Mary I of England - Knowledge

1744:, thought Mary's policies failed not because they were wrong but because she had too short a reign to establish them and because of natural disasters beyond her control. In other countries, the Catholic Counter-Reformation was spearheaded by Jesuit missionaries, but Mary's chief religious advisor, Cardinal Reginald Pole, refused to allow the Jesuits into England. Her marriage to Philip was unpopular among her subjects and her religious policies resulted in deep-seated resentment. The military loss of Calais to France was a bitter humiliation to English pride. Failed harvests increased public discontent. Philip spent most of his time abroad, while his wife remained in England, leaving her depressed at his absence and undermined by their inability to have children. After Mary's death, Philip sought to marry Elizabeth but she refused him. Although Mary's rule was ultimately ineffectual and unpopular, the policies of fiscal reform, naval expansion, and colonial exploration that were later lauded as Elizabethan accomplishments were started in Mary's reign. 1546: 1753: 1067: 7486: 1188:, which also involved the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane's father. Mary declared publicly that she would summon Parliament to discuss the marriage and if Parliament decided that the marriage was not to the kingdom's advantage, she would refrain from pursuing it. On reaching London, Wyatt was defeated and captured. Wyatt, the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane, and her husband Guildford Dudley were executed. Courtenay, who was implicated in the plot, was imprisoned and then exiled. Elizabeth, though protesting her innocence in the Wyatt affair, was imprisoned in the Tower of London for two months, then put under house arrest at 525: 1261: 1326: 1630: 5632: 1058: 9114: 8686: 1221:) were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple, for Mary's lifetime only. England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war, and Philip could not act without his wife's consent or appoint foreigners to office in England. Philip was unhappy with these conditions but ready to agree for the sake of securing the marriage. He had no amorous feelings for Mary and sought the marriage for its political and strategic gains; his aide 536: 309: 73: 827: 819: 1338: 8874: 926: 1450: 619: 1696:, Bishop of Winchester, praised Mary at her funeral service: "She was a king's daughter; she was a king's sister; she was a king's wife. She was a queen, and by the same title a king also." She was the first woman to successfully claim the throne of England, despite competing claims and determined opposition, and enjoyed popular support and sympathy during the earliest parts of her reign, especially from the Roman Catholics of England. 1719:(1563). Foxe's book remained popular throughout the following centuries and helped shape enduring perceptions of Mary as a bloodthirsty tyrant. Historian Lucy Wooding notes misogynistic undertones in descriptions of Mary. "She's simultaneously being lambasted for being 'vindictive and fierce' and 'spineless and weak', criticized for such actions as showing clemency to political prisoners and yielding authority to her husband." 1558: 1107:) from succeeding to the throne. While the English expected her to marry, there was a general consensus that the queen should not marry a foreigner, since that could lead to the interference of a foreign power in English affairs. On 16 November 1553, a Parliamentary delegation went to her and formally requested that she choose an English husband, with its obvious although tacit candidates being her kinsmen 1089: 968:, as his successor. Lady Jane's mother was Frances Brandon, Mary's cousin and goddaughter. Just before Edward's death, Mary was summoned to London to visit her dying brother, but was warned that the summons was a pretext on which to capture her and thereby facilitate Jane's accession to the throne. Therefore, instead of heading to London from her residence at Hunsdon, Mary fled to 1511:. Mary was in favour of declaring war, but her councillors opposed it because French trade would be jeopardised, it contravened the foreign war provisions of the marriage treaty, and a bad economic legacy from Edward VI's reign and a series of poor harvests meant England lacked supplies and finances. War was only declared in June 1557 after Reginald Pole's nephew 949:. He did not want the crown to go to Mary because he feared she would restore Catholicism and undo his and their father's reforms, and so he planned to exclude her from the line of succession. His advisers told him that he could not disinherit only one of his half-sisters: he would have to disinherit Elizabeth as well, even though she was a Protestant. Guided by 1832:". This style, which had been in use since 1554, was replaced when Philip inherited the Spanish Crown in 1556 with "Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol". 399:, succeeded their father in 1547 at the age of nine. When Edward became terminally ill in 1553, he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession because he supposed, correctly, that she would reverse the Protestant reforms that had taken place during his reign. Upon his death, leading politicians proclaimed Mary's and Edward's Protestant cousin, 1146:, and she decided to marry Philip. A marriage treaty was presented to the Privy Council on 7 December 1553, and even though the terms clearly favoured England and included several safeguards, many still thought that England would be drawn into Philip's wars and become a mere province of the Habsburg Empire. This was of particular concern to the 911:

and Elizabeth for Christmas 1550, where the 13-year-old Edward embarrassed Mary, then 34, and reduced both her and himself to tears in front of the court, by publicly reproving her for ignoring his laws regarding worship. Mary repeatedly refused Edward's demands that she abandon Catholicism, and Edward persistently refused to drop his demands.

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and Latimer being burned at the stake. He recanted, repudiated Protestant theology, and rejoined the Catholic faith. Under the normal process of the law, he should have been absolved as a repentant, but Mary refused to reprieve him. On the day of his burning, he dramatically withdrew his recantation.

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attempted to redress the tradition that Mary was intolerant and authoritarian, and scholarship since then has tended to view the older, simpler assessments of Mary with increasing reservations. A historiographical revisionism since the 1980s has improved her reputation among scholars to some degree.

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Mary is remembered in the 21st century for her vigorous efforts to restore the primacy of Roman Catholicism in England after the rise of Protestant influence during the previous reigns. Protestant historians have long deplored her reign, emphasizing that in just five years she burned several hundred

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making Philip regent in the event of Mary's death in childbirth. In the last week of April 1555, Elizabeth was released from house arrest, and called to court as a witness to the birth, which was expected imminently. According to Giovanni Michieli, the Venetian ambassador, Philip may have planned to

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became her close adviser, and interceded, unsuccessfully, on her behalf at court. The relationship between Mary and her father worsened; they did not speak to each other for three years. Although both she and her mother were ill, Mary was refused permission to visit Catherine. When Catherine died in

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and assigned him to oversee the revenue collection system. A failure to apply new tariffs to new forms of imports meant that a key source of revenue was neglected. To solve this, Mary's government published a revised "Book of Rates" (1558), which listed the tariffs and duties for every import. This

1281:, Philip expressed uncertainty as to whether Mary was pregnant. Mary's pregnancy had its pros and cons for Elizabeth: if Mary died during childbirth, Elizabeth would become the new queen, however if her sister gave birth to a healthy baby, Elizabeth's chances of becoming queen would recede sharply. 910:

For most of Edward's reign, Mary remained on her own estates and rarely attended court. A plan between May and July 1550 to smuggle her out of England to the safety of the European mainland came to nothing. Religious differences between Mary and Edward continued. Mary attended a reunion with Edward

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authority, acknowledge that the marriage between her parents was unlawful, and accept her own illegitimacy. She attempted to reconcile with Henry by submitting to his authority as far as "God and my conscience" permitted, but was eventually bullied into signing a document agreeing to all of Henry's

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argued that her revival of religious festivities and Catholic practices was generally welcomed. Haigh concluded that the "last years of Mary's reign were not a gruesome preparation for Protestant victory, but a continuing consolidation of Catholic strength." English Catholics often remembered Mary

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After Philip's visit in 1557, Mary again thought she was pregnant, with a baby due in March 1558. She decreed in her will that her husband would be the regent during the minority of their child. But no child was born, and Mary was forced to accept that her half-sister Elizabeth would be her lawful

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Spanish guarded their trade routes jealously, and Mary could not condone English smuggling or piracy against her husband. In an attempt to increase trade and rescue the English economy, Mary's counsellors continued Northumberland's policy of seeking out new commercial opportunities. She granted a

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was agreed. When the king saw Anne for the first time in late December 1539, a week before the scheduled wedding, he found her unattractive but was unable, for diplomatic reasons and without a suitable pretext, to cancel the marriage. Cromwell fell from favour and was arrested for treason in June

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Despite his affection for Mary, Henry was deeply disappointed that his marriage had produced no sons. By the time Mary was nine years old, it was apparent that Henry and Catherine would have no more children, leaving Henry without a legitimate male heir. In 1525, Henry sent Mary to the border of

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In January 1556, Mary's father-in-law the Emperor abdicated. Mary and Philip were still apart; he was declared King of Spain in Brussels, but she stayed in England. Philip negotiated an unsteady truce with the French in February 1556. The next month, the French ambassador in England, Antoine de

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From 1531, Mary was often sick with irregular menstruation and depression, although it is not clear whether this was caused by stress, puberty or a more deep-seated disease. She was not permitted to see her mother, whom Henry had sent to live away from court. In early 1533, Henry married

1504:, a second cousin of the executed Duke of Northumberland, attempted to assemble an invasion force in France. The plot, known as the Dudley conspiracy, was betrayed, and the conspirators in England were rounded up. Dudley remained in exile in France, and Noailles prudently left Britain. 722:. Catherine was demoted to Dowager Princess of Wales (a title she would have held as Arthur's widow), and Mary was deemed illegitimate. She was styled "The Lady Mary" rather than Princess, and her place in the line of succession was transferred to Henry and Anne's newborn daughter, 642:, Henry's chief adviser, then resumed marriage negotiations with the French, and Henry suggested that Mary marry the French king Francis I, who was eager for an alliance with England. A marriage treaty was signed which provided that Mary marry either Francis I or his second son 733:

Mary determinedly refused to acknowledge that Anne was the queen or that Elizabeth was a princess, enraging King Henry. Under strain and with her movements restricted, Mary was frequently ill, which the royal physician attributed to her "ill treatment". The Imperial ambassador

1297:, perhaps induced by Mary's overwhelming desire to have a child. In August, soon after the disgrace of the false pregnancy, which Mary considered "God's punishment" for her having "tolerated heretics" in her realm, Philip left England to command his armies against France in 669:

Although various possibilities for Mary's marriage had been considered, the marriage of Mary's parents was itself in jeopardy, which threatened her status. Disappointed at the lack of a male heir, and eager to remarry, Henry attempted to have his marriage to Catherine

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were held at the end of April after false rumours that Mary had given birth to a son spread across Europe. Through May and June, the apparent delay in delivery fed gossip that Mary was not pregnant. Susan Clarencieux revealed her doubts to the French ambassador,

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would come after him to judge Protestant heretics. Many English people knew the stories of the torments and cruelties suffered by the prisoners of the Inquisition, and there were even those “who had suffered from the rack of the inquisitors” themselves.

