Muhammad ibn al-Qasim

59: 2623:"The fall of Multan laid the Indus valley at the feet of the conqueror. The tribes came in, 'ringing bells and beating drums and dancing,' in token of welcome. The Hindu rulers had oppressed them heavily, and the Jats and Meds and other tribes were on the side of the invaders. The work of conquest, as often happened in India, was thus aided by the disunion of the inhabitants, and jealousies of race and creed conspired to help the Muslims. To such suppliants, Mohammad Qasim gave the liberal terms that the Arabs usually offered to all but inveterate foes. He imposed the customary poll tax, took hostages for good conduct, and spared the people's lands and lives. He even left their shrines undesecrated: 'The temples,' he proclaimed, 'shall be inviolate, like the churches of the Christians, the synagogues of the Jews, and the altars of the Magians.'" Stanley Lane-Poole, 735: 1054:) without fighting. One-fifth of the war booty including slaves were remitted to al-Hajjaj and the Caliph. The conquest of these towns was accomplished with relative ease; however, Dahir's armies being prepared on the other side of the Indus had not yet been confronted. In preparation to meet them, Muhammad returned to Nerun to resupply and receive reinforcements sent by al-Hajjaj. Camped on the east bank of the Indus, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim sent emissaries and bargained with the river Jats and boatmen. Upon securing the aid of Mokah Basayah, "the King of the island of Bet", Muhammad crossed over the river where he was joined by the forces of the 1792: 104: 1666:(however Baghdad had not yet been built and the actual capital was Damascus). The account relates that they then tricked the Caliph into believing that ibn Qasim had violated them before sending them on and as a result of this subterfuge, ibn Qasim was wrapped and stitched in oxen hides, and sent to Syria, which resulted in his death en route from suffocation. This narrative attributes their motive for this subterfuge to securing vengeance for their father's death. Upon discovering this subterfuge, the Caliph is recorded to have been filled with remorse and ordered the sisters buried alive in a wall. 1362: 1275: 779: 943: 886: 1458: 1076:. Usually after a siege of a few weeks or months the Arabs gained a city through the intervention of heads of mercantile houses with whom subsequent treaties and agreements would be settled. After battles all fighting men were executed and their wives and children enslaved in considerable numbers and the usual fifth of the booty and slaves were sent to al-Hajjaj. The general populace was encouraged to carry on with their trades and taxes and tributes settled. 5859: 5869: 299: 3694: 1753:

religion. Citations of towns taken either violently or bloodlessly, reading back into Arab Sindh information belonging to a later date and dubious accounts such as those of the forcible circumcision of Brahmins at Debal or Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's consideration of Hindu sentiment in forbidding the slaughter of cows are used as examples for one particular view or the other.

1724:

proclaimed, 'shall be inviolate, like the churches of the Christians, the synagogues of the Jews and altars of the Magians'. In the same text, however, it is mentioned that "Occasional desecration of Hindu fanes took place... but such demonstrations were probably rare sops to the official conscience...", as destruction of temples and civilian massacres still took place.

1198:. At one point, he was actually berated by Al-Hajjaj for being too lenient. Meanwhile, the common folk were often pardoned and encouraged to continue working; Al-Hajjaj ordered that this option not be granted to any inhabitant of Debal, yet Muhammad ibn al-Qasim still bestowed it upon certain groups and individuals. 1731:

has been attributed to early historians such as Elliot, Cousens, Majumdar and Vaidya. They hold the view that the conversion of Sindh was necessitated. Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's numerical inferiority is said to explain any instances of apparent religious toleration, with the destruction of temples seen

1189:

Where resistance was strong, prolonged, and intensive, often resulting in considerable Arab casualties, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's response was dramatic, inflicting 6,000 deaths at Aror (Rohri), between 6,000 and 26,000 at Brahmanabad, 4,000 at Iskalandah (Uch), and 6,000 at Multan. Conversely, in areas

2830:(Quran 9:29) “Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled.” 1756:

Some historians strike a middle ground, saying that Muhammad ibn al-Qasim was torn between the political expediency of making peace with the Hindus and Buddhists; having to call upon non-Muslims to serve under him as part of his mandate to administer newly conquered land; and orthodoxy by refraining

1537:– a historian of Islam in South and South East Asia, "Muhammad bin Qasim first asserts the superiority of Islam over the polytheists by committing a taboo (killing a cow) and publicly soiling the idol (giving the cow meat as an offering)" before allowing the temple to continue as a place of worship. 1747:

perceptions of Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism are also reflected in this debate. The period of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's rule has been called by U.T. Thakkur "the darkest period in Sindh history", with the records speaking of massive forced conversions, temple destruction, slaughters and genocides; the

904:

These Arabs were imprisoned later on by Governor Deebal Partaab Raye. A letter written by an Arab girl named Nahed who escaped from the prison of Partab Raye asked Hajjaj Bin Yusuf for help. When Hajjaj asked Dahir for the release of prisoners and compensation, the latter refused on the ground that

1738:

has been attributed to Thomas W. Arnold and modern Muslim historians such as Habib and Qureishi. They believe that the conquest was largely peaceful, and the conversion entirely so, and that the Arab forces enacted liberal, generous and tolerant policies. These historians mention the "praiseworthy

1723:

His conquest, as described by Stanley Lane-Poole, in Medieval India (Published in 1970 by Haskell House Publishers Ltd), was "liberal". He imposed the customary poll tax, took hostages for good conduct and spared peoples' lives and lands. He even left their shrines undesecrated: 'The temples;' he

712:

was arrested by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim on the orders of Al-Hajjaj and demanded that he curse Ali on the threat of punishment. Atiyya refused to curse Ali and was punished. While Maclean doesn't give the details of the punishment, early historians like Ibn Hajar Al-asqalani and Tabari record that he

1752:

are seen as being compelled by religious stricture to conquer and forcibly convert Sindh, but on the other hand, they can be seen as being respectful and tolerant of non-Muslims as part of their religious duty, with conversion being facilitated by the vitality, equality and morals of the Islamic

990:

Hajjaj had put more care and planning into this campaign than the second campaign. Al-Hajjaj gave Muhammad ibn al-Qasim command of the expedition between 708 and 711, when he was only 15–17 years old, apparently because two previous Umayyad commanders had not been successful in punishing Sindh's

1675:

After Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's departure, the next appointed Arab governor died on arrival. Dahir's son recaptured Brahmanabad and c. 720, he was granted pardon and included in the administration in return for converting to Islam. Soon, however, he recanted and split off when the Umayyads were

1630:

Muhammad was killed due to a family feud with the governor of Iraq. Sulayman was hostile toward Muhammad because apparently, he had followed the order of Hajjaj to declare Sulayman's right of succession void in all territories conquered by him. When Muhammad received the news of the death of

1383:

After the conquest, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's task was to set up an administrative structure for a stable Muslim state that incorporated a newly conquered alien land, inhabited by non-Muslims. He adopted a conciliatory policy, asking for acceptance of Muslim rule by the natives in return for

636:, in 692, and two years later was appointed the viceroy of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate. Following his promotion, al-Hajjaj became a patron of the Thaqif and appointed several members to important posts in Iraq and its dependencies. Muhammad's father was appointed the deputy governor of 1444:

During his administration, Hindus and Buddhists were inducted into the administration as trusted advisors and governors. A Hindu, Kaksa, was at one point the second most important member of his administration. Dahir's prime minister and various chieftains were also incorporated into the

663:, the provincial capital of Iraq founded by al-Hajjaj in 702. Muhammad's time in Basra, a military and intellectual centre of the Islamic world at the time, may have widened Muhammad's career horizons, while at Wasit he was likely educated and trained under al-Hajjaj's patronage. 1163:), with the choice governing their treatment upon capture. The capture of towns was usually accomplished by means of a treaty with a party from among the enemy, who were then extended special privileges and material rewards. There were two types of such treaties, " 1568:

on payment of jizya. In the Arab settlers controlled areas of Sindh and Multan, conversion to Islam occurred only slowly, not on a massive scale. Majority of the population continued to remain Hindu who had to pay the jizya imposed by the Muslim state.

1194:, such as Armabil, Nirun, and Aror, resistance was light and few casualties occurred. Sulh appeared to be Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's preferred mode of conquest, the method used for more than 60% of the towns and tribes recorded by al-Baladhuri and the 1156:

The Arabs' first concern was to facilitate the conquest of Sindh with the fewest casualties while also trying to preserve the economic infrastructure. Towns were given two options: submit to Islamic authority peacefully or be attacked by force

692:

is said to have been revived by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. He built a royal villa in the city and a military camp at a short distance from it. He was also given the task of subjugating the area to the south of Shiraz, and the distant area of

1049:

and upon the orders of al-Hajjaj, he exacted retribution on Debal by giving no quarter to its residents or priests and destroying its great temple. From Debal, the Arab army then marched north-east taking towns such as Nerun and Sadusan

2449:

But this version of the story is almost absent and not accepted by many historians, because Muhammad bin Qasim attacked Sindh to punish the then ruler of Sindh Raja Dahir who captured some Muslim women, and to release them he attacked

1420:) were settled and hostages taken — occasionally this also meant the custodians of temples. Non-Muslim natives were excused from military service and from payment of the religiously mandated tax system levied upon Muslims called 1516:

Lane-Poole writes that, "as a rule Muslim government was at once tolerant and economic". The preference of collection of jizya over the conversion to Islam is a major economic motivator. Hindus and Buddhists who were classified as

1037:

as well as other irregulars who heard of the Arab successes in Sindh. When Muhammad ibn al-Qasim passed through the Makran desert while raising his forces, he had to subdue the restive towns of Fannazbur and Arman Belah

2359:

S. A. N. Rezavi, "The Shia Muslims", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press

1764:

While Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's warring was clearly at times brutal, he is supposed to have said of Hinduism that 'the idol temple is similar to the churches of the Christians, (to the synagogues) of the Jews and to the

2758:. "Kaksa took precedence in the army before all the nobles and commanders. He collected the revenue of the country and the treasury was placed under his seal. He assisted Muhammad Kásim in all of his undertakings..." 1388:

law over the people of the region; however, Hindus were allowed to rule their villages and settle their disputes according to their own laws, and traditional hierarchical institutions, including the village headmen

1384:

non-interference in their religious practice, so long as the natives paid their taxes and tribute. In return, the state provided protection to non-Muslim from any foreign attacks and enemies. He established Islamic

666:

Al-Hajjaj was highly fond of Muhammad, and considered him prestigious enough to marry his sister Zaynab, though she preferred the older Thaqafite al-Hakam ibn Ayyub ibn al-Hakam, to whom she was ultimately wed. The

1563:

occurred, given the social dynamics of areas of Sindh conquered by Muslim, the spread of Islam was slow and took centuries. No mass conversions to Islam took place and some temples escaped destruction such as the

1021:; non-Arab, Muslim freedmen) from Iraq. At the borders of Sindh he was joined by an advance guard and six thousand camel cavalry and later, reinforcements from the governor of Makran were transferred directly to 1657:

and Parimal Devi, who had been taken captive during the campaign. Upon capture their mother had been made a slave of ibn Qasim himself, while the two sisters had been sent on as presents to the Caliph for his

671:

refers to Muhammad at the age of 17 as "the noblest Thaqafite of his time". In the summation of Baloch, "Muhammad grew up under favourable conditions into an able, energetic and cultured lad of fine tastes".

