individualist
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:Animal rights
5425:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5296:Individualism
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5276:Direct action
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5162:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5133:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4872:(FS, Denmark)
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4777:Organisations
4774:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4751:Labour rights
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4336:(6): 353–355.
4335:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4311:84-7222-331-0
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4169:Labor History
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4150:9781003186892
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4074:0-88033-050-3
4070:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4043:0-7178-0376-7
4039:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4010:0-7178-0396-1
4006:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3977:0-252-06905-6
3973:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3781:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3761:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3741:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3600:, p. 72.
3599:
3594:
3588:, p. 71.
3587:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3560:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3520:, p. 90.
3519:
3518:Dubofsky 2000
3514:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3493:, p. 99.
3492:
3491:Niemeyer 1966
3487:
3479:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3416:
3415:Niemeyer 1966
3411:
3405:, p. 11.
3404:
3400:
3399:Niemeyer 1966
3395:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3246:
3240:, p. 85.
3239:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3212:, p. 86.
3211:
3206:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3184:, p. 84.
3183:
3178:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3156:, p. 83.
3155:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3129:, p. 82.
3128:
3123:
3117:, p. 81.
3116:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3080:
3074:, p. 23.
3073:
3068:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2985:
2984:Niemeyer 1966
2981:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2956:Niemeyer 1966
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2935:, p. 17.
2934:
2929:
2923:, p. 16.
2922:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2784:, p. 69.
2783:
2778:
2772:, p. 69.
2771:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2696:, p. 10.
2695:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2632:, p. 10.
2631:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2604:, p. 11.
2603:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2363:, p. 13.
2362:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2231:, p. 10.
2230:
2226:
2225:Prothero 1974
2222:
2217:
2210:
2209:Prothero 1974
2206:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2156:, p. 10.
2155:
2151:
2150:Prothero 1974
2147:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2110:Prothero 1974
2106:
2099:
2098:Prothero 1974
2094:
2087:
2086:Prothero 1974
2082:
2075:
2071:
2070:Prothero 1974
2066:
2059:
2058:Prothero 1974
2054:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2041:Prothero 1974
2038:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Georges Sorel
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Direct action
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1914:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1765:Wobbly theory
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:New York City
1738:
1728:
1726:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:Ralph Chaplin
1701:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1619:One Big Union
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:Gustave Hervé
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:In 1889, the
1398:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:Paris Commune
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1031:Eugene Varlin
1028:
1025:In 1864, the
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
992:
990:
986:
982:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:Staffordshire
906:
902:
898:
891:
886:
877:
875:
870:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
834:anti-clerical
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
803:
802:
797:
793:
784:
782:
778:
777:United States
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
681:
676:
672:
668:
667:Jubilee years
664:
656:
652:
638:
635:
631:
626:
623:
622:strike action
619:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
587:
585:
584:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
537:
536:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
487:New Caledonia
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
435:
430:
429:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:Overtime bans
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
341:
340:Strike action
336:
335:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
295:
290:
289:
281:
278:
276:
275:Unfree labour
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
235:Paid time off
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
200:Four-day week
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
153:
152:Labour rights
148:
147:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
126:Union busting
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
61:
60:
57:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
39:
34:
33:
29:
23:
22:
19:
7853:Wage slavery
7813:Maximum wage
7808:Minimum wage
7738:Six-hour day
7721:Other topics
7613:Compensation
7488:
7466:Work-to-rule
7406:Labor revolt
7360:Scope clause
7301:Police union
7139:Unionization
7081:Labor rights
7023:
7016:
7002:
6915:Anti-statism
6905:Anti-fascism
6810:South Africa
6310:Pi i Margall
6007:
5856:
5817:Anarcho-punk
5804:
5779:Wage slavery
5744:Gift economy
5641:Postcolonial
5623:Contemporary
5576:Independence
5523:Collectivist
5442:Love and sex
5271:Deep ecology
5206:Anationalism
5036:Labour power
4842:(CGT, Spain)
4745:
4580:
4502:
4467:
4432:
4387:
4351:
4345:
4333:
4327:
4297:
4247:
4225:
4199:
4176:(1): 68–92.
