Army of the Mughal Empire

2348: 1942: 2859: 2312: 2459: 2513:, swords, shields, and sometimes also rifle. Materials of the Mughal cavalry armour was made up of steel or leather, heavy chainmail, lamellar, or half-plate armor, while their horses also worn similar type of protection. The full set of their armour consisted of two layers; the first consisting of steel plates and helmets to secure the head, breast, and limbs. Underneath this steel network of armour was worn an upper garment of cotton or linen quilted thick enough to resist a sword or a bullet, which came down as far as the knees. There was also a custom among the riders to cover the body in protective garments until little beyond a man's eyes could be seen. Above all, they wore the traditional dress of their tribes, such as silken pants as the lower garment and a pair of 2416: 66: 2360: 3046:'s reign, when the Mughal throne was not sufficiently consolidated, the harem was mobile, following wherever the Emperor went next. Accordingly, it was necessary to have the range of trustworthy female guards and thus, the army of Urdubegis were constituted. They also followed the harem during excursions and sieges, and kept guard in the palace mansions were the Emperor's male soldiers were prohibited from entering. Many of these warriors, ascended the ranks, with time, or were granted a promotion by the Emperor in return for a favour. For instance, Bibi Fatima, the only known Urdubegi, was first a wet-nurse in Humayun's period, but was promoted to the rank of an Urdubegi by his son 1260: 2069:, the dynasty was ruling the wealthiest empire in the world, with also the largest military on earth. Mughals had approximately 24 percent share of world's economy and a military of millions rgularly paid soldiers. J. C. Sharman, Political scientist, has viewed the Mughal empire as centralized power of Indian region as one of Asian great power like Ming in context of population, riches, and military power that were unheard of in comparison with the contemporary European powers at their time. Stephen Rosen calculated that even thhe highly conservative estimation version for Indian peninsula military available bodies were at least rivalled the contemporary Europe at the end of the 3482:

Askari concluded that the lack of priority of Aurangzeb to afford his naval project due to his conflicts against the Marathas has hindered him to do so. Andrew de la Garza stated other reason of the Mughal navy did not evolve into a high seas fleet during the 17th century was technological inferiority of Indian blast furnaces in comparation with the European counterparts, who capable of generating the temperatures required to manufacture cast iron cannon in quantity. Nevertheless, Syed maintained that Mughal was largely not independent to control the rampart piracy and European naval incursions, and instead resorted to depend on the strength of friendly Arab forces from

905:, a thinly populated, hilly area in central India that was of interest to the Mughals because of its herd of wild elephants. Akbar did not personally lead the campaign because he was preoccupied with the Uzbek rebellion, leaving the expedition in the hands of Asaf Khan, the Mughal governor of Kara. Durgavati committed suicide after her defeat at the Battle of Damoh, while Raja Vir Narayan was slain at the Fall of Chauragarh, the mountain fortress of the Gonds. The Mughals seized immense wealth, including an uncalculated amount of gold and silver, jewels, and 1,000 elephants. Kamala Devi, a younger sister of Durgavati, was sent to the Mughal harem. 3207: 2775: 1155: 1969:

All administration and governance was carried out within, while the Mughal Emperors spent a significant portion of their ruling period within these camps. Akbar's entourage included small camps for journeys or hunting and large camps for royal tours and military campaigns, where it could accommodate 300000 people. It is estimated the large camp were travelling in 16 km perday. however, another estimation has the camp rarely traveled more than 6 km per day and was preceded by agents, scouts and workers who prepared roads and bridges, campsites, arranged the purchase of foodstuffs and fuel and assured the cooperation of local rulers.

2874:. Meaning "sword-wielders" or "gladiators", or swordsmen. The Shamsherbaz were elite heavy infantry companies of highly skilled swordsmen. As their name implies, a few of them were assigned to the court to serve as palace guards, or participate in mock-battles of exhibitions of skill. However, tens of thousands of them were assigned to army units by the Mansabdars around the Mughal Empire. The Shamsherbaz were frequently used in siege warfare, where they would be unleashed to deal with the resistance once the walls were breached with explosives or artillery. There are several class of Shamsherbaz unit within the mughal army: 1472: 3327:

muds in the region that they learned from the local Bengalese fortress construction techniques. Soon, the imperial naval strategy focusing the mobilities of the ships which tracks were defended by those river forts. Grand vizier Mir Jumla also constructing land-based defensensive installations put on those floating river forts, which constructed by lashing ships, and large rafts to enable the Mughal soldiers to fight on water. Heavy artillery pieces brought on board rafts to supplement the existing ones, while wagons lashed to decks and stacks of crates and bales of straw or cotton formed makeshift fortification.

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Scandinavia, Britain, European Russia, Spain, and the Balkans). He also states that the actual numbers may be closer to ten times the inci- denceofsoldierspercapitainEuropeduringthatwar.Furthermore,insharp contrast to European states, the Mughals controlled only a small propor- tion of the total military forces in India. The Ain-i-Akbari gives the empire's total number of soldiers in the 1590s as 4.4 million, which includes local militia, consisting mainly of foot soldiers outside of Mughal control. This represents 3 percent of an estimated population of 135 million in 1600.

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Such troops were known by the Hindi name of chela (a slave). They were fed, clothed, and lodged by their employer, had mostly been brought up and trained by him, and had no other home than his camp. They were recruited chiefly from children taken in war or bought from their parents during times of famine. The great majority were of Hindu origin, but they always converted to Islam after joined the Chela unit. This slave-originated units were the only troops on which a man could place entire reliance as being ready to follow his fortunes in both foul and fair weather.

2139: 2058: 1411: 2789:. The Zamburaks or camel units with mounted swivel guns were though as Mughal innovation, as were first mentioned by Bernier, who reports that Aurangzeb took two to three hundred camel- guns with him on his expedition to Kashmir. Its mobility compared to their Gajnal Elephant counterpart were considered pivotal, as those weapons which size are double of normal musket could be shot on top of the camels. Each of two Zamburaks usually attached to the saddle of a camel and the ordnance measured in two haths and forty - six liva. 2532:(imperial mark) which branded on the side of the horse. The cavalry troops of the Mughals also required to possess extra mounts as spare Well-bred horses were either imported from Arabia, Iran or Central Asia, or bred in Sindh, Rajasthan and parts of Punjab. Emperors at times also issued firman or imperial mandates on regular intervals addressing officials like mansabdars, kotwals, zamindars and mutasaddis for the remission of taxes for promoting the horse trade. Meanwhile, the emperor and the high-ranking commanders using 1865: 2585: 2717:

parts. However, the elephants which rode by high ranking figures such as rulers who could affort usually has their elephant fully protected with chainmail, steel plates, sewn-scale or brigandines armor sets, although its not casual regularity even among high-ranking commanders of the army. From the earliest time of warfare in India, war elephants which assigned to the frontline usually used as shock troops which charge was unstoppable by most kind of enemies, except heavily disciplined infantry columns.

691: 51: 2336: 13708: 1135:, which was considered the centre of the revolt. Jahangir arrived with a force of 12,000 after many ferocious encounters and finally subdued the Bundela and ordered Vir Singh Deo to surrender. After tremendous casualties and the start of negotiations between the two, Vir Singh Deo handed over 5000 Bundela infantry and 1000 cavalry, but he feared Mughal retaliation and remained a fugitive until his death. The victorious Jahangir, at 26 years of age, ordered the completion of the 2675: 2663: 1757: 2805: 3290:. some of these ships carried thirty to forty pieces of cannons. This Siddi navy has armed with rare huge vessels of certain craft which weighted between 300 and 400 tonnage with heavy ordnance on row boats, where few matchlock gunner and spear men cramped. The use of hand-driven pumps to dispose excessive water from boats was already used by Indian shipmasters in the seventeenth century. However, larger imperial ships also operated by Mughal such 3442: 3061:. It is interesting, how in all other biographies, written by male authors, we do not find exclusive mention of an Urdubegi. In the wake of the colonial gaze interpreting history, the harem became a definite orientalist, and exotic space, from wherein the mention of the Urdubegis were removed. The harem came to largely symbolise the Mughal monarch's sexual playground, and its complexities were reduced under such a biased historical analysis. 1742: 8459:...Mughal historiographical tradition has depicted the encampment as an example of its central Asian legacy.... He also created new revenue collection systems known as the khalisa... 21 Nevertheless, these centralizing policies also coincided with Akbar's .... Akbar's entourage included small camps for journeys or hunting and large camps for royal ...The emperor and his administration ruled the expanding Mughal empire from these camps. 665:

and know their conduct in action, I see that they have no order or discipline and that their kings from pride of birth and station do not personally superintend the government and leave all the affair and business of the state to their nobles and ministers, in whose sayings and doings they put perfect confidence. These grandees act on corrupt motives in every case whether it be of a soldier or a cultivator, or of a rebellious zamindar.