1584:. The latter took revenge against the generals and officials who had been close to al-Hajjaj. Sulayman owed political support to al-Hajjaj's opponents and so recalled both of al-Hajjaj's successful generals 708:, which almost brought down the rule of al-Hajjaj. An aged supporter of rebels and a Shia notable of the time, a disciple of the companion of Jabir ibn Abd Allah al-Ansari and a famous narrator of Hadith, 3174: 770:

al-Kindi in 660 AD near Damascus. Under the Umayyads (661–750 AD), many Shias sought asylum in the region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the remote area. Ziyad Hindi is one of those refugees.

1819:". This approach would prove critical to the way Muslim rulers ruled in India over the next centuries. Coastal trade and a Muslim colony in Sindh allowed for cultural exchanges and the arrival of 912:(new non-Arab converts) who were usually allied with Al-Hajjaj's political opponents and thus were frequently forced to participate in battles on the frontier of the Umayyad Caliphate, such as 2839:(Sahih Bukhari Volume 4 Chapter 88) Narrated Ibn Umar that the Prophet said, "My livelihood is under the shade of my spear, and he who disobeys my orders will be humiliated by paying Jizya." 766:. Harith ibn Murrah al-Abdi and Sayfi ibn Fasayl' al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Makran in the year 658. Sayfi was one of the seven shias who were beheaded alongside 684:

in modern Iran, where he was asked to subjugate a group of Kurds. After the successful completion of the mission, he was appointed as the governor of Fars. He likely succeeded his uncle

1274: 1218:. This is attributed to having resulted in support being provided by Buddhists and inclusion of rebel soldiers serving as valuable infantry in his cavalry-heavy force from the Jat and 1065:) Muhammad ibn al-Qasim was met by Dahir's forces and the eastern Jats in battle. Dahir died in the battle, his forces were defeated and Muhammad ibn al-Qasim took control of Sindh. 648:

also indicates Muhammad had a similar-aged brother named Sulb and Arabic sources indicate he had a much younger brother named al-Hajjaj, who served as an Umayyad commander during the

1799:

Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's presence and rule was very brief. His conquest for the Umayyads brought Sindh into the orbit of the Muslim world. After the conquest of Sindh, he adopted the

1748:

people of Sindh, described as inherently pacifist due to their Hindu/Buddhist religious inclinations, had to adjust to the conditions of "barbarian inroad". On one extreme, the

1720:

There is controversy regarding the conquest and subsequent conversion of Sindh. This is usually voiced in two antagonistic perspectives viewing Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's actions.

1222:. Brahman, Buddhist, Greek, and Arab testimony however can be found that attests towards amicable relations between the adherents of the two religions up to the 7th century. 1642:. Salih, whose brother was executed by al-Hajjaj, tortured Muhammad and his relatives to death. The account of his death by al-Baladhuri is brief compared to the one in the 1529:

paid by Muslims. Contrastingly preferential treatment was given to a small number of people who were converted to Islam by "exempting them from Jizya in lieu of paying the

1708:

state. The Arab conquest remained checked in what is now the south of Pakistan for three centuries by powerful Hindu monarchs to the north and east until the arrival of

1249:

The Samanis being persuaded to submit and not take up arms because the majority of the population was Buddhist who were dissatisfied with their rulers, who were Hindu.

7558: 58: 6741: 613:

Muhammad belonged to the Abu Aqil family of the Banu Awf, one of the two principal branches of the Thaqif. The Abu Aqil family gained prestige with the rise of

1761:

upon the native Sindhis and permitting them to participate in his administration, but treating them as "non-citizens" (i.e. in the Caliphate, but not of it).

842:. Muslim sources insist that it was these persistent activities along increasingly important Indian trade routes by Debal pirates and others which forced the 7512: 7468: 3802: 2750: 1533:". Muhammad ibn al-Qasim fixed the Zakat at 10% of the agricultural produce. have to pay the mandatory jizya. "In Al-Biruni's narrative", according to 4600: 7517: 1083:) in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, was a major gain for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms during 3047:

End of ‘Imad-ud-Din Muhammad ibn Qasim. The Arab Conqueror of Sind by S.M. Jaffar - Quarterly Islamic Culture, Hyderabad Deccan, Vol.19 Jan 1945

1892:, is the major naval special operations base for the Amphibious Special Operations Forces in the Pakistan Navy named after Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. 1600:, who was once imprisoned and tortured by al-Hajjaj, as the governor of Fars, Kirman, Makran, and Sind; he immediately placed Muhammad in chains. 5216: 999:

by maintaining close contact with Muhammad ibn al-Qasim in the form of regular reports for which purpose special messengers were deputed between

474:(d. 892) contains a few pages on the conquest of Sind and Muhammad's person, while biographical information is limited to a passage in a work by 1692:

period, c. 870, the local emirs shook off all allegiance to the caliphs and by the 10th century the region was split into two separate states,

3447: 460:

Information about Muhammad ibn al-Qasim and the Arab conquest of Sind in the medieval Arabic sources is limited, compared to the contemporary

103: 5350: 1369: 2852: 2350:

S. A. A. Rizvi, "A socio-intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Volo. 1, pp. 138, Mar'ifat Publishing House, Canberra (1986).

4720: 705: 617:, the paternal first cousin of Muhammad's father al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hakam. Al-Hajjaj was made a commander by the Umayyad caliph 4498: 1910: 4997: 3298: 1177:(surrender/ peace)". Among towns and fortresses that were captured through force of arms, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim performed executions of 377:(and Punjab, part of ancient Sindh), inaugurating the Umayyad campaigns in India. His military exploits led to the establishment of the 7573: 7105: 7072: 6530: 4729: 4645: 5277: 995:

for his failure to prevent pirates from disrupting Muslim shipping off the coast of Sindh. Al-Hajjaj superintended this campaign from

6357: 4655: 3726: 934:, who upon receipt of reports of it being an inhospitable and poor land, had stopped further expeditionary ventures into the region. 402: 5826: 5801: 4549: 4443: 4303: 2914: 1432:, being heavier on the upper classes and light for the poor. In addition, three percent of government revenue was allocated to the 6440: 6372: 5076: 4884: 4367: 1631:

al-Hajjaj he returned to Aror. Muhammad was later arrested under the orders of the Caliph by the replacement governor of Sindh,

6283: 6202: 5071: 4992: 4148: 1757:

from seeking the co-operation of "infidels". It is contended that he may have struck a middle ground, conferring the status of

31: 7588: 5816: 5766: 5049: 4807: 4607: 4510: 4403: 3570: 3505: 3482: 2956: 2534: 2283: 2258: 2206: 1142:(combatants); arrest their sons and daughters for hostages and imprison them. Whoever does not fight against us...grant them 579:. The tribe produced effective commanders associated with early Arab military operations against the Indian subcontinent: in 7522: 6756: 6746: 4747: 4595: 2313:

History of al-Tabari Vol. 39, pp. 228, under "Those Who Died in the Year 111", State University of New York Press, (1998).

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in the early 8th century. After the failure of further expeditions on Kathiawar, the Arab chroniclers conceded that the

7598: 7437: 7350: 7305: 6425: 6311: 6095: 5272: 4705: 4433: 17: 758:. During the caliphate of Ali, many Jats of Sindh had come under influence of Islam and some even participated in the 7496: 7345: 7335: 7325: 7320: 7310: 7300: 6700: 6334: 6207: 5905: 5791: 5680: 4438: 3677: 3660: 3641: 3604: 3590: 3387: 3285: 3264: 3137: 3104: 2671: 2302: 2232: 1677: 640:, though his career was otherwise undistinguished. According to a letter between Muhammad and al-Hajjaj cited by the 1953:

during this time flowed to the east of Nerun, but a 10th-century earthquake caused the river to change to its course

1572:

It has been reported that Muhammad ibn al-Qasim met with Sayyida Ruqayya bint Ali, a daughter of Ali ibn Abi Talib.

7553: 7340: 7315: 7295: 6794: 6644: 6247: 6242: 6212: 5735: 4889: 4850: 4532: 4527: 4483: 4418: 4191: 4203: 870:, thus providing grounds to the rising power of the Umayyad Caliphate that enabled them to gain a foothold in the 655:

No information is provided by the Arabic sources about Muhammad's childhood and adolescence. The modern historian

7391: 7270: 6547: 6316: 5710: 5226: 5163: 5111: 4515: 4377: 4362: 4163: 3517:, Presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006. 2812:

Habib Tiliouine, Richard J. Estes, 2016, "The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies", Springer, page 338.

2429:, Presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006. 1632: 1072:, were captured alongside other in-between towns with only light Muslim casualties. Multan was a key site in the 3531: 1544:, was created to oversee the secular governors. The native hereditary elites were reappointed with the title of 436:

throughout the region, serving as governor of Sindh from 712 until his death in 715. After his last conquest of

7098: 5771: 5660: 5203: 5054: 5034: 5024: 4987: 4894: 4408: 4298: 3621: 2983:

Mohammad Yunus, Aradhana Parmar, 2003, "South Asia: A Historical Narrative", Oxford University Press, page 123.

2922: 2705: 461: 1635:, who worked under the new military governor of Iraq, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, and the new fiscal governor, the 1206:

Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's success has been partly ascribed to Dahir being an unpopular Hindu king ruling over a

502:

purportedly derives from accounts by the descendants of the Arab soldiers of the 8th-century conquest, namely

7265: 6940: 6731: 6367: 6222: 5796: 5745: 5665: 5529: 5377: 5198: 5096: 4797: 4712: 4382: 3719: 2661: 1905: 685: 429: 6085: 1680:

killed Jaisiah and recaptured the territory before his successors once again struggled to hold and keep it.