4173:
4167:
4127:
4091:
4060:
4028:
3995:
3962:
3938:
3903:
3862:
3856:
3821:
3809:Bibliography
3798:
3789:
3780:
3764:Magharebia,
3760:
3740:
3728:. Retrieved
3724:
3714:
3694:
3680:
3667:
3648:. Retrieved
3619:. Retrieved
3605:
3598:McClurg 1963
3593:
3586:McClurg 1963
3581:
3554:
3513:
3486:
3459:
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3432:
3422:
3410:
3394:
3382:. Retrieved
3373:
3363:
3355:
3334:27 September
3332:. Retrieved
3323:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3273:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3217:
3205:
3189:
3177:
3161:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3079:
3067:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2975:
2963:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2864:
2852:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2761:
2741:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2580:, p. 9.
2573:
2561:
2549:
2516:
2510:
2501:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2431:
2427:Book History
2425:
2419:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2315:, p. 3.
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2216:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2076:, p. 9.
2065:
2032:
1958:Earth Strike
1900:World War II
1833:
1807:
1795:
1776:
1769:
1757:Bill Haywood
1755:
1750:
1745:Bill Haywood
1734:
1722:
1708:Stephen Naft
1698:
1671:
1663:
1652:
1632:
1612:
1589:
1581:
1578:20th century
1557:
1517:
1444:
1401:
1355:
1312:conscription
1297:
1247:
1231:Lucy Parsons
1224:
1185:
1156:electoralism
1133:
1082:
1053:
1038:
1024:
978:
967:black slaves
960:
929:
894:
865:
848:
846:
807:
799:
798:pictured in
762:
704:Jean Meslier
689:
678:
660:
627:
617:
615:
420:Work-to-rule
357:
294:Trade unions
265:Six-hour day
250:Right to sit
215:Minimum wage
165:Child labour
160:Annual leave
86:New unionism
18:
7758:Decent work
7712:Union raids
7702:Goon squads
7670:Paper local
7521:Recognition
7461:Unfair list
7381:Bossnapping
7350:Hiring hall
7340:Agency shop
7330:Closed shop
7260:Syndicalism
7184:Trades hall
7174:Union label
7159:Local union
7091:Trade union
6825:Switzerland
6785:Puerto Rico
6770:Philippines
6735:New Zealand
6730:Netherlands
6600:El Salvador
6435:Periodicals
5998:Tragic Week
5869:Lifestylism
5764:Mutual bank
5721:Cooperative
5686:Platformism
5636:Free-market
5564:Primitivist
5447:Nationalism
5376:Somatherapy
5286:Freethought
5132:Syndicalism
5051:Revisionism
5011:Corporatism
4927:Griffuelhes
4786:(1864–1876)
4720:Sorelianism
4715:Nationalist
4636:Syndicalism
4354:(1): 9–14.
4256:: 132–171.
