25:
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982:. Per Sommer, nulltiple discoveries are often made serendipitously as part of an otherwise directed research program. As such, they are less likely to be re-discovered by others as is the case with many multiples. Sometimes nulltiples do eventually come to light, but often within circumstances of historical research rather than as a primary scientific disclosure.
611:
a joint paper that brought together
Wallace's abstract with extracts from Darwin's earlier, 1844 essay on the subject. The paper was also published that year in the Society's journal. Neither the public reading of the joint paper nor its publication attracted interest; but Wallace, "admirably free
502:
are similar with regard to multiple discovery. When two scientists independently make the same discovery, their papers are not word-for-word identical, but the core ideas in the papers are the same; likewise, two novelists may independently write novels with the same core themes, though their novels
160:
are announced annually—especially in physics, chemistry, physiology, medicine, and economics—increasingly, in the given field, rather than just a single laureate, there are two, or the maximally permissible three, who often have independently made the same discovery. Historians and sociologists have
173:
are made by scientists working independently of each other. Merton contrasted a "multiple" with a "singleton"—a discovery that has been made uniquely by a single scientist or group of scientists working together. As Merton said, "Sometimes the discoveries are simultaneous or almost so; sometimes a
555:) were an adaptation of Leibniz's calculus. In 1712 the Royal Society appointed a committee to examine the documents in question; the same year, the Society published a report, written by Newton himself, asserting his priority. Soon after Leibniz died in 1716, Newton denied that his own 1687
446:(1618–1648), with the concomitant breakdown of authority, made freedom of thought and open debate possible, so that "modern science... rests on the heads of millions of dead." He also notes "the importance of the development of a reliable
599:, the foremost geologist of the day. Lyell proposed that Darwin and Wallace prepare a joint communication to the scientific community. Darwin being preoccupied with his mortally ill youngest son, Lyell enlisted Darwin's closest friend,
136:) is the hypothesis that most scientific discoveries and inventions are made independently and more or less simultaneously by multiple scientists and inventors. The concept of multiple discovery opposes a traditional view—the
240:
Multiple independent discovery, however, is not limited to only a few historic instances involving giants of scientific research. Merton believed that it is multiple discoveries, rather than unique ones, that represent the
939:
Sommer has introduced the term "nulltiple" to describe a scientific discovery that is suppressed or blocked from publication or dissemination via normal scientific channels, see
470:
of recombinant conceptualization (see above)—more broadly, of recombinant occurrences—that explains multiple discovery in science and the arts, also elucidates the phenomenon of
1464:
753:
269:
695:
137:
1246:
The Age of Louis XIV: A History of
European Civilization in the Period of Pascal, Molière, Cromwell, Milton, Peter the Great, Newton, and Spinoza, 1648-1715
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280:
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525:
364:
Multiple independent discovery and invention, like discovery and invention generally, have been fostered by the evolution of means of
354:, that a concept of the latter's has "flowed into" the mind of the former. Not every new concept so formed will be viable: adapting
570:(1726) omitted the tell-tale scholium. It is now accepted that Newton and Leibniz discovered calculus independently of each other.
535:, apparently accepted Leibniz's independent discovery of calculus. In 1699, however, a Swiss mathematician suggested to Britain's
412:'s invention of printing (which itself involved a number of discrete inventions) substantially facilitated the transition from the
342:
of paradigms" has been posited, that describes a mechanism of "recombinant conceptualization". This paradigm predicates that a new
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show an increased incidence beginning in the 17th century. This may accord with the thesis of
British philosopher
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424:
and accelerated the process of recombinant conceptualization, and thus also of multiple independent discovery.
57:
46:
1038:
Merton, Robert K., "Singletons and
Multiples in Scientific Discovery: a Chapter in the Sociology of Science",
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450:... in enabling savants... to be in scholarly communication.... he cooperative approach, first recommended by
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Commonly cited examples of multiple independent discovery are the 17th-century independent formulation of
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that
Leibniz had borrowed his calculus from Newton. In 1705 Leibniz, in an anonymous review of Newton's
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and public verification, and not just a matter of the lone issuing... idiosyncratic pronouncements."
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860:
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350:. This is what is meant when one says that a scientist or artist has been "influenced by" another—
273:
that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
233:(invented independently in China, Greece, Africa, northern Canada, and the Baltic countries), and
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637:
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scientist will make a new discovery which, unknown to him, somebody else has made years before."