1469: 6904: 6435: 6415: 6382: 6362: 6232: 5776: 5640: 5635: 5325: 5312: 5242: 5158: 5126: 5106: 4919: 4662: 4505: 4488: 4372: 4258: 4112: 4086: 4059: 1915: 1084: 5221: 4278: 3328: 838:

region of al-Hind, inhabited mostly by semi-nomadic tribes whose activities disturbed much of the Western

7613: 7249: 7191: 7155: 7122: 7013: 6924: 6726: 6599: 6306: 6237: 5811: 5806: 5750: 5725: 5670: 5630: 5262: 5064: 4879: 4874: 4835: 4774: 4428: 4293: 4263: 4253: 4248: 4117: 2789:

The Jats, Their Role and contribution to the socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North-West India

2695: 1930: 1859: 905:

he had no control over those. Al-Hajjaj sent Muhammad ibn al-Qasim for action against the Sindh in 711.

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John Powell, 2010, "Weapons & Warfare: Warfare : culture and concepts", Salem Press, page 884.

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on the upper Indus, both were the major Arab principalities in South Asia, which were soon captured by

1777:). This 'seems to be the earliest statement justifying the inclusion of the Hindus in the category of 7593: 7442: 7221: 7175: 7091: 6736: 6227: 5781: 5730: 5700: 5469: 5267: 5191: 5002: 4757: 4752: 4268: 4186: 4168: 4064: 3782: 3633:

Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam

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Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam

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Also cited as a reason for this campaign was the policy of providing refuge to Sassanids fleeing the

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Al-Hajjaj died in 714, followed a year later by Caliph al-Walid I, who was succeeded by his brother

7603: 7234: 7165: 7145: 6685: 6660: 6455: 6430: 6047: 5955: 5831: 5720: 5517: 5456: 5441: 5426: 5384: 5136: 4857: 4830: 4467: 4178: 4003: 3854: 3807: 3712: 1881: 681: 489: 378: 374: 313: 121: 7033: 6675: 6670: 6500: 6410: 5625: 5474: 5389: 5101: 5019: 5007: 4867: 4769: 4054: 4024: 3403: 2891: 2873: 2650:. (1900). Translated from the Persian by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Karachi: Commissioners Press. 1639: 656: 633: 629: 618: 2663:

The Evolution of the Artillery in India: From the Battle of Plassey (1757) to the Revolt of 1857

1134:

The military strategy had been outlined by Al-Hajjaj in a letter sent to Muhammad ibn al-Qasim:

924:. An actual push into the region had been out of favour as an Arab policy since the time of the 7608: 7447: 6987: 6680: 6377: 6326: 6012: 5507: 5401: 5372: 5143: 5012: 4685: 4633: 4623: 4572: 4288: 4127: 4034: 3988: 3915: 3819: 2771: 2273: 1888:

is a multi-use stadium named after Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. The Pakistan Naval Station Qasim, or

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to be a "historical romance" and "a late and doubtful source" for information about Muhammad.

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Pakistan, the cultural heritage by Aḥmad Shujāʻ Pāshā Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1998, Page 43

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The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest

1693: 1597: 1055: 166: 5821: 3493: 2248: 1783:, leading Muhammad to be viewed by many modern Muslims as a paragon of religious tolerance. 1739:

conduct of Arab Muslims" and attribute their actions to a "superior civilizational complex".

713:

was flogged by 400 lashes and his head and beard shaved for humiliation and that he fled to

7563: 7421: 7406: 6787: 6705: 6637: 6589: 6402: 6293: 6155: 6027: 6017: 5985: 5690: 5563: 5558: 5539: 5431: 5396: 5362: 5121: 5088: 4784: 4450: 4423: 4107: 4102: 3993: 3422:(September–December 1965). "Muḥammad ibn Qāsim ath-Thaqafī and the Arab Conquest of Sind". 3406:(October 1953). "Muhammad ibn al-Qasim: A Study of His Family Background and Personality". 1925: 1616: 1565: 1181:(fighting men) as part of his military strategy, whose surviving dependants were enslaved. 591: 3178:, p. 169, authored by Manan Ahmed Asif, published by Oxford University Press, 19-Sep-2016. 1607:

which is a part of the modern-day Iraq. Some sources say that his body was transferred to

8: 7568: 7548: 7543: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7160: 6883: 6868: 6828: 6710: 6273: 6268: 6189: 6070: 5975: 5965: 5852: 5675: 5615: 5568: 5340: 5335: 5300: 5247: 5186: 5170: 5116: 5044: 5029: 4969: 4840: 4628: 4493: 4354: 4329: 4153: 3749: 1920: 1839: 851: 614: 567:, members of the Thaqif gradually attained high military and administrative ranks in the 386: 243: 97: 4520: 2755: 1838:

intensified as Sindh became the "hinge of the Indian Ocean Trade and overland passway."

1622:

There are two different accounts regarding the details of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's fate:

7135: 6848: 6695: 6665: 6624: 6594: 6582: 6517: 6344: 5989: 5940: 5922: 5740: 5584: 5534: 5512: 5464: 5420: 5148: 5131: 4946: 4941: 4697: 4081: 3829: 3551: 3459: 3431: 3419: 3257:

The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama

1863: 1812: 1585: 1361: 747: 709: 568: 515: 1815:", allowing them religious freedom as long as they continued to pay the tax known as " 7150: 6818: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6090: 5960: 5868: 5862: 5652: 5605: 5553: 5491: 5446: 5367: 5330: 4460: 4455: 4074: 4069: 4049: 3895: 3797: 3673: 3656: 3637: 3617: 3600: 3586: 3566: 3501: 3478: 3443: 3383: 3281: 3260: 3133: 3100: 2952: 2918: 2701: 2667: 2530: 2298: 2279: 2254: 2228: 2202: 1843: 1830:, which remained an important port until the 12th century, commercial links with the 1592:(Central Asia), and Muhammad. He also appointed the son of the distinguished general 1549: 1374: 1344: 1112: 1100: 1007:. The army which departed from Shiraz under Muhammad ibn al-Qasim consisted of 6,000 846:

to subjugate the area, in order to control the seaports and maritime routes of which

787: 704:

Fars might have also had at this time some of the rebels leftover from the revolt of

607: 421: 370: 303: 64: 1653:

narrates a tale in which Muhammad's demise is attributed to the daughters of Dahir,

7244: 7239: 7130: 7114: 6909: 6853: 6604: 6557: 6450: 6445: 6197: 6170: 6150: 6135: 6120: 5891: 5436: 5257: 4934: 4334: 4039: 3539: 2993:

Shoeb, Robina (2016). "Female Sufism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Bibi Pak Daman".

2865: 2439:

Shoeb, Robina (2016). "Female Sufism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Bibi Pak Daman".

1851: 1709: 1534: 1337: 1108: 1087:. The Arabs attempted to invade India but they were defeated by North Indian kings 1039: 1029:(catapults). The army that eventually captured Sindh would later be swelled by the 982: 931: 413: 76: 3164:

by Stanley Lane-Poole, Published by Haskell House Publishers Ltd. NY 1970. Page 10

492:. A detailed account of Muhammad's conquest of Sind and his death is found in the 7491: 7463: 6780: 6387: 6042: 5945: 5872: 5715: 5208: 4822: 3925: 3814: 3631: 3611: 3581: 3535: 3353: 2908: 2904: 2322:

Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani, "Tahdhib al-Tahdhib", Volume 7, pp 226, narrator no. 413.

2222: 1873: 1560: 1429: 1282: 1104: 1068:

Soon the capitals of the other provinces, Brahmanabad, Alor (Battle of Aror) and

953: 759: 484: 466: 342: 1407:

was stationed with a troop of cavalry to manage each town on a hereditary basis

778: 432:. From 708 to 711, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim led the Sindh conquest. He established 381:, and the takeover of the region from the Sindhi Brahman dynasty and its ruler, 6997: 6577: 6567: 6495: 6490: 6420: 6080: 6052: 5590: 5411: 3973: 3940: 3930: 3920: 3910: 3839: 3543: 3463: 3451: 1893: 1553: 1092: 1073: 1046: 587: 323: 318: 2297:

Maclean, Derryl N. (1989), Religion and Society in Arab Sind, BRILL, pp. 126,

7537: 7366: 7201: 6992: 6914: 6858: 6843: 6838: 6562: 6552: 6505: 6002: 5039: 4929: 4924: 3963: 3849: 3824: 3787: 1289: 1230: 1211: 1008: 942: 898: 475: 1872:, Pakistan's second major port, is named in honor of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. 889:

The Umayyad Caliphate on the eve of the invasions of Spain and Sindh in 710.

7486: 7416: 7411: 7401: 6971: 6863: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6125: 6115: 6110: 5252: 4344: 4132: 3935: 3870: 3792: 3514: 2426: 1831: 1770: 1766: 1749: 1627: 1545: 1353: 1219: 1143: 885: 839: 796:(a tribe of Scythians living in Sindh) and others. The Meds had engaged in 792: 767: 659:

holds that Muhammad most likely grew up partly in Ta'if and then Basra and

471: 205: 1795:

Muhammad ibn al-Qasim Mosque in Sukkur, Pakistan, dedicated to the leader.

644:, Muhammad's mother was a certain Habibat al-Uzma (Habiba the Great). The 7396: 7386: 7196: 7140: 7041: 6919: 6873: 6833: 6525: 6278: 6165: 6160: 6130: 6075: 6037: 6032: 5950: 5320: 4319: 4173: 4029: 3983: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3494:"From Mongols to Mughals : Hindu–Muslim relations in medieval India" 2770:. English translation by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Delhi Reprint, 1979. 1950: 1835: 1775:

mā al-budd illā ka-kanāʾis al-naṣārā wa ’l-yahūd wa-buyūt nīrān al-madjūs

1612: 1589: 1321: 1296: 1215: 1096: 1088: 957: 921: 843: 698: 511: 449: 444:, in modern Iraq, though some sources record that his body was buried in 409: 401:

to have successfully captured Indian land, which marked the beginning of

3435: 1457: 7376: 6878: 6392: 6252: 6145: 6140: 6100: 6007: 5930: 5695: 5416: 4339: 4324: 4198: 3905: 3515:

From Mongols to Mughals: Religious violence in India 9th-18th centuries

2427:

From Mongols to Mughals: Religious violence in India 9th-18th centuries

1869: 1804: 1654: 1246:

Religion, i.e. the widespread belief in the prophecy of Muslim success.

1234: 1045:

The first town assaulted in Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's Sindh campaign was

1034: 992: 494: 428:, he was assigned as the governor of Fars, likely succeeding his uncle 382: 142: 6535: 6175: 1889: 1855: 1732:

as a reflection of the more basic, religiously motivated intolerance.