1433:, warned him that such "cruel enforcement" could "cause a revolt". Mary persevered with the policy, which continued for the rest of her reign and exacerbated anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish feeling among the English people. The victims became lauded as 907:. Mary remained faithful to Roman Catholicism and defiantly celebrated traditional Mass in her own chapel. She appealed to her cousin Emperor Charles V to apply diplomatic pressure demanding that she be allowed to practise her religion. 1161:. The marriage was unpopular with the English; Gardiner and his allies opposed it on the basis of patriotism, while Protestants were motivated by a fear that with the restoration of Catholicism and the arrival of the Spanish King, the 1271:

In September 1554, Mary stopped menstruating. She gained weight, and felt nauseated in the mornings. For these reasons, almost the entirety of her court, including her physicians, believed she was pregnant. Parliament passed the

874:, the unmarried Henry invited Mary to attend the royal Christmas festivities. At court, while her father was between marriages and thus without a consort, Mary acted as hostess. In 1543, Henry married his sixth and last wife, 1173:, the French ambassador to England, "threatened war and began immediate intrigues with any malcontents he could find". Before Christmas in 1553, anti-Spanish ballads and broadsheets were circulating in the streets of London. 1353:

In the month following her accession, Mary issued a proclamation that she would not compel any of her subjects to follow her religion, but by the end of September 1553, leading Protestant churchmen—including Thomas Cranmer,

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On 10 July 1553, Lady Jane was proclaimed queen by Northumberland and his supporters, and on the same day Mary's letter to the council arrived in London. By 12 July, Mary and her supporters had assembled a military force at

897:, and was granted Hunsdon and Beaulieu as her own. Since Edward was still a child, rule passed to a regency council dominated by Protestants, who attempted to establish their faith throughout the country. For example, the 1293:. Mary continued to exhibit signs of pregnancy until July 1555, when her abdomen receded. Michieli dismissively ridiculed the pregnancy as more likely to "end in wind rather than anything else". It was most likely a 806:

Rebels in the North of England, including Lord Hussey, Mary's former chamberlain, campaigned against Henry's religious reforms, and one of their demands was that Mary be made legitimate. The rebellion, known as the

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Reginald Pole, the son of Mary's executed governess, arrived as papal legate in November 1554. He was ordained a priest and appointed Archbishop of Canterbury immediately after Cranmer's execution in March 1556.

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that Mary never cried. Mary had a fair complexion with pale blue eyes and red or reddish-golden hair, traits very similar to those of her parents. She was ruddy-cheeked, a trait she inherited from her father.

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Elizabeth remained at court until October, apparently restored to favour. In the absence of any children, Philip was concerned that one of the next claimants to the English throne after his sister-in-law was

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Under Mary's marriage treaty with Philip, the official joint style reflected not only Mary's but also Philip's dominions and claims: "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God, King and Queen of England, France,

1209:, the property and titles belonging to a woman became her husband's upon marriage, and it was feared that any man she married would thereby become King of England in fact and name. While Mary's grandparents 566:, a treatise on the education of girls. By the age of nine, Mary could read and write Latin. She studied French, Spanish, music, dance, and perhaps Greek. Henry VIII doted on his daughter and boasted to the 1604:

Financially, Mary's regime tried to reconcile a modern form of government—with correspondingly higher spending—with a medieval system of collecting taxation and dues. Mary retained the Edwardian appointee

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1540; one of the unlikely charges against him was that he had plotted to marry Mary himself. Anne consented to the annulment of the marriage, which had not been consummated, and Cromwell was beheaded.

1301:. Mary was heartbroken and fell into a deep depression. Michieli was touched by the queen's grief; he wrote she was "extraordinarily in love" with her husband and disconsolate at his departure. 1412:. Those who stayed and persisted in publicly proclaiming their beliefs became targets of heresy laws. The first executions occurred over five days in February 1555: John Rogers on 4 February, 811:, was ruthlessly suppressed. Along with other rebels, Hussey was executed, but there is no suggestion that Mary was directly involved. In 1537, Queen Jane died after giving birth to a son, 694:

had issued a dispensation on that basis. Clement VII may have been reluctant to act because he was influenced by Charles V, Catherine's nephew and Mary's former betrothed, whose troops had

992:. Mary rode triumphantly into London on 3 August 1553, on a wave of popular support. She was accompanied by her half-sister Elizabeth and a procession of over 800 nobles and gentlemen. 1531:, England's sole remaining possession on the European mainland. Although the territory was financially burdensome, its loss was a mortifying blow to the queen's prestige. According to 1709: 870:

was implicated. Her executioner was "a wretched and blundering youth" who "literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces". In 1542, following the execution of Henry's fifth wife,

8498: 726:. Mary's household was dissolved; her servants (including the Countess of Salisbury) were dismissed and, in December 1533, she was sent to join her infant half-sister's household at 8409: 5809: 1123:, as a person whom the religious and political interests of the world recommended for Mary. The Spanish prince had been widowed a few years before by the death of his first wife, 7746: 4735: 391:. She was declared illegitimate and barred from the line of succession following the annulment of her parents' marriage in 1533, though she would later be restored via the 7931: 1699:

Protestant writers at the time, and since, have often condemned Mary's reign. By the 17th century, the memory of her religious persecutions had led to the adoption of her

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monastery lands were not returned to the church but remained in the hands of their influential new owners. By the end of 1554, the pope had approved the deal, and the

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Now aged 37, Mary turned her attention to finding a husband and producing an heir, which would prevent the Protestant Elizabeth (still next-in-line under the terms of

7763: 7863: 718:, formally declared the marriage with Catherine void and the marriage to Anne valid. Henry repudiated the pope's authority, declaring himself Supreme Head of the 7517: 496:, which was conducted immediately after the baptism. The following year, Mary became a godmother herself when she was named as one of the sponsors of her cousin 1119:, also king of Spain, saw that an alliance with England would give him supremacy in Europe; he sent his minister to England to propose his only legitimate son, 8704: 8670: 1252:

on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip could not speak English, and so they spoke a mixture of Spanish, French, and Latin.

1012:. Mary understood that the young Lady Jane was essentially a pawn in Northumberland's scheme, and Northumberland was the only conspirator of rank executed for 1434: 8420: 5802: 1527:, with one eyewitness reporting, "Both sides fought most choicely, and the English best of all." Celebrations were brief, as in January 1558 French forces 547:

Mary was a precocious child. In July 1520, when scarcely four and a half years old, she entertained a visiting French delegation with a performance on the

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The weather during the years of Mary's reign was consistently wet. The persistent rain and flooding led to famine. Another problem was the decline of the

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Mary rejected the break with Rome her father instituted and the establishment of Protestantism by her brother's regents. Philip persuaded Parliament to

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epidemic that also claimed Archbishop Pole's life later that day. She was succeeded by Elizabeth. Philip, who was in Brussels, wrote to his sister

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Reconciled with her father, Mary resumed her place at court. Henry granted her a household, which included the reinstatement of Mary's favourite,

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Mary was baptised into the Catholic faith at the Church of the Observant Friars in Greenwich three days after her birth. Her godparents included

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with French help, in a failed attempt to depose Mary. As a result of the war, relations between England and the Papacy became strained, since

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It was not just the English who were alarmed by the pending marriage of Mary and Philip. France feared an alliance between England and Spain.

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on Earth Supreme Head". The title Supreme Head of the Church was repugnant to Mary's Catholicism, and she omitted it after Christmas 1553.

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had retained sovereignty of their respective realms during their marriage, there was no precedent to follow in England. Under the terms of

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1545 painting showing left to right: 'Mother Jak', Mary, Edward, Henry VIII, Jane Seymour (posthumous), Elizabeth, Will Somers (court fool)

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Although he was in deacon's orders and prominent in the church, Pole was not ordained until the day before his consecration as archbishop.

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Throughout Mary's childhood, Henry negotiated potential future marriages for her. When she was only two years old, Mary was promised to

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In 1536, Queen Anne fell from the king's favour and was beheaded. Elizabeth, like Mary, was declared illegitimate and stripped of her

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Mayer, Thomas F. (1996). "A Test of Wills: Cardinal Pole, Ignatius Loyola, and the Jesuits in England". In McCoog, Thomas M. (ed.).

763:, who urged her husband to make peace with Mary. Henry insisted that Mary recognise him as head of the Church of England, repudiate 9241: 9132: 7832: 1688: 8312: 1157:

unsuccessfully petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of the

8519: 8403: 7961: 7224: 1661: 1537:, Mary later lamented (although this may be apocryphal), "When I am dead and opened, you shall find 'Calais' lying in my heart". 1150:

and parliamentary classes, who foresaw having to pay greater taxes to cover the cost of England’s participation in foreign wars.

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and was the heir apparent to vast territories in Continental Europe and the New World. Both Philip and Mary were descendants of

882:(also known as the Third Succession Act), placing them after Edward – though both remained legally illegitimate. 9326: 9196: 7503: 7189: 7072: 6832: 2118: 1668: 353: 7688: 988:, Suffolk. Northumberland's support collapsed, and Jane was deposed on 19 July. She and Northumberland were imprisoned in the 9226: 8787: 8294: 7768: 7456: 7204: 6865: 6651: 5531: 5373: 5177: 4907: 4657: 1359: 4752: 878:, who was able to bring the family closer together. Henry returned Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession through the 9271: 9206: 9191: 8782: 8604: 8464: 8067: 7790: 7365: 7229: 7209: 489: 7847: 9321: 9201: 8942: 8561: 8288: 8132: 8055: 7868: 7805: 7720: 7588: 7551: 7448: 7432: 7299: 7294: 6989: 6983: 6891: 6771: 6763: 6659: 2234: 2108: 1777: 1572:

cloth trade. Despite Mary's marriage to Philip, England did not benefit from Spain's enormously lucrative trade with the

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had been implicated in the plot to put Lady Jane on the throne. She appointed Gardiner to the council and made him both

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Haigh, pp. 203–234, quoted in Freeman, Thomas S. (2017). "Restoration and Reaction: Reinterpreting the Marian Church."