2292:. They were found mostly in the Mughal-influenced Northern and Central India. Two types of Toradar exist: one has a very slim, from 3 feet (91 cm) to 6 feet (180 cm) long, straight stock with pentagonal-shaped section, and a light barrel; the other type is always between 5 feet (150 cm) to 6 feet (180 cm) long, has a curved stock with diamond-shaped section and a very heavy barrel, much enlarged at the breech. 1993:, Zoroastrian texts such Vendidad and Yasna, and the Book of Genesis was implied in the pavilion structure of those gardens. The pavilions like structures in different Persian type and names used in this mobile encampment, such as emarat, khaneh, qasr, moshkuy, sarai, shabistan tagh, iwan, and kakh, while on the other side, it also contain some permanent structures, and also tents with different sizes and complexities such as 3185: 2614:

their horses to stand on their hind legs and jumping forward. The adversaries of the Mughals such as the Uzbek employed their own cavalry archers to counter the Mughal heavy cavalry from closing in. Meanwhile, the Mughal also possessed their own cavalry archer units which quality even more effective than a rifle armed cavalry. This particularly on their ability to shooting their arrows repeatedly on top of their horse.

2288:, the adoption of muskets and gunpowder weapons in Mughal empire became widespread particularly during the time of emperor Akbar. When the Portuguese reached India in 1498, they brought with them firearms, among them the matchlock musket. However, expert armorers were already plentiful in India, and native craftsmen began to copy the weapons and adapting them for their own needs. These indigenous matchlocks were called 2403:

logistical task of maintain the huge needs to ensure the camp sustain its inhabitants, the Mughal established an exchange bill credit institution to bridge the noble's military camps with the local Indian markets. Gommans also noted due to the nature of already wealth of Mughal empire, they did not consider it was necessary to always moving their encampment site, in comparison with the contemporary European kingdoms.

1534: 1925:), or imperial bodyguards, which regarded as the most trusted and faithful part of the troops, being directly in the pay of the Emperor. They also serve as cavalrymen, similar to Ahadis. They were chiefly, if not entirely, men who had been attached to the Emperor from his youth and had served him while he was only a prince and were thus marked out in a special manner as his personal attendants and household troops. 2022:

he advanced. The rationale of military strategy and political necessity—surrounded by raiding nomadic empires was such of mobile technology that allowed Babur to remain elusive to his opponents. Regardless of his defeats in battle, Babur maintained control by monopolizing control of his subjects' movements, deciding which paths they would take as they maneuvered around Hindustan in their struggle for power.

2478:, Battle of Dharmatpur, and in eyewitness accounts such as Father Monserrate, which primarily featured the use of traditional Turko-Mongol horse archer tactics rather than gunpowder. The cavalrymen of Mughal were usually hailed high-class caste and were better paid than foot soldiers and artillerymen, and had to possess at least two of their own horses and good equipment. The regular horseman was called a 722:, which fell to the Afghan forces in April 1538. With these victories, Sher Shah held his first coronation. However, Humayun did not wish to leave Bengal in the hands of a hostile state. Following this, Humayun began his march to Bengal against Sher Shah, however the march of the Mughal army would be overwhelmed from poor weather conditions, with rains causing the loss of his baggage between 12383: 1929:

had some of each of these divisions. The exception to this rule was the artillery, which was a specialized corps with its own designated commander, and was not part of the mansabdari troops. The Mughals also carried on the tradition of harsh execution of mutineers by strapping them into the mouth of cannon and blowing them apart by the cannon shot. This brutal tradition was copied by the

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During their height of their military domination in India region, the adversaries of the Mughal empire rarely dared to confront them in frontal battles; the Maratha confederation, Ahmadnagar Sultanates, or the Rajput kingdoms generally powerless against the Mughals who possessed provisioned cities and camps which defended with artilleries. They usually resorted to guerilla warfare or

2907:. Furthermore, many of Rajput tribesmens also entered service of the Mughal Shamserbaz unit either as regular soldier or mercenary. Mughal chronicler Abul Fazl recorded there were around 1,000 gladiators or Shamsherbaz within the Mughal royal palace alone, while approximately around 100,000 gladiator infantries total was employed by the empire of Mughal across their territories. 832:, 50 miles (80 km) north of Delhi. Soon after the battle, Mughal forces occupied Delhi and then Agra. Akbar made a triumphant entry into Delhi, where he stayed for a month. Then, he and Bairam Khan returned to Punjab to deal with Sikandar Shah Suri, who had become active again. In the next six months, the Mughals won another major battle against Sikander, who fled east to 13650: 1576:. The Mughals were now struggling on both fronts and became overburdened by the ongoing siege against Adil Shahi and the roving Maratha forces. Things worsened when a Bijapuri cannonball struck a Mughal gunpowder position causing a massive explosion into the trenches that killed 500 infantrymen. After 18 months, In 1686, the Mughal managed to annexed Bijapur, after 1957:", were used for military expeditions and royal tours, also served as a mobile, "de facto" administrative capital and also imperial army headquarters, where it is manned hundreds of thousands of people and the 50,000 horses and oxen required to transport tents, baggage and equipment as its challenge. Vincent Smith further writes that the Mughal Camp was like 1332:. In 1615, Khurram presented Kunwar Karan Singh, Amar Singh's heir to Jahangir. Khurram was sent to pay homage to his mother and stepmothers and was later awarded by Jahangir. The same year, his mansab was increased from 12,000/6,000 to 15,000/7,000, practically making his rank equal with his brother Parvez. was further increased to 20000/10000 in 1616. 1979:"Each encampment required for its carriage 100 elephants, 500 camels, 400 carts and 100 bearers. It is escorted by 500 troopers, mansabdars, Ahadis besides, there are employed a thousand Farrashes, native of Iran, Turan and Hindustan, 500 pioneers, 100 water-carriers, 50 carpenters, tent makers and torch bearers, 50 workers in leather and 150 sweepers." 3373:, and grand son of Isa khan, former enemies of the Mughal empire in Bengal during the reign of Akbar. Masum served as the Mughal army General during the Hughly invasion in 1632. The English company, which under admiral Nicholson, who had been granted permission by the emperor to sail about 10 warships, The objectives of the company was to seize 1580:, after Aurangzeb paying every soldiers with gold coins for each bucket of muds thrown into the moat, filling it with even corpses of men and animals, allowing the Mughal forces to storm the fortress. To celebrate this victory, Aurangzeb spread his coins, mounting the throne of Adil Shahi sultan, and also carving the great cannon 3438:. This ensuing conflict in Chittagong were documented as largest Early Modern galley battles fought which nvolved more than 500 ships. and the number of were more than 40,000 bodies. After the Mughals took Chittagong, the Portuguese moved to the Ferengi Bazaar in Dhaka. Descendants of the Portuguese still reside in these places. 1146:(administrative unit). However, on 5 September, Durjan Singh was killed and the Mughal forces were defeated. Both the army and navy of the Mughal-Koch Bihar alliance were either routed or captured. Sometimes after the battle the battle, Isa Khan his submission, Akbar assigned 22 parganas administrative units under his control. 10029:..elephants significance to Mughal leadership's right to rule, depicting how cultural symbols are co opted and repurposed and thus underscoring the dynamic nature of culture and power....In South Asia, elephants have been a symbol of power and reverence since the ancient Vedic times, as shown in the Arthashastra and Manusmriti 608:

part of his army. Babur's empire did not last long and the mughal empire collapsed with the expulsion of Humayun, and the mughal empire founded by Akbar in 1556 proved more stable and enduring. Although it was true that the Mughal has their origin as nomadic civilization, they became more sendentarized as the time passed.

3042:, and were proficient in weapons combat, specifically lance, and archery. Mughal emperors spent a great deal of their leisure time in the zenana, and slept there at night, therefore the women assigned to protect the women's quarters were also part of the larger system in place to protect the emperor. During Babur, and 3088:

Mir-i-Atish commander great influence. They were somewhat risky to be used in the battlefield, since they exploded sometimes, killing the crew members. Light artillery was the most useful in the battle field. They were mainly made up of bronze and drawn by horses. This also included swivel guns born by camels called

1247:, one thousand picked cavalry of Islam Khan I, one hundred imperial war elephants and the fleet of Musa Khan and his confederates, who had surrendered to the Mughals the previous year. Bayazid's side consisted of the forces sworn to him and his brother Yaqub, as well as several hill-tribe chieftains (likely 3531:

and manned by 6 or 7 British fugitives under a captain named John Durson. Furthermore, Mir Jumla also employing a British named Thomas Pratt to construct boats and making ammunition for riverine warfare During the tenure of Mughal general Mir Jumla in Bengal, he employs Portuguese, English, and Dutch

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For the two decades in the end of 16th century of their operation in Bengal, The Mughal empire with faced difficulties when it dealing with the rainy climate and the geography of Bengal region which contain large portions of Ganges rivers delta, as any attempts for military conquests practically turn

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knights was the ability of the Mughal cavalryman to comfortably sat in relaxed fashion on their saddles during the top speed of their horse charge. Historian Jos Gommans recorded how the Mughals mocked the "European style" of cavalry charge. The regular cavalry troopers were directly recruited by the

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From the time of Babur, cavalry archery has become a staple of the Mughal army. By the time of emperor Jahangir, it was recorded the Mughal empire has maintained in total of 342,696 cavalry troopers. The Mughal army performances depended heavily with their animal's performances such as war elephants,

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census were too conservative it its method as it does not cover the military population of the southern India. Thus, Peter Rosen suggested the realistic number of the overall Mughal military power were above 4,4 millions, which about 4 percents of Indian population of that time. Far higher estimation

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The Mughal army generally divided into four branches: the cavalry (Aswaran), the infantry (Paidgan), the artillery (Topkhana) and the navy. These were not divisions with their own commanders, instead they were branches or classes that were distributed individually amongst the Mansabdars, each of whom

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left the Mughal court along with a few Muslim Mansabdar supporters and joined Muslim rebels in the Deccan. Aurangzeb in response moved his court to Aurangabad and took over command of the Deccan campaign. The rebels were defeated and Akbar fled south to seek refuge with Sambhaji, Shivaji's successor.