3443:20 February
3403:Spivak 2014
3056:Damier 2009
3020:Damier 2009
2996:Damier 2009
2980:Damier 2009
2933:Damier 2009
2921:Damier 2009
2909:Zimmer 2018
2897:Zimmer 2018
2885:Zimmer 2018
2873:Zimmer 2018
2869:Spivak 2014
2857:Zimmer 2018
2845:Zimmer 2018
2830:Zimmer 2018
2818:Zimmer 2018
2806:Graham 2018
2794:Graham 2018
2766:Graham 2018
2746:Graham 2018
2730:Graham 2018
2718:Graham 2018
2706:Graham 2018
2694:Spivak 2014
2690:Graham 2018
2678:Graham 2018
2666:Graham 2018
2642:Graham 2018
2630:Spivak 2014
2626:Graham 2018
2614:Graham 2018
2602:Spivak 2014
2590:Graham 2018
2578:Spivak 2014
2566:Graham 2018
2554:Graham 2018
2361:Spivak 2014
2313:Mather 1974
2301:Mather 1974
2289:Mather 1974
2229:Spivak 2014
2154:Spivak 2014
2074:Spivak 2014
2013:Syndicalism
1560:World War I
1483:Keir Hardie
1453:politician
1339: [
1266:Netherlands
1186:In 1881, a
1040:Das Kapital
1010:faction of
961:During the
925:South Wales
842:Reform Bill
740:farmworkers
692:Renaissance
671:debt relief
517:South Korea
497:Netherlands
492:New Zealand
121:Syndicalism
91:Proletariat
71:Decent work
7873:Categories
7828:Protection
7798:Labor code
7793:Job strain
7620:Strike pay
7559:Bargaining
7506:Green bans
7499:newspapers
7345:Union shop
7314:Industrial
7164:Union dues
6945:Dual Power
6930:Autonomism
6925:Autarchism
6585:East Timor
6555:Costa Rica
6500:Bangladesh
6495:Azerbaijan
6205:Feyerabend
5842:Freeganism
5494:Illegalist
5432:Capitalism
5371:Sociocracy
5341:Revolution
5306:Mutual aid
5236:Black bloc
4972:Pelloutier
4947:Lagardelle
4922:Fitzgerald
4768:Mutual aid
4700:De Leonism
4644:Precursors
4424:1100238201
4416:2006933558
4286:5549144804
4221:Nomad, Max
3895:5791147291
3744:ABC News,
3574:Foner 1997
3559:Foner 1997
3547:Foner 1997
3506:Foner 1997
3384:30 January
3374:Teen Vogue
3262:Nomad 1966
3250:Nomad 1966
3238:Nomad 1966
3222:Nomad 1966
3210:Nomad 1966
3194:Nomad 1966
3182:Nomad 1966
3166:Nomad 1966
3154:Nomad 1966
3139:Nomad 1966
3127:Nomad 1966
3115:Nomad 1966
3099:Nomad 1966
3084:Nomad 1966
2782:Nomad 1966
2770:Nomad 1966
2750:Nomad 1966
2134:Foner 1998
2025:References
1818:See also:
1809:authority.
1783:Walsenburg
1678:capitalism
1598:, and the
1572:Bolsheviks
1489:, such as
1434:and Dutch
1351:anarchists
1065:capitalism
1020:capitalism
905:coal mines
787:Conception
773:Manchester
769:Nottingham
745:Les Ruines
734:alongside
663:Sabbatical
646:Precursors
566:Labour law
375:Green bans
368:newspapers
260:Sick leave
255:Sabbatical
7803:Labor law
7660:Givebacks
7643:Reactions
7441:Stay-away
7426:Picketing
7421:Precarity
7401:Grievance
7335:Open shop
7316:relations
7112:Structure
7105:Formation
6985:Socialism
6935:Communism
6870:Venezuela
6805:Singapore
6740:Nicaragua
6665:Indonesia
6645:Hong Kong
6640:Guatemala
6485:Australia
6475:Argentina
6446:By region
6430:Musicians
6335:Santillán
6285:Malatesta
6255:Kropotkin
6235:Guillaume
5913:Symbolism
5827:DIY ethic
5706:Economics
5651:Post-left
5596:Christian
5591:Religious
5528:Communist
5513:Mutualist
5477:Classical
5437:Education
5386:Squatting
5346:Rewilding
5281:Free love
5173:Anarchism
5056:Socialism
5001:Communism
4917:Delesalle
4907:De Ambris
4852:IWW-Chile
4729:Economics
4690:Anarchist
4585:magazine.
4529:242074567
4494:158841066
4459:242074567
4394:Edinburgh
4376:219715518
4368:1475-8059
4302:Barcelona
4296:(1977) .
4270:0031-2746
4190:1469-9702
4159:242636272
4133:Routledge
4118:158605651
3986:00-008215
3930:158605651
3879:0033-5533
3848:158605651
3687:Ken Knabb
3472:cite book
3430:(1985) .