2654: 1001: 1370:—were imprisoned. Mary's first Parliament, which assembled in early October, declared her parents' marriage valid and 1020:, though found guilty, were kept under guard in the Tower rather than immediately executed, while Lady Jane's father, 9291: 9286: 8398: 8106: 8078: 7065: 6927: 6901: 6848: 6825: 5627: 5546: 5516: 5459: 5441: 5423: 5343: 5288: 5259: 5224: 5139: 5085: 5055: 5029: 4992: 4944: 1761: 1314: 1278: 1240:

To elevate his son to Mary's rank, Emperor Charles V ceded to Philip the crown of Naples as well as his claim to the

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When Mary ascended the throne, she was proclaimed under the same official style as Henry VIII and Edward VI: "Mary,

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and John Hooper on 9 February. Thomas Cranmer, the imprisoned archbishop of Canterbury, was forced to watch Bishops

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Mary was convinced that the safety of England required her to form a closer relationship with Charles's family, the

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on 14 December, in a tomb she eventually shared with Elizabeth. The inscription on their tomb, affixed there by

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of Henry VIII, which (among other things) reaffirmed clerical celibacy. Married priests were deprived of their

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In 1541, Henry had the Countess of Salisbury, Mary's old governess and godmother, executed on the pretext of a

341: 466:, to survive infancy. Before Mary, her mother had three miscarriages and stillbirths and one short-lived son, 9142: 8388: 8351: 8188: 7537: 6911: 4774: 2809: 1734: 960:, which restored Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession, Edward named Northumberland's daughter-in-law 635: 627: 513: 7821: 7667: 9296: 9231: 9221: 8546: 8182: 6469: 6432: 1524: 1508: 1214: 903: 607:, although she was never technically invested with the title. She appears to have spent three years in the 431: 8952: 8415: 7309: 7001: 4887: 4482: 1389:, returning the English church to Roman jurisdiction. Reaching an agreement took many months and Mary and 1233:." A future child of Mary and Philip would be not only heir to the throne of England but also heir to the 9301: 9246: 9103: 8729: 8551: 8318: 8144: 8039: 7966: 7795: 6194: 5777: 3032: 2694: 965: 699: 7949:

Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.

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died on 6 July. Mary was proclaimed his successor in London on 19 July; sources differ on whether her

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was allied with Henry II of France. In August, English forces were victorious in the aftermath of the

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and deposed Jane, who was eventually beheaded. Mary was—excluding the disputed reigns of Jane and the

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and Hunsdon were among her principal places of residence, as well as Henry's palaces at Greenwich,

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marry Elizabeth in the event of Mary's death in childbirth, but in a letter to his brother-in-law

980:, Norfolk, she wrote to the privy council with orders for her proclamation as Edward's successor. 976:. Many adherents to the Catholic faith, opponents of Northumberland, lived there. On 9 July, from 308: 9186: 9093: 8458: 8324: 7249: 6244: 6239: 6224: 6199: 5737: 1562: 1550: 1512: 1371: 835: 815:. Mary was made godmother to her half-brother and acted as chief mourner at the queen's funeral. 683: 467: 55: 7884: 6611: 5906: 5485: 5203: 5019: 1032:

and Lord Chancellor, offices he held until his death in November 1555. Susan Clarencieux became

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and William Towerson sailed south in an attempt to develop links with the coast of Africa.

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Regno consortes et urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis

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Philip returned to England from March to July 1557 to persuade Mary to support Spain in a

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In total, 283 were executed, most by burning. The burnings proved so unpopular that even

1375: 1290: 1273: 1170: 1162: 973: 854:, who was the same age, came to nothing, but a match between Henry and the Duke's sister 808: 695: 654: 528: 463: 451: 388: 377: 373: 361: 287: 189: 5580: 8947: 8830: 8160: 7304: 7244: 7149: 7115: 7036: 6995: 6937: 6755: 6455: 6093: 6041: 5965: 5699: 5631: 5112: 2959: 2341: 2227: 1801: 1781: 1672: 1516: 1244:. Mary thus became Queen of Naples and titular Queen of Jerusalem upon marriage. Their 1218: 1120: 985: 788: 643: 638:. However, Charles broke off the engagement within a few years with Henry's agreement. 567: 555:). A great part of her early education came from her mother, who consulted the Spanish 455: 349: 238: 155: 1752: 9027: 9007: 8917: 8907: 8858: 8792: 8660: 8018: 7909: 7526: 7350: 7164: 7130: 6876: 6723: 5901: 5542: 5527: 5512: 5494: 5455: 5437: 5419: 5379: 5369: 5339: 5284: 5255: 5230: 5220: 5183: 5173: 5145: 5135: 5091: 5081: 5051: 5025: 4998: 4988: 4980: 4940: 4913: 4903: 2647: 2504: 1825: 1797: 1789: 1729: 1724: 1667:

Although Mary's will stated that she wished to be buried next to her mother, she was

1634: 1426: 1413: 1285: 1116: 1057: 1041: 901:

prescribed Protestant rites for church services, such as the use of Thomas Cranmer's

863: 772: 719: 682:

20:21), that the marriage was unclean because Catherine was the widow of his brother

604: 596: 540: 481: 224: 9113: 7259: 5949: 3718:

Loades, pp. 153–157; Porter, pp. 169–176; Waller, pp. 41–42; Whitelock, pp. 144–147.

1000:

One of Mary's first actions as queen was to order the release of the Roman Catholic

953:, and perhaps others, Edward excluded both from the line of succession in his will. 8967: 8897: 7997: 7992: 7269: 7254: 7219: 7214: 7096: 6953: 6942: 6916: 6406: 6396: 6286: 6259: 6111: 5943: 5863: 5856: 5574: 5429: 5320: 1863: 1848: 1817: 1346: 1330: 1189: 1005: 871: 675: 611:, making regular visits to her father's court, before returning permanently to the 8685: 5314: 1184:

to depose Mary in favour of Elizabeth, as part of a wider conspiracy now known as

842:

and his suit for her hand was unsuccessful. Over 1539, the king's chief minister,

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began. Their principal towns were named, respectively, Maryborough (later called

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Loades, pp. 224–225; Porter, pp. 318, 321; Waller, pp. 86–87; Whitelock, p. 237.

3799:

Loades, pp. 176–181; Porter, pp. 213–214; Waller, p. 54; Whitelock, pp. 170–174.

1429:, one of Philip's own ecclesiastical staff, condemned them and another adviser, 7169: 6499: 6386: 6343: 6297: 6082: 5679: 5361: 5324: 4396: 3002: 2687: 2244: 1883: 1813: 1649: 1573: 1473: 1417: 1234: 1217:, Philip was to be styled "King of England", all official documents (including 972:, where she owned extensive estates and Northumberland had ruthlessly put down 961: 945:

On 6 July 1553, at the age of 15, Edward VI died of a lung infection, possibly

930: 875: 855: 784: 711: 691: 658: 631: 424: 400: 267: 128: 5452:

The Reign of Mary Tudor: Politics, Government and Religion in England, 1553–58

5305: 4727:

Loades, David (1989). "The Reign of Mary Tudor: Historiography and Research."

4664:, volume XIII, quoted in Loades, p. 311; Waller, p. 109 and Whitelock, p. 303. 1333:

of "Mary I, Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith", 1555

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in the immediate aftermath of the attempted coup. Lady Jane and her husband,

885:

Henry VIII died in 1547, and Edward succeeded him. Mary inherited estates in

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Loades, pp. 127–129; Porter, pp. 135–136; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 101.

3037: 1829: 1741: 1645: 1577: 1520: 1477: 1430: 1367: 1013: 946: 760: 493: 5876: 535: 8589: 7751: 7031: 6683: 6557: 6529: 6514: 6099: 5710: 5331: 4895: 3781:

Loades, p. 176; Porter, p. 195; Tittler, pp. 8, 81–82; Whitelock, p. 168.

1594: 1454: 1342: 1265: 1205: 1024:, was released. Mary was left in a difficult position, as almost all the 977: 969: 776: 707: 588: 552: 439: 404: 372:, but during her five-year reign, Mary had over 280 religious dissenters 210: 145: 78: 818: 686:(Mary's uncle). Catherine claimed that her marriage to Arthur was never 543:. She is aged 6 and wears a rectangular brooch inscribed "The Emperour". 8624: 6504: 6494: 6484: 6071: 5933: 1489: 1237:

in the event that Philip's eldest son, Don Carlos, died without issue.

780: 687: 329: 3646:

Contemporary Spanish and English reports, quoted in Whitelock, p. 108.

3310:

Loades, pp. 22–23; Porter, pp. 21–24; Waller, p. 21; Whitelock, p. 23.

1557: 8873: 6519: 6489: 6076: 6051: 5675: 5600: 4985:

English Reformations: religion, politics and society under the Tudors

3056: 1704: 1700: 1657: 1405: 1143: 925: 679: 548: 501: 396: 193: 135: 6177: 1449: 1374:. Church doctrine was restored to the form it had taken in the 1539 1337: 618: 6509: 6450: 6056: 5881: 1836: 1598: 1493: 1379: 1313:. Philip persuaded his wife that Elizabeth should marry his cousin 1298: 1226: 1158: 839: 671: 646:, but Wolsey secured an alliance with France without the marriage. 556: 72: 5557:

Before the Armada: The Growth of English Foreign Policy, 1485–1588

5383: 4798:

The Reckoned Expense: Edmund Campion and the Early English Jesuits

1710:

First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women

6427: 6333: 5524:

Mary and Philip: The Marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain

5132:

The Lineage & Ancestry of HRH Prince Charles, Prince of Wales

4503:

Loades, pp. 295–297; Porter, pp. 392–395; Whitelock, pp. 291–292.

4073:

Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain

3972:

Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain

3700:

Loades, pp. 143–147; Porter, pp. 160–162; Whitelock, pp. 133–134.

1569: 1484:(later called Counties Laois and Offaly) were founded, and their 1008:

from imprisonment in the Tower of London, as well as her kinsman

890: 886: 744: 262: 5234: 5095: 1176:

When Mary insisted on marrying Philip, insurrections broke out.

1135:. As part of the marriage negotiations, a portrait of Philip by 6219: 6167: 5891: 5886: 1805: 1136: 1093: 5570: 5467:

Mary Tudor: The Tragical History of the First Queen of England

4062:, volume XIII, quoted in Porter, p. 320 and Whitelock, p. 244. 3230:

Domine Orator, per Deum immortalem, ista puella nunquam plorat

3157:

Loades, p. 29; Porter, p. 16; Waller, p. 20; Whitelock, p. 21.

