651:
August 1989, Turkey reintroduced immigration visa requirements for
Bulgarian Turks. It was estimated that about 360,000 ethnic Turks had left for Turkey, though more than a third subsequently returned to Bulgaria once the ban on Turkish names had been revoked in December 1989. Nonetheless, once the Bulgarian communist regime fell, and Bulgarian citizens were allowed freedom of travel again, some 218,000 Bulgarians left the country for Turkey. The subsequent emigration wave was prompted by continuously deteriorating economic conditions; furthermore, the first democratic elections in 1990 won by the renamed communist party resulted in 88,000 people leaving the country, once again, most of them being Bulgarian Turks. By 1992, emigration to Turkey resumed at a greater rate. However, this time they were pushed by economic reasons since the country's economic decline affected especially ethnically mixed regions. The Bulgarian Turks were left without state subsidies or other forms of state assistance and experienced deep recession. According to the 1992 census, some 344,849 Bulgarians of Turkish origin had migrated to Turkey between 1989 and 1992, which resulted in significant demographic decline in southern Bulgaria.
774:
453:
848:"f the Turkish-Cypriot community had, like the Greek-Cypriots, increased by 101 per cent between 1881 and 1931, it would have totalled 91,300 in 1931 – 27,000 more than the number enumerated. Is it possible that so many Turkish-Cypriots emigrated in the fifty-year period? Taken together, the considerations just mentioned suggest that it probably was. From a base of 45,000 in 1881, emigration of anything like 27,000 persons seems huge, but after subtracting the known 5,000 of the 1920s, the balance represents an average annual outflow of some 500 – not enough, probably, to concern the community’s leaders, evoke official comment, or be documented in any way which survives today".
441:
626:. In August 1950 the Bulgarian government announced that 250,000 ethnic Turks had made applications to emigrate and pressured Turkey to accept them within three months. However, the Turkish authorities declared that the country could not accept these numbers in such a short time and closed its borders over the following year. In what was tantamount to an expulsion, pressure for ethnic Turks to leave continued, and by late 1951 some 155,000 Turks left Bulgaria. Most had abandoned their property or sold it at well below its value; most of these emigrants settled successfully primarily in the
904:
1365:, p. 17: "In total, many millions of Turks (or, more precisely, Muslim immigrants, including some from the Caucasus) were involved in this ‘repatriation’ – sometimes more than once in a lifetime – the last stage of which may have been the immigration of seven hundred thousand Turks from Bulgaria between 1940 and 1990. Most of these immigrants settled in urban north-western Anatolia. Today between a third and a quarter of the Republic’s population are descendants of these Muslim immigrants, known as Muhacir or Göçmen"
970:" from Turkey moved to Greece. "Greek" and "Turkish" was defined by religion rather than linguistically or culturally. According to Article 1 of the Convention "…There shall take place a compulsory exchange of Turkish nationals of the Greek Orthodox religion established in Turkish territory, and of Greek nationals of the Muslim religion established in Greek territory. These persons shall not return to live in Turkey or Greece without the authorization of the Turkish government or of the Greek government".
837:, the right to emigrate to the republic, and therefore, families that so emigrated would be given a house and sufficient land. The precise number of those who emigrated to Turkey is a matter that remains unknown. The press in Turkey reported in mid-1927 that of those who had opted for Turkish nationality, 5,000–6,000 Turkish Cypriots had already settled in Turkey. However, many Turkish Cypriots had already emigrated even before the rights accorded to them under the
1048:
82:
322:(the population exchange was based on not ethnicity but religious affiliation). After 1925, Turkey continued to accept Turkic-speaking Muslims as immigrants and did not discourage the emigration of members of non-Turkic minorities. More than 90 percent of all immigrants arrived from the Balkan countries. From 1934 to 1945, 229,870 refugees and immigrants came to Turkey.
32:
646:. This marked a dramatic culmination of years of tension among the Turkish community, which intensified with the Bulgarian government's assimilation campaign in the winter of 1985 that attempted to make ethnic Turks change their names to Bulgarian Slavic names. The campaign began with a ban on wearing traditional Turkish dress, and speaking the
1862:
Today, the largest communities of
Circassians, about 5–7 million, live in Turkey, and about 200,000 Circassians live in the Middle Eastern countries (Jordan, Syria, Egypt, and Israel). The 1960s and 1970s witnessed a new wave of migration from diaspora countries to Europe and the United States. It is
688:
due to intermittent
Russian attacks from 1768 to 1917. In the 1860s and the 1870s, the Ottoman government settled Circassians in territories of modern-day Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Kosovo, Greece, Cyprus, and North Macedonia. Today there are up
828:
Economic motives played an important part in the
Turkish Cypriot migration wave as conditions for the poor in Cyprus during the 1920s were especially harsh. Enthusiasm to emigrate to Turkey was inflated by the euphoria that greeted the birth of the newly established Republic of Turkey and later of
868:
Consequently, today as well, when we take into account the state of the population in Cyprus, it is not sufficient to say, for instance, that 100,000 Turks live there. One should rather say that 100,000 out of 24,000,000 Turks live there and that 300,000 Turkish
Cypriots live in various parts of
650:
in public places, followed by the forced name-changing campaign. By May 1989, the
Bulgarian authorities began to expel the Turks; when the Turkish government's efforts to negotiate with Bulgaria for an orderly migration failed, Turkey opened its borders to Bulgaria on 2 June 1989. However, on 21
634:
regions, helped by the distribution of land and the provision of housing. In 1968 another agreement was reached between the two countries, which allowed the departure of relatives of those who had left up to 1951 to unite with their divided families, and another 115,000 people left
Bulgaria for
2599:
2174:
Bandžović, Safet. "„Iseljavanje muslimanskog stanovništva iz Kneževine Srbije u
Bosanski vilajet (1862–1867)”." Znakovi vremena (2001); Šljivo, Galib. "Naseljavanje muslimanskih prognanika (muhadžira) iz Kneževine Srbije u Zvornički kajmakamluk 1863. godine." Prilozi 30 (2001):
983:"…This transfer of populations is made especially difficult by the fact that few if any of the Turks in Greece desire to leave and most of them will resort to every possible expedient to avoid being sent away. A thousand Turks who voluntarily emigrated from
2657:
2622:
591:. As a result of these migrations, the percentage of Turks in Bulgaria was reduced from more than one-third of the population immediately after the Russo-Turkish War to 14.2% in 1900. Substantial numbers of Turks continued to emigrate to
679:
from their historical homeland in the
Caucasus, resulted in the death of approximately at least 600,000 Caucasian natives up to 1,500,000 deaths, and the successful migration of the remaining of 900,000 - 1,500,000
755:. After the annexation many of the communal lands of the Crimean Tatars were confiscated by Russians. The migrations to the Ottoman Empire began when their hopes of Ottoman victory were dashed at the close of the
2732:
Pavlović, Mirjana (2015). "Миграција становништва са територије Србије у Турску у историјској перспективи" [Population migration from the territory of Serbia to Turkey in a historical perspective].
