Plantations of Ireland

734: 703:, only to find that the land had already been settled by another undertaker, and he was obliged to send them home. Nevertheless, 500,000 acres (202,343 ha) were planted with English colonists. The Crown hoped that the settlement would attract in the region of 15,000 colonists, but a report from 1589 showed that the English Undertakers had imported only about 700 English tenants between them. Historians have noted that each tenant was the head of a household and that he therefore likely represented at least 4–5 other people. This would put the English population in Munster at nearer to three or four thousand persons, but it was still substantially below the projected figure. 1534:, pp. 5–6: "The Gaelic Irish and Old English were increasingly seen by outsiders and defined themselves, as undifferentiatedly Irish. ... By the 1630s, members of the Catholic elite, whatever their paternal ancestry, shared a common identity and set of political attitudes. ... Conversely, it is possible to speak of a contending Protestant/New English/British group. The term 'British' has validity because of its contemporary usage (in referring to grantees in the Ulster Plantation for example) and, especially, because it embraces, as it was designed to, both English and Scottish interests in Ireland...the consciousness of being a privileged minority in a hostile environment." 640:

families were to be planted. In 1611 it has been estimated that 94,000 acres originally assigned to undertakers had been reclaimed. Out of the eighty-six, original volunteers only fifteen ultimately took out patents, although these were supplemented by another twenty individuals not associated with the initial scheme. On the outbreak of the Nine Years' War, one contemporary estimate was that the plantation had attracted about 5,000 English settlers, but it is more commonly surmised that the total English population in the colony stood at c. 4000 at the first overthrow in 1598. This was well short of the 11,375 people that the original plans had envisaged.

831: 1208: 438: 395:). An act was passed "whereby the King and Queen's Majesties, and the Heires and Successors of the Queen, be entitled to the Counties of Leix, Slewmarge, Irry, Glinmaliry, and Offaily, and for making the same Countries Shire Grounds." This plantation initiated the colonial settlement pattern for extending English control in hostile regions. The Leix-Offaly plantation also demonstrated to the Crown high cost of colonialism, leading them to encourage private financial participation in colonial ventures. 1052: 340:. The administration intended to develop Ireland as a peaceful and reliable possession, without risk of rebellion or foreign invasion. Wherever the policy of surrender and regrant failed, land was confiscated and English plantations were established. To this end, two forms of plantation were adopted in the second half of the 16th century. The first was the "exemplary plantation", in which small colonies of English would provide model farming communities that the Irish could emulate and be taxed. 827:

it, creating concentrations of British settlers around new towns and garrisons. The new landowners were explicitly banned from taking on Irish tenants, and had to import their tenant farmers from England and Scotland. The remaining Irish landowners were granted one quarter of the land in Ulster. The common Irish residents were to be relocated to live near garrisons and Protestant churches, the more ready for Protestant control. The Planters were barred from selling their lands to any Irishman.

3491: 33: 3502: 469:, on land leased from the Earl of Desmon. They then proposed establishing larger corporate colonies in late 1568 creating a consortium of English merchants to fund a colony in Baltimore, west Co. Cork, mainly for exploiting the fisheries in Munster. The scheme was privately funded but also received a stipend from the English crown At about this time as part of the joint stock scheme Grenville also seized lands from the native Irish for colonization at 3479: 45: 1328: 300:

exclusive right to rule the lands discovered by Columbus, making the native Americans their "subjects". Despite this the Laudabiliter had a continuing political relevance into the 16th century. Henry VIII of England was excommunicated by Pope Paul III on 17 December 1538, causing his opponents to question his continuing claim to be Lord of Ireland, which was based ultimately on Laudabiliter. Henry established the Kingdom of Ireland in 1542.

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pastures for their cattle. By 1700, Ireland's native woodland had been reduced to a fraction of its former size; it was intensively logged and sold for profit by the plantation settlers for commercial ventures such as shipbuilding, as much of the English forests had been overlogged to total depletion, and the navy was becoming a great power. Several native animal species, such as the

1254:, meant that English Protestants acquired almost all of the land holdings for the first time in these territories. In addition, under the Commonwealth regime, some 12,000 Irish people were sold into indentured servitude to the Caribbean and North American colonies. Another 34,000 Irish Catholics went into exile on the Continent, mostly in the Catholic countries of France or Spain. 1400:. These denied political and most land-owning rights to Catholics and non-Anglican Protestant denominations, they also brought in harsh punishments for use of the Irish language and limited Catholics ability to practice their religion. The forced dominance of the Protestant class in Irish life persisted until the late 18th century when they reluctantly voted for the 1240:

Irish Catholic tenants. A minority of the "Cromwellian" landowners were Parliamentarian soldiers or creditors. Most were pre-war Protestant settlers, who took the opportunity to obtain confiscated lands. Before the wars, Catholics had owned 60% of the land in Ireland. During the Commonwealth period, Catholic landownership fell to 8–9%. After some restitution in the

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greater degree of persecution than English Catholics in Ireland. In England, Catholics were greatly outnumbered by Protestants and lived under constant fear of betrayal by their fellows. In Ireland they could blend in with the local majority-Catholic population in a way that was not possible in England. English Catholic planters were most common in

1424:, were hunted to extinction during this period. Most of the settler population was urbanized, living in permanent towns or villages. Some of the Irish people continued their traditional practices and culture under the shadow of heavy control and punishments. By the end of the plantation period, almost all of Ireland had become integrated into a 1408: 711:– an Irish rebellion against English rule – reached Munster in 1598, most of the settlers were chased off their lands without a fight. They took refuge in the province's walled towns or fled back to England. However, when the rebellion was put down in 1601–03, the Plantation was re-constituted by the Governor of Munster, 1239:

and replaced with English settlers. However, this would have required hundreds of thousands of English settlers willing to come to Ireland, and such numbers of aspirant settlers were never recruited. Rather, a land-owning class of British Protestants was created in Ireland, and they ruled over mostly

1019:

In Munster, during the peaceful early years of the 17th century, thousands more English and Welsh settlers arrived in the province. There were many small plantations in Munster in this period, as Irish lords were required to forfeit up to one third of their estates to get their deeds to the remainder

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and a commission surveyed Munster, to allocate confiscated lands to English Undertakers (wealthy colonists who "undertook" to import tenants from England to work their new lands). The English Undertakers were obligated to develop new towns and provide for the defence of planted districts from attack.