678:

refused his request. Henry claimed, citing biblical passages (

7895:

Since 1987, the spouses of infantes are no longer infantas.

6139: 5277:

Weikel, Ann (1980). Tittler, Robert; Loach, Jennifer (eds.).

4967:. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, New York: P. Dutton & Co 3525:

Porter, pp. 119–123; Waller, pp. 34–36; Whitelock, pp. 90–91.

3516:

Porter, pp. 119–123; Waller, pp. 34–36; Whitelock, pp. 83–89.

1859: 894: 764: 580: 1804:, and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and 1644:

Mary was weak and ill from May 1558. In pain, possibly from

1111:, recently created Earl of Devon, and the Catholic Cardinal 1088: 8547:

Freiin Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva

5923: 4485:. Calendar of State Papers, Spain. London. pp. 308–318 4040:

Porter, pp. 291–292; Waller, p. 85; Whitelock, pp. 226–227.

3952:

Porter, pp. 279–284; Waller, p. 72; Whitelock, pp. 202–209.

3301:

Porter, pp. 20–21; Waller, pp. 20–21; Whitelock, pp. 18–23.

1181: 9064: 5817: 5210:(4th ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell's Guide. 1962. 5204:"Chapter Five: Table of regnal year of English Sovereigns" 3583:

Loades, p. 114; Porter, pp. 126–127; Whitelock, pp. 95–96.

500:. In 1520, the Countess of Salisbury was appointed Mary's 320:(18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as 4341:

Loades, p. 325; Porter, pp. 355–356; Waller, pp. 104–105.

1839:

was the same as those used by all her predecessors since

739:

1536, Mary was "inconsolable". Catherine was interred in

5283:. The Marian Council Revisited: Rowman and Littlefield. 4611:

Porter, p. 398; Waller, pp. 106, 112; Whitelock, p. 299.

3898:, p. 55); Loades, pp. 199–201; Porter, pp. 265–267. 622:

Emperor Charles V, Mary's cousin and later father-in-law

5208:

Sweet & Maxwell's Guide to Law Reports and Statutes

4368:

Porter, pp. 358–359; Waller, p. 103; Whitelock, p. 266.

4350:

Loades, p. 326; Waller, pp. 104–105; Whitelock, p. 274.

4087:

Porter, pp. 321, 324; Waller, p. 90; Whitelock, p. 238.

3265:

Loades, p. 37; Porter, pp. 38–39; Whitelock, pp. 32–33.

403:, as queen instead. Mary speedily assembled a force in 356:

in 1558. She is best known for her vigorous attempt to

8210:

Princess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

7939: 7380: 4267:

Loades, pp. 207–208; Waller, p. 65; Whitelock, p. 198.

759:. Within two weeks of Anne's execution, Henry married 5048:

The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s

4004:

Porter, p. 300; Waller, pp. 74–75; Whitelock, p. 216.

1733:

favourably; decades after her death, the epitaph for

1614:

publication was not extensively reviewed until 1604.

1500:

Noailles, was implicated in a plot against Mary when

1195:

Mary was—excluding the brief, disputed reigns of the

5509:

Bloody Mary's Martyrs: The Story of England's Terror

5487:

Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary, 1536–1544

5252:

Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England

1203:. Further, under the English common law doctrine of 430:

After Mary's death in 1558, her re-establishment of

8307:

Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym

7726:

Infanta Maria Teresa of Portugal, Princess of Beira

5539:

The Lady Mary: A Biography of Mary Tudor, 1516–1558

5476:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Amberley Publishing. 1723:Protestants at the stake. In the mid-20th century, 964:, the granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister 8829: 8636: 5501:. Second edition. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. 4462:Porter, p. 389; Waller, p. 111; Whitelock, p. 289. 3350:. Vol. 4, part IV. London. 1836. p. 545. 1713:(1558), and John Foxe vilified her prominently in 929:Edward VI declared his first cousin once removed, 364:, which had begun during the reign of her father, 7525: 4900:Fires of Faith: Catholic England Under Mary Tudor 4132:Porter, p. 338; Waller, p. 95; Whitelock, p. 255. 3682:Loades, p. 120; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 112. 1345:, 1554. She wears a jewelled pendant bearing the 653:discussed the idea of her marriage to her cousin 9173: 8368:Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria, Duchess of Modena 8205:Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg 5336:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy 5219:(2nd ed.). London & New York: Longman. 4240:Antoine de Noailles quoted in Whitelock, p. 269. 3507:Porter, p. 121; Waller, p. 33; Whitelock, p. 81. 8581:also an archduchess of Austria in her own right 8499:Princess Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg 7536:Generations start with the daughters-in-law of 5418:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 3409:Loades, p. 77; Porter, p. 92; Whitelock, p. 57. 539:Mary in 1522, at the time of her engagement to 512:from 1530, and his wife Lady Anne, daughter of 8189:Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg 7833:Maria Luisa de Silva y Fernández de Henestrosa 5526:. Manchester UK: Manchester University Press. 5407:Doran, Susan and Thomas Freeman, eds. (2011). 4709:Porter, pp. 361–362, 418; Waller, pp. 113–115. 3467:Porter, pp. 103–104; Whitelock, pp. 67–69, 72. 3139:Porter, p. 13; Waller, p. 17; Whitelock, p. 7. 3121:Porter, p. 13; Waller, p. 16; Whitelock, p. 7. 1664:: "I felt a reasonable regret for her death." 583:to preside, presumably in name only, over the 51:Queen of England and Ireland from 1553 to 1558 9018:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 8605: 8410:Princess Maria Immaculata of the Two Sicilies 8394:Princess Maria Annunciata of the Two Sicilies 7925: 7764:Princess Maria Amalia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 7511: 7366: 7330:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 7073: 7014:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 6833: 6573: 5803: 4386:Waller, pp. 101, 103, 105; Whitelock, p. 266. 3545:The Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary 1882:. She adopted "Truth, the Daughter of Time" ( 1737:refers to "Queene Marie of happie memorie". 1139:was sent to Mary in the latter half of 1553. 1082:: both were potential candidates for marriage 54:"Mary I" redirects here. For other uses, see 7731:Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily 7087: 6847: 5611:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 4083: 4081: 4013:Porter, pp. 311–313; Whitelock, pp. 217–225. 3995:Porter, pp. 288–299; Whitelock, pp. 212–213. 3862:Porter, pp. 257–261; Whitelock, pp. 195–197. 3736:Porter, pp. 179–182; Whitelock, pp. 148–160. 1652:, she died on 17 November 1558, aged 42, at 8453:Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies 8283:Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 7747:Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies 7716:Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily 7401:Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily 6370:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 5591:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 5134:. Edinburgh & London: Charles Skilton. 5024:(Second ed.). Hodder & Stoughton. 4022:Waller, pp. 84–85; Whitelock, pp. 202, 227. 3772:Waller, pp. 51–53; Whitelock, pp. 165, 138. 3364:, vol. IV, p. 682, quoted in Loades, p. 63. 1619:debased under both Henry VIII and Edward VI 846:, negotiated a potential alliance with the 15: 8619: 8612: 8598: 8363:Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 8357:Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria 8301:Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia 7932: 7918: 7843:Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 7838:Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 7518: 7504: 7373: 7359: 7080: 7066: 6840: 6826: 6587: 6580: 6566: 6547:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 5810: 5796: 5630: 4939:(Second ed.). Longman Group Limited. 3835:Waller, pp. 59–60; Whitelock, pp. 185–186. 3244:Catherine of Aragon, Henry's Spanish Queen 1747: 1607:William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester 743:, while Mary grieved in semi-seclusion at 488:. Henry VIII's first cousin once removed, 438:by her younger half-sister and successor, 71: 16: 7864:Princess Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 5360: 5304:Weikel, Ann (2004; online edition 2008). 4311: 4309: 4078: 3427:Porter, pp. 97–101; Whitelock, pp. 55–69. 1898:Both Mary and Philip were descended from 562:for advice and commissioned him to write 450:Mary was born on 18 February 1516 at the 8183:Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria 5595: 4932: 4902:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 4521:Porter, pp. 229, 375; Whitelock, p. 277. 3940: 3274:Porter, pp. 38–39; Whitelock, pp. 32–33. 1751: 1689:Cultural depictions of Mary I of England 1628: 1556: 1544: 1472:, English colonists were settled in the 1448: 1336: 1324: 1259: 1087: 924: 825: 817: 617: 534: 523: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 9252:English pretenders to the French throne 8260:Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa 8145:Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria 5469:. Kew, Richmond, UK: National Archives. 5310:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5214: 5021:Edward VI and Mary: A Mid-Tudor Crisis? 4276:Porter, p. 241; Whitelock, pp. 200–201. 4204:Porter, pp. 337–338; Waller, pp. 97–98. 4049:Porter, pp. 308–309; Whitelock, p. 229. 3691:Loades, pp. 137–138; Whitelock, p. 130. 3673:Porter, pp. 143–144; Whitelock, p. 110. 3601:Loades, pp. 126–127; Whitelock, p. 101. 1540: 1404:Around 800 rich Protestants, including 951:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland 939:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland 14: 9174: 8577:also a princess of Tuscany by marriage 5276: 5249: 5164: 5114:Politics and Nation, England 1450-1660 5110: 5072: 4960: 4306: 4258:Tittler, pp. 23–24; Whitelock, p. 187. 3983: 3895: 3883: 3871: 3556:Porter, pp. 129–132; Whitelock, p. 28. 1788:, and of the Church of England and of 1593:, and commissioned a world atlas from 9063: 8828: 8635: 8593: 8573:*also an infanta of Spain by marriage 8313:Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg 8295:Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg 7913: 7499: 7354: 7061: 6821: 6561: 5791: 5129: 5045: 5017: 4979: 4894: 4795: 4656:Letter from the King of Spain to the 4480: 4231:Waller, pp. 98–99; Whitelock, p. 268. 3928: 3916: 3763:Waller, pp. 48–49; Whitelock, p. 165. 3489:Porter, p. 107; Whitelock, pp. 76–77. 3373:Porter, pp. 56, 78; Whitelock, p. 40. 3360:Mario Savorgnano, 25 August 1531, in 3112:Loades, pp. 12–13; Weir, pp. 152–153. 3001: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2973: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2863: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2808: 2806: 2790: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2693: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2675: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2590: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2522: 2520: 2503: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2381: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2117: 2115: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2014: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 933:, his heir. Lady Jane was married to 8465:Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria 8421:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria 8161:Countess Palatine Hedwig of Sulzbach 7885:Princess Sofía of Greece and Denmark 7791:Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma 7689:Infanta Mariana Victoria of Portugal 5409:Mary Tudor: Old and New Perspectives 5330: 4810:Loades, pp. 342–343; Waller, p. 116. 3400:Porter, p. 92; Whitelock, pp. 55–56. 3241: 1393:had to make a major concession: the 490:Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury 251: 9153:María Teresa Mestre y Batista-Falla 8562:Princess Marie Astrid of Luxembourg 8289:Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily 8056:Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal 7806:Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal 7721:Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal 7700:Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria 7668:Princess Louise Élisabeth of France 7552:Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal 6892:Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 6660:Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies 5434:Bloody Mary: The Life of Mary Tudor 4493:– via British History Online. 4105:Porter, p. 319; Waller, pp. 87, 91. 1320: 1199:and Lady Jane Grey—England's first 1076:Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon 1047: 564:De Institutione Feminae Christianae 445: 48: 9043:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 7941:Austrian archduchesses by marriage 7382:Princesses of Asturias by marriage 5400: 4682:Loades, p. 313; Whitelock, p. 305. 4638:Loades, p. 305; Whitelock, p. 300. 4114:Porter, p. 333; Waller, pp. 92–93. 3808:Porter, p. 210; Weir, pp. 159–160. 3727:Porter, p. 178; Whitelock, p. 149. 3362:Calendar of State Papers, Venetian 3130:Porter, pp. 13, 37; Waller, p. 17. 3063:were dated from 24 July or 6 July. 1633:Tomb of Elizabeth I and Mary I in 1255: 1002:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 937:, a son of the English politician 779:accounts for this period, kept by 603:. Vives and others called her the 417:she married Prince Philip of Spain 49: 9338: 9262:History of Catholicism in England 9237:English people of Spanish descent 8515:Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen 8427:Princess Auguste Maria of Bavaria 8399:Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal 8248:Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria 8177:Infanta Margaret Theresa of Spain 7899:*also an Infanta in her own right 7848:Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal 7449:Infanta Maria Manuela of Portugal 5628:National Portrait Gallery, London 5564: 5366:Mary Tudor: England's First Queen 4888:"Calendar of State Papers, Spain" 4864:Waller, p. 60; Whitelock, p. 310. 4749:Journal of Ecclesiastical History 4662:Calendar of State Papers, Spanish 4195:Waller, p. 97; Whitelock, p. 259. 4168:Waller, p. 95; Whitelock, p. 256. 4060:Calendar of State Papers, Spanish 3826:Waller, p. 59; Whitelock, p. 181. 3476:Letter from Emperor Charles V to 3193:Loades, pp. 19–20; Porter, p. 21. 1444: 1372:abolished Edward's religious laws 1315:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 1153:Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the 921:1553 succession crisis in England 690:and so was not a valid marriage. 387:of Henry VIII by his first wife, 9112: 8872: 8684: 8448:Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony 8325:Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy 8277:Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg 7869:Princess Alicia of Bourbon-Parma 7484: 5588:Dictionary of National Biography 5511:. New York: Carroll & Graf. 5454:. London and New York: Longman. 5416:Mary I: England's Catholic Queen 5280:The Mid-Tudor Polity c.1540-1560 5254:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 4867: 4858: 4849: 4840: 4831: 4822: 4813: 4804: 4789: 4780: 4777:, Coughton Church, Warwickshire. 4767: 4758: 4741: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4676: 4673:Porter, p. 410; Whitelock, p. 1. 4667: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4596: 4587: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4506: 4497: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4326: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4180: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4065: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4025: 3418:Loades, p. 78; Whitelock, p. 57. 3391:Porter, p. 76; Whitelock, p. 48. 3211:Porter, p. 28; Whitelock, p. 27. 3066: 1675:when he succeeded Elizabeth, is 1065: 1056: 585:Council of Wales and the Marches 516:, was one of Mary's attendants. 486:Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk 307: 9242:English people of Welsh descent 9133:Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau 7758:Infanta Maria Cristina of Spain 7663:Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony 7457:Archduchess Margaret of Austria 5847:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 5573:at the official website of the 4602:Porter, p. 376; Tittler, p. 53. 4584:Porter, p. 375; Tittler, p. 51. 4016: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3977: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3637:Loades, p. 122; Porter, p. 137. 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3354: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3235: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 1476:under Mary and Philip's reign. 1022:Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk 247: 9148:Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium 8978:Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy 8493:Princess Rosemary of Salm-Salm 7796:Louise Marie Thérèse of Artois 7769:Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy 7320:Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy 6668:Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony 6620:Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg 5844:Monarchs of England until 1603 5436:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 5117:(Fifth ed.). David Loades 4961:Froude, James Anthony (1910). 4408:Loades, p. 238; Waller, p. 94. 4075:(Manchester, 2020), pp. 71–73. 4058:Letter of 29 July 1554 in the 4031:Porter, p. 269; Waller, p. 85. 3790:Porter, p. 203; Waller, p. 52. 3709:Porter, p. 154; Waller, p. 40. 3151: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3094: 3085: 3050: 1893: 1036:. On 1 October 1553, Gardiner 850:. Suggestions that Mary marry 664: 13: 1: 9327:Deaths from cancer in England 9197:16th-century English monarchs 8443:Princess Stéphanie of Belgium 8389:Princess Margaretha of Saxony 8384:Princess Charlotte of Belgium 8352:Princess Hildegard of Bavaria 8346:Princess Maria Anna of Saxony 8107:Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria 8079:Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria 7827:Infanta María Teresa of Spain 7694:Infanta Maria Amalia of Spain 7684:Princess Maria Luisa of Parma 7409:Princess Maria Luisa of Parma 6912:Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine 5499:Mary Tudor: The Spanish Tudor 4359:Duffy, p. 79; Waller, p. 104. 3480:, quoted in Whitelock, p. 75. 3232:, quoted in Whitelock, p. 17. 3202:Loades, p. 31; Porter, p. 30. 3148:Loades, p. 28; Porter, p. 15. 3079: 2810:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1878:(depicted side-by-side) with 1740:Catholic historians, such as 1669:interred in Westminster Abbey 1458: 1387:repeal Henry's religious laws 1284:Thanksgiving services in the 838:, from late 1539, but he was 636:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 514:George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent 9227:Burials at Westminster Abbey 8520:Princess Margherita of Savoy 8254:Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain 8133:Princess Elisabeth of France 8035:Infanta Isabella of Portugal 7433:Princess Elisabeth of France 6612:Sophía of Greece and Denmark 5315:UK public library membership 4773:Epitaph plaque, tomb of Sir 1908:Family of Mary I of England 1874:). Sometimes, her arms were 1225:wrote to a correspondent in 914: 750: 696:surrounded and occupied Rome 519: 508:(later Lord Hussey) was her 482:Catherine, Countess of Devon 458:. She was the only child of 432:Roman Catholicism in England 395:. Her younger half-brother, 7: 9272:Wives of Philip II of Spain 9207:16th-century Irish monarchs 9192:16th-century queens regnant 9104:Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont 8730:Margaret, Countess of Blois 8552:Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg 8319:Princess Elisabeth of Savoy 8095:Archduchess Anna of Austria 8040:Anne of Bohemia and Hungary 7967:Mechthild of the Palatinate 7658:Infanta Barbara of Portugal 7417:Infanta Barbara of Portugal 6454:British monarchs after the 5778:Duchess consort of Burgundy 5319:. Oxford University Press. 5170:Mary Tudor: The First Queen 5080:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 5050:. Oxford University Press. 4987:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4481:Tyler, Royall, ed. (1954). 3547:, quoted in Loades, p. 111. 3033:Jewels of Mary I of England 3026: 1515:invaded England and seized 1309:, who was betrothed to the 1115:. But Mary's first cousin, 700:War of the League of Cognac 657:with the Scottish diplomat 615:around London in mid-1528. 492:, stood sponsor for Mary's 10: 9343: 9322:Deaths from uterine cancer 9202:16th-century English women 9028:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 8998:Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska 8854:Joanna, Duchess of Brabant 8808:Joanna, Duchess of Brabant 8557:Princess Astrid of Belgium 8487:Princess Ileana of Romania 8459:Princess Blanca of Bourbon 8341:Princess Sophie of Bavaria 8242:Princess Isabella of Parma 8139:Infanta Maria Ana of Spain 7822:Princess Louise of Orléans 7653:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans 7425:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans 6716:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans 6628:Maria Christina of Austria 5582:"Mary I (1516–1558)" 5522:Samson, Alexander (2020). 4933:Fletcher, Anthony (1970). 4879: 3974:(Manchester, 2020), p. 70. 3440:, quoted in Waller, p. 31. 1686: 1509:renewed war against France 918: 628:Francis, Dauphin of France 427:on his accession in 1556. 415:of England. In July 1554, 204:17 November 1558 (aged 42) 53: 9277:Queens regnant of England 9121: 9110: 9077: 9073: 9066:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 9059: 9026: 9006: 8986: 8966: 8906: 8881: 8870: 8842: 8838: 8824: 8756: 8738: 8718: 8693: 8682: 8651:Elder House of Luxembourg 8649: 8645: 8631: 8570: 8539: 8525:Princess Yolande of Ligne 8507: 8474: 8435: 8416:Princess Isabella of Croÿ 8376: 8333: 8269: 8234: 8218: 8197: 8169: 8125: 8087: 8048: 8027: 8011: 7998:Anne, Duchess of Brittany 7993:Mary, Duchess of Burgundy 7985: 7954: 7947: 7893: 7877: 7856: 7814: 7777: 7739: 7708: 7676: 7645: 7629: 7613: 7597: 7581: 7565: 7544: 7534: 7482: 7388: 7340:Maria Carolina of Austria 7129: 7095: 7045: 7026:Maria Carolina of Austria 6855: 6595: 6542: 6465: 6449: 6445: 6382: 6365: 6361: 5838: 5834: 5763: 5748: 5735: 5722: 5717: 5707: 5684: 5672: 5667: 5640: 5624:Portraits of Queen Mary I 5172:. London: Little, Brown. 5111:Loades, David M. (1999). 4317:The Myth of 'Bloody Mary' 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2944: 2942: 2934: 2932: 2924: 2922: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2902: 2886: 2884: 2850: 2848: 2840: 2838: 2830: 2828: 2813: 2800: 2788: 2786: 2778: 2776: 2768: 2758: 2744: 2742: 2730: 2728: 2720: 2718: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2501: 2467: 2448: 2446: 2438: 2436: 2400: 2398: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2306: 2298: 2296: 2272: 2268: 2205: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2174: 2166: 2164: 2144: 2142: 2082: 2080: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1890:) as her personal motto. 1682: 1492:) and Philipstown (later 1470:Tudor conquest of Ireland 1349:set beneath two diamonds. 1215:Queen Mary's Marriage Act 1125:Maria Manuela of Portugal 1105:Act of Succession of 1544 852:William I, Duke of Cleves 393:Third Succession Act 1543 303: 293: 283: 273: 261: 232: 217: 200: 183: 179: 169: 162: 151: 141: 124: 114: 104: 86: 70: 65: 9292:Royal consorts of Sicily 9287:Royal consorts of Naples 9123:House of Nassau-Weilburg 8883:House of Valois-Burgundy 8019:Joanna, Queen of Castile 7801:Princess Berthe de Rohan 7785:Infanta Eulalia of Spain 7195:Helena Angelina Doukaina 7180:Isabella II of Jerusalem 7089:Royal consorts of Sicily 6882:Andrew, Duke of Calabria 6849:Royal consorts of Naples 6676:Maria Isabel of Portugal 6644:Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo 6601:Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano 5742:Duchess consort of Milan 5559:. London: Jonathan Cape. 5537:Waldman, Milton (1972). 5250:Waller, Maureen (2006). 5215:Tittler, Robert (1991). 3543:Madden, F. (ed.) (1831) 3043: 1624: 1399:Heresy Acts were revived 1178:Thomas Wyatt the Younger 1155:English House of Commons 995: 716:Archbishop of Canterbury 649:In 1528, Wolsey's agent 599:normally reserved for a 587:. She was given her own 352:from January 1556 until 31:latest accepted revision 9282:Roman Catholic monarchs 9257:English Roman Catholics 9094:Anna Pavlovna of Russia 8404:Princess Anna of Saxony 7441:Queen Mary I of England 7250:Eleanor of Alburquerque 6748:Marie Louise of Orléans 5738:Queen consort of Naples 5608:Encyclopædia Britannica 5414:Edwards, John. (2011). 4964:The Reign of Mary Tudor 4837:Tittler, p. 80; Weikel. 4620:Whitelock, pp. 299–300. 4471:Whitelock, pp. 293–295. 4177:Whitelock, pp. 257–259. 3628:Whitelock, pp. 105–106. 3610:Whitelock, pp. 103–104. 3348:State Papers Henry VIII 1748:Titles, style, and arms 1525:Battle of Saint Quentin 836:Philip, Duke of Bavaria 791:(also called Newhall), 684:Arthur, Prince of Wales 468:Henry, Duke of Cornwall 56:Mary I (disambiguation) 9317:Countesses of Flanders 9312:Children of Henry VIII 9307:Spanish royal consorts 9143:Felix of Bourbon-Parma 9138:Marie Anne of Portugal 9079:House of Orange-Nassau 8953:Marie Louise d'Orléans 8666:Clementia of Aquitaine 8482:Princess Zita of Parma 8101:Isabella Clara Eugenia 8068:Infanta Maria of Spain 7473:Catherine of Lancaster 7335:Maria Amalia of Saxony 7310:Marie Louise d'Orléans 7225:Elizabeth of Carinthia 7020:Maria Amalia of Saxony 7002:Marie Louise d'Orléans 6727:(1714–1724, 1724–1746) 6700:Maria Amalia of Saxony 6652:Francis, Duke of Cádiz 6589:Spanish royal consorts 5766:Queen consort of Spain 5602:"Mary I., Queen" 5368:. London: Bloomsbury. 5325:10.1093/ref:odnb/18245 5130:Paget, Gerald (1977). 4660:, 4 December 1558, in 3292:Loades, pp. 41–42, 45. 2982:Elizabeth I of England 2471:Ferdinand II of Aragon 2376:Lady Margaret Beaufort 2209:Catherine of Lancaster 1888:Veritas Temporis Filia 1887: 1824:, Counts of Habsburg, 1765: 1637: 1597:. Adventurers such as 1565: 1554: 1534:Holinshed's Chronicles 1465: 1350: 1334: 1268: 1211:Ferdinand and Isabella 1096: 958:Act of Succession 1544 942: 899:Act of Uniformity 1549 880:Act of Succession 1544 831: 823: 741:Peterborough Cathedral 644:Henri, Duke of Orleans 623: 544: 532: 173:16 January 1556 – 164:Queen consort of Spain 9267:People from Greenwich 9099:Sophie of Württemberg 9089:Wilhelmine of Prussia 8958:Maria Anna of Neuburg 8720:House of Hohenstaufen 8676:Ermengarde of Zutphen 7465:Blanche II of Navarre 7315:Maria Anna of Neuburg 7265:Isabella I of Castile 7008:Maria Anna of Neuburg 6948:Isabella I of Castile 6740:Maria Anna of Neuburg 5450:(1979, 2d ed. 1991). 5411:. Palgrave MacMillan. 5046:Hoyle, R. W. (2001). 5018:Heard, Nigel (2000). 4846:Loades, pp. 217, 323. 4395:See for example, the 3337:Whitelock, pp. 37–38. 3328:Whitelock, pp. 36–37. 3319:Whitelock, pp. 30–31. 2677:Henry VIII of England 2464:Isabella I of Castile 1786:Defender of the Faith 1755: 1707:attacked Mary in his 1632: 1560: 1548: 1452: 1340: 1328: 1279:Maximilian of Austria 1263: 1091: 1034:Mistress of the Robes 1018:Lord Guildford Dudley 935:Lord Guildford Dudley 928: 904:Book of Common Prayer 829: 821: 621: 572:Sebastian Giustiniani 538: 531:, 1520, Mary's mother 527: 278:Henry VIII of England 9038:Maria Luisa of Spain 8988:House of Wittelsbach 8923:Isabella of Portugal 8893:Isabella of Portugal 8803:Anna von Schweidnitz 8783:Elizabeth of Bohemia 8705:Laurette of Flanders 8671:Mathilde of Northeim 8074:Anna Juliana Gonzaga 7752:Isabella II of Spain 7325:Anne Marie d'Orléans 7275:Isabella of Portugal 7240:Blanche I of Navarre 7205:Margaret of Burgundy 7200:Beatrice of Provence 7190:Elisabeth of Bavaria 7111:Eremburga of Mortain 6960:Isabella of Portugal 6923:Isabella of Clermont 6866:Margaret of Burgundy 6860:Beatrice of Provence 6804:Isabella of Portugal 6732:Maria Luisa of Savoy 6692:Maria Luisa of Parma 6424:William III & II 5989:Henry the Young King 5939:Edward the Confessor 5907:Æthelred the Unready 5731:Isabella of Portugal 5617:"Mary I (1516–1558)" 5306:"Mary I (1516–1558)" 4855:e.g. Waller, p. 106. 4819:Loades, pp. 340–343. 4786:Loades, pp. 340–341. 4734:(4) : 547–558. 4658:Princess of Portugal 4483:"Spain: August 1557" 4444:Porter, pp. 381–387. 4321:Smithsonian Magazine 4294:Loades, pp. 235–242. 4123:Loades, pp. 234–235. 3754:Porter, pp. 188–189. 3565:Porter, pp. 124–125. 