860:, overall, a total of approximately 100,000 Turkish Cypriots had left the island for Turkey between 1878 and 1945. By August 31, 1955, a statement by Turkey's Minister of State and Acting Foreign Minister,
1560:
3691:
991:
have sent several deputations to the Greek government asking to be allowed to return. Groups of Turks from all parts of Greece have submitted petitions for exemption. A few weeks ago, a group of
1031:
which the Greek state has used to deny re-entry of Turks who leave the country, even for temporary periods, and deprived them of their citizenship. Since 1923, between 300,000 and 400,000
1857:
940:
618:
were negotiated in the early 1950s and late 1960s to regulate the outflow of
Bulgarian Turks. The heavy taxation, nationalisation of private minority schools, and measures against the
583:, but approximately one-fourth of them died on the way. More than 200,000 of the rest remained inside the present borders of Turkey whilst the others were sent to other parts of the
2505:
Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter (1995). "The Influence of Social Structure on Land Division and Settlement in Inner Anatolia". In Benedict, Peter; Tümertekin, Erol; Mansur, Fatma (eds.).
3781:
2053:"Greece and Turkey – Convention concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations and Protocol, signed at Lausanne, January 30, 1923 [1925] LNTSer 14; 32 LNTS 75"
1284:
1984:"The Tripartite Conference on the Eastern Mediterranean and Cyprus held by the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Greece, and Turkey".
181:
About 170,000 Muslims were expelled from the part of Hungary taken by the Austrians from the Turks in 1699. Approximately 5-7 million Muslim migrants from the Balkans (from
1863:
estimated that there are now more than 100,000 Circassian living in the European Union countries. The community in Kosovo expatriated to Adygea after the war in 1998.
607:, Bulgaria, and Turkey. By 1934 the Turkish community had been reduced to 9.7% of Bulgaria's total population and continued to fall during the subsequent decades.
2714:
1093:
and then in 1878–1880 with 90,000 arrivals. Following the Republican period, an agreement made, on September 4, 1936, between Romania and Turkey allowed 70,000
2150:
224:
and modern Turkey from 1783 to 2016 of whom 4 million came by 1924, 1.3 million came post-1934 to 1945 and more than 1.2 million before the outbreak of the
2978:
844:
St. John-Jones tried to accurately estimate the true demographic impact of Turkish Cypriot emigration to Turkey between 1881 and 1931. He supposed that:
337:
between 1951 and 1953 were followed to Turkey by another exodus from Bulgaria in 1983–89, bringing the total of immigrants to nearly ten million people.
2482:
Höpken, Wolfgang (1997). "From Religious Identity to Ethnic Mobilisation: The Turks of Bulgaria Before, Under and Since Communism". In Poulton, Hugh;
2228:
Bosma, Ulbe; Lucassen, Jan; Oostindie, Gert (2012). "Introduction. Postcolonial Migrations and Identity Politics: Towards a Comparative Perspective".
3619:
2807:
Seher, Cesur-Kılıçaslan; Terzioğlu, Günsel (2012). "Families Immigrating from Bulgaria to Turkey Since 1878". In Roth, Klaus; Hayden, Robert (eds.).
747:
had expanded its agricultural lands as farmers cultivated previously untilled lands. Many aspects of land ownership and the relationship between the
622:
in the name of the modernisation of Bulgaria, built up great pressure for the Turkish minority to emigrate and, when exit restrictions were relaxed
1337:
2681:
Markova, Eugenia (2010). "Optimising migration effects: A perspective from Bulgaria". In Black, Richard; Engbersen, Godfried; Okólski, M. (eds.).
2209:
Bercovici, Monica (2012). "La deuxième vie d'Ada-Kaleh ou Le potentiel culturel de la mémoire d'une île". In Roth, Klaus; Hayden, Robert (eds.).
2132:"The Expulsion of Muslims from Serbia after the International Conference in Kanlıca and Withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Serbia (1862-1867)"
1546:
1244:
773:
353:
231:
The influx of migration during the late 19th century and early 20th century was caused by the loss of almost all Ottoman territory during the
952:
898:
319:
829:
promises of assistance to Turks who emigrated. A decision taken by the Turkish Government at the end of 1925, for instance, noted that the
1221:, 350,000 migrants arrived in Turkey between 1923 and 1930. An additional 160,000 people immigrated to Turkey after the establishment of
1113:, which caused the extinction of the local community through the migration of all individuals to different parts of Romania and Turkey.
717:
3646:
2004:
623:
3864:
2971:
1110:
3743:
3686:
1768:
1522:
2934:
2780:
2746:
Poulton, Hugh (1997). "Islam, Ethnicity and State in the Contemporary Balkans". In Poulton, Hugh; Taji-Farouki, Suha (eds.).