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In 1657, on March, the Maratha's forces under Shivaji raided the Mughal army's barracks and made away with battle-hardened Arabian horses and plenty of loot. This was responded by Aurangzeb by sending his general Nasiri Khan to let the punitive campaign, where he manage to inflict defeat to Shivaji's

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sermon read, and other Islamic rituals performed. Further mark of Jahangir departure from Akbar secular policy were recorded Terry, a traveller, who came and observed India region between 1616-1619, where he found the mosques full of worshippers, the exaltation of Quran and Hadith practical teaching,

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riflemens, one thousand picked cavalry of Islam Khan I, 100 imperial war elephants and the fleet of Musa Khan and his confederates, who had surrendered to the Mughals the previous year. The intense conflict rages between the alliance with the Mughal force, until Khwaja Usman slain in one of clashes.

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played an important part in politically in resisting the increasing influence of Mughals in Afghan region as they gained popular supports from the Afghanis. Pir Roshan spent his life in conflict with the Mughals until his death in 1572. His successors continued his struggle against the Mughals,

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If luck and fortune favor me I will very shortly expel the Mughals from Hind, for the Mughals are not superior to the Afghans in battle or single combat, but the Afghans have let the Empire of Hindo slip from their hands on account of their internal dissensions. Since I have been amongst the Mughals,

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The massive army of Mughals were known for their highly disciplined fashion, while also maintain a characteristic of multiethnicities among its personnels. They have absorbed almost entire northern and central south Asia except for some geographically isolated, or strategically insignificant regions.

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islands. Aurangzeb were said to possess four huge vessels at Surat and port of southern Gujarat. Aurangzeb's Vizier, Jafar Khan, blames the Mughal lack of ability to establish an effective navy not due to lack of resources and money, but to the lack of men to direct (the vessels). Thus Syed Hassan

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Aside from its military purpose, Vikram Aggarwal recorded historical accounts and religious lore together to illustrate elephants significance to Mughal leadership's right to rule, co-opting cultural symbols and repurpose it and thus underscoring the dynamic nature of culture and power in India, As

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never had more than 3,000 elephants at any time, the Mughals were much more interested in maintaining war elephants than their predecessors. They fully supported changing their war tactics to also include elephants as Akbar is known as the biggest proponent of elephant warfare in the Mughal Dynasty.

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officer worked for the government who was responsible for recruiting and maintaining his quota of horsemen, where practically most of Mughal armies were under Mansabdar officers. The rank of Mansabdars were based on the horsemen he provided, which ranged from 10(the lowest), up to 5000. A prince had

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was not stemmed from the sophisticated British empire's military organization, technology, or fighting skill. but it was rather due to the British Raj could offer political stability with their civil administrations after the decline of Mughal authority in India . Adapted to fighting pitched battles

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and their Maratha forces fought individual battles against the forces of the Mughal Empire. Territory changed hands repeatedly during the years (1689–1707) of interminable warfare. As there was no central authority among the Marathas, Aurangzeb was forced to contest every inch of territory, at great

1514:, in order to avenge his father Gokula's death, plundered Akbar's tomb of its gold, silver and fine carpets, opened Akbar's grave and dragged his bones and burned them in retaliation. Jats also shot off the tops of the minarets on the gateway to Akbar's Tomb and melted down two silver doors from the 1039:

near Khizirpur and attacked Sonargaon, Katrabo and Egarasindhur. and pursued the defeated Pathan forces under Masum Kabuli up to Bikrampur in Dhaka, the cunning Isa then deluded negotiation of surrender and delayed the attack of Mughal general for several months. However, in 1584, Isa and Masum Khan

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for refuge, leaving behind his harem, treasure, and war elephants. Despite initial success, Akbar was ultimately displeased with the aftermath of the campaign; his foster brother retained all of the spoils and followed through with the Central Asian practice of slaughtering the surrendered garrison,

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was horse-oriented. The ranks and pay of the officers were based on the horses they retained. Babur's army was small and inherited the Timurid military traditions of central Asia. It would be wrong to assume that Babur introduced a gunpowder warfare system, because mounted archery remained the vital

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The Mughal amphibious forces also operated in muddy terrains, such as when Ghiyas Khan led the poeration against Udayaditya from Jessore kingdom. To further improving their operations in wet terrains, the Mughals constructed some economical river dedicated fortress which built with the abundance of

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Another Mughal warships characteristics were their strength and their size, due to the shipbuilding skills of their Bengalis shipbuilder. Contrary to the naval forces in Bengal which relied mostly on riverine fitted Gharb warships, the naval forces of Janjira state which given subsidy and sponsored

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were slave soldiers in the Mughal army. As a counterpoise to the mercenaries in their employ, over whom they had a very loose hold, commanders were in the habit of getting together, as the kernel of their force, a body of personal dependents or slaves, who had no one to look to except their master.

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in the army payrolls. Their matchlocks were thrice as slow as the mounted archers. Chronicles hardly mention them in battle accounts. Indian Muslims usually enlisted in the cavalry and seldom recruited in the infantry, as they regarded fighting with muskets with contempt. The Banduqchis were mainly

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which weighed 118 kg. However, it was also reported that the war elephants was vulnerable to firearm based weapons. The elephants which used in war by the Mughals bore well ornamented and good armour. The clad of armor sets which protected the war elephants mostly only protected the head and trunks

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In the battle against Hemu, the Mughal army led by Ali Quli Khan Shaibani with three sections of cavalry vanguard with the centre composed of 10,000 cavalry. This formation included Bairam Khan's detachment of Turks. There are unique characteristics among horse-cavalry troopers under the command of

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With the nomadic steppe culture in mind, it is recorded this model of military administration by focusing on highly mobile imperial tourage of their soldiers and followers camps as a way to gain the prestige and loyalty. Babur himself wrote frequently about pitching his camp throughout Hindustan as

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This mobile military capital were constructed by more than 2,000 personnel and labourers sent on ahead of the main imperial party. From the time of Akbar, Mughal military camps were huge in scale, accompanied by numerous personages associated with the royal court, as well as soldiers and labourers.

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and fought off all attempts to relieve it. Foreseeing defeat, Shivaji agreed to terms. Jai Singh persuaded Shivaji to visit Aurangzeb at Agra, giving him a personal guarantee of safety. Their meeting at the Mughal court did not go well, however. Shivaji felt slighted at the way he was received, and

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of Bengal, was among the most powerful leaders of the Eastern Afghani Confederates, independently ruling its eastern half with his capital in Pratapgarh. continuing the struggle against Mughal expansion of the previous generation under Isa Khan. Bayazid was among those who had been granted lands as

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and consolidate its interests. However, The English were defeated as the Mughal counterattack under Shaista Khan towards Hooghly proved too much. In 1572, Akbar unsuccessfully tried to obtain compact artillery pieces from Purtuguese, hence became the reason why the Mughal could not establish their

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The infantry was recruited either by Mansabdars, or by the emperor himself. The emperor's own infantry was called Ahsam. They were normally ill-paid and ill-equipped, and also lacked discipline. This group included bandukchi or gun bearers, swordsmen, as well as servants and artisans. They used a

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One of the most phenomenal aspect, yet somewhat unusual for its era, of Mughal military was their mastery logistical system, which according to historians such as Stephen Rosen was comparable with the ancient Rome army or modern time US Army in term of military brute force. While Historian Jeremy

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As army mansabdars, royal household, domestic servants and others presented a picture of a well-planned city, moving from one place to another place, traveller Niccolao Manucci who witnessed the grandeur has written that the grandeur of Mughal rulers entourage far greater than any European rulers.

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stated the classifications of 3 zones of military cultures in India, he divided pre British colonial era India into a three regions, where southern India based on fortress and light infantries, western India such as Marathas basing their military forces with light cavalry, then the Mughal, and by

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work that the raw number of potential bodies of Mughal military personnels, included with the auxiliary forces, has reached an astronomical numbers of 26,000,000 (Twenty six million) military personnels. Eraly further added the reflection of massive numbers of this Mughal military expenses in the

950:, the Portuguese, recognising the superior strength of the Mughal army, chose to pursue diplomacy to resolve their conflict. The Portuguese Governor, upon the request of Akbar, sent him an ambassador to establish friendly relations. Next year at the close of 1573, Akbar sent an armed forces under 2833:

The Mughal musket infantry line was known to be able to break the enemy's elephant charge without help from cavalry units, as it was shown in the battle of Haldigathi agains the Rajput kingdom of Mewar. This feat also shown in the battle of Tukaroi against huge cavalry and elephant charge of the

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In 1581, Catalan Jesuit Antoni de Montserrat recorded that Akbar has brought around 500 elephants and 28 field cannons in his battle against Mirza Hakim,his brother. Montserrat also further described the supporting role of war elephant units in the formation of the Mughal army during the battle.