1419:

The plantations and their related agricultural development also radically altered Ireland's physical environment and ecology. In 1600, most of Ireland was heavily wooded and undeveloped, apart from the bogs. Most of the population lived in small, semi-nomadic townlands, many migrating seasonally to

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Since most land-owning families in Ireland had taken their estates by force in the previous four hundred years, very few of them, with the exception of the New English planters, had proper legal titles for them. As a result, in order to obtain such titles, they were required to forfeit a quarter of

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The plan was determined by two factors: first, the Crown wanted to protect the settlement from being destroyed by rebels like the Munster plantation. So rather than settling the planters in isolated pockets of land confiscated from convicted rebels, they confiscated all of the land and redistributed

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Not all of the early 17th century English Planters were Protestants. A considerable number of English Catholics settled in Ireland between 1603 and 1641, in part for economic reasons but also to escape persecution in England. In the time of Elizabeth and James I, the Catholics of England suffered a

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was the most Irish-Gaelic part of Ireland and the only province that was completely outside English control. The war, of 1594–1603, ended with the surrender of the O'Neill and O'Donnell lords to the English crown, but it was also a hugely costly and humiliating episode for the English government in

556:, who set out to colonize much of County Antrim. He provided most of the funding, with the state providing some of the military support. He landed at Carrickfergus in 1573 with 1,100 men, but their numbers dwindled following an outbreak of plague in the town. The colonists were opposed by McPhelim, 303:

Gerald of Wales argued that the English crown has the right to rule Ireland because of a mission to civilise a barbarous people. His writings shaped English and European views of Ireland for centuries. He says: The idle woodland people the Irish reject agriculture, cities, the rights and privileges

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and France as well as Britain. Many of them became chief tenants of Irish land-owners; others set up in the towns (especially Dublin) – notably as bankers and financiers. By 1641, there were calculated to be up to 125,000 Protestant settlers in Ireland, though they were still outnumbered by native

643:

There was an enterprising capitalist element to the Munster plantations. Privateers and the enterprising public could buy land in Munster at pennies an acre as undertakers, sometimes backed by private investors. Sir Walter Raleigh owned large estates in Munster and harvested the forests around his

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to colonize. Smith envisaged a colony led by the younger sons of English gentlemen, in which the native Irish would be employed as labourers. The scheme was partly privately funded and partly state-sponsored by way of military support. In 1572 Smith's son landed in the Ards with 100 men. They were

789:, at that time an English Crown possession. The Plantation of Ulster was promoted to him as a joint "British", i.e. English and Scottish, venture to pacify and civilise Ulster. It was agreed that at least half of the settlers would be Scots. Six counties made up his official plantation of Ulster: 1388:

wrote to Francis Walsingham that he desired to show posterity his affection for his God and his prince 'by a volume of my writing,' by 'a colony of my planting,' and by 'a college of my erecting.' Moderate in treating the Irish, he put into execution clauses of the statute against Irish customs,

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In Laois and Offally, the Tudor plantation had consisted of a chain of military garrisons. In the new, more peaceful climate of the 17th century, it attracted large numbers of landowners, tenants and labourers. Prominent planters in Leinster in this period include Charles Coote, Adam Loftus, and

921:

But the Irish population was neither removed nor Anglicised. In practise, the settlers did not stay on poorer lands, but clustered around towns and the best land. This meant that many English and Scottish landowners had to take Irish tenants, contrary to the terms of the Plantation of Ulster. In

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was a decree issued by the Pope that made Ireland's people the subjects of Henry II, however there is some debate on whether the Laudabiliter was legitimate or a forgery. The Laudabiliter could be compared to the Papal Bull "Inter Caetera," issued by Pope Alexander VI, which gave the Spanish the

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Ulster was worst hit by the wars, with massive loss of civilian life and mass displacement of people. The atrocities committed by both sides further poisoned the relationship between the settler and native communities in the province. Although peace was eventually restored to Ulster, the wounds

288:

In 1174 Rory O’Connor (Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair) defeated the Anglo-Norman army at Thurles and began making incursions into the Pale itself forcing Henry II to come to talks, the treaty of Windsor was drafted which was agreed upon that the Anglo-Normans would have mostly the Pale but couldn't make

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However, the colonial plans were complicated by surveys showing less land available than previously imagined, as well as lawsuits influenced by the earl of Ormond. It was agreed that ninety-one families would be settled on 12,000 acres and further smaller grants of 8,000, 6,000 and 4,000 acres

1223:

was unable to pay. Many of these soldiers sold their land grants to other Protestants rather than settle in war-ravaged Ireland, but 7,500 soldiers did settle in Ireland. They were required to keep their weapons to act as a reserve militia in case of future rebellions. Taken together with the

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interrupted implementation of this plan. O'Doherty was a former ally of the English who felt he had not been fairly rewarded for his role in the war. The rebellion was swiftly put down and O'Doherty killed, but these events gave Chichester a justification for expropriating all of the original

706:

The Munster Plantation was supposed to develop compact defensible settlements, but the English settlers were spread in pockets across the province, wherever land had been confiscated. Initially, the English Undertakers were given detachments of English soldiers to protect them, but these were

1106:– where all Catholic landowners would lose between a half and a quarter of their estates. The local juries were intimidated into accepting Wentworth's settlement; when a group of Connacht landowners complained to Charles I, Wentworth had them imprisoned. However, settlement proceeded only in 885:

The Plantation of Ulster was a mixed success for the English. By the 1630s, there were 20,000 adult male English and Scottish settlers in Ulster, which meant that the total settler population could have been as high as 80,000 to 150,000. They formed local majorities of the population in the

285:: "they are more sharpely to be chastised and reformed … for they are more stubborne, and disobedient to the law and government, than the Irish". English discourse on Ireland largely viewed the Gaelic Irish outside the Pale as savages, and compared them with the Native Americans in 1580. 1278:

defeat there led to another round of land confiscations. During the 1680s and 90s, another major wave of settlement took place in Ireland (though not another plantation in terms of land confiscation). At this time, the new settlers were principally Scots, tens of thousands of whom fled a

269:, however, Irish culture and language had regained most of the territory initially lost to the Anglo-Normans: "even in the Pale, all the common folk ... for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit and of Irish language". At a higher social level, there was intermarriage between the 768:

seized the opportunity to colonise the province and declared the lands of O'Neill, O'Donnell and their followers forfeit. Initially, Chichester planned a fairly modest plantation, including large grants to Irish-born lords who had sided with the English during the war. However, in 1608

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line – argued that the rebel landowners were their subordinates and that the lords actually owned the land. In this area, lands once granted to some English Undertakers was taken away again when native lords, such as the MacCarthys, appealed the dispossession of their dependants.