1305: 863: 827: 809: 688:, a brother of al-Hajjaj, who was previously a governor. The city of 571:

and played important command and economic roles during and after the

479: 3704: 3067: 2700:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (e). 1439: 5545: 3875: 3834: 3777: 3735: 1701: 1433: 1207: 1116: 925: 835: 801: 714: 549: 7211: 7170: 5914: 5705: 3772: 1877: 1808: 1744: 1705: 1689: 1663: 1330: 967: 862:

in one of their raids had kidnapped Muslim women travelling from

814: 606:. The tribe's power continued to increase with the advent of the 603: 398: 6772: 2910:

Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates

2250:

Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of a Medieval Persian City

6803: 5597: 3693: 1885: 1800: 1779: 1758: 1697: 1608: 1518: 1489: 1416: 1398: 1385: 1080: 1069: 1051: 1013: 928: 909: 871: 867: 818:

and now were able to prey on Arab shipping from their bases at

805: 797: 751: 694: 689: 557: 445: 437: 433: 425: 93: 72: 790:

interest in the region was galvanised by the operation of the

6955: 5935: 2785:

Passages in the Chachnama, Zainul-Akhbar And Tarikh-i-Baihaqi

2070: 1880:(Sindh, Pakistan), named in honour of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. 1866:

is observed in Pakistan, in honour of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.

1847: 1827: 1816: 1659: 1604: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1425: 1421: 1062: 1042:), both of which had previously been conquered by the Arabs. 1022: 1004: 1000: 917: 913: 879: 859: 847: 831: 823: 819: 743: 680:

Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's first assignment was in the province

660: 637: 599: 595: 553: 545: 441: 390: 366: 223: 198: 89: 68: 7083: 3222: 2106: 2104: 1025:(Daybul), at the mouth of the Indus, by sea along with five 5484: 3978: 3200: 3198: 3196: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2559: 2557: 2159: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 1820: 1165: 996: 718: 594:, dispatched naval expeditions against the Indian ports of 507: 503: 440:(Punjab) he returned to Arabia where on the way he died in 417: 394: 230: 194: 5883: 1986: 1846:

started when the first Muslim put his foot on the soil of

850:

was the nucleus, as well as, the overland passage. During

746:

was established by the initial Muslim missions during the

510:

and Bhakar who claimed descent from Muhammad's tribe, the

3360:. Pakistan. Associated Press Of Pakistan. 7 November 2003 2101: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1505: 1373:

Map of the Caliphal province of Sindh, a province of the

1126:) "gave up the project of conquering any part of India." 1030: 763: 755: 385:, who was subsequently decapitated with his head sent to 3234: 3193: 3096:

Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century

2590: 2554: 2116: 2058: 632:

and killed the Umayyads' chief rival for the caliphate,

3498:

The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective

2627:, 712-1764, G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York, 1970. p. 9-10 2135: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 946:

Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's conquest of Sindh (711-715 CE).

397:

by Arab forces, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim became the first

3380:

Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind

3092: 2010: 1967: 1552:, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim declared that the Brahmins of 498:, a 13th-century Persian text. The information in the 2224:

History of Multan: from the early period to 1849 A.D.

2171: 2147: 2853:

Indo-Persian historiography up to thirteenth century

2082: 2039: 2027: 1998: 1396: 1390: 1252:

The labouring under disabilities of the Lohana Jats.

1158: 7469:

Hyderabad Institute of Arts, Science and Technology

2751:

The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians

2522: 1424:, the tax system levied upon them instead was the 1129: 552:, the traditional home of his Thaqif tribe, or in 3346: 1896:in Karachi is named after Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. 1440:Incorporation of ruling elite into administration 1138:My ruling is given: Kill anyone belonging to the 7535: 2944: 1255:Defections from among Dahir's chiefs and nobles. 1148:(peace and safety) and settle their tribute as 7559:8th-century executions by the Umayyad Caliphate 2278:, Seoul Selection, 18 July 2016, p. 1622, 1854:in India. He is often referred to as the first 1807:which regarded Hindus, Buddhists and Jains as " 27:Umayyad general and governor of Sindh (695–715) 3524:Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule, 712-1764 2979: 2977: 2951:. Harvard University Press. pp. 111–112. 1403:) were maintained. A Muslim officer called an 937: 560:. Following their general embrace of Islam in 7099: 6788: 5899: 3720: 3259:, Cambridge University Press, June 22, 2000, 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2253:, University of Washington Press, p. 4, 1603:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim died on 18 July 715 in 754:in the year 649 AD, was an early partisan of 544:. His birthplace was almost certainly in the 3599:, University of Chicago Press, May 1, 2004, 3326: 3251: 3249: 2938: 2693: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 1842:, the founder of Pakistan, claimed that the 804:shipping in the past, from the mouth of the 773: 506:(judges) and imams from the Sindi cities of 3068:"Muhammad Bin Qasim: Predator or preacher?" 2974: 1911:Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent 265:al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hakam (father) 7106: 7092: 7073:List of educational institutions in Multan 6795: 6781: 6358:Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry 5906: 5892: 3727: 3713: 3585:, Brill Academic Publishers, Jan 1, 1980, 3557:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3469:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3219:by U.T. Thakkur, University of Bombay 1959 3022: 3020: 2815: 2806: 2714: 2201:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 524–525, 1360: 1259: 742:The connection between the Hindu Sind and 393:. With the capture of the then-capital of 279: 3477:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 405–406. 3442: 3246: 3240: 3228: 2986: 2630: 2455: 2129: 1823:missionaries to expand Muslim influence. 1676:embroiled in a succession crisis. Later, 1243:The concept of Jihad as a morale booster. 750:. Hakim ibn Jabala al-Abdi, who attacked 532: 6373:Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works 3418: 2915:Continuum International Publishing Group 2803:by Stanly Lane-Poole, Pub 1970, Page 10. 2529:, New Age International, pp. 343–, 2421: 2419: 2417: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2188: 2186: 2165: 2141: 2021: 1992: 1980: 1790: 1448: 1103:dynasty and by the South Indian emperor 941: 884: 777: 733: 729: 518:holds the accounts likely emerged after 478:(d. 898), a few lines in the history of 416:that is concentrated around the city of 6441:Karachi Port Trust Halt railway station 5299: 3665: 3595:Appleby, R Scott & Martin E Marty, 3329:"Distorted history of the Subcontinent" 3210: 3204: 3187: 3181: 3149: 3143: 3065: 3017: 2903: 2897: 2847: 2845: 2659: 2611: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2563: 2548: 2542: 2526:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 2516: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2338: 2246: 2220: 975: Kingdom of Sindh (c. 632– 712 CE) 14: 7536: 3529: 3402: 3301:. cybercity-online.net. Archived from 3280:, Kessinger Publishing, June 1, 2004, 2787:, Text and Translation, from the book 2177: 2153: 2110: 2095: 2076: 2064: 2052: 2033: 2004: 1619:which is part of modern-day Pakistan. 1319: 1287: 1280: 1201: 724: 408:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim belonged to the 32:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim (disambiguation) 7513:Educational institutions in Hyderabad 7087: 6776: 5887: 5298: 4967: 4570: 4228: 3747: 3734: 3708: 3322: 3320: 2992: 2864: 2523:Sailendra Nath Sen (1 January 1999), 2438: 2363: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2221:Durrani, Ashiq Muhammad Khān (1991), 2192: 2183: 1508:and forces of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. 1335: 1310: 1303: 1229:Superior military equipment; such as 782:Map of expansion of Umayyad Caliphate 369:military commander in service of the 5217:Securities & Exchange Commission 3629: 3609: 3565:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 432. 3526:, G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York, 1970 3491: 3382:, Routledge (UK), February 1, 1997, 3132:, Routledge (UK), December 1, 2003, 3059: 3035: 3011: 2842: 2625:Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule 2584: 2569: 2510: 2498: 2394: 2388: 2376: 1452: 1351: 1328: 1294: 1079:The conquest of Sindh (and areas of 7019:Chowk Kumharanwala Level II Flyover 6633:National Academy of Performing Arts 3354:"KARACHI: Babul Islam day observed" 2687: 2660:Butalia, Romesh C. (30 July 1998). 1342: 675: 346: 280: 24: 6426:Karachi Cantonment railway station 4885:Counter Terrorism Department (CTD) 3317: 2325: 2199:Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z 721:after the ruler had been changed. 482:(d. 839) and scant mention in the 448:, a semi-desert coastal region in 25: 7625: 7574:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate 6802: 3686: 3669:Religion and Society in Arab Sind 1678:Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri 6248:Karachi Water and Sewerage Board 6243:Karachi Metropolitan Corporation 6213:City District Government Karachi 5867: 5858: 5857: 4890:Pakistani Intelligence community 3692: 3582:Islam in the Indian Subcontinent 3066:Balouch, Akhtar (8 April 2014). 2697:A Historical atlas of South Asia 2694:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 1456: 1273: 1240:Troop discipline and leadership. 1058:of Bhatta and the western Jats. 339:Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim al-Thaqafī 297: 102: 57: 7271:Hyderabad Municipal Corporation 5278:Redundant Islamic economisation 3396: 3372: 3291: 3270: 3167: 3155: 3122: 3113: 3093:Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi (2010). 3086: 3050: 3041: 3029: 3005: 2965: 2880: 2858: 2851:Iqtidar Hisain Siddiqui, 2010, 2833: 2824: 2794: 2777: 2761: 2742: 2653: 2617: 2504: 2432: 2382: 2353: 2344: 2316: 2307: 2291: 2266: 2240: 2214: 1943: 1633:Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki 1214:and his kin as usurpers of the 1130:Military and political strategy 1121: 738:Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 AD) 623: 424:. After the Muslim conquest of 86:) per obverse circular legend: 6742:Non-governmental organisations 4571: 2748:H. M. Elliot and John Dowson, 1715: 1504:have recorded battles between 470:('Conquests of the Lands') by 462:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 13: 1: 7113: 6941:Bahauddin Zakariya University 6368:Karachi Nuclear Power Complex 6223:Karachi Development Authority 4229: 3327:Qasim Sodhar (17 June 2020). 2888:Legal Traditions of the World 2870:Legal Traditions of the World 1960: 1906:Jat people in Islamic history 1540:A religious Islamic office, " 686:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi 580: 561: 538: 519: 430:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi 109:in the year seven and ninety" 80: 7589:History of Islam in Pakistan 6905:Multan International Airport 6900:The City District Government 6436:Karachi City railway station 6416:Jinnah International Airport 6383:Pakistan Mercantile Exchange 6233:Karachi Municipal Commission 3655:, Grove Press, May 1, 2001, 3597:Fundamentalisms Comprehended 3099:. Primus Books. p. 32. 1916:Caliphate campaigns in India 1670: 897:and to Arab rebels from the 548:(western Arabia), either in 7: 7014:Yousuf Raza Gillani Flyover 6925:Mausoleum of Shah Ali Akbar 6600:Karachi Literature Festival 6238:Karachi Municipal Committee 5913: 5077:Water supply and sanitation 4968: 3748: 3666:MacLean, Derryl N. (1989), 3276:Federal Research Division. 2197:, in Meri, Josef W. (ed.), 1931:The Knight and the Princess 1899: 1860:Pakistan Studies curriculum 1511: 1397: 1391: 1159: 1011:cavalry and detachments of 938:Conquest of valley of Sindh 10: 7630: 7068:List of cities in Pakistan 6946:Government Emerson College 3492:Gier, Nicholas F. (2014), 3278:"Pakistan a Country Study" 2774:. Retrieved 3 October 2006 2275:The Silk Road Encyclopedia 1704:who set up an independent 1263: 586:the Thaqafite governor of 455: 134:712 – 18 July 715 29: 7599:Umayyad governors of Sind 7505: 7477: 7456: 7430: 7359: 7258: 7220: 7184: 7176:Indus Valley Civilisation 7121: 7060: 7032: 7006: 6980: 6964: 6933: 6892: 6811: 6719: 6653: 6514: 6464: 6401: 6343: 6325: 6292: 6261: 6228:Karachi Conservancy Board 6184: 6096:Defence Housing Authority 6061: 5984: 5971:Federal Capital Territory 5921: 5848: 5759: 5651: 5577: 5500: 5455: 5311: 5307: 5294: 5273:Public-private partnering 5235: 5179: 5087: 4980: 4976: 4963: 4910: 4821: 4783: 4738: 4678: 4616: 4596:National Security Council 4583: 4579: 4566: 4476: 4396: 4353: 4312: 4241: 4237: 4224: 4141: 4095: 4012: 3956: 3949: 3863: 3760: 3756: 3743: 3616:(Third ed.), Brill, 2945:Manan Ahmed Asif (2016). 2683:– via Google Books. 1786: 1684:Arab states in South Asia 1594:al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra 1266:Caliphal province of Sind 774:Umayyad interest in Sindh 403:Muslim rule in South Asia 379:Islamic province of Sindh 330: 309: 292: 287: 275: 258: 254:Sulb, al-Hajjaj (brother) 250: 238: 213: 181: 176: 172: 160: 148: 138: 127: 119: 115: 56: 48: 46: 39: 7166:Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai 7146:Indian Rebellion of 1857 6456:Mohammad Ali Jinnah Road 6431:Karachi Circular Railway 5956:1857 War of Independence 2783:Chapter by S Jabir Raza 2227:, Vanguard, p. 10, 1936: 1882:Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium 1575: 490:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani 375:Muslim conquest of Sindh 268:Habibat al-Uzma (mother) 47: 7554:8th-century Arab people 6531:Cultural heritage sites 6363:Karachi Cotton Exchange 4025:Second Anglo-Afghan War 3333:Daily Times (newspaper) 2892:Oxford University Press 2874:Oxford University Press 2754:, (London, 1867-1877), 2195:"Muhammad ibn al-Qasim" 2079:, p. 244, note 11. 1876:is the largest park in 1696:on the lower Indus and 1640:Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman 1542:sadru-I-Islam al affal" 1492:chronicles such as the 1260:Administration of Sindh 710:Atiyya ibn Sa'd al-Awfi 634:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 630:Second Muslim Civil War 314:Muslim conquest of Sind 6988:Multan Cricket Stadium 6701:Military installations 6378:Karachi Stock Exchange 5258:Military economisation 4863:Enforced disappearance 4646:Provincial governments 4187:Balochistan insurgency 4045:Hindi–Urdu controversy 4035:Third Anglo-Afghan War 3989:First Anglo-Afghan War 3448:"Muḥammad b. al-Ḳāsim" 2855:, Primum Books, Delhi. 2247:Limbert, John (2004), 1796: 1225:Along with this were: 1154: 987: 890: 783: 762:and died fighting for 739: 573:early Muslim conquests 533:Origins and early life 7523:People from Hyderabad 7382:Hyderabad Expo Center 7372:Hasrat Mohani Library 7207:Kirthar National Park 7052:N-70 National Highway 7047:N-55 National Highway 7024:Nishtar Chowk Flyover 6934:Education and culture 6353:I. I. Chundrigar Road 6106:Gulberg Town, Karachi 5998:Baba and Bhit Islands 5368:Gender discrimination 4765:Federal Shariat Court 4730:Provincial assemblies 3999:Second Anglo-Sikh War 3901:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim 3630:Wink, André (2002) , 3610:Wink, André (1996) , 3579:Schimmel, Annemarie, 2791:, Volume 2, pp. 43–52 2666:. Allied Publishers. 