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Tactically speaking, the Mughals characterized by their frontal-combat oriented, and shock-charge tactics of the heavy cavalry armed with swords and lances was popular in Mughal armies. The Mughal cavalry also trained in a special maneuver to attack enemy's war elephant, where they could control

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costs to employ the camp followers such as accountants, bankers, and merchants who accompanying the massive expedition and covering the logistical needs for months and even years. This is due to necessity of remittance from hundred of Mughal nobles to supply their needs. To facilitate such heavy

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to pacify the rebellion in Gujarat. The rebels under viceroy Muzaffar soundly defeated and fled to Cambay (Khambhat), as Abdúr-Rahím Khán had been joined by Naurang Khán and other nobles with the Mughal army from Málwa, Thus prompting Muzaffar to fled to Rajpipla. As the conquest of Gujarát was

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saw an opportunity to wrest control of Agra from the Mughals. Humayun, faced with the rising threat of the Afghans in the east led by Mahmud Lodi, defeated a force of them at Dadrah in 1532, and besieged Chunar following this in September 1532, which was under the control of Sher Shah. The siege

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and manned by 6 or 7 British fugitives under a captain named John Durson. Furthermore, Mir Jumla also employing a British named Thomas Pratt to construct boats and making ammunition for riverine warfare After the death of Mir Jumla, Shaista Khan launched conquest of Chittagong in 1666, where he

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in their rear formations, the Mughals army placing their wagon in front of enemy centers with. Chains connected the wagons to each other to impeded enemy cavalry charges. This wagon forts provided cover for the slow-loading of the Indian rifles. while also protected Heavy cavalry who positioned

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The ground army logistic department also proven pivotal in supporting the naval fleets, as the land army logistical units clearing the jungles on the coastal area, building roads and canals, allowing the navy units to advances such as during the Mughal naval operations in Assam by Mir Jumla and

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river. Humayun crossed the river and began skirmishing with Sher Shah's army. Amidst the fighting, Humayun's army saw many nobles hiding their insignia to prevent them from being recognized by the Afghans, with many nobles also fleeing from the battle. The Mughal army was defeated, which led to

2686:. Commanders of Mughal army always command their troops from the top of their elephant, as they the elephant ride gave them high ground of vantage to give them good vision for giving orders The elephant rider unit of the Mughal army consisted of two riders atop of single elephant was known as 1851:

soldiers. According to Jos Gommans, the assessment and appointment of Mansabdar officers were done personally by the emperor. This administrative policies were aimed to govern the heterogenous population of India which consisted with various backgrounds of social strata, ethnics, and religious

3683:

Stephen Rosen's calculations show that even the most conservative figures for Indian soldiers percapita are at least as high as those for Europe at the end of the Thirty Years' War (1650), that is, 550,000, or 0.5 percent of a population of some 105 million (Europewest of the Urals, including

2172:

Other estimation came from historian Abdul-Hamid Lahori recorded the Mughal military strength in 1647 are 200,000 stipendiary cavalry, 185,000 other cavalry, and 40,000 garrisoned musketeers and gunners.. Andrew de la Garza added that these great number of infantry troopers were not simply an

2150:

chronicle has recorded an estimation of 4 million total number soldier of the Mughal empire, which includes local auxiliaries, which consisted of infatries outside of Mughal controlled territories. According to Indian historian Pradeep Barua, this means 3 percent of Indian population in 1600.

669:

In 1535 Humayun was made aware that the Sultan of Gujarat was planning an assault on the Mughal territories in Bayana with Portuguese aid. Humayun gathered an army and marched on Bahadur. However, instead of pressing his attack, Humayun ceased the campaign and consolidated his newly conquered

807:

on 22 June 1555, the armies of Sikandar Shah Suri were decisively defeated and the Mughal Empire was reestablished. After Sirhind, most towns and villages chose to welcome the invading army as it made its way to the capital. On 23 July 1555, Humayun once again sat on Babur's throne in Delhi.

2089:

has been calculated by Streissand who translated that the Mughal empire military could support about 342,696 cavalry and 4,039,097 (Four million thirty nine thousand ninety seven) infantry in total, While F. Valentijn estimate higher numbers than 4,000,000 (four million) in 1707. It further

3087:

units. The artillery was a specialized corps with its own designated commander, the Mir-i-Atish. The office of Mir-i-Atish grew in importance during the time of the later Mughals. Being in charge of the defense of the Imperial Palace Fort and being in personal contact with the Emperor, the

3513:

He also owned large ships which weighed 300–400 tons. According to records, these ships were unsuitable for fighting on the open sea against European warships, but their size allowed for transporting soldiers for amphibious operations. Reports from travellers has noted that Mughal general

1985:, who accompanied Emperor Akbar on a Kabul expedition, gives a detailed account of the magnitude of the Imperial Camp. The military marches was travelled in intervals, as the imperial army adopted the Persian traditions of gardens and large and extravagant tents. Persian texts such as 3465:, where the Janjira and Mughal naval forces always comes victorious. English letters In 1672 has recorded that Aurangzeb has sent 30 small frigates to assist the Siddis in Danda-Rajapuri. The resulting battle has caused Shivaji naval forces to be burned and lost 50 ships. Meanwhile, 1510:. By the year 1670 20,000 Jat rebels were quelled and the Mughal Army took control of Tilpat, Gokula's personal fortune amounted to 93,000 gold coins and hundreds of thousands of silver coins. In the end, Gokula was caught and executed. But the Jats once again attempted rebellion. 2969:

Similar the Timurids and other Mongol-derived armies, and unlike other Islamic states, the Mughal empire did not use slave soldiers as their regular army. The Chela soldiers were mainly served the role as menial labor, footmen and low-level officers rather than regular units like

2920:

officer, they usually received higher salary between 120-180 dāms. During the final years of emperor Akbar's rule, the proportion of infantry archers with musketeers in Mughal army was about 3 to 1. Archer units of Mughal army mainly filled a similar role with musketeer units.

218:

in the 16th century and expanded it to its greatest extent at the beginning of the 18th century. Although its origins, like the Mughals themselves, were in the cavalry-based armies of central Asia, its essential form and structure was established by the empire's third emperor,

2261:) sword, an european style straight sword; Many classical image depictions of Mughal nobles holding firangis, or accompanied by retainers carrying their masters' firangis, which suggested that this kind sword became a symbol of martial virtue and power, and was used until the 2881:: a class of Shamsherbaz who was armed with single handed weapon and a shield on the other hand. Yak-hath soldier originated from the south Indian region usually carrying large shield which could cover an entire horsemen, while some from other regions carrying smaller shield. 2008:

The massive mobile military encampment administration of emperor Akbar, which followed by his successors, were coincided with the centralization policies which were practiced by the nomadic military style of his predecessor of Central Asian conquerors, such as the Mongols of

2551:

Aside from the high quality purebreed Arabian, Iraq, Khurasan, and Central Asia steeds, the Mughal also bred lower quality warhorses. The systematic classification of horse quality in Mughal empire was started in 1595, it is generally divided into several classes such as:

3469:

has recorded that previously, once the fleet of Mughal during the era of Shah Jahan once inflicted heavy losses to the Maratha naval forces and causing 200 being captured while 100 casualties, an event which fuelled the rivalry of the Siddis with the Maratha in the sea.

1452:

or the ruler of the Maratha Kingdom in 1674. However, the Mughal's punitive campaign against the Marathas under Shivaji were interrupted by the civil war between Aurangzeb with his brothers due to the succession issue of the Mughal emperor after the death of Shah Jahan.

2694:. The riders were consisted of natives of desert areas in India like Rajasthan. Female elephants usually trained and tasked to carry or dragging baggage and siege cannons, while the male ones were trained to fight in melee combat to destroy the enemy infantry troopers. 730:. Humayun eventually reached Gauda and seized it without any opposition on 8 September 1538. Humayun remained at Gaur for months, stuck there due to the weather as he restored order into the city, while at the same time Sher Shah drove deep into his territory, seizing 6527:

Sir Thomas Herbert, Bart: Travels in Africa, Persia, and Asia the Great : Some Years Travels Into Africa and Asia the Great, Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Hindustan, as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Oriental Indies, 1627-30, the 1677

675:

continued for over four months to no avail. As a result, Sher Shah offered his loyalty to the Mughals on the condition that he remained in control of Chunar, also sending one of his sons as hostage. Humayun accepted and lifted the siege in December 1532, returning to

2544: 3341:, the annals of Akbar's reign.It identifies the navy's primary objectives including the maintenance of transport and combat vessels, the retention of skilled seamen, protection of civilian commerce and the enforcement of tolls and tariffs. Akbar were recorded in 2431:

André Wink opined that the cavalry warfare came to replace the logistically difficult elephant warfare and chaotic mass infantry tactics. Rajputs were co-opted by converting them into cavalry despite their traditions of fighting on foot. This was similar to the

2305:, the martial act of dismounting from their horses and fighting on foot until they died rather than retreat. Mughal armour was not as heavy as contemporary European armour, due to the heat climate of the region, but was heavier than the south Indian outfits. 1078:, was slain in battle. Akbar learned about the disaster 2 days after the battle, and dispatched an army under Rajah Todar Mal on 19 February to exact retribution against the Yusufzais, killing a large number of them and selling many the survivors as slave to 8140:, p. 85)... Mughal emperor contained a great many persons . The only one of its kind , this elite mahallah served as the model ... walashahis ( belonging to the king ) or mansabdaran - i khassa ( special officeholders ) , were found in the emperor's ... 3075:

The Indian Muslims during the rule of Mughal has maintained the dominance of artillery in India, and even after the fall of the empire, various other non-Islamic Indian kingdoms continued to recruit Hindustani Muslims as artillery officers in their armies.