846:, wealthy men from England and Scotland who undertook to import tenants from their own estates. The planters were granted around 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) each, on condition that they settle there a minimum of 48 adult males (including at least 20 families), who had to be 434:, the leader of rebellion in the area, was hunted down and killed later that year. The ongoing violence meant that the authorities had difficulty in attracting people to settle in their new plantation. Settlement ended up clustered around a series of military fortifications. 2244:

Lennon p. 302, "Within Tyrone, his power was made absolute over the inhabitants of all ranks...Thus O'Neill was accorded virtual palatinate powers in his territory with the backing of English law, the outcome he had more or less sought at the beginning of the campaign in

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of the Protestant refugees collected in 1642, suggests a figure of 4,000 settlers were killed directly; and up to 12,000 may have died of causes also related to disease (always a cause of high fatalities during wartime) or privation after being expelled from their homes.

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incursions into Irish held lands. Henry II would later disavow the treaty he agreed to and made incursions into Irish kingdoms forfeiting his title as lord of Ireland and his right to the Pale itself. Meaning subsequent claims by the English monarchy to Ireland such as

1094:

in 1632. Wentworth's job was to raise revenue for Charles and to cement Royal control over Ireland – which meant, among other things, more plantations, both to raise money and to break the political power of the Irish Catholic gentry. Wentworth confiscated land in

910:, and in south Antrim under Sir Randall MacDonnell. The settler population increased rapidly, as just under half of the migrants were women – a very high ratio compared, for instance, to contemporary Spanish settlement in Latin America or English settlement in 992:

their lands. This policy was used against the Kavanaghs in Wexford and subsequently elsewhere, to break up Catholic Irish estates (especially the Gaelic ones) around the country. Following the precedent set in Wexford, small plantations were established in

1185:. Ten years of warfare took place in Munster between the planters and their descendants and the native Irish Catholics. But the ethnic/religious divisions were less stark in Munster than in Ulster. Some of the earlier English Planters in Munster had been 1383:

The English banned and discouraged the use of the Irish language in 1537 with The Statute of Ireland – An Act for the English Order Habit and Language (28. Hen. 8. c. 15 (I)). Irish clothing was also banned throughout the centuries. On 14 February 1588,

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by creating large communities with British and Protestant identities. The ruling classes of these communities replaced the older Catholic ruling class, which had shared with the general population a common Irish identity and set of political attitudes.

354:

The second form set the trend for future English policy in Ireland. It was punitive/commercial in nature, as it provided for the plantation of English settlers on lands confiscated following the suppression of rebellions. The first such scheme was the

1152:

launched a rebellion, hoping to rectify various grievances of Irish Catholic landowners. However, once the rebellion was underway, the resentment of the native Irish in Ulster boiled over into indiscriminate attacks on the settler population in the

627:(1579–83) and their estates were confiscated by the Crown. The English authorities took the opportunity to settle the province with colonists from England and Wales, who, it was hoped, would be a bulwark against further rebellions. In 1584, the 179:. Businessmen were encouraged to invest in the scheme and English colonists were settled on land confiscated from the defeated rebel lords. However, the settlements were scattered and attracted far fewer settlers than was hoped for. When the 1257:

Recent research has shown that although the native Irish land-owning class was subordinated in this period, it never totally disappeared. Many of its members found niches in trade or as chief tenants on their families' ancestral lands.

477:

and Fitzmaurice along with the native inhabitants. The colony was small and quickly overwhelmed and all the English colonial inhabitants were killed except three or four English soldiers, who were promptly executed the next day. Sir

1063:, as a result of the creation of "pocket boroughs" (where Protestants were in the majority) in planted areas. In 1625, they gained a temporary halt to land confiscations by agreeing to pay for England's war with France and Spain. 545:, who complained the grant was illegal. As the English often commandeered Irish church buildings for garrisons, McPhelim burned all church buildings in the Ards to prevent this. The colonists hastily built a fort near 482:

had also asserted his claim to lands in south Leinster. The plantations in the south of Ireland led to bitter disputes with local Irish. However, in June 1569 the fledgling colonies were destroyed by the Irish under

687:), the survey took in the lands belonging to other families and clans that had supported the rebellions in Kerry and southwest Cork. However, the settlement here was rather piecemeal because the ruling clan – the 2376:

Canny, pp. 429–431 and 435–436. For instance, in one Ulster parish in 1622, that of Lord Grandison, 13 Irish male heads of households were attending Protestant services, but over 200 were refusing to do

1059:

The Irish Catholic upper classes were unable to stop the continued plantations in Ireland because they had been barred from public office on religious grounds. By 1615 they comprised a minority in the

1189:

and their descendants largely sided with the Irish in the 1640s. Conversely, some Irish noblemen who had converted to Protestantism – notably Earl Inchiquin – sided with the settler community.

1250:

In Ulster, the Cromwellian period eliminated those native landowners who had survived the Ulster plantation. In Munster and Leinster, the mass confiscation of Catholic-owned land after the

929:

The attempted conversion of the Irish to Protestantism also had few successes; at first the clerics sent to Ireland were all English speakers, whereas the native population were usually

2076:

The first step was to map the region, which began in September 1584 and completed thirteen months later when it reported that there were 574,645 acres of land available for settlement.

473:, to the west of Cork harbour creating the first English joint stock colony in history. After Richard Greenville had departed from Ireland the fledging colony of Tracton was sacked by 858:, successfully lobbied for land grants of their own. Since these former officers did not have enough private capital to fund the colonisation, their involvement was subsidised by the 495:

has stated that the Plantations of Munster starting with St leger were the prototype for the American colonies, the joint stock Irish model became the model for the Virginia Company.

1907:"While it is widely acknowledged that the late 16th century Munster plantation was a prototype for the colonization of Virginia founded by the English landing at Jamestown in 1607" 414:, ordered that they be dispossessed and replaced with an English settlement. However, the plantation was not a great success. The O'Moores and O'Connors retreated to the hills and 40:

subjected to plantations (from 1556 to 1620). This map is a simplified one, as in the case of some counties the area of land colonised did not cover the whole of the area coloured.