2533:0161-391X
2485:0028-4866
2440:1098-7371
2411:143636000
2395:0002-7162
2381:: 64–77.
2008:Stay away
1848:de Gaulle
1802:Wisconsin
1637:, leader
1524:Amsterdam
1465:. At the
1380:of 1914.
1320:Barcelona
1306:called a
1264:. In the
1111:over the
1069:socialism
1045:Karl Marx
913:factories
826:reformism
818:shoemaker
728:merchants
634:employers
512:Singapore
467:Hong Kong
442:Australia
195:Equal pay
116:Communism
111:Socialism
7858:Workload
7843:Overwork
7436:Slowdown
7018:Category
6780:Portugal
6760:Paraguay
6720:Mongolia
6705:Malaysia
6550:Colombia
6530:Bulgaria
6320:Proudhon
6280:Maksimov
6260:Landauer
6210:Giovanni
6160:Bookchin
6075:May 1968
5847:Infoshop
5601:Buddhist
5586:Pacifist
5554:Feminist
5533:Magonist
5501:Naturist
5457:Violence
5452:Religion
5351:Sabotage
5181:Concepts
5006:Copyleft
4967:Panunzio
4684:Variants
4573:Archived
4398:AK Press
4304:: Laia.
4239:66015299
4213:66015299
4083:83-83003
4052:47-19381
4019:47-19381
3943:Edmonton
3769:Archived
3749:Archived
3703:Archived
3672:Archived
3644:Archived
3615:Archived
3378:Archived
3328:Archived
2448:40930547
2403:41328566
1910:See also
1863:Honduras
1856:Portugal
1787:Colorado
1702:such as
1680:and the
1649:Legality
1487:far-left
1378:Red Week
1328:Portugal
1314:for the
1310:against
1280:(SAC).
1131:forces.
969:escaped
921:Scotland
861:congress
507:Portugal
447:Barbados
405:Walkouts
380:Lockouts
230:Overwork
81:Timeline
27:a series
24:Part of
7541:Whipsaw
7536:Walkout
7431:Salting
7374:Actions
7025:Outline
6975:Marxism
6875:Vietnam
6865:Uruguay
6850:Ukraine
6840:Tunisia
6790:Romania
6745:Nigeria
6725:Morocco
6675:Ireland
6655:Iceland
6650:Hungary
6630:Germany
6625:Georgia
6610:Finland
6605:Estonia
6590:Ecuador
6575:Denmark
6560:Croatia
6515:Bolivia
6510:Belgium
6505:Belarus
6490:Austria
6480:Armenia
6470:Andorra
6465:Algeria
6460:Albania
6380:Yarchuk
6355:Tolstoy
6350:Thoreau
6345:Stirner
6340:Spooner
6305:Parsons
6230:Graeber
6220:Goldman
6180:Durruti
6165:Chomsky
6155:Bonanno
6150:Berkman
6145:Bakunin
5924:History
5874:May Day
5796:Culture
5191:Anarchy
5031:Fascism
4957:Monatte
4942:Jouhaux
4937:Janvion
4932:Haywood
4912:De Leon
4866:(ITGWU)
4790:IWA–AIT
4705:Fascist
4555:(1906).
3887:1884099
3730:2 March
3679:, from
3650:9 April
3621:9 April
3464:Chicago
2541:1893295
1998:Protest
1881:Algeria
1608:AFL–CIO
1546:with a
1289:Tampere
1243:weekend
1182:of 1886
1134:At the
1095:at the
804:in 1848
641:History
472:Ireland
462:Georgia
7484:Hartal
7396:Gherao
7203:Models
6845:Turkey
6835:Taiwan
6820:Sweden
6800:Serbia
6795:Russia
6775:Poland
6755:Panama
6750:Norway
6715:Monaco
6710:Mexico
6700:Latvia
6680:Israel
6635:Greece
6615:France
6535:Canada
6525:Brazil
6455:Africa
6385:Zerzan
6375:Warren
6360:Tucker
6330:Rocker
6325:Reclus
6315:Pouget
6295:Michel
6275:Makhno
6250:KĹŤtoku
6240:He-Yin
6215:Godwin
6200:Ferrer
6170:Cleyre
6135:Armand
6130:Alston
6121:People
5606:Jewish
5518:Social
5489:Egoist
5418:Issues
4987:Valois
4977:Rocker
4962:GarcĂa
4952:Larkin
4891:People
4848:(IWW)
4798:(FORA)
4527:
4517:
4492:
4482:
4457:
4447:
4422:
4414:
4404:
4374:
4366:
4308:
4284:
4278:650291
4276:
4268:
4252:(63).