2560:
2453:
2433:
1446:
3624:
1769:"Coverage of The tragedy of the Circassian People in Contemporary Georgian Public Thought (later half of the 19th century)"
1122:
1151:
In December 2016 the Turkish Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Ümit Yalçın stated that Turkey opened its borders to 500,000
3636:
3030:
376:, but the classification of the Syrian refugees as Muhacirs has been described as controversial and politically charged.
318:(1763–1864). In 1923 more than half a million ethnic Muslims of various nationalities arrived from Greece as part of the
1810:
3701:
2964:
2855:
2816:
2694:
2472:
2395:
2376:
2357:
2270:
2247:
2218:
3461:
2913:
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2616:
2537:
2414:
1824:
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as the primary driving force behind the Tatar migrations. They reasoned that Muslim Tatars would not want to live in
580:
568:
68:
3813:
1340:[Forgotten Exchanged Novels: 'People driven out by the land'] (in Turkish). 7 February 2021. Archived from
3849:
3844:
3651:
3050:
1168:
325:
From the 1930s to 2016, migration added two million Muslims in Turkey. The majority of these immigrants were the
3859:
2890:
2835:
2755:
2722:
2518:
2495:
2334:
1602:
1234:
1134:
756:
693:
presumably more with Circassian descent since it's been hard to differentiate between ethnic groups in Turkey.
329:
who faced harassment and discrimination in their homelands. New waves of Turks and other Muslims expelled from
248:
168:
3696:
1299:
3711:
2633:
Karpat, Kemal H. (2004). "The Turks in America: Historical Background: From Ottoman to Turkish Immigration".
2388:
Peoples on the Move: Population Transfers and Ethnic Cleansing Policies during World War II and its Aftermath
743:, and they were permitted use of all "wild and untilled" lands for cultivation. Under the "wild lands" rules
873:
By 2001 the TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that 500,000 Turkish Cypriots were living in Turkey.
3869:
3706:
3524:
2601:
The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State
2280:
452:
1089:
period, the greatest waves of immigration took place in 1826 when approximately 200,000 people arrived in
3748:
3400:
3308:
2296:
2284:
2190:
1816:
1587:
Européens: "Indigènes" et juifs en Algérie (1830-1962) : Représentations et Réalités des Populations
1007:
and thus be entitled to consideration as Greeks. The government however declined to permit this evasion."
587:. The aftermath of the war led to major demographic restructuring of the ethnic and religious make-up of
440:
42:
1341:
3839:
3760:
3738:
2686:
152:
3733:
3656:
2658:"Re-claiming Identity: Ethnicity, Religion and Politics among Turkish Muslims in Bulgaria and Greece"
813:, and gained its greatest velocity in the mid-1920s, and continued, at fluctuating speeds during the
294:
continued to arrive in the region, most of which settled in urban north-western Anatolia. During the
115:
citizens and their descendants born after the onset of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, mostly
2549:'Ethnic Cleansing During the Cold War: The Forgotten 1989 Expulsion of Turks from Communist Bulgaria
935:
approximately 800,000 Turks had immigrated to Turkey from Greece. Then, in accordance with the 1923
861:
3854:
3718:
3360:
3090:
3026:
2772:
1184:
955:. The term "Mübadil" was used to refer specifically to this migration. Between 350,000 and 500,000
50:
20:
1591:
Europeans: "Natives" and Jews in Algeria (1830-1962): Representations and Realities of Populations
931:
started in the early 1820s upon the establishment of an independent Greece in 1829. By the end of
3796:
3661:
3641:
3631:
3433:
3078:
3073:
2608:
1438:
1032:
894:
890:
681:
1085:
dates back to the early 1800s when the Russian armies made advances into the region. During the
1063:
dam in 1971, forcing its inhabitants to migrate to different parts of Romania as well as Turkey.
3765:
3482:
3355:
3173:
2870:
1259:
1210:
1012:
283:
739:
class, a fact that had allowed the Tatar peasants relative freedom compared to other parts of
3671:
3591:
3281:
3258:
2683:
A Continent Moving West?: EU Enlargement and Labour Migration from Central and Eastern Europe
1239:
1028:
98:
2705:
3808:
3755:
3728:
3390:
3041:
2002:
1254:
1222:
1020:
315:
2131:
1812:
The Thistle and the Drone: How America's War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam
1225:
from 1946 to 1961. Since 1961, immigrants from that Yugoslavia amounted to 50,000 people.
8:
3601:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3503:
3477:
3123:
3095:
2882:
2809:
Migration In, From, and to Southeastern Europe: Historical and Cultural Aspects, Volume 1
2571:
2326:
1852:
Alankuş, Sevda; Taymaz, Erol (2009). "The Formation of a Circassian Diaspora in Turkey".
1474:
Yemelianova, Galina (April 2014). "Islam, nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus".
1188:
1072:
660:
295:
2052:
852:
According to Ali Suat Bilge, taking into consideration the mass migrations of 1878, the
3786:
3508:
3498:
3190:
2990:
2905:
1491:
1431:
1249:
1218:
1198:
936:
838:
834:
407:
255:
240:
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from the late 18th century until the end of the 20th century, mainly to escape ongoing
140:
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3428:
3418:
3375:
3131:
2930:
2909:
2886:
2851:
2831:
2812:
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1820:
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1319:
619:
431:
373:
2951:
1776:
903:
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3723:
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3345:
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3328:
3318:
3313:
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3200:
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3136:
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3022:
2669:
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2510:
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2235:
1487:
1483:
1311:
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611:
391:
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369:
341:
303:
232:
225:
1561:"Bülent Şahin Erdeğer | "Muhacir" mi "kaçak" mı? Suriyeli göçmenler neyimiz olur?"