946: 842:

The second major influence on the plantation of Ulster was the political negotiation among the interest groups on the British side. The principal landowners were to be English

101:. The plantations led to the founding of many towns, massive demographic, cultural and economic changes, changes in land ownership and the landscape, and also to centuries of 1392:

The Plantations had profound effects on Ireland. They resulted in the removal and/or execution of Catholic ruling classes and their replacement with what became known as the

648:

advocated for settlers to come to the Munster colonies. He bought land holdings in Munster for his venture, recruiting 25 business partners and partnering with industrialist

572:, who asserted they were opposing Essex rather than the Crown. In September 1574, Essex led a military expedition deep into Tyrone, burning crops. That November, Essex's men 525:

was passed on him for rebellion against the Crown. As O'Neill had claimed lordship over most of Ulster, the act declared most of the province to be forfeit to the Crown.

198:

and their lands were confiscated. This was the biggest and most successful of the plantations and comprised most of the province of Ulster. While the province was mainly

715:. The English settler population in the 1620s was four times greater than in the earlier Munster plantation and powerful enough to control a considerable area after the 1793:"This Famous Island in the Virginia Sea": The Influence of the Irish Tudor and Stuart Plantation Experiences in the Evolution of American Colonial Theory and Practice 644:

estate to make tobacco pipes and wine barrels, although his company proved unprofitable. However, other investors made a fortune off the plantations. Businessman

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Ireland. In the short term the war failed, and generous surrender terms given to the rebels re-granted them much of their former land, but under English law.

664:. He then partnered with another Munster colonist, Captain William Newce, to invest in the newly—formed Virginia Company and helped establish the colony at 418:

and fought a local insurgency against the settlement for much of the following 40 years. In 1578, the English finally subdued the displaced O'Moore clan by

1561: 1266:

For the remainder of the 17th century, Irish Catholics tried to get the Cromwellian Act of Settlement reversed. They briefly achieved this under

261:, English, Welsh and Flemish community in Ireland, under the Crown of England. By the 15th century, English control had shrunk to an area called 164: 3551: 304:

of citizenship and hence civilisation itself, the mission is to civilise and truly Christianise the Irish. The Irish rejected the Laudabiliter

1773: 2714: 1228:, probably over 10,000 Parliamentarians settled in Ireland after the civil wars. In addition to the Parliamentarians, thousands of Scottish 2742: 1687: 1165:, in his survey of the 1650s, estimated the death toll at around 30,000. More recent research, however, based on close examination of the 2906: 2888: 1298:, who were Protestant, were also encouraged to settle in Ireland; they had been expelled from France after the Crown's revocation of the 2601: 580:

at Belfast Castle, and Essex then had McPhelim executed for treason. The MacDonnells called in reinforcements from their kinsmen in the

1616: 2096:

Anthony Sheehan, "Official Reaction to Native Land Claims in the Plantation of Munster", Irish Historical Studies 23 (1985), 303-13.

733: 521:, there were proposals to colonize parts of east Ulster, but Crown support was not forthcoming. Following Shane O'Neill's death, an 3505: 2916: 1701: 1118:

for similar treatment, including members of the powerful Butler dynasty. Wentworth's plans were interrupted by the outbreak of the

907: 1579: 1083: 2926: 903: 230: 183:

broke out in the 1590s, most of these settlements were abandoned, although English settlers began to return following the war.

2161: 1631: 474: 3515: 1445: 349: 110: 1592:

Culture & Religion in Tudor Ireland, 1494–1558. Archived 16 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, University College Cork

2921: 1066:

In addition to the plantations, thousands of independent settlers arrived in Ireland in the early 17th century, from the

1048:. The latter especially made huge fortunes out of amassing Irish lands and developing them for industry and agriculture. 3536: 3186: 2775: 2770: 2472:, p. 58, footnote 10, "Modern historians estimate the number massacred in Ireland in 1641 at between 2,000 and 12,000." 1397: 649: 600:. By this time, Elizabeth had called an end to the scheme. It was a failure which had cost Essex and the Crown dearly. 553: 518: 233:

and thousands of English soldiers settled in Ireland. Scottish settlement in Ulster resumed and intensified during the

17: 608:

The Munster Plantation of the 1580s was the first mass plantation in Ireland. It was instituted as punishment for the

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in England and Ireland. Wentworth's constant questioning of Catholic land titles was one of the major causes of the

1020:

recognised by the English authorities. The settlers became concentrated in towns along the south coast – especially

3561: 3556: 3541: 3258: 2735: 1544: 696: 332:

Irish territories controlled by the Crown and incorporate the Gaelic Irish aristocracy into the English-controlled

254: 225:, during which thousands of settlers were killed, expelled or fled. After the Irish Catholics were defeated in the 121: 949:

Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, who amassed huge quantities of land in southern Ireland in the early 17th century

3576: 3253: 3198: 2863: 1337: 1251: 1198: 1045: 757: 737: 661: 226: 1460: 1432:

or in service. The plantations also introduced a new measurement system to Ireland called the Irish measure or

645: 1920: 1310:, as some had already been established as merchants in London. Their communal graveyard can still be seen off 1883: 448:

chieftain receives the priest's blessing before departing to fight the English, who are shown in full armour.

3436: 3273: 3190: 3158: 2838: 2317: 1182: 970: 937:. Later, the Catholic Church made a determined effort to retain its followers among the native population. 745: 557: 325: 180: 1130:, and the principal reason why it was joined by Ireland's wealthiest and most powerful Catholic families. 3194: 2728: 887: 1738:

Maginn, Christopher (2007). "Surrender and Regrant in the Historiography of Sixteenth-Century Ireland".

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In the 1641 Rebellion, the Munster Plantation was temporarily destroyed, just as it had been during the

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aristocracy and Anglo-Norman lords. To varying degrees inside and especially outside of the Pale, the '

203: 1079:, where they may have made up half of all the English and Scottish planters to arrive in this region. 953:

In addition to the Ulster plantation, several other small plantations occurred under the reign of the

3444: 2911: 2873: 2867: 2803: 2765: 2644: 2639: 2527: 1385: 1303: 1271: 542: 321: 129: 2187: 1908: 1232:

soldiers, who had been stationed in Ulster during the war, settled there permanently after its end.