4237:
4211:
4188:
4157:
4147:
4116:
4106:
4081:
4071:
4050:
4040:
4017:
4007:
3984:
3974:
3949:
3928:
3918:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3846:
3836:
3309:(1993)
3293:(1976)
2539:
2531:
2493:360377
2491:
2483:
2446:
2438:
2409:
2401:
2393:
1968:Hartal
1643:Hartal
1592:Canada
1568:Allied
1534:, and
1449:, the
1332:Lisbon
1268:, the
814:Quaker
779:, the
677:. The
527:Sweden
502:Norway
477:Israel
452:Brazil
353:Hartal
7494:Bandh
7269:Types
6830:Syria
6815:Spain
6695:Korea
6690:Japan
6685:Italy
6660:India
6595:Egypt
6545:China
6540:Chile
6420:Films
6410:Books
6396:Lists
6365:Volin
6270:MagĂłn
6245:Kanno
6195:Faure
6190:Ervin
6185:Ellul
6070:Provo
5837:Films
5656:Queer
5631:Black
5559:Green
4982:Sorel
4902:Berth
4804:(COB)
4710:Green
4525:S2CID
4490:S2CID
4455:S2CID
4372:S2CID
4274:JSTOR
4155:S2CID
4114:S2CID
3926:S2CID
3883:JSTOR
3844:S2CID
2537:JSTOR
2489:JSTOR
2444:JSTOR
2407:S2CID
2399:JSTOR
1890:, as
1870:Yemen
1684:in a
1682:state
1668:Forms
1366:Parma
1358:Italy
1343:]
1125:Alcoy
1067:with
1016:state
917:mills
801:Punch
620:is a
482:Malta
363:Bandh
7355:Bump
7179:Salt
6765:Peru
6670:Iran
6565:Cuba
6370:Ward
6300:Most
6290:Mett
5822:Arts
4897:Bain
4582:Life
4515:ISBN
4480:ISBN
4445:ISBN
4420:OCLC
4412:LCCN
4402:ISBN
4364:ISSN
4306:ISBN
4282:OCLC
4266:ISSN
4235:LCCN
4209:LCCN
4186:ISSN
4145:ISBN
4104:ISBN
4079:LCCN
4069:ISBN
4048:LCCN
4038:ISBN
4015:LCCN
4005:ISBN
3982:LCCN
3972:ISBN
3947:ISBN
3916:ISBN
3891:OCLC
3875:ISSN
3834:ISBN
3732:2022
3652:2011
3623:2011
3478:link
3445:2023
3386:2022
3336:2021
2529:ISSN
2481:ISSN
2436:ISSN
2391:ISSN
1735:The
1706:and
1626:and
1582:The
1493:and
1410:and
1349:and
1216:riot
1154:and
1018:and
832:and
816:and
812:, a
771:and
738:and
730:and
722:and
706:and
673:and
665:and
457:Fiji
324:WFTU
319:ITUC
6265:Liu
6175:Day
6080:LIP
5301:Law
4551:by
4507:doi
4472:doi
4437:doi
4356:doi
4258:doi
4178:doi
4137:doi
4096:doi
3908:doi
3867:doi
3826:doi
2521:doi
2473:doi
2383:doi
2379:637
1879:In
1868:In
1861:In
1854:In
1610:).
1436:NAS
1432:CGT
1356:In
1353:.
1345:by
1326:in
1245:.
1123:in
923:to
907:of
702:by
694:by
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