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438:, freed from the shackles of religion, the occult, and uncritical faith in the authority of
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754:"Are Inventions Inevitable? Simultaneous Invention and the Incremental Nature of Discovery"
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An example of a concept arising via the crossing of previously unrelated concepts may be
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471:
206:
1147:
Big Farms Make Big Flu: Dispatches on
Influenza, Agribusiness, and the Nature of Science
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1210:
The Idea of
Historical Recurrence in Western Thought, from Antiquity to the Reformation
1208:
1096:
973:
891:
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591:, 13 years his junior, with whom he had corresponded. The letter summarized Wallace's
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In another classic case of multiple discovery, the two discoverers showed more
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level." Eamon Whalen, "The Man Who Saw It Coming: Rob
Wallace warned us that
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of countries widely separated in time and geography. It is the recurrence of
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431:
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226:
1321:
The Age of Genius: The
Seventeenth Century and the Birth of the Modern Mind
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The Age of Genius: The Seventeenth Century and the Birth of the Modern Mind
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1304:
1239:
1171:
969:
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331:(which studies sociological and cultural evolution in a Darwinian manner).
182:
1392:, but no one listened. Until now." (article on Rob Wallace and his books,
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Lamb, David, and S.M. Easton, chapter 9: Originality in art and science,
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from envy or jealousy," had been content to remain in Darwin's shadow.
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Whalen, Eamon, "The Man Who Saw It Coming: Rob Wallace warned us that
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Lamb, David; Easton, S. M. (1984). "Originality in art and science ".
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Resistance to the Systematic Study of Multiple Discoveries in Science
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Multiple discoveries in the history of science provide evidence for
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power—and, thus, additional scientific validity—to the findings of
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The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations
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The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations
121:"Parallel discovery" redirects here. For the thought process, see
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929:. Chicago, IL, USA: The University of Chicago Press. p. 307.
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that the 17th century was crucial in the creation of the modern
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1447:"Annals of Innovation: In the Air: Who says big ideas are rare?"
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1159:, vol. 313, no. 5 (September 6/13, 2021), pp. 14–19. (p. 17.)
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are utterly critical to understand how things evolve at the
1471: (archived May 12, 2008), Peter Turney, January 15, 2007
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independently of my own"; and the third edition of Newton's
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Philosophers at War: The Quarrel between Newton and Leibniz
369:
347:
270:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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1165:
498:
Lamb and Easton, and others, have argued that science and
229:(invented independently in China, Europe and Africa), the
1465:
Apperceptual: The Heroic Theory of Scientific Development
1410:, vol. 313, no. 5 (September 6/13, 2021), pp. 14–19.
1234:
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had exchanged information on their respective systems of
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346:
arises through the crossing of pre-existing concepts and
237:(discovered independently in Greece, China, and India).
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when he received a startling letter from a naturalist,
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defined such "multiples" as instances in which similar
1421:
Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States
1291:
Multiple Discovery: The Pattern of Scientific Progress
788:
Multiple Discovery: The Pattern of Scientific Progress
16:
Hypothesis about scientific discoveries and inventions
1370:. Chicago, IL, USA: The University of Chicago Press.
1344:. Chicago, IL, USA: The University of Chicago Press.
1329:, vol. LXIII, no. 11 (June 23, 2016), pp. 67–68.
1214:. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press.
1070:
897:. Chicago, IL, USA: The University of Chicago Press.
696:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
1117:
Rob Wallace's conclusion, from studying concepts in
607:, and together on 1 July 1858 they presented to the
943:"Bahramdipity and Nulltiple Scientific Discoveries"
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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319:(the study of self-replicating units of culture),
1394:Big Farms Make Big Flu: Dispatches on Influenza,
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1041:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
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523:in the 1670s, Newton in the first edition of his
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1402:Dead Epidemiologists: On the Origins of COVID-19
1151:Dead Epidemiologists: On the Origins of COVID-19
911:
876:
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327:to study of the growth of human knowledge), and
213:, independently advanced in the 19th century by
1313:Soul Machine: The Invention of the Modern Mind
1180:Soul Machine: The Invention of the Modern Mind
781:
779:
777:
687:Opposing theories of discovery and invention:
361:'s phrase, only the fittest concepts survive.