398:

The O'Moore and O'Connor clans, which occupied the area, had traditionally raided the English-ruled

3546: 3177: 2877: 1939:

Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480-1630

902:. Planters had achieved substantial settlement on unofficially planted lands in north Down, led by 708: 660:

and his company in Munster to the ultimate capitalist-colonialist of the period, the newly created

624: 3001: 1769: 1724: 1650:""An Island in the Virginian Sea": Native Americans and the Irish in English Discourse, 1585-1640" 1396:, Anglican landowners mostly originating from Great Britain. Their position was reinforced by the 1302:

in 1685. Many of the Frenchmen were former soldiers, who had fought on the Williamite side in the

145: 3571: 3372: 3204: 2883: 2848: 2127: 1495: 1465: 1174:

opened in the plantation and civil war years were very slow to heal and arguably still fester in

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was attempted, but it also sparked conflict with the local Irish lord and ended in failure. The

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with Britain in 1800. It abolished their parliament, making their government part of Britain's.

1341: 1244: 1202: 1143: 1091: 407: 3065: 2009: 1507: 1211:

Oliver Cromwell, under whose Commonwealth regime most Catholic land in Ireland was confiscated

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in Scotland, which eventually resulted in Wentworth's execution by the English Parliament and

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to come to Ulster. At this point Protestants and people of Scottish descent (who were mainly

1060: 589: 565: 337: 274: 241: 785:

also became James I of England, uniting these two crowns and also gaining possession of the

156:

forts, but they were largely unsuccessful due to fierce resistance from native Irish clans.

97:. The main plantations took place from the 1550s to the 1620s, the biggest of which was the 3363: 3227: 3167: 2946: 2936: 2832: 2050: 1220: 1087: 962: 782: 728: 632: 569: 504: 222: 187: 168: 98: 1714:

Magnum Bullarium Romanum Volume 4, part 1, page 315 (1743 edition; facsimile reprint 1965)

1602: 1352: 517:. It was known as the "Enterprise of Ulster". During the conflict between the English and 8: 3413: 3293: 3268: 3263: 3243: 3073: 3025: 2842: 2793: 2067: 1859: 1267: 1241: 1025: 761: 712: 665: 573: 195: 37: 465:

tried to establish a small English joint stock colony in the barony of Kerrycurrihy, by

3428: 3334: 3209: 3057: 2951: 2823: 2808: 2751: 1751: 1669: 1433: 958: 786: 770: 613: 609: 581: 376: 333: 258: 176: 106: 91: 68: 1952:

The Chief Governors: The Rise and Fall of Reform Government in Tudor Ireland 1536-1588

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Some Parliamentarians had argued that all the Irish should be deported to west of the

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Thomas Wentworth, who planned a major seizure of Catholic-owned land in the late 1630s

830: 120:

There had been small-scale immigration from Britain since the 12th century, after the

3327: 3219: 2465: 1844: 1702:"The Doctrine of Discovery, 1493 | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History" 1511: 1500: 1401: 1157:. Irish Catholics attacked the plantations all around the country, but especially in 1149: 867: 855: 765: 514: 488: 484: 462: 215: 211: 133: 3389: 3089: 3009: 2289: 1797: 1743: 1661: 1207: 1175: 1166: 1111: 1009: 984: 847: 809: 799: 684: 628: 537: 522: 253:

There had been small-scale immigration from Britain in the 12th century, after the

114: 48:

A more detailed but not entirely accurate map of the areas subjected to plantations

688: 549:, but the plantation fell apart after Smith's son was killed by Irishmen in 1573. 437: 3381: 2587: 2014: 1777: 1299: 1186: 1076: 1001: 922:

1609, Chichester deported 1300 former Irish soldiers from Ulster to serve in the

672: 616: 458: 234: 102: 1545:"Raymond Hickey, Assessing the Relative Status of Languages in Medieval Ireland" 1407: 3495: 3355: 3319: 3137: 2798: 2136: 2116: 1964:

BBC History – Plantation of Ulster – 16th century colonisation plans for Ulster

1823: 1475: 1425: 1216: 1127: 1051: 1041: 1037: 1005: 980: 966: 934: 871: 859: 814: 774: 671:

As well as the former Geraldine estates (spread through the modern counties of

597: 431: 411: 372: 278: 270: 199: 191: 94: 60: 3105: 2602:"The Politics of the Irish Language Under the English and British Governments" 918:

attracted more families, but still was predominately male in its early years.

656:

in the Munster colonies. Daniel Gookin, a Munster colonist, sold his lands in

561: 3530: 2304:. London, Constable and Company Ltd. 1996. pp. 156–157. M. Perceval-Maxwell: 1791: 1665: 1454: 1236: 1162: 1148:

In October 1641, after a bad harvest and in a threatening political climate,

899: 895: 879: 819: 794: 585: 329: 149: 87: 83: 163:. In 1568 there was an attempt to establish the first joint stock colony in 3278: 3129: 3081: 3041: 2628: 1428:. But many of the poorer classes had no access to money, still paying rent 1288: 1119: 1107: 954: 923: 804: 680: 652:. Willoughby was a sleeping partner in a project aimed at establishing an 492: 466: 442: 296: 266: 167:

barony, but it was destroyed by the Irish. In the 1570s a privately-funded

141: 124:. By the 15th century, direct English control had shrunk to an area called 75: 3033: 1884:

https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48334/48334-h/48334-h.htm#Footnote_164_164

1801: 1161:. English writers at the time put the Protestant victims at over 100,000. 838:, originally built in 1613–1619 to defend the plantation settlement there. 132:

began. The first plantations were in the 1550s, during the reign of Queen

3347: 3339: 3182: 2993: 2526:

Hogan, Liam; McAtackney, Laura; Reilly, Matthew Connor (6 October 2015).