1794: 1521:had to pay mandatory 1488:Significant medieval 1449:Clashes with the Jats 1173:(capitulation)" and " 1152:(protected person)... 1136: 945: 899:Umayyad consolidation 888: 854:'s governorship, the 781: 737: 730:Early Muslim presence 537:Muhammad was born in 347:محمد بن القاسم الثقفي 167:Habib ibn al-Muhallab 41:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim 7422:Tombs of Talpur Mirs 7392:Navalrai Clock Tower 7156:History of Hyderabad 6706:Orangi Pilot Project 6638:Karachi Arts Council 6590:Karachi Fashion Week 6218:Karachi Civic Center 6156:North Nazimabad Town 6018:Clifton Oyster Rocks 5827:World Heritage Sites 5802:Mausolea and shrines 5248:Directive investment 4550:World Heritage Sites 4484:Archaeological sites 4419:Environmental issues 4108:Monarchy of Pakistan 4103:Dominion of Pakistan 3994:First Anglo-Sikh War 3701:at Wikimedia Commons 3522:Lane-Poole, Stanley 2739:Appleby. pg. 291-292 1926:Shaikh Habib Al-Raee 1736:Voluntary conversion 1617:Hingol National Park 1566:Sun Temple of Multan 952: Desert areas ( 592:Uthman ibn Abi al-As 365:18 July 715) was an 242:Zaynab (daughter of 155:Position established 122:Governor of al-Sindh 71:(minted possibly at 30:For other uses, see 7518:List of twin cities 7161:Battle of Hyderabad 6884:History of Pakistan 6869:Nawab Muzaffar Khan 6829:Alexander the Great 6727:People from Karachi 6284:Tourist attractions 6274:Karachi Safari Park 6269:Karachi Expo Center 6071:Bahria Town Karachi 5976:Timeline of Karachi 5966:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 5301:Society and Culture 5227:Trading Corporation 5035:Planning Commission 4624:National government 3530:Lecker, M. (2000). 3500:, Lexington Books, 3420:Gabrieli, Francesco 3404:Baloch, Nabi Bakhsh 3299:"Pakistan Movement" 3231:, pp. 405–406. 3130:The Shade of Swords 2876:. pp. 218–219. 2193:Asani, Ali (2006), 2168:, pp. 282–283. 2113:, pp. 245–246. 2067:, pp. 243–244. 1995:, pp. 281–282. 1921:Abdullah Shah Ghazi 1840:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1729:Coercive conversion 1588:, the conqueror of 1202:Reasons for success 786:According to Wink, 725:Background on Sindh 615:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 488:(Book of songs) of 387:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 244:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 226:, Umayyad Caliphate 201:, Umayyad Caliphate 7614:Hinduism and Islam 7266:Mayor of Hyderabad 7136:Muhammad bin Qasim 6849:Muhammad bin Qasim 6834:Indo-Greek Kingdom 6696:Karachi Press Club 6625:Karachi Yacht Club 6595:Kara Film Festival 6583:Karachi United WFC 5941:Muhammad bin Qasim 5055:Telecommunications 4947:Civil Armed Forces 4895:Capital punishment 4713:National Assembly 4128:Liaquat–Nehru Pact 4065:Jinnah's 14 Points 3969:East India Company 3699:Muhammad bin Qasim 3513:Nicholas F. Gier, 3305:on 1 February 2016 3255:Markovits, Claude 3175:A Book of Conquest 2948:A Book of Conquest 2886:H. Patrick Glenn, 2587:, pp. 204–206 2501:, pp. 201–205 2425:Nicholas F. Gier, 1864:Yom-e Bab ul-Islam 1813:People of the Book 1797: 1586:Qutayba ibn Muslim 1556:were good people. 1468:. You can help by 1410:Everywhere taxes ( 1395:) and chieftains ( 988: 891: 784: 748:Rashidun Caliphate 740: 657:Nabi Bakhsh Baloch 650:Alid revolt of 740 590:(eastern Arabia), 575:, particularly in 525:and considers the 516:Francesco Gabrieli 514:. The Orientalist 18:Muhammad ibn Qasim 7579:Pakistani Muslims 7531: 7530: 7443:Hyderabad Airport 7151:Pakistan Movement 7081: 7080: 6824:History of Punjab 6819:History of Multan 6770: 6769: 6757:Tallest buildings 6747:Parks and gardens 6620:Karachi Race Club 6615:Karachi Golf Club 6610:Karachi Boat Club 6028:Hawke's Bay Beach 5961:Pakistan Movement 5881: 5880: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5767:Botanical gardens 5716:Marathon (Lahore) 5290: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5253:Industrialisation 5236:Policy programmes 5050:Tallest buildings 4959: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4808:Political parties 4798:Foreign relations 4562: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4511:Natural disasters 4404:Botanical gardens 4220: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4075:Direct Action Day 4070:Lahore Resolution 4060:Two nation theory 4050:Pakistan Movement 3803:Hellenic Pakistan 3697:Media related to 3572:978-90-04-11211-7 3507:978-0-7391-9223-8 3484:978-90-04-09419-2 3207:, pp. 31–33. 2958:978-0-674-97243-8 2866:Glenn, H. Patrick 2614:, pp. 22–29. 2566:, pp. 37–39. 2536:978-81-224-1198-0 2285:978-1-62412-076-3 2260:978-0-295-98391-2 2208:978-0-415-96692-4 1844:Pakistan movement 1550:Yohanan Friedmann 1486: 1485: 1375:Abbasid Caliphate 1210:majority who saw 1101:Gurjara-Pratihara 756:Ali ibn Abu Talib 608:Umayyad Caliphate 569:nascent Caliphate 371:Umayyad Caliphate 334: 333: 304:Umayyad Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 7621: 7594:History of Sindh 7131:History of Sindh 7108: 7101: 7094: 7085: 7084: 6910:Grand Trunk Road 6893:City and economy 6854:Mahmud of Ghazni 6797: 6790: 6783: 6774: 6773: 6762:Watering troughs 6691:Flora and fauna 6605:Karachi Marathon 6558:Karachi Dolphins 6451:Malir Expressway 6446:Lyari Expressway 6171:Shah Faisal Town 6151:New Karachi Town 6136:Liaquatabad Town 6121:Keamari District 5908: 5901: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5871: 5861: 5860: 5326:British heritage 5309: 5308: 5296: 5295: 5212: 5204:Investment board 5072:Water management 4978: 4977: 4965: 4964: 4716: 4701: 4693: 4663:Local government 4581: 4580: 4568: 4567: 4335:Pothohar Plateau 4239: 4238: 4226: 4225: 4113:Governor-General 4040:Aligarh Movement 3979:Sikh Confederacy 3954: 3953: 3871:Indo-Hephthalite 3811: 3758: 3757: 3745: 3744: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3696: 3682: 3653:India: A History 3646: 3626: 3576: 3552:Heinrichs, W. P. 3510: 3488: 3460:Heinrichs, W. P. 3439: 3415: 3390: 3378:Cheesman, David 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3295: 3289: 3274: 3268: 3253: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3191: 3190:, pp. 31–33 3185: 3179: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3152:, pp. 22–29 3147: 3141: 3126: 3120: 3119:Keay, pg 186-187 3117: 3111: 3110: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3015: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2905:Bennett, Clinton 2901: 2895: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2862: 2856: 2849: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2781: 2775: 2765: 2759: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2712: 2711: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2628: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2588: 2582: 2567: 2561: 2552: 2551:, pp. 37–39 2546: 2540: 2539: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2453: 2452: 2436: 2430: 2423: 2392: 2391:, pp. 51–52 2386: 2380: 2374: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2323: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2190: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2114: 2108: 2099: 2093: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1954: 1947: 1852:Gateway of Islam 1710:Mahmud of Ghazni 1535:Manan Ahmed Asif 1502:Tarikh-I-Baihaqi 1481: 1478: 1460: 1453: 1445:administration. 1402: 1394: 1364: 1356: 1349: 1340: 1333: 1326: 1317: 1308: 1301: 1292: 1285: 1277: 1162: 1125: 1123: 1109:Chalukya dynasty 985:(c.475–c.776 CE) 983:Maitraka Kingdom 980: 974: 965: 951: 932:Umar bin Khattab 812:coast, in their 717:and returned to 676:Governor of Fars 627: 625: 585: 582: 566: 563: 543: 540: 524: 521: 364: 362: 357:31 December 695– 356: 354: 348: 302: 301: 300: 288:Military service 283: 282: 234: 220: 209: 191: 189: 177:Personal details 163: 151: 132: 108: 106: 88:"In the name of 85: 82: 61: 50: 37: 36: 21: 7629: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7604:Torture victims 7534: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7501: 7492:Hyderabad Hawks 7479: 7473: 7464:Isra University 7452: 7438:Railway station 7426: 7355: 7254: 7235:Hyderabad rural 7216: 7180: 7117: 7112: 7082: 7077: 7056: 7028: 7002: 6976: 6960: 6929: 6888: 6807: 6801: 6771: 6766: 6715: 6649: 6516: 6510: 6468: 6466: 6460: 6397: 6388:Port of Karachi 6339: 6321: 6312:Medical schools 6288: 6257: 6180: 6057: 5980: 5946:Delhi Sultanate 5917: 5912: 5882: 5877: 5836: 5755: 5647: 5631:Public holidays 5573: 5496: 5451: 5303: 5282: 5263:Nationalisation 5243:Corporatisation 5231: 5210: 5175: 5154:Pharmaceuticals 5083: 5025:Fuel extraction 4972: 4951: 4906: 4875:Law enforcement 4817: 4779: 4775:District Courts 4748:Supreme Council 4734: 4714: 4699: 4690:Majlis-e-Shoora 4687: 4674: 4656:Chief Ministers 4612: 4575: 4554: 4499:weather records 4472: 4429:Protected areas 4392: 4349: 4308: 4233: 4208: 4137: 4118:Princely states 4091: 4008: 3945: 3859: 3815:Seleucid Empire 3805: 3752: 3739: 3733: 3689: 3680: 3644: 3624: 3573: 3544:Bosworth, C. E. 3508: 3485: 3452:Bosworth, C. E. 3408:Islamic Culture 3399: 3394: 3393: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3325: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3275: 3271: 3254: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038:, pp. 207– 3034: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2995:Pakistan Vision 2991: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2917:. p. 163. 2902: 2898: 2894:, 2007, p. 219. 2885: 2881: 2863: 2859: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2782: 2778: 2766: 2762: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2715: 2708: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2631: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2591: 2583: 2570: 2562: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2456: 2441:Pakistan Vision 2437: 2433: 2424: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2364: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2191: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2117: 2109: 2102: 2094: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1902: 1789: 1718: 1673: 1662:in the capital 1578: 1561:proselytization 1548:. According to 1514: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1466:needs expansion 1451: 1442: 1430:progressive tax 1414:) and tribute ( 1381: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1377:, circa 750 CE. 1371: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1268: 1262: 1204: 1132: 1120: 1105:Vikramaditya II 986: 978: 976: 972: 970: 963: 961: 954:Registan Desert 949: 947: 940: 901:of their rule. 830:. At the time, 776: 760:Battle of Camel 732: 727: 678: 669:Kitab al-aghani 622: 583: 564: 541: 535: 522: 485:Kitab al-Aghani 467:Futuh al-Buldan 458: 360: 358: 352: 350: 322: 317: 298: 296: 271: 228: 227: 222: 218: 203: 202: 193: 192:31 December 695 187: 185: 161: 149: 133: 128: 111: 100: 83: 52: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7627: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7483: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7230:Hyderabad City 7226: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7111: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7088: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7008: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6998:Multan Sultans 6995: 6990: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6951:Air University 6948: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6800: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6777: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6578:Karachi United 6572: 6571: 6570: 6568:Karachi Zebras 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6522: 6520: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6496:Lucky One Mall 6493: 6491:Empress Market 6488: 6483: 6478: 6472: 6470: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6421:Karachi Breeze 6418: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6298: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6208:Union Councils 6205: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6081:Bin Qasim Town 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6053:Sandspit Beach 6050: 6048:Paradise Point 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5911: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5888: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5865: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5594: 5591:Shalwar kameez 5581: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5305: 5304: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 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4653: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4639:Prime Minister 4636: 4631: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4593: 4587: 4585: 4577: 4576: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4491: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4434:national parks 4426: 4421: 4416: 4414:Climate change 4411: 4406: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4235: 4234: 4222: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4204:Liberalization 4201: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4192:KPK insurgency 4189: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4077: 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J. 3527: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3506: 3489: 3483: 3456:van Donzel, E. 3440: 3430:(3): 281–295. 