1254:. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. pp.
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1064:
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1196:, vol. LXIII, no. 11 (June 23, 2016), p. 68.
996:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
420:. All these communication developments have
221:. What holds for discoveries, also goes for
1019:
774:
1286:, vol. XXXIX, no. 1, 1994, pp. 45–50.
1055:
785:
474:, wherein similar events are noted in the
454:, was essential to making science open to
315:models of science and technology, such as
189:and others; the 18th-century discovery of
138:"heroic theory" of invention and discovery
1015:
1013:
761:The Long Nose: Technology and the Economy
299:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1280:: the Creation of a Historical Novel",
1199:
1307:, "Groping Toward the Mind" (review of
1174:, "Groping Toward the Mind" (review of
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165:, of "multiple independent discovery".
1477:
1293:, Amersham, Avebury Publishing, 1984,
1022:Down House: the Home of Charles Darwin
1010:
940:
810:
140:. Multiple discovery is analogous to
1485:Discovery and invention controversies
1080:: the Creation of a Historical Novel"
581:had completed over two-thirds of his
442:. Grayling speculates that Europe's
1459:The Technium: Simultaneous Invention
1252:The Story of Civilization: Part VIII
991:
252:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
1265:
1044:, 105: 470–86, 1961. Reprinted in
14:
1516:
1440:
1323:, Bloomsbury, 351 pp., $ 30.00),
817:. Vol. 4. pp. 237–282.
503:are not identical word-for-word.
1425:. New York, NY: The Free Press.
1315:, Norton, 656 pp., $ 39.95; and
790:. Amersham: Avebury Publishing.
428:Multiple independent discoveries
257:
23:
1342:On Social Structure and Science
1228:
1107:
927:On Social Structure and Science
752:Griswold, Martin (2012-11-25).
562:"allowed the invention of the
323:(which applies the concepts of
34:needs additional citations for
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985:
950:Science and Engineering Ethics
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804:
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1:
673:Logology (science of science)
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1495:History of scientific method
1326:The New York Review of Books
1193:The New York Review of Books
668:List of multiple discoveries
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161:remarked the occurrence, in
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7:
1398:, and the Nature of Science
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593:theory of natural selection
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10:
1521:
1461:, Kevin Kelly, May 9, 2008
811:Merton, Robert K. (1963).
120:
1050:The Sociology of Science,
962:10.1007/s11948-001-0025-7
871:The Sociology of Science,
823:10.1017/S0003975600000801
517:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
329:cultural selection theory
321:evolutionary epistemology
187:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1190:, Bloomsbury, 351 pp.),
992:Hall, A. Rupert (1980).
941:Sommer, Toby J. (2001).
718:Stigler's law of eponymy
584:On the Origin of Species
545:, implied that Newton's
1182:, Norton, 656 pp.; and
658:Hundredth monkey effect
643:Great minds think alike
638:Discovery (observation)
564:calculus differentialis
482:that lends a degree of
1386:industrial agriculture
1139:industrial agriculture
873:op. cit., pp. 371–382.
279:by rewriting it in an
134:simultaneous invention
1388:could cause a deadly
1272:Kasparek, Christopher
1206:Trompf, G.W. (1979).
1141:could cause a deadly
1072:Kasparek, Christopher
1052:op. cit., pp. 343–70.
757:(self-published blog)
703:Reinventing the wheel
589:Alfred Russel Wallace
553:differential calculus
219:Alfred Russel Wallace
1449:, Malcolm Gladwell,
1020:Reeve, Tori (2009).
740:References and notes
633:Convergent evolution
325:biological evolution
245:pattern in science.
205:and others; and the
195:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
146:biological evolution
142:convergent evolution
58:"Multiple discovery"
43:improve this article
1505:Theories of history
708:Scientific priority
648:Historic recurrence
551:(Newton's term for
472:historic recurrence
225:. Examples are the
207:theory of evolution
1415:Zuckerman, Harriet
653:History of science
388:, institutions of
281:encyclopedic style
268:is written like a
130:multiple discovery
1360:Merton, Robert K.
1351:978-0-226-52070-4
1334:Merton, Robert K.
1283:The Polish Review
1127:political economy
1088:The Polish Review
1046:Merton, Robert K.
1028:. pp. 40–41.
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887:Merton, Robert K.
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468:paradigm
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