2297: 2055:

extensive crown-sponsored surveying of his lands began in September, 1584

1457:'s survey of Irish land and population before the Cromwellian Plantations 1450: 1067: 1033: 915: 891: 764:

to seek help from the Spanish Crown for a new rebellion, the Lord Deputy

676: 657: 479: 427: 384: 194:. Following their defeat in the Nine Years' War, many rebel Ulster lords 160: 32: 2695:

The Munster Plantation – English migration to Southern Ireland 1583–1641

2528:"The unfree Irish in the Caribbean were indentured servants, not slaves" 2360: 1755: 1673: 3460: 3303: 3248: 3121: 3097: 3017: 2941: 2688:

The Life and Letter book of Florence McCarthy Reagh, Tanist of Carberry

1649: 1275: 1229: 392: 290: 207: 44: 3311: 3113: 2720: 1747: 1317: 1295: 1082:

Plantations stayed off the political agenda until the appointment of

653: 533: 71: 2985: 1688:"Treaties that Shaped the Course of Irish History – the Irish Story" 1632:"Continued Settlement on England's First Colony: 1558-1603 (Thesis)" 1219:

were awarded land in Ireland in place of their wages due, which the

965:—in the early 17th century. The first of these took place in north 137: 1284: 1115: 1102: 976: 930: 911: 875: 870:, which was granted all churches and lands previously owned by the 866:, and lands. The final major recipient of lands was the Protestant 700: 399: 388: 262: 153: 125: 1314:. The total population of this community may have reached 10,000. 987:, acquired by Boyle and turned from a fortress into a stately home 3049: 2969: 1976:

Ireland in the Virginian Sea: Colonialism in the British Atlantic

1909:

https://www.carrigdhoun.com/post/from-carrigaline-to-virginia-usa

1429: 1096: 1029: 1021: 620: 470: 237:. By the 1720s, British Protestants were the majority in Ulster. 172: 79: 56: 1036:. Notable English Undertakers of the Munster Plantation include 945: 2977: 1412: 1307: 1280: 1158: 997: 850:

Protestants. However, veterans of the war in Ireland (known as

749: 577: 546: 510: 403: 380: 360: 316:

Political boundaries in Ireland in 1450, before the plantations

312: 623:. The Desmond dynasty was annihilated in the aftermath of the 993: 894:

valleys (around modern Derry and east County Donegal), north

863: 862:(the financial sector in London). The city was granted their 835: 760:

and the other rebel earls left Ireland in the so-called 1607

509:

In the 1570s, there was an attempt to colonize parts of east

445: 368: 1617:"PROPAGANDA: Re-imagining the Conquest: Contested histories" 1603:"Centering Spenser: A Digital Resource for Kilcolman Castle" 1114:. Next, Wentworth surveyed the major Catholic landowners in 1580:"Ireland, Steven Ellis, The English Pale, A failed Entity?" 1421: 1291:) became an absolute majority of the population in Ulster. 86:. The Crown saw the plantations as a means of controlling, 1411:

Concentration of Irish Protestants in eastern and central

1389:

particularly forbidding the wearing of the native mantle.

2306:

The Scottish Migration to Ulster in the Reign of James 1.

874:

church. The Crown intended that clerics from England and

415: 109:

conflict. They took place before and during the earliest

1436:

which had some residual use even into the 20th century.

206:, the new settlers were required to be English-speaking 2627: 2296:

London, Faber and Faber Ltd. New Edition, 1989. p. 38.

1192: 117:

were involved in both Irish and American colonization.

67:) involved the confiscation of Irish-owned land by the 2462:

John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture

1860:

https://www.dib.ie/biography/st-leger-sir-warham-a8224

695:

Other sectors of the plantation were equally chaotic.

2525: 430:

in Laois, having invited them there for peace talks.

320:

The first Plantations of Ireland occurred during the

2715:

The Munster Plantation and the MacCarthys, 1583-1597

1978:. University of North Carolina Press, 2013. pp.65-67 1768:

3 & 4 Phil. & Mar. c. 2 (1556). The act was

1562:"Contesting the sovereignty of early modern Ireland" 603: 2674:

Sixteenth Century Ireland – The Incomplete Conquest

2667:

The Origins of Sectarianism in Early Modern Ireland

2609:

The Proceedings of the Barra Ó Donnabháin Symposium

2436:

The Origins of Sectarianism in Early Modern Ireland

2308:

Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. 1999. p. 55.

2294:

The Narrow Ground: The Roots of Conflict in Ulster.