638:
The latest wave of Turkish emigration began with an exodus in 1989, known as the "
3791:
3681:
3676:
3586:
3451:
3423:
3385:
3370:
3365:
3333:
3323:
3290:
3180:
3168:
3105:
3085:
3055:
2924:
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2443:
2151:"Turkey stands united with Turkmens, says Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Yalçın"
1180:
1172:
822:
810:
778:
721:
643:
600:
572:
435:
120:
1315:
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Russian officials usually posited a shared religious identity between Turks and
3555:
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3456:
3380:
3350:
3263:
3237:
3232:
3195:
3014:
3000:
2987:
2879:
New Diasporas: The Mass Exodus, Dispersal And Regrouping Of Migrant Communities
2530:
In Turkeys Image: The Transformation of Occupied Cyprus into a Turkish Province
2211:
Migration In, From, And To Southeastern Europe: Historical and Cultural Aspects
1214:
1152:
1146:
1094:
1086:
959:
924:
794:
790:
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702:
685:
627:
584:
361:
275:
259:
218:
132:
116:
109:
94:
2848:
Old and New Islam in Greece: From Historical Minorities to Immigrant Newcomers
2673:
2590:
3833:
3395:
3156:
1323:
639:
631:
357:
217:) and Syria (500,000, mostly as a result of the Syrian Civil War) arrived in
144:
90:
2956:
1109:
were forced to leave the island when it was destroyed in order to build the
1023:. The remaining Turks living in Greece have since continuously emigrated to
239:. These Muhacirs, or refugees, saw the Ottoman Empire, and subsequently the
3666:
3068:
1011:
The only exclusions from the forced transfer were the Christians living in
1004:
992:
882:
857:
725:
615:
345:
326:
291:
148:
603:, in accordance with compulsory exchange of population agreements between
3801:
3611:
3225:
2312:
2262:
2154:
932:
853:
752:
676:
672:
596:
307:
299:
287:
236:
160:
156:
128:
2285:"The Human Rights of Muslims in Bulgaria in Law and Politics since 1878"
701:
From 1771 until the beginning of the 19th century approximately 500,000
3161:
2799:
1194:
1060:
886:
334:
244:
194:
2864:
2828:
Population of Cyprus: Demographic Trends and Socio-economic Influences
2445:
Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State
2239:
579:. The second wave of about 750,000 emigrants left Bulgaria during the
2635:
Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays
2552:
2349:
1106:
1056:
975:
311:
267:
2369:
Twice a Stranger: How Mass Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey
2229:
2323:
Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey: Who is a Turk?
1410:
1206:
1202:
1101:
region for Turkey. By the 1960s, inhabitants living in the Turkish
1082:
1016:
1000:
941:
Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations
802:
706:
588:
564:
457:
365:
330:
271:
247:". Many Muhacirs escaped to Anatolia as a result of the widespread
221:
202:
182:
164:
124:
86:
2259:
Cyprus and the Politics of Memory: History, Community and Conflict
916:
399:
394:
were forced to leave the region once the French took control over
390:
Initially, the first wave of migration occurred in 1830 when many
3692:
Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations
2299:[Turkish Migration from Cyprus to Anatolia (1878-1938)].
2003:
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
1205:
in 1826, and then, in 1867, a similar number of Muslims moved to
1102:
1098:
1078:
1052:
736:
395:
349:
263:
190:
2018:
1854:
Adyghe (Cherkess) in the 19th Century: Problems of War and Peace
1300:"Muslim Communities of Georgia: Old Problems and New Challenges"
642:", when the Bulgarian Turks fled to Turkey in order to escape a
178:
may have ancestry from these Turkish and other Muslim migrants.
3782:
Turkish communities and minorities in the former Ottoman Empire
1126:
1090:
1036:
1024:
996:
988:
967:
956:
948:
944:
928:
912:
806:
786:
744:
713:
690:
604:
592:
576:
445:
415:
403:
279:
214:
210:
198:
186:
175:
136:
112:
1455:
984:
908:
419:
411:
206:
2926:
The Crimean Tatars: From Soviet Genocide to Putin's Conquest
2346:
Rethinking Violence: States and Non-State Actors in Conflict
2279:
1946:
1833:
1047:
1027:, a process which has been facilitated by Article 19 of the
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1594:
298:, 800,000–1,500,000 Muslim Circassians were systematically
251:
that occurred during the last years of the Ottoman Empire.
2035:
2033:
1285:"Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans"
81:
1885:
1883:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1502:
205:(900,000, of whom two thirds remained, the rest going to
2551:. Routledge Studies in Modern European History. London:
2111:
2099:
1912:
1910:
1868:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1623:
1400:
1398:
1338:"Unutulan Mübadil Romanlar: 'Toprağın kovduğu insanlar'"
2707:
Nationalism Amongst the Turks of Cyprus: The First Wave
2030:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1383:
1373:
1371:
962:
emigrated from Greece to Turkey, and about 1.3 million
2227:
2191:"Turkish Nationalism and Turkish Islam: A New Balance"
1880:
1743:
1731:
1712:
1700:
1416:
1362:
2075:
1934:
1922:
1907:
1895:
1681:
1395:
1790:
1669:
1652:
1611:
1578:
1368:
689:
to 7,000,000 people of Circassian descent living in
864:, at the London Conference on Cyprus, stated that:
2063:
1430:
856:, the 1920s early Turkish Republican era, and the
3620:Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction
2343:
2024:
614:ended most emigration from Bulgaria, but further
398:; approximately 10,000 Turks were shipped off to
3831:
2792:Cyprus: An Analysis of Cypriot Political Discord
1523:"Suriyeli göçmenler muhacir kavramına uyuyor mu"
751:and peasants was government were governed under
444:Distribution of clothing to Turkish refugees at
374:more than 3.7 million Syrians migrated to Turkey
2902:Destroying ethnic identity: the Turks of Greece
2865:Turkish Cypriot Human Rights Committee (1979),
2579:The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations
2441:
2407:Turkish and other Muslim minorities in Bulgaria
2256:
1839:
1433:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus
1245:Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire
2825:
2806:
1952:
1201:. Approximately 150,000 Muslims immigrated to
364:have taken refuge in Turkey due to the recent
354:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
2986:
2972:
2297:"Kıbrıs'tan Anadolu'ya Türk Göçü (1878-1938)"
1851:
1766:
1197:started in the 1800s as a consequence of the
899:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
731:Prior to the annexation, the Tatar nobility (
320:population exchange between Greece and Turkey
2257:Bryant, Rebecca; Papadakis, Yiannis (2012).