2996:Mary, Queen of Scots 2989:Edward VI of England 2865:Lady Frances Brandon 2817:Isabella of Portugal 2498:Henry VII of England 2383:Edward IV of England 2202:Henry III of Castile 1880:those of her husband 1810:Archdukes of Austria 1764:, Philip II of Spain 1762:those of her husband 1617:English coinage was 1541:Commerce and revenue 1307:Mary, Queen of Scots 1250:Winchester Cathedral 1242:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1127:, mother of his son 1030:Bishop of Winchester 834:Mary was courted by 630:, the infant son of 462:and his first wife, 385:only surviving child 9297:Sicilian princesses 9232:Counter-Reformation 9222:Austrian princesses 8943:Elisabeth of France 8933:Elisabeth of Valois 8788:Beatrice of Bourbon 8778:Margaret of Brabant 8773:Beatrice of Avesnes 8638:County of Luxemburg 8530:Laetitia d'Arenberg 8003:Bianca Maria Sforza 7977:Catherine of Saxony 7972:Eleanor of Scotland 7962:Eleanor of Portugal 7589:Elisabeth of France 7300:Elisabeth of France 7295:Margaret of Austria 7285:Elisabeth of Valois 7230:Constance of Aragon 7210:Isabella of Castile 7185:Isabella of England 7175:Constance of Aragon 7155:Margaret of Navarre 7145:Sibylla of Burgundy 6990:Elisabeth of France 6984:Margaret of Austria 6972:Elisabeth of Valois 6897:Margaret of Durazzo 6887:James IV of Majorca 6788:Élisabeth of France 6772:Margaret of Austria 6764:Élisabeth of France 6708:Barbara of Portugal 6636:Mercedes of Orléans 6372:Union of the Crowns 5757:Elisabeth of France 5541:. London: Collins. 5338:. London: Pimlico. 5217:The Reign of Mary I 4548:Tittler, pp. 49–50. 3986:, pp. 190–191) 3220:Loades, pp. 32, 43. 3101:Sweet and Maxwell's 2858:James V of Scotland 2662:Catherine of Aragon 2369:Henry VI of England 2102:Henry IV of England 1770:by the Grace of God 1716:Actes and Monuments 1611:Lord High Treasurer 1416:on 8 February, and 1291:Antoine de Noailles 1274:Treason Act of 1554 1171:Antoine de Noailles 1092:Philip of Spain by 809:Pilgrimage of Grace 655:James V of Scotland 529:Catherine of Aragon 464:Catherine of Aragon 452:Palace of Placentia 389:Catherine of Aragon 378:Marian persecutions 374:burned at the stake 362:English Reformation 340:from July 1553 and 288:Catherine of Aragon 190:Palace of Placentia 21:Page version status 9302:Spanish princesses 9247:English princesses 8948:Mariana of Austria 8831:Duchy of Luxemburg 8117:Claudia de' Medici 7538:Charles I of Spain 7305:Mariana of Austria 7245:Margaret of Prades 7150:Beatrice of Rethel 7116:Adelaide del Vasto 7037:Caroline Bonaparte 6996:Mariana of Austria 6938:Isabella del Balzo 6756:Mariana of Austria 6456:Acts of Union 1707 6419:James II & VII 6112:Kenneth I MacAlpin 5897:Edgar the Peaceful 5753:Title next held by 5727:Title last held by 5642:Mary I of England 5495:Prescott, H. F. M. 5078:Mary Tudor: A Life 4981:Haigh, Christopher 4873:Whitelock, p. 242. 4629:Whitelock, p. 301. 4453:Whitelock, p. 288. 4332:Whitelock, p. 262. 4249:Whitelock, p. 284. 4186:Whitelock, p. 258. 4071:Alexander Samson, 3970:Alexander Samson, 3931:, pp. 48, 49) 3919:, pp. 46, 48) 3853:Whitelock, p. 183. 3844:Whitelock, p. 182. 3817:Waller, pp. 57–59. 3619:Whitelock, p. 105. 3449:Loades, pp. 84–85. 2960:Philip II of Spain 2342:John II of Castile 2228:Henry V of England 1766: 1638: 1566: 1555: 1517:Scarborough Castle 1466: 1351: 1335: 1269: 1223:Ruy Gómez de Silva 1219:Acts of Parliament 1097: 986:Framlingham Castle 956:Contradicting the 943: 832: 824: 789:Palace of Beaulieu 747:in Hertfordshire. 624: 597:royal prerogatives 545: 533: 456:Greenwich, England 346:Habsburg dominions 239:Philip II of Spain 27: 9182:Mary I of England 9169: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9008:House of Habsburg 8928:Mary I of England 8918:Joanna of Castile 8908:House of Habsburg 8859:Joanna of Bavaria 8820: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8793:Blanche of Valois 8710:Agnes of Guelders 8661:Hedwig of Nordgau 8587: 8586: 8062:Mary I of England 7907: 7906: 7557:Mary I of England 7527:Infantas of Spain 7493: 7492: 7348: 7347: 7280:Mary I of England 7165:Sibylla of Acerra 7140:Elvira of Castile 7131:Kingdom of Sicily 7121:Elvira of Castile 7055: 7054: 6966:Mary I of England 6877:Sancia of Majorca 6815: 6814: 6796:Mary I of England 6724:Elisabeth Farnese 6555: 6554: 6538: 6537: 6441: 6440: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6351: 5902:Edward the Martyr 5786: 5785: 5708:Succeeded by 5532:978-1-5261-4223-8 5482:Madden, Frederick 5430:Erickson, Carolly 5375:978-0-7475-9018-7 5313:(subscription or 5179:978-0-7499-0982-6 4909:978-0-300-15216-6 4800:. pp. 21–38. 4775:John Throckmorton 4323:. March 12, 2020. 3498:Whitelock, p. 91. 3242:Tremlett, Giles. 3184:Whitelock, p. 27. 3175:Whitelock, p. 23. 3024: 3023: 3020: 3019: 2975:Mary I of England 2648:Joanna of Castile 2505:Elizabeth of York 1948:Duke of Lancaster 1735:John Throckmorton 1730:Christopher Haigh 1725:H. F. M. Prescott 1654:St James's Palace 1635:Westminster Abbey 1427:Alfonso de Castro 1414:Laurence Saunders 1311:Dauphin of France 1286:diocese of London 1264:Mary and Philip, 1186:Wyatt's rebellion 1180:led a force from 1101:Henry VIII's will 1042:Westminster Abbey 1026:Privy Counsellors 866:in which her son 773:Susan Clarencieux 757:succession rights 730:, Hertfordshire. 720:Church of England 605:Princess of Wales 541:Emperor Charles V 480:; her great-aunt 315: 314: 298:Roman Catholicism 225:Westminster Abbey 207:St James's Palace 18: 9334: 9116: 9075: 9074: 9061: 9060: 8968:House of Bourbon 8898:Margaret of York 8876: 8844:House of Limburg 8840: 8839: 8826: 8825: 8758:House of Limburg 8688: 8647: 8646: 8633: 8632: 8614: 8607: 8600: 8591: 8590: 8151:Eleonora Gonzaga 8112:Eleonora Gonzaga 7934: 7927: 7920: 7911: 7910: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7497: 7496: 7488: 7487: 7393:Letizia of Spain 7375: 7368: 7361: 7352: 7351: 7270:Germaine of Foix 7255:Maria of Castile 7220:Eleanor of Anjou 7215:Blanche of Anjou 7097:County of Sicily 7082: 7075: 7068: 7059: 7058: 6954:Germaine of Foix 6943:Anne of Brittany 6933:Joanna of Naples 6928:Joanna of Aragon 6917:Maria of Castile 6902:Mary of Lusignan 6842: 6835: 6828: 6819: 6818: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6447: 6446: 6407:Richard Cromwell 6397:The Protectorate 6387:James I & VI 6363: 6362: 5944:Harold Godwinson 5864:Edward the Elder 5857:Alfred the Great 5841: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5789: 5788: 5687:Queen of England 5673:Preceded by 5663: 5662:17 November 1558 5656: 5655:18 February 1516 5638: 5637: 5634: 5620: 5612: 5604: 5592: 5584: 5575:British monarchy 5448:Loades, David M. 5395: 5357: 5318: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5273: 5246: 5211: 5199: 5161: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5107: 5074:Loades, David M. 5069: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5014: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4936:Tudor Rebellions 4929: 4891: 4874: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4829: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4811: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4756: 4745: 4739: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4603: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4549: 4546: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4400: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4315:Solly, Meilan. " 4313: 4304: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4076: 4069: 4063: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3478:Empress Isabella 3474: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3054: 2239:Duke of Somerset 2113:Earl of Somerset 1914: 1913: 1905: 1904: 1864:passant guardant 1774:Queen of England 1756:Arms of Mary I, 1549:Philip and Mary 1463: 1462: 1555–1558 1460: 1331:Jacopo da Trezzo 1321:Religious policy 1190:Woodstock Palace 1109:Edward Courtenay 1069: 1060: 1048:Spanish marriage 1010:Edward Courtenay 1006:Stephen Gardiner 974:Kett's Rebellion 872:Catherine Howard 676:Pope Clement VII 595:and many of the 446:Birth and family 334:Queen of England 311: 255: 253: 249: 221:14 December 1558 187:18 February 1516 175:17 November 1558 110:17 November 1558 108:July 1553 – 88:Queen of England 75: 63: 62: 39:9 September 2024 9342: 9341: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9157: 9125: 9117: 9108: 9081: 9069: 9047: 9030: 9022: 9010: 9002: 8990: 8982: 8970: 8962: 8938:Anna of Austria 8910: 8902: 8885: 8877: 8868: 8846: 8834: 8812: 8798:Anne of Bavaria 8768:Margaret of Bar 8760: 8752: 8742: 8734: 8722: 8714: 8697: 8689: 8680: 8653: 8641: 8627: 8618: 8588: 8583: 8566: 8540:18th generation 8535: 8508:17th generation 8503: 8475:16th generation 8470: 8436:15th generation 8431: 8377:14th generation 8372: 8334:13th generation 8329: 8270:12th generation 8265: 8235:11th generation 8230: 8219:10th generation 8214: 8193: 8165: 8156:Anna de' Medici 8121: 8083: 8044: 8023: 8007: 7981: 7950: 7943: 7938: 7908: 7903: 7889: 7878:14th generation 7873: 7857:13th generation 7852: 7815:12th generation 7810: 7778:11th generation 7773: 7740:10th generation 7735: 7704: 7672: 7641: 7625: 7609: 7593: 7577: 7561: 7540: 7530: 7524: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7384: 7379: 7349: 7344: 7290:Anna of Austria 7235:Antonia of Baux 7160:Joan of England 7125: 7106:Judith d'Évreux 7091: 7086: 7056: 7051: 7049:Queen of Sicily 7041: 6978:Anna of Austria 6907:Mary of Enghien 6872:Mary of Hungary 6851: 6846: 6816: 6811: 6780:Anna of Austria 6591: 6586: 6556: 6551: 6534: 6461: 6437: 6402:Oliver Cromwell 6378: 6353: 6348: 6195:Constantine III 6104: 5929:Harold Harefoot 5919:Edmund Ironside 5830: 5825: and 5816: 5781: 5776: 5754: 5745: 5740: 5728: 5713: 5696: 5694: 5682: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5615: 5579: 5567: 5562: 5403: 5401:Further reading 5398: 5376: 5362:Whitelock, Anna 5346: 5312: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5262: 5227: 5202: 5180: 5142: 5120: 5118: 5088: 5058: 5036: 5034: 5032: 4995: 4970: 4968: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4910: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828:Porter, p. 400. 4827: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4746: 4742: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700:Waller, p. 115. 4699: 4695: 4691:Waller, p. 116. 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4655: 4651: 4647:Waller, p. 108. 4646: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593:Porter, p. 376. 4592: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4575:Porter, p. 372. 4574: 4570: 4566:Porter, p. 373. 4565: 4561: 4557:Porter, p. 371. 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539:Tittler, p. 49. 4538: 4534: 4530:Tittler, p. 48. 4529: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512:Porter, p. 393. 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435:Tittler, p. 66. 4434: 4430: 4426:Loades, p. 319. 4425: 4421: 4417:Porter, p. 357. 4416: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4377:Waller, p. 102. 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4314: 4307: 4303:Waller, p. 113. 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285:Porter, p. 331. 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4222:Porter, p. 342. 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4079: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3907:Porter, p. 310. 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3745:Porter, p. 187. 3744: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655:Porter, p. 143. 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574:Loades, p. 108. 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3538: 3534:Loades, p. 105. 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458:Porter, p. 100. 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3359: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3029: 2655:Maria of Aragon 2238: 2112: 1947: 1896: 1750: 1703:"Bloody Mary". 