722: 2004: 2002: 1841:Sixteenth Century Ireland, the Incomplete Conquest 1499: 1318:Long-term results and suppression of Irish culture 740:, who led the Irish rebellion against the English. 594:massacre of 600 MacDonnell men, women and children 2590:, Huguenot Society of Great Britain & Ireland 2114: 210:, with most coming from northern England and the 152:'). These plantations were based around existing 3528: 1502:American Colonies, The Settling of North America 940: 307: 2506: 2361:Irish Levies for the Army of Sweden (1609–1610) 2149:Martial Power and Elizabethan Political Culture 1999: 969:in 1610, where lands were confiscated from the 592:to attack the MacDonnells. This ended with the 1647: 707:abolished in the 1590s. As a result, when the 513:, which had formerly been part of the English 293:lordship or later kingship were illegitimate 159:The next plantations were during the reign of 2736: 619:had rebelled against English interference in 2117:"The Munster Plantation, 1583-1641 (Thesis)" 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1796:(MA thesis). College of William & Mary. 229:of 1652, most remaining Catholic-owned land 2367:, Vol. 46, No. 541 (Jul. 1918), pp. 396–404 1994:Ireland in the Age of the Tudors, 1447-1603 1843:. Gill & Macmillan, 1994. pp. 211–213. 221:The Ulster plantation was one cause of the 2743: 2729: 2642:, "The Plantation of Munster, 1584–1589", 1351:. Please do not remove this message until 2265:Consolidating Conquest, Ireland 1603–1727 2151:. Cambridge University Press, 2009. p.235 2099: 1981: 1954:. Cambridge University Press, 2002. p.130 1941:. Cambridge University Press, 1984. p.184 1725:"The Remonstrance of Irish Princes, 1317" 1654:New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua 1371:Learn how and when to remove this message 2917:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543 2283: 2031:. Syracuse University Press, 1997. p.116 2018:, Volume 27, Issue 2 (March/April 2019). 1406: 1347:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1261: 1206: 1050: 975: 944: 829: 732: 552:The plantation scheme was taken over by 436: 311: 190:began in the 1610s, during the reign of 43: 31: 2697:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986 2662:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001 2626:Butler, William Francis Thomas (1917). 2173: 2171: 1629: 14: 3529: 2927:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 2750: 2625: 2599: 1737: 1494: 1283:in the lowlands and border regions of 3552:Plantations (settlements or colonies) 2724: 2324:. New York: Basic Books. 2001. p. 88. 2211:The Letter Book of Florence MacCarthy 1742:. 38, No. 4 (Winter, 2007) (4): 972. 1133: 475:Donald McCarthy, 1st Earl of Clancare 371:) in 1556, naming them after the new 277:' had integrated into Irish society. 175:plantation of the 1580s followed the 2676:, Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. 1994 2168: 1789: 1446:British colonisation of the Americas 1321: 1193:Cromwellian land confiscation (1652) 350:Counties of Leix and Offaly Act 1556 111:English colonisation of the Americas 3511: 2922:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556 2683:, Cork: Cork University Press, 2000 2188:"From Carrigaline to Virginia, USA" 2115:MacCarthy-Morrogh, Michael (1983). 1306:. This community settled mainly in 574:massacred 200 of McPhelim's company 343: 24: 2669:, Cambridge University Press, 2005 2619: 2322:The Catholics of Ulster: A History 2068:"1584 - the Plantation of Munster" 554:Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex 541:opposed by the Lord of Clannaboy, 25: 3588: 2708: 1630:Skelton, Katie Elizabeth (2009). 604:Munster Plantation (1583 onwards) 528:In 1571, Queen Elizabeth granted 3510: 3501: 3500: 3489: 3477: 2660:Making Ireland British 1580–1650 1896:Ireland in the Age of the Tudors 1872:Ireland in the Age of the Tudors 1828:Making Ireland British 1580–1650 1326: 723:Ulster Plantation (1606 onwards) 2864:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 2593: 2581: 2568: 2555: 2546: 2519: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2454: 2441: 2428: 2415: 2402: 2393: 2380: 2370: 2353: 2340: 2327: 2311: 2270: 2257: 2248: 2238: 2229: 2216: 2203: 2194: 2180: 2154: 2141: 2090: 2081: 2060: 2043: 2034: 2021: 1968: 1957: 1944: 1931: 1913: 1901: 1888: 1877: 1864: 1853: 1833: 1817: 1808: 1783: 1762: 1731: 1717: 1708: 1694: 1680: 1641: 1252:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 1199:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 1046:Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork 834:A portion of the city walls of 662:Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork 452: 27:British colonisation of Ireland 2776:History of Ireland (1691–1800) 2771:History of Ireland (1536–1691) 2464:, Cambridge University Press, 2162:"Sir Walter Ralegh in Ireland" 1623: 1609: 1595: 1586: 1572: 1554: 1537: 1524: 1488: 1461:Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691 498: 13: 1: 2630:Confiscation in Irish history 1740:The Sixteenth Century Journal 1481: 1071:Catholics by around 15 to 1. 941:Later plantations (1610–1641) 744:Prior to its conquest in the 308:Early plantations (1556–1576) 248: 3159:Dublin Castle administration 2693:MACCARTHY-MORROGH, Michael, 2681:Confederate Catholics at War 2514:Confederate Catholics at War 2410:Confederate Catholics at War 2348:Confederate Catholics at War 1532:Confederate Catholics at War 1215:Over 12,000 veterans of the 778:landowners in the province. 387:were named Philipstown (now 326:Dublin Castle administration 240:The plantations changed the 235:Scottish famine of the 1690s 7: 1439: 1353:conditions to do so are met 1178:in the early 21st century. 584:. In July 1575, Essex sent 357:Plantation of King's County 128:. In the 1540s the English 113:, and a group known as the 10: 3593: 2859:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 2652: 2635:. London: T. Fisher Unwin. 1196: 1137: 878:convert the population to 726: 502: 347: 214:. This created a distinct 55:in 16th- and 17th-century 3537:Former colonies in Europe 3484:British Empire portal 3472: 3292: 3149: 2960: 2912:Crown of Ireland Act 1542 2897: 2804:Tudor conquest of Ireland 2784: 2766:Timeline of Irish history 2758: 2645:English Historical Review 1304:Williamite war in Ireland 1272:Williamite war in Ireland 1099:and planned a full-scale 971:MacMurrough-Kavanagh clan 699:imported 70 tenants from 558:Turlough Luineach O'Neill 169:plantation of east Ulster 130:Tudor conquest of Ireland 3178:Privy Council of Ireland 2552:Kenyon, Ohlmeyer, p. 314 1996:. Routledge, 2014. p.303 1898:. Routledge, 2014. p.295 1874:. Routledge, 2014. p.293 1666:10.1353/nhr.1997.a925184 1247:, it rose to 20% again. 625:Second Desmond Rebellion 426:(or ruling families) at 3562:17th century in Ireland 3557:16th century in Ireland 3542:Former English colonies 3205:Court of Castle Chamber 2884:Irish Rebellion of 1798 2874:Williamite–Jacobite War 2849:Irish Rebellion of 1641 2665:FORD & McCAFFERTY, 1776:11 October 2012 at the 1648:Doan, James E. (1997). 