1971:The Cyprus Conflict and the Turkish Cypriots
1967:Le Conflit de Chypre et les Chypriotes Turcs
805:. The flow of Turkish Cypriot emigration to
465:Turkish migrations from Bulgaria, 1878-1992
2845:
2448:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
2231:Postcolonial Migrants and Identity Politics
1545:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1473:
624:in 1950, many ethnic Turks applied to leave
372:(2011–present). Since the Syrian Civil War
2979:
2965:
2507:Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives
2462:
2385:
2344:Chenoweth, Erica; Lawrence, Adria (2010).
2105:
2039:
1874:
1646:
1520:
254:Thereafter, with the establishment of the
174:Up to a third of modern-day population in
3652:1956–1989 Assimilation of Bulgarian Turks
3647:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)
2546:
2527:
2504:
2208:
2188:
2117:
1389:
1297:
344:have emigrated to Turkey from the former
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Ottoman Muslims who emigrated to Anatolia
3637:1944 Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks
2922:
2764:
2731:
2655:
2572:"Refugee Policy of the Turkish Republic"
2320:
2301:Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi
2142:
1996:
1973:] (in French), Ajans Türk, p. 5
1901:
1889:
1796:
1508:
1461:
1404:
1046:
902:
772:
718:Orthodox Russia which had annexed Crimea
451:
439:
80:
2899:
2745:
2680:
2093:
2081:
1754:
1737:
1725:
1706:
1282:
1111:Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station
3832:
3744:National Socialist Underground murders
3687:Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre
2876:
2703:
2632:
2597:
2481:
2404:
2294:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1694:
1675:
1663:
1617:
1377:
1035:left the region, most of them went to
724:. With this treaty began an exodus of
406:, whilst many others also migrated to
2960:
2789:
2569:
2423:
2386:Corni, Gustavo; Stark, Tamás (2008).
2366:
2069:
1964:
1808:
1584:
1125:, including Turks were expelled from
781:family who migrated to Turkey in 1935
262:, as well as other Muslims, from the
3625:Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)
2748:Muslim Identity and the Balkan State
2488:Muslim Identity and the Balkan State
2148:
2005:"Briefing Notes on the Cyprus Issue"
1977:
1428:
1417:Bosma, Lucassen & Oostindie 2012
1363:Bosma, Lucassen & Oostindie 2012
1209:. In 1862–67 Muslim exiles from the
793:were obliged to lease the island to
25:
2735:Гласник Етнографског института САНУ
2463:Heper, Metin; Criss, Bilge (2009).
1059:was flooded by the building of the
785:The first wave of immigration from
13:
2846:Tsitselikis, Konstantinos (2012).
2662:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
2442:Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2024).
1858:Maikop State Technology University
1767:Javakhishvili, Niko (2012-12-20).
1760:
979:on December 5, 1923, stated that:
821:migration has continued since the
809:continued in the aftermath of the
563:The first wave of emigration from
45:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone
14:
3881:
2945:
2750:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
2490:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
2409:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
2129:
3814:Turks in the former Soviet Union
1298:Sanikidze, George (2018-04-01).
735:) could not make the peasants a
30:
2850:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
2528:Ioannides, Christos P. (1991).
2465:Historical Dictionary of Turkey
2290:. Bulgarian Helsinki Committee.
2181:
2168:
2123:
2087:
2045:
1958:
1845:
1802:
1553:
1514:
1467:
1283:Pekesen, Berna (7 March 2012).
1217:. Upon the proclamation of the
1169:Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina
644:campaign of forced assimilation
3865:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
3565:Diaspora in Post-Soviet States
1488:10.1080/23761199.2014.11417291
1422:
1356:
1330:
1291:
1276:
1235:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
953:exchange of ethnic populations
757:Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1792
635:Turkey between 1968 and 1978.
249:persecution of Ottoman Muslims
169:persecution in their homelands
108:are the estimated millions of
1:
3712:Assassination of Galip Balkar
3702:Assassination of Orhan Gündüz
2923:Williams, Brian Glyn (2016).
2826:St. John-Jones, L.W. (1983).
2790:Salih, Halil Ibrahim (1968).
2025:Chenoweth & Lawrence 2010
1265:
1162:
1123:1862 more than 10,000 Muslims
569:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
3707:Assassination of Erkut Akbay
3445:Diaspora in the Persian Gulf
2830:. Maurice Temple Smith Ltd.
2281:Bulgarian Helsinki Committee
1521:odatv4.com (5 August 2019).
1304:Islamophobia Studies Journal
1270:
999:with a request that they be
581:Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78
460:arriving in Anatolia in 1912
7:
3697:Assassination of Taha Carım
2929:. Oxford University Press.
2794:. Brooklyn: T. Gaus' Sons.
2189:Armstrong, William (2012).
1817:Brookings Institution Press
1809:Ahmed, Akbar (2013-02-27).
1316:10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0247
1228:
654:
595:during, and following, the
425:
258:in 1923, a large influx of
10:
3886:
3761:Banya Bashi Mosque clashes
3739:1993 Solingen arson attack
2952:Population Exchange Museum
2687:Amsterdam University Press
2547:Kamusella, Tomasz (2018).
1773:Justice For North Caucasus
1166:
1144:
1066:
1042:
880:
789:occurred in 1878 when the
766:
429:
383:
379:
185:1.15 million-1.5 million;
18:
3774:
3734:1991 Altun Kupri massacre
3610:
3564:
3543:
3517:
3492:Diaspora in South America
3491:
3470:
3444:
3412:Diaspora in North America
3411:
3288:
3276:
3251:
3211:
3147:
3114:
3038:
3009:
2997:
2877:van He, Nicholas (1998).
2765:Richmond, Walter (2013).