3416: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3371: 3345: 3316: 3290: 3269: 3245: 3243:, p. 406. 3241:Friedmann 1993 3233: 3229:Friedmann 1993 3221: 3217:Sindhi Culture 3209: 3192: 3180: 3166: 3162:Medieval India 3154: 3142: 3121: 3112: 3105: 3085: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2985: 2973: 2964: 2957: 2937: 2923: 2896: 2879: 2857: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2801:Medieval India 2793: 2776: 2772:Online version 2768:The Chach-Nama 2760: 2756:vol. 1, p. 203 2741: 2713: 2706: 2686: 2672: 2652: 2629: 2616: 2589: 2568: 2553: 2541: 2535: 2515: 2503: 2454: 2431: 2393: 2381: 2362: 2352: 2343: 2324: 2315: 2306: 2290: 2284: 2265: 2259: 2239: 2233: 2213: 2207: 2182: 2180:, p. 246. 2170: 2158: 2156:, p. 247. 2146: 2144:, p. 283. 2134: 2132:, p. 405. 2130:Friedmann 1993 2115: 2100: 2098:, p. 245. 2081: 2069: 2057: 2055:, p. 243. 2038: 2036:, p. 432. 2026: 2024:, p. 282. 2009: 2007:, p. 244. 1997: 1985: 1983:, p. 281. 1965: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1894:Bin Qasim Town 1874:Bagh Ibn Qasim 1788: 1785: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1717: 1714: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1647: 1577: 1574: 1513: 1510: 1484: 1483: 1463: 1461: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1359: 1279: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1264:Main article: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1203: 1200: 1131: 1128: 1124: 775–785 1093:Guhila dynasty 1085:Arab campaigns 1074:Hindu religion 977: 971: 962: 948: 939: 936: 775: 772: 731: 728: 726: 723: 706:Ibn al-Ash'ath 677: 674: 626: 685–705 534: 531: 457: 454: 332: 331: 328: 327: 324:Battle of Aror 319:Siege of Debal 311: 307: 306: 294: 290: 289: 285: 284: 277: 273: 272: 270: 269: 266: 262: 260: 256: 255: 252: 248: 247: 240: 236: 235: 221:(aged 19) 215: 211: 210: 183: 179: 178: 174: 173: 170: 169: 164: 158: 157: 152: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 125: 124: 117: 116: 113: 112: 92:, struck this 62: 54: 53: 49:محمد بن القاسم 44: 43: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7626: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7609:City founders 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7476: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7367:Bombay Bakery 7365: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7202:Kotri Barrage 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7109: 7104: 7102: 7097: 7095: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7005: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6993:Multan Tigers 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6915:Multan Museum 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6859:Mughal Empire 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6844:Kushan Empire 6842: 6840: 6839:Maurya Empire 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6791: 6786: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6686:Ethnic groups 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6661:Air pollution 6659: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6645:Sports venues 6643: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6563:Karachi Kings 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6553:Karachi Blues 6551: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6506:Zainab Market 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6463: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6013:Clifton Beach 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6003:Bundal Island 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5897: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5864: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5792:Hindu temples 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5268:Privatisation 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222:Stock markets 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4758:Chief Justice 4756: 4755: 4754: 4753:Supreme Court 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4715:(lower house) 4711: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4700:(upper house) 4696: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4439:game reserves 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4183:Insurgencies 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4164:1971 Movement 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4055:Muslim League 4053: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3855:Indo-Sassanid 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3845:Indo-Parthian 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3681: 3679:90-04-08551-3 3675: 3671: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3661:0-8021-3797-0 3658: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3643:9780391041738 3639: 3635: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3605:0-226-50888-9 3602: 3598: 3594: 3592: 3591:90-04-06117-7 3588: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3540:Bianquis, Th. 3537: 3533: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3444:Friedmann, Y. 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3424:East and West 3421: 3417: 3414:(4): 242–271. 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3389: 3388:0-7007-0470-1 3385: 3381: 3375: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3321: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3286:1-4191-3994-0 3283: 3279: 3273: 3266: 3265:0-521-62285-9 3262: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3139: 3138:0-415-32814-4 3135: 3131: 3125: 3116: 3108: 3106:9788190891806 3102: 3098: 3097: 3089: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3037: 3032: 3026:Keay, pg. 185 3023: 3021: 3013: 3008: 3001:(1): 225–229. 3000: 2996: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2971:Schimmel pg.4 2968: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2941: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2900: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2836: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2709: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2690: 2675: 2673:9788170238720 2669: 2665: 2664: 2656: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2626: 2620: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2550: 2545: 2538: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2513:, p. 131 2512: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2390: 2385: 2379:, p. 164 2378: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2356: 2347: 2341:, p. 126 2340: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2319: 2310: 2304: 2303:90-04-08551-3 2300: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2269: 2262: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2236: 2234:9789694020457 2230: 2226: 2225: 2217: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2187: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2166:Gabrieli 1965 2162: 2155: 2150: 2143: 2142:Gabrieli 1965 2138: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2035: 2030: 2023: 2022:Gabrieli 1965 2018: 2016: 2014: 2006: 2001: 1994: 1993:Gabrieli 1965 1989: 1982: 1981:Gabrieli 1965 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1952: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1858:according to 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1780:ahl al-dhimma 1776: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1626:According to 1625: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498:Zainul-Akhbar 1495: 1491: 1480: 1471: 1467: 1464:This section 1462: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1446: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1393: 1387: 1376: 1370: 1363: 1355: 1348: 1339: 1332: 1325: 1316: 1307: 1300: 1291: 1284: 1276: 1267: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1231:siege engines 1228: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212:Chach of Alor 1209: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1135: 1127: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 984: 969: 959: 955: 944: 935: 933: 930: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 902: 900: 896: 887: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 834:was the wild 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 816: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794: 789: 780: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 736: 722: 720: 716: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 691: 687: 683: 673: 670: 664: 662: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 628:) during the 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 578: 574: 570: 559: 555: 551: 547: 530: 528: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 496: 491: 487: 486: 481: 477: 473: 469: 468: 463: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 344: 340: 336: 329: 325: 320: 315: 312: 308: 305: 295: 291: 286: 278: 274: 267: 264: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 232: 229:(present-day 225: 216: 212: 207: 204:(present-day 200: 196: 184: 180: 175: 171: 168: 165: 159: 156: 153: 147: 144: 141: 137: 131: 126: 123: 118: 114: 110: 105: 99: 95: 91: 84: 715 CE 78: 74: 70: 66: 60: 55: 45: 38: 33: 19: 7584:Arab Muslims 7487:Niaz Stadium 7417:Sindh Museum 7412:Shahi Bazaar 7402:Ranikot Fort 7061:Other topics 6972:Multan Cantt 6864:Ranjit Singh 6676:Developments 6671:Demographics 6654:Other topics 6501:Meena Bazaar 6486:Dolmen Malls 6481:Bohri Bazaar 6476:Avari Hotels 6317:Universities 6126:Korangi Town 6116:Jamshed Town 6111:Gulshan Town 6023:French Beach 5853:Basic topics 5686:Field hockey 5596: 5589: 5544: 5508:Architecture 5457:Demographics 5442:Urbanisation 5427:Prostitution 5385:Human rights 5351:Institutions 4858:Human rights 4831:Constitution 4689: 4528:Subdivisions 4477:Other topics 4345:Sistan Basin 4179:Islamisation 4154:Indus Treaty 4149:1947–present 4133:Baghdad Pact 4087:Independence 3957:Pre-colonial 3900: 3788:Indo-Iranics 3783:Indus Valley 3668: 3652: 3651:Keay, John, 3632: 3612: 3596: 3580: 3562: 3555: 3523: 3497: 3474: 3467: 3427: 3423: 3411: 3407: 3397:Bibliography 3379: 3374: 3362:. Retrieved 3357: 3348: 3336:. Retrieved 3332: 3307:. Retrieved 3303:the original 3293: 3277: 3272: 3256: 3236: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3205:MacLean 1989 3188:MacLean 1989 