1466:English colonial empire 1155:Irish Rebellion of 1641 1140:Irish Rebellion of 1641 1086:, a Privy Councilor of 717:Irish Rebellion of 1641 391:) and Maryborough (now 328:intended to pacify and 65:Plandálacha na hÉireann 3577:Plantations in Ireland 3239:Trinity College Dublin 3234:Grand Lodge of Ireland 3172:Irish House of Commons 3130:Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh 2932:Act of Settlement 1662 2854:Irish Confederate Wars 2829:Plantations of Ireland 2819:Reformation in Ireland 2576:Consolidating Conquest 2563:Consolidating Conquest 2501:Consolidating Conquest 2460:John Marshall (2006). 2449:Consolidating Conquest 2423:Consolidating Conquest 2388:Consolidating Conquest 2335:Consolidating Conquest 2278:Consolidating Conquest 2224:Making Ireland British 2124:Royal Holloway College 2029:Elizabeth's Irish Wars 1921:"Enterprise of Ulster" 1790:Duff, Meaghan (1992). 1416: 1245:Act of Settlement 1662 1212: 1203:Act of Settlement 1652 1144:Irish Confederate Wars 1092:Lord Deputy of Ireland 1056: 988: 950: 839: 741: 543:Brian McPhelim O'Neill 449: 408:Lord Deputy of Ireland 383:respectively. The new 317: 64: 49: 41: 3164:Parliament of Ireland 2814:Surrender and regrant 2700:SCOT-WHEELER, James, 2600:Cahill, Sean (2007). 1802:10.21220/s2-kvrp-3b47 1471:Protestant Ascendancy 1410: 1394:Protestant Ascendancy 1262:Subsequent settlement 1210: 1090:, to the position of 1054: 979: 948: 833: 736: 566:Sorley Boy MacDonnell 503:Further information: 440: 338:surrender and regrant 336:by using a policy of 315: 255:Anglo-Norman invasion 242:demography of Ireland 122:Anglo-Norman invasion 47: 35: 3168:Irish House of Lords 2947:Constitution of 1782 2658:CANNY, Nicholas P., 1506:. Penguin. pp. 1226:Merchant Adventurers 783:James VI of Scotland 729:Plantation of Ulster 633:Sir Valentine Browne 505:Enterprise of Ulster 227:Cromwellian conquest 223:1641 Irish Rebellion 188:plantation of Ulster 99:plantation of Ulster 3244:Order of St Patrick 3066:Mac William Íochtar 2843:Flight of the Earls 2794:Lordship of Ireland 2702:Cromwell in Ireland 2534:. Journal Media Ltd 2490:Canny, pp. 570, 572 2302:The Birth of Ulster 2040:Lennon, pp. 276–282 1582:. 28 February 2013. 1340:of this section is 762:Flight of the Earls 532:a large portion of 257:, creating a small 38:counties of Ireland 3496:Ireland portal 3274:Catholic Committee 3210:Peerage of Ireland 3018:Clann Aodha Buidhe 2952:Acts of Union 1800 2824:Desmond Rebellions 2752:Kingdom of Ireland 2717:at The Irish Story 2686:MCCARTHY, Daniel, 2679:LENIHAN, Padraig, 2190:. 14 October 2020. 2087:Lennon pp. 229–230 2010:Essex's Enterprise 2008:Heffernan, David. 1937:Andrews, Kenneth. 1814:Lennon pp. 169–170 1727:. 4 November 2013. 1676:– via JSTOR. 1476:The Irish Question 1434:plantation measure 1417: 1312:St Stephen's Green 1213: 1134:The 1641 Rebellion 1057: 989: 951: 840: 787:Kingdom of Ireland 742: 668:in North America. 650:Francis Willoughby 610:Desmond Rebellions 582:Scottish Highlands 450: 334:Kingdom of Ireland 318: 177:Desmond Rebellions 78:of this land with 50: 42: 18:Munster Plantation 3524: 3523: 3220:Church of Ireland 3082:Bréifne Uí Ruairc 2648:3 (1888), 250–269 2481:Canny pp. 568–571 2399:Canny pp. 371–372 2365:The Irish Monthly 2263:Padraig Lenihan, 2235:Canny pp. 162–164 2209:Daniel Macarthy, 1974:Horning, Audrey. 1530:Padraig Lenihan, 1381: 1380: 1373: 1016:William Parsons. 868:Church of Ireland 856:Arthur Chichester 766:Arthur Chichester 515:Earldom of Ulster 489:Desmond Rebellion 485:James FitzMaurice 463:Richard Grenville 216:Ulster Protestant 212:Scottish Lowlands 16:(Redirected from 3584: 3514: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3465: 3457: 3449: 3441: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3410: 3402: 3394: 3390:Richard Cromwell 3386: 3378: 3368: 3360: 3352: 3344: 3332: 3324: 3323:(1553; disputed) 3316: 3308: 3142: 3134: 3126: 3118: 3110: 3102: 3094: 3086: 3078: 3070: 3062: 3054: 3046: 3038: 3030: 3022: 3014: 3006: 2998: 2990: 2982: 2974: 2745: 2738: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2704:, New York, 1999 2636: 2634: 2613: 2612: 2606: 2597: 2591: 2588:Huguenot History 2585: 2579: 2572: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2523: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2458: 2452: 2445: 2439: 2432: 2426: 2419: 2413: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2357: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2325: 2318:Marianne Elliott 2315: 2309: 2290:A. T. Q. Stewart 2287: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2261: 2255: 2254:Canny p. 184-198 2252: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2166: 2165: 2164:. 13 March 2013. 2158: 2152: 2145: 2139: 2131: 2121: 2112: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2025: 2019: 2006: 1997: 1990: 1979: 1972: 1966: 1961: 1955: 1948: 1942: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1925:Oxford Reference 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1892: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1868: 1862: 1857: 1851: 1837: 1831: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1787: 1781: 1770:repealed in 1962 1766: 1760: 1759: 1748:10.2307/20478623 1735: 1729: 1728: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1619:. 29 April 2019. 1613: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1541: 1535: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1505: 1492: 1376: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1330: 1329: 1322: 1176:Northern Ireland 1112:County Roscommon 1084:Thomas Wentworth 1061:Irish Parliament 985:County Waterford 848:English-speaking 773:'s rebellion in 629:Surveyor General 530:Sir Thomas Smith 523:act of attainder 344:Laois and Offaly 263:The English Pale 115:West Country Men 36:The traditional 21: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3547:Human migration 3527: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3490: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3463: 3455: 3447: 3439: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3408: 3400: 3392: 3384: 3382:Oliver Cromwell 3376: 3366: 3358: 3350: 3337: 3330: 3322: 3314: 3306: 3296: 3288: 3284:United Irishmen 3151: 3145: 3140: 3132: 3124: 3116: 3108: 3100: 3092: 3084: 3076: 3068: 3060: 3052: 3044: 3036: 3028: 3020: 3012: 3004: 2996: 2988: 2980: 2972: 2962: 2956: 2899: 2893: 2839:Nine Years' War 2786: 2780: 2754: 2749: 2711: 2655: 2622: 2620:Further reading 2617: 2616: 2604: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2569: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2524: 2520: 2511: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2442: 2434:David Edwards, 2433: 2429: 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Dr 420:massacring 393:Portlaoise 348:See also: 291:Henry VIII 249:Background 3453:George II 3364:Charles I 3312:Edward VI 3269:Defenders 3249:Jacobites 3228:Recusancy 3191:Exchequer 3138:Uí Mháine 3090:Cairbrigh 3034:Airgíalla 2978:Uí Echach 2963:conquests 2574:Lenihan, 2561:Lenihan, 2538:27 August 2512:Lenihan, 2499:Lenihan, 2447:Lenihan, 2421:Lenihan, 2408:Lenihan, 2386:Lenihan, 2346:Lenihan, 2333:Lenihan, 2276:Lenihan, 1349:talk page 1296:Huguenots 1124:civil war 1088:Charles I 1034:Cork city 1010:Tipperary 963:Charles I 898:and east 854:) led by 852:Servitors 810:Coleraine 800:Fermanagh 756:But when 685:Tipperary 666:Jamestown 654:ironworks 614:Geraldine 576:during a 570:the Glens 534:Clannaboy 375:monarchs 330:anglicise 265:. 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