2169:

case of Aurangzeb, who has brought about 170,000 cavalry troopers and similar number of infantry and non-combatant personnels, for a campaign in Deccan alone. Eraly also quoted Aurangzeb predecessor, Shah Jahan, who has boasted about 900,000 army command.

714:. Humayun reached the fort in November 1537 and laid siege to it. The siege would last over six months until the fort finally fell despite the attempts from Rumi Khan to make quick work of the city. Sher Shah then led a second invasion into Bengal, seizing 1599:, for 8 months. At the end of the siege, Aurangzeb and the Mughals entered Golconda victorious, resulted in the Qutb Shahis of Golconda and the ruler Abul Hasan Qutb Shah submitted to Aurangzeb and handing over several precious gems to the latter such as 1040:

Kabuli, deploying musket and gunpowder artilleries, launched a counterattack which finally defeated Shahbaz Khan in the naval and land battles of Egarasindur and Bhawal, and even killing one of Mughal general, forcing Shahbaz Khan to retreat into Tandah.

2102:

alone, emperor Akbar could muster 50,000 cavalry, 500 war elephants and camels, along with "countless number of infantry". de Montserrat also provided information that the Mughal army under Akbar consisted of multiethnicities, such as Persians, Turkmen,

803:, where Bairam Khan employed a tactic whereby he engaged his enemy in open battle but then retreated quickly in apparent fear. When the enemy followed after them, they were surprised by entrenched defensive positions and were easily annihilated. At the 3429:

and Mir Murtaza to take the land route, while the overall command was given to Buzurg Ummed Khan, a son of Shaista Khan. The Mughals and the Portuguese held sway in the following naval battle. The conquered territory to the western bank of Kashyapnadi

3261:

warships of Mughals in Bengal regions were Ghurab warships which were outfitted with 14 guns. the personnels were numbered around 50 to 60 crews. The officers of those ships were conscripted from Dutch, Portuguese, British, and Russian naval officers.

1560:", which fired cannonballs 69 cm in diameter. Instead of capturing territories on open ground, the Mughals dug long trenches and carefully placed their artillery but made no further advancements. The Mughals could not cross through the deep 10-ft 10046:, pp. 125, 128)(zamburak, shutarnal, shahin) that was attached to the saddle of the dromedary. These zamburaks were first mentioned by Bernier, who reports that Aurangzeb took two to three hundred camel- guns with him on his expedition to Kashmir 3092:. Since Mughal rule, Indian Muslims maintained the dominance of artillery in India, and even after the fall of the Mughal empire, various non-Muslim Indian kingdoms continued to recruit Hindustani Muslims as artillery officers in their armies. 2084:

The theoretical potential manpower of Mughal empire in 1647 according to Kaushik Roy from Jadavpur University, could reached 911,400 cavalry and infantry. However, Kaushik Roy also quoted the accumulation the imperial revenue of 12,071,876,840

8746:... Mughals paid insufficient attention to the quality of their firearms, they nevertheless maintained a formidable mixed-arms army. In 1647, the historian Abdul Hamid Lahori listed Mughal military strength as 200,000 stipendiary cavalry ... 1735:

in the northern Indian plains, The Mughal as empire has their army as cavalry based society which sustain itself with huge volume of nutritious grasses supply to feed their mounts, which produced from its vast territories under their rule.

1283:. A large number of the Koli chieftains were massacred and the rest were hunted far away to the mountains and deserts. 169 heads of such Koli chiefs killed in battle by Nur-ul-llah Ibrahim, commander of 'Bollodo'. In the same year after the 1856:

from England appointed as Mansabdar. Hawkins himself has provided records about the details about the administrations of Mansabdar, where during his life, he has recorded about 41 names of Mansabdar officers who commanded about 3,000-5,000

12684: 8152:... walashahis, the most trusted bodyguard of the emperor and often associated with the ahadi contingent.49 Indeed, for any European observer, the precise difference between slaves and free retainers must have been rather obscure. For ... 1435:

while scaling the walls. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting, Bidar was captured by the Mughals. Thus, wealthy city of Bidar has annexed by Mughal.

1770:

The Mughal emperors themselves maintained a small standing army, Instead the officers called mansabdars provided the bulk of the Mughal armed forces. Under Akbar, there are as many as 1,600 Mansabdars employed. While during the reign of

3334:

from the late 16th century after he conquered Bengal and Gujarat. Emperor Akbar reorganized the imperial navy from a collections of civilian vessels with more professional institutions of Naval administration which is detailed in the

2347: 1708:

where two more sons of Guru Gobind were slain. Then in 1706, another military operation undergoes in Khidrana or Muktsar in effort to further suppress the rebellion, which followed with Guru Gobind move to Talwandi Sabo or Dam Dama.

3239:

between 1660-1663. The Navy's main duty was controlling piracy, sometimes used in war. It is known from the standard survey of maritime technology in 1958, that the Bengalis expertize on shipbuilding were duplicated by The British

3425:, while also assisted by about 40 Portuguese vessels. Ibn Hussain, Shaista Khan's admiral, was asked to lead the navy, while the subahdar himself took up the responsibility of supplying provisions for the campaign. He also ordered 2391:, artisans, and others, has resulted in multi tasking armed forces which could operated freely in any seasons or terrains. Jeremy Black also focusing the role of Mughal logistical capabilities from the time of Akbar to Aurangzeb. 778:

After Sher Shah Suri successor Islam Shah, died in 1554, Humayun gathered a vast army with the help Safavid role in Humayun's army, which its vast majority of the army of the Shi'a faith, as one Shaikh Ahmad described to Humayun,

828:. Urged by Bairam Khan, who re-marshalled the Mughal army before Hemu could consolidate his position, Akbar marched on Delhi to reclaim it. His army, led by Bairam Khan, defeated Hemu and the Sur army on 5 November 1556 at the 2915:

Infantry archer in the Mughal empire was called dākhilī troops. The emperor employ them by assigning them under the command of manṣabdār officers. They usually has salary about 100-120 dāms. A captain of 10 archers was called

3353:

military confederacy, where they responsible for the shipbuildings, commercial trades, slave raidings, and military protections. The Mughals assign these local warlords in naval position and also uncultivated lands for them.

10234: 660:. Sher Shah, who at first remained in Agra and observed Mughal military organization, as well as their administration, once recorded about how the Mughal empire military. While conversing with a friend, Sher Shah remarked: 1556:, hwhich was well-defended by 30,000 men led by Sikandar Adil Shah and his commander Sarza Khan. at first, the bombards by Mughal cannon batteries were repulsed by the large and heavy Bijapur guns, such as the famous " 2090:

illustrated that during Shah Jahan reign, in 1647 the Mughal army composed of about 911,400 infantry and cavalry, while for span of 1627-58, there are 47,000 mounted musketeers, foot musketeers, gunners, and archers.

3452:

It is said in the Ahkam 'Alamgiri record that the commander of British navy, Sir John Child, has concluded peace with the Mughal empire in 1689 due to his fear towards the "Mughal navy" force of Janjira which let by

1305:. When the Portuguese officially refused to return the ship and the passengers, the outcry at the Mughal court was unusually severe, with Jahangir himself was outraged and ordered the seizure of the Portuguese town 9047: 3518:

were employing the services the sailors from British, the Dutch, and the Portuguese, along their ships. In August, 1660, he employed 6 or 7 British sailors of a small vessel carrying Trevisa, the English Agent, to

2440:. The officer also had to maintain his quota of horses, elephants and cots for transportation, as well as foot soldiers and artillery. Soldiers were given the option to be paid either in monthly/annual payments or 263:

was reflected the Asiatic military development in the 17th century. Black's evaluation contrasted other modern military historians who opined that the Asian empires military during 17 century were influenced by in

2858: 2834:

Afghan sultanate, although with combined arms fashion with cavalry and artillery units in Tukaroi. They are most useful in rural level operations to subdue local peasant-based insurrections against the empire.

1256:

The death of Khwaja Usman greatly demoralized the Afghan, prompting Bayazid to surrender. Soon after, Anwar Khan also submitted, thus bringing Sylhet for the first time under the control of the Mughal empire.

3244:

in the 1760s, which leading to significant improvements in seaworthiness and navigation for European ships during the Industrial Revolution. Among them, there are 923 Portuguese sailors in service of Akbar.

2300:

or steel bows. The composite bows were made of animal horn and sinews with the length around four feet. When facing difficult situation, the Muslim Mughals cavalrymen would perform a type of fighting called

1227:, dispatched an imperial force against Bayazid so as to prevent the latter from providing aid. Ghiyas Khan was appointed to lead the expedition, though due to his diffidence, command was later entrusted to 3222:

alone, the Amla-e-Nawara fleet contains 768 ships with 933 foreigner crews of Portuguese origin and of 8,112 artillery personnel in the eastern part. To support the maritime operations, Mughal grand vizier

870:. However, Akbar's disputes with his regent, Bairam Khan, temporarily put an end to the expansion. Akbar dismissed Bairam Khan following a dispute at court in the spring of 1560 and ordered him to leave on 321:

alone, the Amla-e-Nawara fleet contains 768 ships with 933 foreigner crews of Portuguese origin and of 8,112 artillery personnel in the eastern part. They maintained fleets of warships and transport ships.