3183: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3150:MacLean 1989 3145: 3129: 3128:Akbar, M.J, 3124: 3115: 3095: 3088: 3076:. Retrieved 3071: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3031: 3014:, p. 53 3007: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2967: 2947: 2940: 2928:. Retrieved 2909: 2899: 2887: 2882: 2869: 2860: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2767: 2763: 2749: 2744: 2696: 2689: 2677:. Retrieved 2662: 2655: 2647: 2624: 2619: 2612:MacLean 1989 2564:MacLean 1989 2549:MacLean 1989 2544: 2525: 2518: 2506: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2384: 2355: 2346: 2318: 2309: 2293: 2274: 2268: 2249: 2242: 2223: 2216: 2198: 2173: 2161: 2149: 2137: 2072: 2060: 2029: 2000: 1988: 1945: 1868: 1832:Persian Gulf 1825: 1798: 1778: 1774: 1771:Zoroastrians 1767:fire temples 1763: 1755: 1750:Arab Muslims 1742: 1735: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1674: 1650: 1643: 1636: 1628:al-Baladhuri 1621: 1602: 1579: 1571: 1558: 1541: 1539: 1515: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1474: 1470:adding to it 1465: 1443: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1404: 1382: 1354:TANG DYNASTY 1224: 1205: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1155: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1078: 1067: 1060: 1044: 1026: 1018: 1012: 989: 907: 903: 895:Arab advance 892: 855: 840:Indian Ocean 813: 791: 785: 768:Hujr ibn Adi 741: 703: 679: 668: 665: 654: 645: 641: 619:Abd al-Malik 612: 536: 526: 499: 493: 483: 472:al-Baladhuri 465: 459: 434:Islamic rule 407: 373:who led the 338: 337: 335: 310:Battles/wars 206:Saudi Arabia 162:Succeeded by 154: 129: 87: 7564:Banu Thaqif 7497:First Class 7448:M9 Motorway 7397:Pacco Qillo 7387:Mukhi House 7360:Attractions 7197:Indus River 7141:British Raj 7042:Abdali Road 6920:Multan Fort 6874:British Raj 6681:Environment 6526:Chaand Raat 6279:Karachi Zoo 6262:Attractions 6166:Saddar Town 6161:Orangi Town 6131:Landhi Town 6086:Cantonments 6076:Baldia Town 6038:Malir River 6033:Lyari River 5951:British Raj 5726:Paralympics 5621:Nationalism 5616:Gun culture 5475:Immigration 5321:Aurat March 5102:Agriculture 5020:Foreign aid 4988:Electricity 4813:Martial law 4770:High Courts 4686:Parliament 4679:Legislative 4516:earthquakes 4444:sanctuaries 4397:Environment 4363:Coal fields 4330:Indus Plain 4320:Arabian Sea 4174:Project-706 4030:Durand Line 4020:British Raj 3984:Sikh Empire 3881:Rai dynasty 3806: [ 3473:Volume VII: 3464:Pellat, Ch. 2339:MacLean1989 2178:Baloch 1953 2154:Baloch 1953 2111:Baloch 1953 2096:Baloch 1953 2077:Baloch 1953 2065:Baloch 1953 2053:Baloch 1953 2034:Lecker 2000 2005:Baloch 1953 1951:Indus River 1836:Middle East 1716:Controversy 1688:During the 1613:Balochistan 1590:Transoxiana 1554:Brahmanabad 1525:instead of 1216:Rai dynasty 1171:ahd-e-wasiq 1089:Bappa Rawal 958:Thar Desert 922:Transoxania 876:Balochistan 699:Caspian Sea 523: 1000 512:Banu Thaqif 450:Balochistan 420:in western 410:Banu Thaqif 219:(715-07-18) 217:18 July 715 150:Preceded by 67:coinage of 7569:Chach Nama 7549:715 deaths 7544:695 births 7538:Categories 7478:Sports and 7377:Haji Rabri 7259:Government 7222:Localities 6965:Cantonment 6879:Fort Munro 6732:Cemeteries 6515:Sports and 6465:Hotels and 6393:Port Qasim 6253:K-Electric 6186:Government 6146:Malir Town 6141:Lyari Town 6101:Gadap Town 6063:Localities 6008:Cape Monze 5931:Raja Dahir 5772:Cemeteries 5711:Motorsport 5696:Gillidanda 5559:Philosophy 5540:Literature 5417:Pakistanis 5373:Healthcare 5211:(currency) 5112:Automotive 4634:Ministries 4617:Government 4573:Governance 4409:Ecoregions 4378:Oil fields 4368:Gas fields 4340:Salt Range 4325:Gwadar Bay 4299:Waterfalls 4289:Topography 4199:Kargil War 3830:Indo-Greek 3798:Achaemenid 3793:Indo-Aryan 3623:0391041738 3074:. Pakistan 2924:082645481X 2707:0226742210 2447:(1): 229. 1961:References 1870:Port Qasim 1805:Sharia law 1803:school of 1655:Surya Devi 1651:Chach Nama 1644:Chach Nama 1494:Chach Nama 1477:March 2009 1315:PRATIHARAS 1235:Mongol bow 1196:Chach Nama 1185:Casualties 1179:ahl-i-harb 1140:ahl-i-harb 993:Raja Dahir 810:Sri Lankan 646:Chach Nama 642:Chach Nama 584: 636 565: 630 542: 694 527:Chach Nama 500:Chach Nama 495:Chach Nama 476:al-Ya'qubi 414:Arab tribe 383:Raja Dahir 293:Allegiance 143:Al-Walid I 63:Qasim-era 7457:Education 7431:Transport 7407:Rani Bagh 7245:Latifabad 7240:Qasimabad 7185:Geography 7115:Hyderabad 6574:Football 6536:Dabbawala 6403:Transport 6335:Hospitals 6327:Hospitals 6294:Education 6203:Elections 6176:SITE Town 5986:Geography 5797:Libraries 5787:Gurdwaras 5661:Athletics 5611:Etiquette 5578:Lifestyle 5530:Festivals 5480:Languages 5470:Ethnicity 5378:Hospitals 5358:Feudalism 5346:Education 5199:Companies 5127:Husbandry 5097:Aerospace 4942:Air force 4900:Terrorism 4803:Feudalism 4793:Elections 4651:Governors 4591:President 4538:districts 4533:provinces 4383:Volcanoes 4274:Mountains 4231:Geography 4082:Partition 4004:Rebellion 3906:Ghaznavid 3768:Stone age 3672:, BRILL, 3636:, Brill, 3561:Volume X: 3267:, pg. 34. 3036:Wink 2002 3012:Wink 2002 2585:Wink 2002 2511:Wink 2002 2499:Wink 2002 2389:Wink 2002 2377:Wink 2002 1890:PNS Qasim 1856:Pakistani 1745:polemical 1671:Aftermath 1347:CALIPHATE 1338:CHALUKYAS 1306:Maitrakas 1190:taken by 1099:, of the 1097:Nagabhata 1061:At Aror ( 1027:manjaniks 882:regions. 864:Sri Lanka 828:Kathiawar 697:near the 480:al-Tabari 361:715-07-18 353:695-12-31 316:(708–711) 281:فاتح سندھ 251:Relations 188:695-12-31 130:In office 75:), dated 7250:Old City 7007:Flyovers 6711:Religion 6540:Cricket 6467:shopping 6307:Colleges 6190:Politics 5863:Category 5822:Stadiums 5777:Churches 5746:Swimming 5721:Olympics 5691:Football 5666:Baseball 5585:Clothing 5564:Textiles 5546:Mushaira 5535:Folklore 5465:Diaspora 5432:Religion 5397:Marriage 5363:Feminism 5180:Commerce 5159:Textiles 5122:Forestry 5089:Industry 4912:Military 4785:Politics 4740:Judicial 4706:Chairman 4451:Wildlife 4373:Minerals 4304:Wetlands 4259:Glaciers 4242:Features 4169:1971 War 4159:1965 War 4142:Republic 4123:1947 War 4096:Dominion 4013:Colonial 3876:Kambojas 3864:Medieval 3835:Gandhara 3778:Mehrgarh 3738:articles 3736:Pakistan 3554:(eds.). 3532:"Thakīf" 3466:(eds.). 3446:(1993). 3436:29754928 3364:31 March 3338:31 March 3309:31 March 3078:31 March 2907:(2005). 2868:(2007). 1900:See also 1834:and the 1743:Various 1702:Ismailis 1694:Mansurah 1582:Sulayman 1512:Religion 1434:Brahmins 1233:and the 1208:Buddhist 1160:anwattan 1117:al-Mahdi 926:Rashidun 836:frontier 802:Sassanid 715:Khurasan 610:in 661. 276:Nickname 7480:culture 7212:Phuleli 7192:Climate 7171:Kalhora 7123:History 6812:History 6752:Streets 6666:Cuisine 6548:women's 6518:culture 6469:centers 6345:Economy 6302:Schools 6091:Clifton 5990:Climate 5923:History 5915:Karachi 5812:Museums 5807:Mosques 5706:Kabaddi 5681:Cycling 5676:Cricket 5641:Symbols 5606:Cuisine 5569:Theatre 5341:Divorce 5336:Culture 5313:Society 5187:Banking 5171:Tourism 5117:Fishery 5107:Defence 5065:Bridges 5045:Poverty 5030:Housing 5003:Nuclear 4993:Thermal 4970:Economy 4935:Marines 4920:History 4721:Speaker 4698:Senate 4629:Cabinet 4506:Borders 4494:Climate 4489:Borders 4424:Forests 4355:Geology 4294:Valleys 4264:Islands 4254:Deserts 4249:Beaches 3974:Durrani 3941:Timurid 3926:Tughlaq 3896:Solanki 3773:Soanian 3761:Ancient 3750:History 3475:Mif–Naz 3140:pg.102. 2679:30 July 2360:(2006). 1878:Karachi 1811:" and " 1809:dhimmis 1769:of the 1706:Fatimid 1690:Abbasid 1664:Baghdad 1615:at the 1519:Dhimmis 1399:dihqans 1345:ABBASID 1331:ZUNBILS 1313:GURJARA 1283:PANDYAS 1150:dhimmah 1115:caliph 1113:Abbasid 1107:of the 1056:Thakore 1040:Lasbela 1017:(sing. 968:Zunbils 815:bawarij 808:to the 788:Umayyad 604:Bharuch 588:Bahrayn 456:Sources 259:Parents 98:al-Hind 65:Umayyad 51:‎ 7291:NA 221 7286:NA 220 7281:NA 219 7276:NA 218 6981:Sports 6806:topics 6804:Multan 6737:Mayors 6043:Manora 5873:Portal 5760:Places 5751:Tennis 5741:Squash 5671:Boxing 5653:Sports 5598:Mehndi 5513:Cinema 5412:Naming 5407:Me Too 5209:Rupee 5149:Mining 5132:Labour 4880:Police 4543:cities 4521:floods 4388:Floods 4284:Rivers 4279:Passes 3964:Mughal 3950:Modern 3931:Sayyid 3921:Khalji 3916:Mamluk 3911:Ghurid 3850:Kushan 3825:Maurya 3808:simple 3676: 3659: 3640: 3620: 3603: 3589: 3569: 3550:& 3504: 3481: 3462:& 3434: 3386: 3288:pg.45. 3284: 3263: 3136: 3103: 2955: 2930:7 July 2921: 2704: 2670: 2533: 2450:Sindh. 2301: 2282: 2257: 2231: 2205: 1886:Multan 1850:, the 1801:Hanafi 1787:Legacy 1759:Dhimmi 1698:Multan 1609:Makran 1559:While 1490:Muslim 1417:kharaj 1386:Sharia 1324:EMPIRE 1299:SHAHIS 1290:CHOLAS 1169:" or " 1081:Punjab 1070:Multan 1052:Sehwan 1014:mawali 1009:Syrian 991:ruler 981: 979: 973: 966: 964: 950: 929:Caliph 910:mawali 872:Makran 868:Arabia 852:Hajjaj 806:Tigris 798:piracy 752:Makran 695:Jurjan 690:Shiraz 558:Medina 464:. The 446:Makran 438:Multan 426:Persia 422:Arabia 399:Muslim 343:Arabic 239:Spouse 139:Leader 94:dirham 73:Multan 7506:Lists 7351:PS 54 7346:PS 53 7341:PS 52 7336:PS 51 7331:PS 50 7326:PS 49 7321:PS 48 7316:PS 47 7311:PS 46 7306:PS 45 7301:PS 44 7296:PS 43 7034:Roads 6956:Manka 6720:Lists 6629:Arts 6544:men's 6411:Buses 6198:Mayor 5936:Debal 5817:Parks 5782:Forts 5736:Rugby 5636:Songs 5626:Flags 5554:Music 5525:Dance 5518:Films 5492:Youth 5447:Women 5402:Media 5331:Crime 5192:Banks 5144:Media 5137:Child 5008:Solar 4998:Hydro 4584:State 4461:fauna 4456:flora 4313:Areas 4269:Lakes 3886:Shahi 3810:] 3534:. In 3450:. In 3432:JSTOR 1937:Notes 1848:Sindh 1828:Debal 1826:From 1817:jizya 1660:harem 1637:mawla 1605:Mosul 1598:Yazid 1576:Death 1531:Zakat 1527:Zakat 1523:Jizya 1426:jizya 1422:Zakat 1063:Rohri 1047:Debal 1023:Debal 1019:mawla 1005:Sindh 1001:Basra 918:Sindh 914:Kabul 880:Sindh 860:Debal 848:Sindh 844:Arabs 832:Sindh 824:Debal 820:Kutch 744:Islam 661:Wasit 638:Basra 600:Thane 596:Debal 554:Mecca 550:Ta'if 546:Hejaz 504:qadis 442:Mosul 412:, an 391:Basra 326:(711) 321:(711) 224:Mosul 199:Hejaz 90:Allah 77:97 AH 6188:and 5988:and 5832:Zoos 5731:Polo 5701:Golf 5501:Arts 5485:Urdu 5437:Time 5421:list 5390:LGBT 5164:Silk 5040:Post 5013:Wind 4930:Navy 4925:Army 4868:LGBT 4468:Zoos 3936:Lodi 3891:Pala 3674:ISBN 3657:ISBN 3638:ISBN 3618:ISBN 3601:ISBN 3587:ISBN 3567:ISBN 3502:ISBN 3479:ISBN 3384:ISBN 3366:2021 3358:Dawn 3340:2021 3311:2021 3282:ISBN 3261:ISBN 3134:ISBN 3101:ISBN 3080:2021 3072:Dawn 2953:ISBN 2932:2012 2919:ISBN 2702:ISBN 2681:2020 2668:ISBN 2531:ISBN 2299:ISBN 2280:ISBN 2255:ISBN 2229:ISBN 2203:ISBN 1949:The 1821:Sufi 1649:The 1546:Rana 1506:Jats 1500:and 1428:- a 1405:amil 1392:rais 1322:PALA 1297:TURK 1220:Meds 1192:sulh 1175:aman 1166:Sulh 1145:aman 1035:Meds 1033:and 1031:Jats 1003:and 997:Kufa 956:and 920:and 908:The 878:and 856:Meds 826:and 793:Meds 719:Iraq 682:Fars 602:and 577:Iraq 508:Alor 418:Taif 395:Aror 367:Arab 231:Iraq 214:Died 195:Taif 182:Born 120:1st 69:Sind 4851:PCO 4846:WPB 4841:PPC 4836:LFO 4823:Law 4608:NCA 4601:CNS 3563:T–U 1773:' ( 1611:in 1472:. 1412:mal 1095:, 1091:of 866:to 858:of 800:on 764:Ali 556:or 389:in 96:in 7540:: 6546:/ 3559:. 3546:; 3542:; 3538:; 3496:, 3471:. 3458:; 3454:; 3428:15 3426:. 3412:27 3410:. 3356:. 3331:. 3319:^ 3248:^ 3195:^ 3070:. 3019:^ 2999:17 2997:. 2976:^ 2913:. 2890:. 2872:. 2844:^ 2716:^ 2632:^ 2592:^ 2571:^ 2556:^ 2457:^ 2445:17 2443:. 2396:^ 2365:^ 2327:^ 2185:^ 2118:^ 2103:^ 2084:^ 2041:^ 2012:^ 1969:^ 1884:, 1862:. 1712:. 1596:, 1496:, 1436:. 1122:r. 916:, 874:, 822:, 701:. 652:. 624:r. 598:, 581:c. 562:c. 539:c. 520:c. 452:. 405:. 349:; 345:: 197:, 81:c. 7107:e 7100:t 7093:v 6796:e 6789:t 6782:v 5907:e 5900:t 5893:v 5423:) 5419:( 4692:) 4688:( 3728:e 3721:t 3714:v 3575:. 3487:. 3438:. 3368:. 3342:. 3313:. 3109:. 3082:. 2961:. 2934:. 2710:. 1646:. 1479:) 1475:( 1389:( 1237:. 1157:( 1119:( 1050:( 1038:( 960:) 621:( 363:) 359:( 355:) 351:( 341:( 246:) 233:) 208:) 190:) 186:( 107:) 101:( 79:( 34:. 20:)

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Knowledge

Muhammad ibn al-Qasim

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