2674:10.1080/13602009908716424
2598:Karpat, Kemal H. (2001).
2591:10.1501/Intrel_0000000057
1116:
951:agreed to the compulsory
876:
762:
696:
610:Communist rule after the
3719:1983 Orly Airport attack
3027:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
2773:Rutgers University Press
2656:Küçükcan, Talip (1999).
2532:. Aristide D. Caratzas.
2321:Çaǧaptay, Soner (2006).
2198:Turkish Policy Quarterly
1965:Bilge, Ali Suat (1961),
1567:(in Turkish). 2019-07-30
1185:Turks in North Macedonia
1140:
973:An article published in
456:Turkish immigrants from
348:states (particularly in
314:in the aftermath of the
21:Muhajir (disambiguation)
3797:Turks in the Arab world
3662:Bloody Christmas (1963)
3632:Kirkuk Massacre of 1924
2768:The Circassian Genocide
2609:Oxford University Press
2428:, Bradt Travel Guides,
1439:Oxford University Press
1033:Turks of Western Thrace
923:The immigration of the
895:Turks of Western Thrace
891:Turks of the Dodecanese
797:; at that time, 15,000
728:to the Ottoman Empire.
675:of the majority of the
3850:History of the Balkans
3845:Demographics of Turkey
3766:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
3749:Murder of Enver Şimşek
3518:Diaspora in South Asia
3051:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2900:Whitman, Lois (1990).
2871:University of Michigan
2867:Human rights in Cyprus
2811:. LIT Verlag Münster.
2704:Nevzat, Altay (2005).
2424:Evans, Thammy (2010),
2295:Çakmak, Zafer (2008).
2213:. LIT Verlag Münster.
2106:Corni & Stark 2008
2040:Corni & Stark 2008
1986:H.M. Stationery Office
1875:Heper & Criss 2009
1647:Heper & Criss 2009
1429:King, Charles (2008).
1260:Late Ottoman genocides
1211:Principality of Serbia
1064:
1009:
920:
871:
850:
833:had, according to the
782:
461:
449:
284:Sanjak of Alexandretta
102:
3860:Historical migrations
3724:1989 Fergana massacre
3672:Afrikaanderwijk riots
3544:Diaspora in East Asia
2715:Oulu University Press
2570:Latif, Dilek (2002).
2367:Clark, Bruce (2007).
1585:Kateb, Kamel (2001).
1464:, p. back cover.
1240:Immigration to Turkey
1155:refugees fleeing the
1050:
1029:Greek Nationality Law
981:
907:A Muslim family from
906:
866:
846:
841:had come into force.
776:
455:
443:
233:Balkan War of 1912-13
85:Muhacirs arriving in
84:
3809:Turks in the Balkans
3756:2004 Cologne bombing
3729:1990 Komotini events
3657:1959 Kirkuk massacre
3462:United Arab Emirates
2998:Traditional areas of
2883:Taylor & Francis
2405:Eminov, Ali (1997).
2327:Taylor & Francis
2313:10.14222/turkiyat767
1840:Hamed-Troyansky 2024
1255:Muhajirs (Albanians)
1223:Communist Yugoslavia
1021:Western Thrace Turks
684:which immigrated to
616:bilateral agreements
567:occurred during the
316:Russo-Circassian War
310:from their homeland
97:, in 1912, with the
19:For other uses, see
3870:Circassian genocide
3471:Diaspora in Oceania
3212:Turkish minorities
3148:Turkish minorities
3115:Turkish minorities
3039:Turkish minorities
3010:Turkish majorities:
2467:. Scarecrow Press.
1953:St. John-Jones 1983
1593:] (in French).
1344:on 31 December 2021
1189:Turks in Montenegro
1073:Romanians in Turkey
661:Circassian Genocide
571:when around 30,000
466:
356:in 2014), and many
304:ethnically cleansed
296:Circassian genocide
243:, as a protective "
3787:Turkish population
3642:Gavurbağı massacre
3277:Diaspora in Africa
2906:Human Rights Watch
2484:Taji-Farouki, Suha
2149:Ünal, Ali (2016).
1856:. Adygea, Russia:
1597:. pp. 50–53.
1565:Independent Türkçe
1219:Republic of Turkey
1065:
964:Orthodox Christian
937:Treaty of Lausanne
921:
839:Treaty of Lausanne
835:Treaty of Lausanne
783:
659:The events of the
464:
462:
450:
286:(İskenderun), the
256:Republic of Turkey
241:Republic of Turkey
141:Macedonian Muslims
103:
49:You can assist by
3840:Society of Turkey
3827:
3826:
3272:
3271:
2936:978-0-19-049470-4
2782:978-0-8135-6069-4
2562:978-1-138-48052-0
2455:978-1-5036-3696-5
2435:978-1-84162-297-2
1448:978-0-19-517775-6
1437:. New York City:
1193:Immigration from
1077:Immigration from
939:, under the 1923
862:Fatin Rüştü Zorlu
561:
560:
432:Turks of Bulgaria
159:who emigrated to
101:in the background
79:
78:
71:
3877:
3819:Turkish diaspora
3214:in North Africa:
3201:Turkmen Mountain
3117:in the Caucasus:
3007:
3006:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2940:
2919:
2896:
2873:
2861:
2841:
2822:
2803:
2786:
2761:
2742:
2728:
2712:
2700:
2677:
2652:
2629:
2627:
2621:. Archived from
2606:
2594:
2576:
2566:
2543:
2524:
2501:
2478:
2459:
2438:
2420:
2401:
2382:
2363:
2340:
2316:
2291:
2289:
2276:
2253:
2224:
2205:
2195:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1775:. Archived from
1764:
1758:
1752:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1650:
1644:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1518:
1512:
1511:, p. 18–24.