6464: 3138:

while scaling the walls. Some miscellanous rocket artillery engine also employed by the Mughal artillery corps, such as one which recorded by chronicler Abul Fazl, which description was resembling German

2295:

Regarding the tactics and equipment of the Mughal cavalry, from the time of the rise of Babur, the cavalry troopers wore heavy chain mail armour, and also acted as cavalry archers as they were armed with

11291:

Akbar supposedly possessed 3000 vessels or boats. Later on, the amount was decreased to 768 armed cruisers ; (1618–1707) is said to have possessed four great vessels at Surat, the southern Gujarati

3421:, where in December 1665, Aurangzeb dispatched Shaista Khan, his governor of Bengal to command 288 vessels and more than 20,000 men to pacify the pirate activities within Arakan territory and to capture 232:

During the 17th century, the Mughal empire possessed the largest military on earth, with its strength numbering 911,400-4,039,097 infantry and 342,696 cavalry. Alternatively, according to the census by

878:.He was defeated by the Mughal army in the Punjab and forced to submit. Akbar forgave him and gave him the option of either continuing in his court or resuming his pilgrimage; Bairam chose the latter. 6454: 3319:

into amphibious operations. Their opponents were the local warlords which owned large quantities of Warships. Those locals also assisted by the pirates from Portuguese from Goa region and also some

3107:. This mortar was capable firing a cannonball weighed over 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg). Another recorded mortar usage also recorded in 1659 during the conflict between Aurangzeb against his brother, 1142:

In 1597, on August, The Mughal engaged Isa Khan and his ally, Masum Khan Kabuli, in the final battle of their long conflict. At first Isa faced defeat with the Mughals attacking Katrabo, one of Isa's

2359: 252:. Stephen Morillo also noted that western scholarship generally overlooked the destructive scale of Asian empire such as the Mughal were in their military operations, not unlike the Roman empire. 1086:. On the same year, a Mughal general Man Singh had defeated Isa Khan in the battle of Egarasindhur. Furthermore, Mughal Subahdar Shahbaz Khan once again sent his forces against Isa to the south. 6229: 6219: 240:

The Mughals were considered as a dominant military force in India. Employing their superior engineering to military affairs and logistic mastery. Historians has compared Mughal army with the

2524:

The horse cavalry and musketeers recruited by mansabdars were required to meet the standard of quality set by the emperor. The cavalry troopers in particular was riding the strong breeds of

237:, the size of the army was roughly about flat 4.4 million, with less than half a million trained as cavalry. While modern India historians put far bigger number in 26 million personnels. 1789:, or the head of Mughal empire's office of military and intelligence administrations. Aside from their obligation to report to the Mir Bakshi's office, Mansabdars also often appointed as 1518:. Aurangzeb appointed Mohammad Bidar Bakht as commander to crush the Jat rebellion. On 4 July 1688, Raja Ram Jat was captured and beheaded, then his head was sent to Aurangzeb as proof. 275:

and Farhat Hasan noted that Mughal cavalry are practically unmatched military organization in Indian subcontinent conflicts. The superiority of their heavy cavalry discipline and shock

13379:

This Mughal military machine conquered and absorbed all the northern and central regions of South Asia except for some small, geographically isolated, strategically insignificant, or …

2407:

Chittagong by Shaishta Khan. On the other hand, the role of the riverines and waterways in India peninsula proved crucial for the empire to transport their heavy artillery weaponries.

7324: 2528:(central Asian) or Persian steeds which generally have larger body than most horses commonly found in India during that time. The quality control regarding the imperial standart used 2466:

The key to Mughal power in India was its use of warhorses and also its control of the supply of superior warhorses from Central Asia. Modern middle east and Islamic culture historian

2173:

unorganized mobs, but rather group of units which designated with different roles and equipments and according to their respective tasks, from heavy shock infantries which acted like

925:

city at one point, prompting emperor Jahangir to deal with the rebellion more seriously, which after constant battles against the sect, the movement eventually weakened and ended.

1549:, which almost eliminated the Portuguese presence in that region. However, suddenly Mughal forces appeared and prevented the annihilation of Portuguese in Goa from the Maratha army. 8029: 8027: 3397:. The Rahimi was the largest of the Indian ships trading in the Red Sea. It had a sail vast areas that it was identifiable to sailors from miles away and was known to Europeans as, 785:...Everywhere the names of your soldiers are of this kind. I find they are all Yar Ali or Kashfi Ali or Haider Ali and I have, not found a single man bearing the names of the other 279:

were a staple of Mughal cavalry. By the period of 16th-17th century, the horses for Mughal empire were imported mostly from the countries of Arabia, Iran, Turkey and Central Asia.

8024: 3509:

fleet blockaded the fortress and forced the submission of the Britain forces. In the late 1600s, Sidi Yaqut received a subsidy of 400,000 rupees from emperor Aurangzeb to manage

754:

of the Mughals. Humayun barely escaped with his life, and the Mughals suffered over 7,000 dead, with many prominent noblemen killed. Following his defeat, Humayun returned to

1941: 1448:

insulted Aurangzeb by refusing imperial service. For this affront he was detained, but managed to effect a daring escape. Shivaji returned to the Deccan, and crowned himself

989: 1712:

Aurangzeb waged continuous war in the Deccan for more than two decades with no resolution. He thus lost about a fifth of his army fighting rebellions led by the Marathas in

1483:

tribe once again revolted against the Mughals, with one of their chiefs in Swat proclaiming himself as the ruler. Muhammad Amin Khan brought a 9,000 strong Mughal Army from

2490:

Mughal emperor himself, mainly from the emperor's own blood relatives and tribesmen. They had their own pay roll and pay master, and were better paid than normal horsemen

632:, encircling Ibrahim Lodi's army and forcing it to face artillery fire directly, as well as frightening its war elephants, until his final subjugation of Rajputs in the 6149: 5842: 2311: 10139: 6582:, p. 239 "Constant skirmishes were thinning the Rajput ranks ... offered to recognize Mughal supremacy ... Jahangir gladly and unreservedly accepted the terms." 5072: 1913:

Meanwhile, personal royal army which under the direct command of the emperor were numbered around 24,000 soldiers. These emperor personal standing armies were called

1644:, then Aurangzeb drove the Maratha forces south, and further expansion into the Deccan and southern India was achieved during his reign. Then the Maratha's successor 936:

and acquired its first access to the sea, but local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese had begun to exert control in the Indian Ocean. Akbar obtained a

10140:"Review: Climate of Conquest War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India – Pratyay Nath, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2019, 368 pages" 9995: 9993: 9991: 9989: 9987: 9985: 4559: 1839:

officers. the Faujdar is the one who helping the Subahdar to Maintaining law and order and Enforcing imperial regulations, while also held commands of number of

3345:, to be possessed 3000 armed vessels, although later decreased into 768. In early 1600, the Mughals employed Bengali local warriors as their naval force. these 3053:

From the large number of women, who have served as the Urdubegis under Mughal rule, we only know the name of one, that is Bibi Fatima. Her name is mentioned by

1876:

officers charged with the management and payment of the province's military. The provincial bakhshi often simultaneously served the function of the province's

1716:. He travelled a long distance to the Deccan to conquer the Marathas and eventually died of natural cause at the age of 88, while still fighting the Marathas. 70:

Arrival of an imperial procession of the emperor Farrukh Siyar at Delhi's "world-revealing" mosque on a Friday, to hear the sermon (khutba) recited in his name

9982: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8418: 4034:

State and Locality in Mughal India: Power Relations in Western India, C.1572-1730; Issue 61 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications, ISSN 0068-6891

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also noted the existences of ships belonging to the emperor that possess 1000 tonnes in weight disposal. Another notable huge ship owned by Mughal were the

1965:

discussing about the mode of travelling in India observed that manner of travelling in India those days is very convenient like Italy or France.

12909: 2215:

or workshops in Mughal empire prduced various arms, ammunition, and imperial stable-harnesses for the horses in articles of iron, copper and other metals.

746:, where he could easily be attacked by the Afghans. Sher Shah, seeing the fragile state of the Mughal army, attacked the Mughal army led by Humayun at the 8415: 3477:, reveals how the Mughal empire has struggled to establish strong navy, boldened by the failure to prevent losses of Muslim vessels off the coast of the 2813:

wide variety of weapons like swords, shields, lances, clubs, pistols, rifles, muskets, etc. They normally wore no armour. Unlike the Europeans who placed

2521:

testified about the magnificent gallop of the Mughal cavalier's charge, as they adorned their horse;s saddles and head covers with gems or jewel stones.

3489:

However, Syed Hassan also highlighted that Aurangzeb are not completely neglect it since he has acquired the British expertise to strengthen the fort of

5993: 3302:, which mounted 800 onboard guns at its disposal. Ganj-i-Sawai were reported as the largest ship in Surat at that time, with its 1600 tonnes in weight. 3012:, the administration of their living quarters was run entirely by women. The division of the administrative tasks was dictated largely by the vision of 10049: 7218: 3031:

origin. Kashmiri women were selected because they did not observe purdah. Many of the women were purchased as slaves, and trained for their positions.