1691: 1685: 1627: 1591:Sebastian Cabot 1589:under governor 1587:Muscovy Company 1543: 1513:Thomas Stafford 1482:King's Counties 1468:Furthering the 1461: 1447: 1391:Pope Julius III 1323: 1295:false pregnancy 1258: 1256:False pregnancy 1197:Empress Matilda 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1062: 1061: 1050: 998: 990:Tower of London 923: 917: 848:Duchy of Cleves 844:Thomas Cromwell 753: 736:Eustace Chapuys 728:Hatfield Palace 667: 640:Cardinal Wolsey 601:Prince of Wales 560:Juan Luis Vives 522: 506:Sir John Hussey 498:Frances Brandon 475:Lord Chancellor 460:King Henry VIII 448: 409:Empress Matilda 366:King Henry VIII 348:as the wife of 332:opponents, was 257: 245: 241: 228: 222: 205: 188: 174: 109: 100: 82: 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 9340: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9187:House of Tudor 9184: 9167: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9129: 9127: 9126:(1890–present) 9119: 9118: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9085: 9083: 9071: 9070: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9034: 9032: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9014: 9012: 9004: 9003: 9001: 9000: 8994: 8992: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8974: 8972: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8914: 8912: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8895: 8889: 8887: 8879: 8878: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8864:Agnes of Opole 8861: 8856: 8850: 8848: 8836: 8835: 8822: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8764: 8762: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8750: 8746: 8744: 8740:House of Namur 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8726: 8724: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8701: 8699: 8695:House of Namur 8691: 8690: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8657: 8655: 8643: 8642: 8629: 8628: 8617: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8594: 8585: 8584: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8533: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8511: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8445: 8439: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8418: 8413: 8407: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8354: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8245: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8201: 8199: 8198:9th generation 8195: 8194: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8180: 8173: 8171: 8170:8th generation 8167: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8129: 8127: 8126:7th generation 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8098: 8091: 8089: 8088:6th generation 8085: 8084: 8082: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8052: 8050: 8049:5th generation 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8031: 8029: 8028:4th generation 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8015: 8013: 8012:3rd generation 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7987: 7986:2nd generation 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7958: 7956: 7955:1st generation 7952: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7937: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7914: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7712: 7710: 7709:9th generation 7706: 7705: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7691: 7686: 7680: 7678: 7677:8th generation 7674: 7673: 7671: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7646:7th generation 7643: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7630:6th generation 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7617: 7615: 7614:5th generation 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7598:4th generation 7595: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7582:3rd generation 7579: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7569: 7567: 7566:2nd generation 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7548: 7546: 7545:1st generation 7542: 7541: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7523: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7500: 7491: 7490: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7470: 7462: 7454: 7446: 7438: 7430: 7422: 7414: 7406: 7398: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7378: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7355: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7260:Juana Enríquez 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7170:Irene Angelina 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7136: 7134: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7102: 7100: 7093: 7092: 7085: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7062: 7053: 7052: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6863: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6845: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6822: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6801: 6793: 6785: 6777: 6769: 6761: 6753: 6745: 6737: 6729: 6721: 6713: 6705: 6697: 6689: 6681: 6673: 6665: 6657: 6649: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6617: 6608: 6607: 6605:(2014–present) 6596: 6593: 6592: 6585: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6562: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6298:Edward Balliol 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6158:Constantine II 6155: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6086: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5985: 5980: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5950:Edgar Ætheling 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5831: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5784: 5783: 5761: 5760: 5752: 5747: 5734: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5706: 5683: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5668:Regnal titles 5665: 5664: 5644: 5641: 5636: 5635: 5621: 5613: 5599:, ed. (1911). 5597:Chisholm, Hugh 5593: 5577: 5566: 5565:External links 5563: 5561: 5560: 5553:Wernham, R. B. 5550: 5535: 5520: 5505:Ridley, Jasper 5502: 5492: 5489:(London, 1831) 5479: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5445: 5427: 5412: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5374: 5358: 5344: 5328: 5302: 5289: 5274: 5260: 5247: 5225: 5212: 5200: 5178: 5162: 5140: 5127: 5108: 5086: 5070: 5056: 5043: 5030: 5015: 4993: 4977: 4958: 4945: 4930: 4908: 4892: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4788: 4779: 4766: 4764:Haigh, p. 234. 4757: 4740: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4419: 4410: 4401: 4397:Oxford Martyrs 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4161: 4159:Loades, p. 32. 4152: 4143: 4141:Waller, p. 96. 4134: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4077: 4064: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3988: 3976: 3963: 3961:Waller, p. 73. 3954: 3945: 3941:Fletcher (1970 3933: 3921: 3909: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3664:Waller, p. 37. 3657: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3382:Waller, p. 27. 3375: 3366: 3353: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3283:Waller, p. 23. 3276: 3267: 3258: 3256:Tittler, p. 1. 3249: 3246:. p. 244. 3234: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3166:Hoyle, p. 407. 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3065: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3003:Lady Jane Grey 3000: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 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2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2245:Cecily Neville 2242: 2240: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2106: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1910: 1909: 1895: 1892: 1814:Dukes of Milan 1749: 1746: 1684: 1681: 1650:uterine cancer 1626: 1623: 1542: 1539: 1474:Irish Midlands 1446: 1445:Foreign policy 1443: 1418:Rowland Taylor 1329:Gold medal by 1322: 1319: 1257: 1254: 1235:Spanish Empire 1074: 1073: 1064: 1063: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1049: 1046: 997: 994: 962:Lady Jane Grey 931:Lady Jane Grey 916: 913: 876:Catherine Parr 785:Hatfield House 752: 749: 712:Thomas Cranmer 692:Pope Julius II 666: 663: 659:Adam Otterburn 632:King Francis I 521: 518: 447: 444: 425:Habsburg Spain 401:Lady Jane Grey 350:King Philip II 342:Queen of Spain 313: 312: 305: 301: 300: 295: 291: 290: 285: 281: 280: 275: 271: 270: 265: 259: 258: 243: 237: 236: 234: 230: 229: 223: 219: 215: 214: 202: 198: 197: 185: 181: 180: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 160: 159: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 126: 122: 121: 120:1 October 1553 118: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 94: 84: 83: 76: 68: 67: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9339: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 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6688: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6271: 6270:Alexander III 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6126:Constantine I 6123: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5725: 5721: 5718:Royal titles 5716: 5712: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5647:Tudor dynasty 5639: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5583: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5547:0-00-211486-0 5544: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5517:0-7867-0854-9 5514: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460:0-582-05759-0 5457: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5442:0-385-11663-2 5439: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5424:0-300-11810-4 5421: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5345:0-7126-7448-9 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5292: 5290:9780333245286 5286: 5282: 5281: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5261:0-312-33801-5 5257: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5226:0-582-06107-5 5222: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5166:Porter, Linda 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5141:0-284-98590-2 5137: 5133: 5128: 5116: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5087:0-631-15453-1 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5057:0-19-925906-2 5053: 5049: 5044: 5033: 5031:9780340743171 5027: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4994:0-198-22163-0 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4948: 4946:9780582313897 4942: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4870: 4861: 4852: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4816: 4807: 4799: 4792: 4783: 4776: 4770: 4761: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4670: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4554: 4545: 4536: 4527: 4518: 4509: 4500: 4484: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4398: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4310: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4082: 4074: 4068: 4061: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3958: 3949: 3943:, p. 86) 3942: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3886:, p. 53) 3885: 3880: 3874:, p. 23) 3873: 3868: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3479: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3439: 3438:William Butts 3433: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3363: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3217: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3102: 3097: 3091:Weir 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Mary's 751:Adulthood 724:Elizabeth 680:Leviticus 591:based at 549:virginals 520:Childhood 502:governess 397:Edward VI 354:her death 328:" by her 304:Signature 213:, England 196:, England 194:Greenwich 142:Successor 136:Edward VI 8621:Consorts 6510:George V 6500:Victoria 6475:George I 6344:James VI 6329:James IV 6319:James II 6292:David II 6287:Robert I 6276:Margaret 6210:Duncan I 6119:Donald I 6057:Edward V 6047:Henry VI 6037:Henry IV 6017:Edward I 5983:Henry II 5882:Edmund I 5871:Ælfweard 5829:monarchs 5823:Scottish 5770:Sardinia 5555:(1966). 5507:(2001). 5497:(1952). 5432:(1978). 5364:(2009). 5354:7794712M 5334:(1996). 5270:9516816M 5243:1882426M 5235:90043171 5168:(2007). 5150:79311835 5104:2188907M 5096:89007163 5076:(1989). 5011:1718720M 5003:26720329 4983:(1992). 4898:(2009). 3027:See also 1841:Henry IV 1826:Flanders 1818:Burgundy 1599:John Lok 1563:shilling 1551:sixpence 1494:Daingean 1341:Mary by 1299:Flanders 1227:Brussels 1103:and the 1040:Mary at 840:Lutheran 793:Richmond 672:annulled 568:Venetian 557:humanist 436:reversed 344:and the 294:Religion 227:, London 35:reviewed 6428:Mary II 6334:James V 6314:James I 6250:David I 6215:Macbeth 6147:Eochaid 6042:Henry V 5977:Matilda 5971:Stephen 5966:Henry I 5827:British 5821:, 5819:English 5691:Ireland 5626:at the 4880:Sources 4718:Weikel. 3103:(p. 28) 1876:impaled 1822:Brabant 1790:Ireland 1782:Ireland 1758:impaled 1673:James I 1585:to the 1570:Antwerp 1478:Queen's 1435:martyrs 1246:wedding 1038:crowned 891:Suffolk 887:Norfolk 745:Hunsdon 698:in the 376:in the 358:reverse 338:Ireland 256: 244: 97:more... 92:Ireland 7460:(1497) 7047:*Also 6719:(1724) 6639:(1878) 6339:Mary I 6220:Lulach 6184:Amlaíb 6178:Cuilén 6168:Indulf 6094:Philip 6089:Mary I 5892:Eadwig 5887:Eadred 5774:Sicily 5750:Vacant 5724:Vacant 5700:Philip 5658: 5619:. BBC. 5571:Mary I 5545: 5530: 5515: 5458: 5440: 5422: 5390: 5382: 5372: 5352: 5342: 5287: 5268: 5258: 5241: 5233: 5223: 5194: 5186: 5176: 5156: 5148: 5138: 5102: 5094: 5084: 5064: 5054: 5028: 5009: 5001: 4991: 4943: 4924: 4916: 4906: 4753:online 4736:online 4729:Albion 1851:three 1806:Sicily 1798:Naples 1778:France 1683:Legacy 1662:Joanna 1576:. 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