1506:
1500:
1499:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1436:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1177:Turks in Croatia
1157:Syrian Civil War
1131:Ottoman Bulgaria
1069:Turks of Romania
1055:, the island of
993:Turks from Crete
858:Second World War
815:Second World War
799:Turkish Cypriots
769:Turkish Cypriots
720:before the 1792
669:forced migration
665:ethnic cleansing
648:Turkish language
612:Second World War
467:
463:
386:Turks in Algeria
370:Syrian Civil War
368:(2003–2011) and
342:Meskhetian Turks
278:, the island of
226:Syrian Civil War
153:Georgian Muslims
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
34:
33:
26:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3855:Bosniak history
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3792:Turks in Europe
3770:
3682:Tochni massacre
3677:Revival Process
3606:
3560:
3539:
3513:
3487:
3466:
3440:
3407:
3284:
3268:
3247:
3213:
3207:
3149:
3143:
3116:
3110:
3091:North Macedonia
3040:
3034:
3023:Northern Cyprus
2999:
2993:
2985:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2916:
2893:
2858:
2838:
2819:
2783:
2758:
2725:
2710:
2697:
2649:
2625:
2619:
2604:
2574:
2563:
2540:
2521:
2498:
2475:
2456:
2436:
2417:
2398:
2379:
2360:
2337:
2307:(36): 201–223.
2287:
2273:
2250:
2221:
2193:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2147:
2143:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1992:(18): 22. 1955.
1983:
1982:
1978:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1653:
1645:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1476:Caucasus Survey
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1296:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1231:
1213:settled in the
1199:Serb revolution
1191:
1181:Turks in Kosovo
1173:Turks in Serbia
1165:
1149:
1143:
1119:
1075:
1051:Once a Turkish
1045:
911:who settled in
901:
879:
854:First World War
831:Turks of Cyprus
823:Cyprus conflict
819:Turkish Cypriot
811:First World War
779:Turkish Cypriot
771:
765:
722:Treaty of Jassy
699:
657:
620:Turkish culture
601:First World War
573:Bulgarian Turks
438:
436:Revival Process
428:
388:
382:
340:More recently,
201:(500,000), the
75:
64:
58:
55:
48:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3434:South Carolina
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3396:United Kingdom
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3309:Czech Republic
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3153:
3151:
3150:in the Levant:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3079:Western Thrace
3076:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3042:in the Balkans
3036:
3035:
3031:Mainland Turks
3013:
3011:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2988:Turkish people
2984:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2946:External links
2944:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2920:
2914:
2897:
2891:
2874:
2862:
2857:978-9004221529
2856:
2843:
2836:
2823:
2818:978-3643108951
2817:
2804:
2787:
2781:
2762:
2756:
2743:
2737:(in Serbian).
2729:
2723:
2701:
2696:978-9089641564
2695:
2678:
2653:
2647:
2630:
2628:on 2012-05-08.
2617:
2595:
2567:
2561:
2544:
2538:
2525:
2519:
2502:
2496:
2479:
2474:978-0810860650
2473:
2460:
2454:
2439:
2434:
2421:
2415:
2402:
2397:978-1845208240
2396:
2390:. Berg Press.
2383:
2378:978-1862079243
2377:
2364:
2359:978-0262014205
2358:
2341:
2335:
2318:
2303:(in Turkish).
2292:
2277:
2272:978-1780761077
2271:
2254:
2249:978-0857453273
2248:
2225:
2220:978-3643108951
2219:
2206:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2141:
2136:Akademik Bakış
2122:
2118:Bercovici 2012
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2044:
2029:
2017:
1995:
1976:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1906:
1894:
1879:
1867:
1844:
1832:
1825:
1801:
1789:
1779:on 12 May 2022
1759:
1742:
1730:
1711:
1699:
1680:
1668:
1651:
1622:
1610:
1603:
1577:
1552:
1527:www.odatv4.com
1513:
1501:
1466:
1454:
1447:
1421:
1409:
1394:
1390:Armstrong 2012
1382:
1367:
1355:
1329:
1310:(2): 247–265.
1290:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1215:Bosnia Vilayet
1164:
1161:
1153:Syrian Turkmen
1147:Syrian Turkmen
1142:
1139:
1135:Ottoman Bosnia
1118:
1115:
1095:Romanian Turks
1044:
1041:
1013:Constantinople
878:
875:
764:
761:
741:Eastern Europe
703:Crimean Tatars
698:
695:
686:Ottoman Empire
656:
653:
585:Ottoman Empire
559:
558:
553:
547:
546:
543:
539:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
523:
522:
519:
515:
514:
511:
507:
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:
491:
490:
487:
483:
482:
479:
475:
474:
471:
427:
424:
392:Algerian Turks
381:
378:
362:Syrian Turkmen
276:Aegean islands
133:Crimean Tatars
95:Ottoman Empire
77:
76:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3882:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:United States
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Liechtenstein
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:Other regions
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2915:0-929692-70-5
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2741:(3): 581–593.
2740:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2648:90-04-13322-4
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2618:0-19-513618-7
2614:
2610:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2539:0-89241-509-6
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2416:1-85065-319-4
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2204:(4): 133–138.
2203:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2171:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2130:Özkan, Ayşe.
2126:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1902:Williams 2016
1898:
1892:, p. 10.
1891:
1890:Williams 2016
1886:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1860:. p. 2.
1859:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1826:9780815723790
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1798:
1797:Richmond 2013
1793:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1614:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1509:Çaǧaptay 2006
1505:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1462:Richmond 2013
1458:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1405:Çaǧaptay 2006
1401:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:Misak-ı Millî
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:to leave the
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
980:
978:
977:
971:
969:
965:
961:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
914:
910:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
849:
845:
842:
840:
836:
832:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:Great Britain
792:
788:
780:
775:
770:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
694:
692:
687:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:, namely the
662:
652:
649:
645:
641:
640:big excursion
636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
544:
541:
540:
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
524:
520:
517:
516:
512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
492:
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:
476:
472:
469:
468:
459:
454:
447:
442:
437:
433:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
387:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:Iraqi Turkmen
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:mass murdered
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:1.2 million;
188:
184:
179:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:Greek Muslims
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
100:
96:
92:
91:Galata Bridge
89:crossing the
88:
83:
73:
70:
62:
52:
46:
44:
39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
3667:Akritas plan
3592:Turkmenistan
3289:Diaspora in
3282:South Africa
3259:Saudi Arabia
3018:
2925:
2901:
2878:
2866:
2847:
2827:
2808:
2791:
2767:
2747:
2738:
2734:
2706:
2682:
2668:(1): 59–78.