2758:, has stated that in Mughal society, the value of one good conditioned elephant as equal to 500 horses. The empire also has regular occasion supply of 718:

in March 1538, which he used to situate Afghan families and loot he obtained during the war. Sher Shah followed his victory at Rohtasgarh by besieging

12229: 9724:

textsThe First Two Nawabs Of Oudh (a Critical Study Based On Original Sources) Approved For The Degree Of Ph. D. In The University Fo Lucknow In 1932

2602:

Turkish breed, for their strength, greater stamina than Arabian breed, and long marches, this considered the standard of Mughal regular cavalry unit.

7604: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 3457:. According to Grant Duff, until 1670 the imperial navy under the leadership of Khan Jahan with the Janjira mariners has clashed frequently against 3172: 2155:

also aded the 4,400,000 (Four million four hundred thousand) of Mughal military population as the most pragmatic estimation, since he found out the

966:

In the end of 1577, as Wazír Khán's management was not successful, the post of viceroy was conferred upon Shaháb-ud-dín Áhmed Khán, the governor of

10511:

Most of the larger zamindari establishments consisted of a considerable number—sometimes half or more of all estate employees—of armed men, called

7410: 3532:

sailors to operate his 323 warships. In August, 1660, he employed 6 or 7 British sailors of a small vessel carrying Trevisa, the English Agent, to

2654:

which traditionally composed the vanguard of the imperial army, held the hereditary role to serve as vanguard units of the empire in each battles.

947: 11344: 11342: 4435: 616:

to oppose the technologically more advanced Mughal army, By the reign of Aurangzeb, the Mughal army was mainly composed of native Indian Muslims.

11895:"The trial of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, Wm. Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Old-Bailey, for felony and piracy". 5903: 4270: 8978: 11339: 1228: 310:

among others.Heavy cannons were very expensive and heavy for transportation, and had to be dragged by elephants and oxen into the battlefield.

4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 3434:) was placed under direct imperial administration. The name of Chittagong was changed to Islamabad and it became the headquarters of a Mughal 8910:

Saul David (2003). "ill. 29, showing British and Indian Officers of Hodson's Horse March 1858. One Indian officer is armed with a firangi.".

7476: 1878: 1692:

groups of militant movements which faced rejection by local hill chiefs. Then as the Sikh Khalsas fought and defeat those hill chiefs in the

4397: 4066: 2394:

To maintain the constant supply of their massive cavalry forces, the empire employed logistical system to ensure the well transportation of

14057: 11963: 7984: 7334:

Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon Including AllBritish India, the Portuguese and French Possessions, and the Indian States

5224: 4226: 2746:

it shown how elephants played major role in the culture of South Asia, as they were seen a symbol of power and reverence since the ancient

2470:

estimated around 75 percent of Mughal army's warhorses were imported origin. This indication also supported by the Mughal victories in the

2151:

Furthermore, Barua asserted this number solely the military service exclusive to the Mughal empire, not another political powers in India.

1696:, they immediately appealed to Aurangzeb for assistance from Aurangzeb, which responded by sending instructions to the Mughal officials in 8073: 2899:), who was hailed from an Ahadi noblemen who enjoyed the status of an aḥadī. According to Abul Fazl, their salary was between 80-600 dāms. 2850:

made up of Hindus of various castes who were known for their skills as gunmen, such as the Bundelas, the Karnatakas and the men of Buxar.

1572:

led by Melgiri Pandit under Maratha Emperor Sambhaji had severed food, gunpowder and weapon supplies arriving from the Mughal garrison at

8221: 7378: 7376: 4532: 2596:

Iraqi variant of Arabian breed, which stated by Annemarie Schimmel beingconsidered by the Mughal contemporary as the best warhorse breed.

2323: 2135:

opined this high estimate of figures were rather essentially an "inventory of military labors" available for hiring in single operation.

331: 10166: 9815: 5581: 3956: 1704:, immediately sent his forces, where they subdued the Sikh in the second battle of Anandpur in 1703-1704. Another battle were fought in 775:. Following this victory, Sher Shah was crowned a second time on 17 May 1540 as Sher Shah, being declared as Emperor of Northern India. 738:, while also recovering control over Chunar, and laying siege to Jaunpur, with other detachments of the Afghan army extending as far as 12887: 10937: 10829: 5814: 1930: 12369:

Campbell, James Macnabb (1896). "Chapter II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.), Chapter III. MUGHAL VICEROYS. (A.D. 1573–1758)". In

7373: 5950: 2025:

Aside from such military administration semi-permanent building, the Mughal empire also erected permanent military fortresses such as

14042: 12783:

The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas

11501: 10803: 687:. Humayun did not wish to split up his forces under the command of a noble to continue the siege, as this would split his strength. 584: 564: 500: 13037: 11814: 10261:

The Indian muslims looked down upon fighting with muskets and prided on sword play. The best gunners in the mughal army were hindus

11221: 13697: 11574: 11258: 11256: 11254: 9962:

nebelwerfer...Monserrate notes the secondary role of elephants in the Mughal... 1,000 gladiators stationed in the royal palace...

762:. Humayun mobilized a large force, and advanced with an army of 40,000, while Sher Shah amassed 15,000. Humayun met Sher Shah at 460: 6072: 2701:

were carrying Indian swivel-gun mounted on its back. two of these kind of light artillery could be carried by single elephant.

1584:. This event caused the commercial treaty between the Purtuguese with Sultanate of Bijapur on October 22, 1576 being annulled. 14744: 14647: 13997: 13992: 13865: 9739: 6103: 5525: 1309:. He ordered the apprehension of all Portuguese within the Mughal Empire; he further confiscated churches that belonged to the 478: 472: 11864: 11251: 2826:

The rifle infantry units of the Mughal generally viewed as more effective than infantry archer units. The Banduqchis were the

1917:, a body of cavalry trooper. Another term for the Mughal emperor personal bodyguards which associated with the Ahadis was the 1521:

Until his death in 1680 Shivaji continues defying the Mughal. and succeeded by his son, Sambhaji. Then, Aurangzeb's third son

824:, a minister and general of one of the Sur rulers, who had proclaimed himself Hindu emperor and expelled the Mughals from the 14754: 13638: 13619: 13595: 13259: 13207: 13161: 13071: 13047: 13026: 12983: 12959: 12791: 12723: 12702: 12641: 12561: 12487: 12434: 12408: 12347: 12296: 12260: 12239: 12188: 12071: 12020: 11931: 11790: 11735: 11363: 11323: 11277: 10947: 10920: 10893: 10866: 10839: 10662: 10504: 10329: 10299: 10187: 10067: 9886: 9849: 9600: 9573: 9030: 8807: 8769: 8732: 8645: 8117: 8043: 7963: 7829: 7753: 7719: 7692: 7655: 7394: 7275: 7245: 7182: 7139: 7036: 6705: 6663: 6634: 6605: 6564: 6536: 6496: 6198: 5668: 5641: 5614: 5575: 5427: 5382: 5336: 4596: 4542: 4407: 4251: 4210: 4116: 4076: 4005: 3746: 2690:. Mainly they were used for transportation to carry heavy goods. Elephant riders in Indus river civilizations usually called 2458: 2073:

in 1650, as Rosen gave his own estimation of 550,000 personnel, out 105,000,000 (One hundred five million) in the Western of

249: 12797: 12353: 10910: 9563: 8842: 8813: 6502: 6143: 5852: 5045: 14201: 12949: 9590: 7743: 3923:

Ancient Rome or British army... logistics had to support operations in a variety... faced problem transporting artillery...

3096: 795:,who led the army through the Punjab virtually unopposed, with The only major battle faced by Humayun's armies was against 670:

territory, as Sultan Bahadur escaped and took up refuge with the Portuguese. Shortly after Humayun had marched on Gujarat,

6438: 6389: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3502: 644:

when after securing his throne, Humayun neutralized threat from Ahmed Shah had to be met. Humayun was victorious annexing

10289: 10241:

musketeers were mostly recruited from certain Hindu tribes , such as the Bundelas , the Karnatakis , and the men of Buxar

7060:"The Jats: Their Role & Contribution to the Socio-economic Life and Polity of North & North-west India, Volume 2" 6310: 2737:(elephant house), of which about 100 of the very best were reserved for his personal collection (khassa). Meanwhile, the 2733:. Akbar and Jahangir heavily used elephants in warfare, as Akbar himself maintained around 5000 to 7000 elephants in his 1055: 394: 10856: 8587: 4265:

rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets utilised during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot

14749: 12770: 12669: 12610: 11074: 11036: 10998: 10104: 9467: 9377: 8996: 6809: 6294: 4465: 3975: 3947: 3909: 3823: 3641: 2095: 1872:

Furthermore, the administrative positions of the Mughal central government were mirrored at the provincial level. with

855:, after the defeat and flight of its Muslim ruler. The Mughals also besieged and defeated the Sur forces in control of 10254: 10217: 6343: 6235: 2415: 1665:. The Marathas also expanded further South into Southern India defeating the independent local rulers there capturing 1293:, which had set out from Surat on its way with a large cargo of 100,000 rupees and Pilgrims, who were on their way to 13450: 13358: 13235: 12867: 12827: 12539: 12513: 12461: 12157: 11629: 11592: 11522: 11482: 11069:. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Kolkata, India: Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 199. 10687: 10637: 10039: 10037: 9920: 9139: 8711: 8608: 8315: 8279: 8242: 8193: 8018: 7936: 6979: 6254: 5698: 5477: 5234: 4800: 4638: 4569: 4297: 3863: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 2518: 1360:, son of Shah Jahan, has let the Mughal empire engaging various military campaign, including the pacification of the 590: 260: 12878: 5020: 3536:. He also utilised the services of both the Dutch and the British for constructing his warships as it is recorded a 3523:. He also utilised the services of both the Dutch and the British for constructing his warships as it is recorded a 2618:

observed the Mughal cavalry archer rate of fire that they can unleash 6 arrows before a riflemen could shoot twice.