2665:
2661:
2634:
2623:the original
2600:
2582:
2578:
2548:
2529:
2506:
2487:
2464:
2444:
2425:
2406:
2387:
2368:
2345:
2322:
2304:
2300:
2258:
2234:. Berghahn.
2230:
2210:
2201:
2197:
2182:Bibliography
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2144:
2135:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2094:Whitman 1990
2089:
2082:Poulton 1997
2077:
2065:
2057:worldlii.org
2056:
2047:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1904:, p. 9.
1897:
1870:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1842:, p. 2.
1835:
1811:
1804:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:the original
1772:
1762:
1755:Markova 2010
1738:Markova 2010
1733:
1726:Markova 2010
1707:Markova 2010
1702:
1671:
1613:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1564:
1555:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:
1516:
1504:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1457:
1432:
1424:
1412:
1385:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:the original
1332:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1278:
1192:
1150:
1120:
1076:
1010:
1005:Greek church
982:
974:
972:
922:
883:Cretan Turks
872:
867:
851:
847:
843:
827:
784:
748:
732:
730:
726:Nogai Tatars
711:
700:
658:
637:
609:
562:
555:
550:
389:
352:- after the
346:Soviet Union
339:
327:Balkan Turks
324:
292:Soviet Union
253:
230:
197:, 800,000),
180:
173:
149:Serb Muslims
105:
104:
65:
56:
43:copy editing
41:may require
40:
3802:Kouloughlis
3612:Turkophobia
3525:Afghanistan
3483:New Zealand
3391:Switzerland
3361:Netherlands
3226:Kouloughlis
2585:(1): 1–29.
2263:I.B. Tauris
2160:18 December
2155:Daily Sabah
1941:Nevzat 2005
1929:Nevzat 2005
1917:Nevzat 2005
1695:van He 1998
1676:Eminov 1997
1664:Eminov 1997
1618:Eminov 1997
1378:Karpat 2004
933:World War I
753:Islamic law
705:arrived in
677:Circassians
667:, killing,
597:Balkan Wars
575:arrived in
288:Middle East
237:World War I
193:, 400,000;
161:East Thrace
157:Muslim Roma
129:Circassians
3834:Categories
3602:Uzbekistan
3582:Kyrgyzstan
3577:Kazakhstan
3572:Azerbaijan
3162:Turkmeneli
3124:Azerbaijan
3096:Montenegro
3074:Dodecanese
3003:settlement
2991:by country
2892:1857288386
2837:0851172326
2800:B0006BWHUO
2757:1850652767
2724:9514277503
2520:9004038892
2497:1850652767
2371:. Granta.
2336:0415384583
2240:1887/31832
2070:Clark 2007
1783:2019-01-05
1604:273320145X
1571:2023-01-30
1532:2023-01-30
1266:References
1195:Yugoslavia
1167:See also:
1163:Yugoslavia
1145:See also:
1067:See also:
1061:Iron Gates
1019:) and the
887:Vallahades
881:See also:
767:See also:
682:Caucasians
430:See also:
384:See also:
335:Yugoslavia
290:, and the
245:motherland
195:Yugoslavia
99:New Mosque
59:April 2024
51:editing it
3509:Venezuela
3499:Argentina
3478:Australia
3191:Palestine
3137:Meskhetia
2553:Routledge
2426:Macedonia
2350:MIT Press
2010:3 October
1496:128432463
1348:1 January
1324:2325-8381
1271:Citations
1107:Ada Kaleh
1057:Ada Kaleh
1003:into the
976:The Times
801:moved to
673:expulsion
556:1,160,614
478:1878-1912
408:Palestine
312:Circassia
268:Black Sea
121:Albanians
119:but also
3775:See also
3535:Pakistan
3376:Portugal
3132:Abkhazia
3128:Georgia
3056:Bulgaria
3019:Muhacirs
2486:(eds.).
2283:(2003).
1541:cite web
1482:(2): 3.
1229:See also
1207:Anatolia
1203:Anatolia
1083:Anatolia
1017:Istanbul
1001:baptized
995:came to
803:Anatolia
791:Ottomans
707:Anatolia
655:Caucasus
599:and the
589:Bulgaria
565:Bulgaria
545:321,800
529:114,356
513:154,198
489:101,507
481:350,000
458:Bulgaria
426:Bulgaria
366:Iraq War
331:Bulgaria
308:expelled
272:Caucasus
222:Anatolia
203:Caucasus
183:Bulgaria
165:Anatolia
125:Bosniaks
87:Istanbul
3597:Ukraine
3346:Ireland
3341:Hungary
3329:Germany
3319:Finland
3314:Denmark
3304:Belgium
3299:Austria
3243:Tunisia
3221:Algeria
3186:Lebanon
3101:Romania
3065:Greece
3061:Croatia
3001:Turkish
2175:89-116.
1103:exclave
1099:Dobruja
1087:Ottoman
1079:Romania
1053:exclave
1043:Romania
919:), 1923
869:Turkey.
628:Marmara
542:1989-92
534:1979-88
526:1969-78
518:1952-68
510:1950-51
505:21,353
502:1940-49
497:97,181
494:1934-39
486:1923-33
473:Number
396:Algeria
380:Algeria
350:Ukraine
264:Balkans
219:Ottoman
191:Romania
110:Ottoman
106:Muhacir
3587:Russia
3504:Brazil
3452:Kuwait
3424:Mexico
3419:Canada
3401:London
3386:Sweden
3371:Poland
3366:Norway
3334:Berlin
3324:France
3291:Europe
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