2273:, mace, while some of othem also equipped with Sword-and-buckler set and also two-handed sword similar with western 14693: 14374: 8580: 3362: 2335: 1457: 578: 492: 10034: 9756: 8163: 6879:, p. 526: "Peace was made with the Sultan. He agreed ... to surrender to the Mughals the forts of Bidar, ..." 3755: 14764: 14236: 14047: 14012: 13870: 11771: 11769: 8036:

The Mughal State: 1526-1750 (Oxford in India Readings: Them) (Oxford in India Readings: Themes in Indian History)

7709: 6654:. Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution and Oxford University Press. pp. 6625:. Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution and Oxford University Press. pp. 6596:. Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution and Oxford University Press. pp. 552: 546: 124: 13675: 8172: 3984: 442: 65: 14622: 14539: 14211: 13987: 12751: 12582: 11304: 11302: 11300: 10777: 10449: 10356: 9209: 8921: 8887: 7866: 7426: 7009: 6861: 6732: 4042: 1756: 1741: 287: 11852:... Mariam Zamani then ordered the building of an even larger ship with 62 guns .... take pilgrims to Mecca... 11766: 11674: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 2638:, had adorned his contingent of 20,000 cavalry, who were mainly native Hindustan from the Jadibal district in 14632: 13442: 10678:

Hambly, Gavin (1998). "Armed Women Retainers in the Zenanas of Indo-Muslim Rulers: The case of Bibi Fatima".

10552: 10002:"An Elephant is Never Forgotten, The Mughals' Use ofElephants as a Means of Legitimizing Their Right to Rule" 5469: 1853: 1785: 1653:

cost in lives and money. Even as Aurangzeb drove west, deep into Maratha territory – notably conquering

1537:

The legendary "Malik-i-Maidan" cannon is stated to be the largest piece of cast bronze ordnance in the world.

1187:. Islam Khan manage to subdue the latter and captured him, allowing the Mughal empire to imprison Musa Khan. 11297: 9020: 8346: 6969: 6005: 4696: 1730:

Indian Historian Pradeep P. Barua also remarked that the successful takeover of Mughal rule in India by the

14576: 13855: 11461: 6823:

Aurangzeb responded to these raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar

5250: 4243:

The Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes - Debt Before Dishonour Timetable of World Dominance 1400-2100

3724: 150: 114: 13100: 11352:

Naval Resistance to Britain's Growing Power in India, 1660-1800 The Saffron Banner and the Tiger of Mysore

10883: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10123: 6448: 6399: 6356: 6304: 1371:'s great-grandson, Abdul Qadir, thousands of Pashtun tribal alliance consisted of the Yusufzai, Mandanrs, 1259: 248:

in term of their brute force, while the logistical superiority alone, the Mughals was comparable with the

14349: 14246: 13690: 13609: 12178: 10484: 9722: 9705: 9100: 8435:"Managing Mobility: New Materialist Approaches to Mughal Mobility in the Encampment and Constructed City" 7608: 7198: 6320: 6264: 6248: 5726: 4790: 1868:

Guards of Akbar Shah II during the Durbar procession accompanied by the British Governor Charles Metcalfe

1684:

Aurangzeb also subsequently facing the rebellion of the Sikh in 1701. At first, the Sikh were incited by

17: 11897:

A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors

8473: 8471: 8469: 8467: 3968:

A Military Revolution?: Military Change and European Society 1550–1800 (Studies in European History, 14)

3844: 3842: 3166:

and mining warfare also saw small improvements from the Delhi sultanates which ruled India before them.

14446: 14428: 14216: 13707: 13662: 13605: 13387:"Effects of social reforms of shaykh Ahmad sirhindi (1564-1624) on muslim society in the sub continent" 13293: 13227:

A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times

13137: 12418: 12394: 12218: 11907: 11162: 10120: 9109:. ARMAS, FORTALEZAS E ESTRATÉGIAS MILITARES NO SUDESTE ASIÁTICO – I. Revista de Cultura. pp. 18–19 6915: 6889: 3206: 3201: 3108: 2952: 2444:, but many chose jagir. The emperor also allocated jagir to mansabdars for maintenance of the mansabs. 1329: 1268: 509: 454: 415: 245: 12379:. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. I(II). The Government Central Press. pp. 266–274. 7908: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7301: 7299: 3660: 2774: 2750:. like the Aryans before them, the Mughals, fully adopted elephant husbandry into the Mughal dynasty. 1203:

part of the maintenance of this alliance by the latter's son, Musa Khan. Bayazid formed alliance with

14769: 14759: 14466: 14165: 14160: 14007: 13860: 11432:"Mughal Naval Weakness and Aurangzeb's Attitude Towards the Traders and Pirates on the Western Coast" 8494: 8464: 6695: 3839: 1693: 1670: 1121: 786: 486: 399: 3928: 1568:

and lime mortar walls were almost impossible to breach. The situation for the Mughals worsened when

1471: 1154: 14560: 14155: 14130: 14070: 14037: 13982: 11230:"Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution" 8295: 7897: 7419:

Essays in Goan history: The Portuguese Commercial Relations with Bijapur in the Seventeenth Century

7296: 3963: 3895: 2610:

extension the Rajputs, were based on heavy cavalry tradition with feudalistic land revenue system.

2471: 1468:, and capture 100 elephants, 300000 coins, 8000 shields, 1000 ships, and 173 massive rice stores. 1279:, who were notorious robbers and plunders living in the most inaccessible parts of the province of 1176: 951: 902: 885:, and a Mughal commander, Pir Muhammad Khan, began the Mughal conquest of Malwa. The Afghan ruler, 881:

In 1560, Akbar resumed military operations. A Mughal army under the command of his foster brother,

829: 804: 596: 448: 436: 386: 256: 5021:"22 June, 1555: Humayun Wins the Battle of Sirhind | Today in Indian History from Honesty Is Best" 3418: 1343:, who directly observing the campaign, the Mughal forces had the Idols broken, a cow slaughtered, 534: 14494: 14438: 14267: 14135: 14125: 14017: 13125: 12763:

Empires of the Weak: The Real Story of European Expansion and the Creation of the New World Order

12450:

Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850

12320: 11140: 9629: 5886: 3295: 1977:, who writes that it would be very difficult to describe a large encampment, while he described, 1962: 1873: 1799: 985:. In this battle, the Mughal infantry line manage to rout the war elephants of the Mewar forces. 680: 625: 572: 466: 13089: 11584:

The Pirate King: The Strange Adventures of Henry Avery and the Birth of the Golden Age of Piracy

11031:. Vol. 65 part 1. Kolkata, India: Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 187. 9361: 9359: 8540: 7773: 6334: 4289:

Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War

2398:. Another key component of the Mughal logistical system was their revenue assets to finance the 14739: 14471: 14423: 14075: 13683: 13119: 12370: 12314: 12043: 12041: 12039: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11662: 11660: 11090: 10496: 10059:

Karkhanas of the Mughal Zamindars A Study in the Economic Development of 18th Century Rajputana

8759: 7168: 5263: 3670: 2099: 1349: 1110: 750:. The Afghans descended on the Mughals and caught them off guard, and resulted in the complete 374: 360: 12973: 12398: 11968:. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VII. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 9972: 8988:

Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 volumes]

8687: 8635: 8133: 8131: 8129: 7202: 6655: 6626: 6597: 6531:. New Delhi, India: ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies). p. 180. 6126: 5658: 5631: 5604: 5548: 3603: 2365:

Indian Two-Handed Sword; from the Metropolitan Museum of Art; donated by George C. Stone, 1935

1793:, or the head of provincial administration which assisted by the provincial officers such as 14570: 14524: 14486: 13398: 12505:

Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800

12499: 11391: 10319: 9356: 7235: 7172: 7129: 5688: 5565: 5372: 4728: 3666: 3320: 2956: 2285: 1990: 1674: 1522: 1232: 1113:. The Mughal forces soundly defeated the allied force, and Mirza Aziz plundered Nawanangar. 890: 657: 12278: 12036: 11657: 9068: 8479: 6837:, p. 524: " marched in the direction of Bijapur and on reaching Bidar laid siege to it. 5806: 5223:

Bosin, Yury V (2009). "Roshaniya movement and the Khan Rebellion". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.).

4019:

Others suggest that it was not artillery but cavalry that made the Mughals invincible in the

3813: 3501:

which resisted the Marathas. The proficiency of the Siddi Yaqub navy are exemplified during

1089:

In 1591, Akbar faced another rebellion in Gujarat, where this time he faced the alliance of

970:. Shaháb-ud-dín's first step was to create new military posts and strengthen the old ones. 340: 14607: 14100: 13306: 13245: 12374: 11508: 10439: 8126: 6425: 5265: 2651: 2599:

Arabian-Persian mixed breed, for their endurance, speed, and mild temperament for training.

2475: 2091: 2070: 1982: 1236: 982: 894:

their wives and children, and many Muslim theologians and Sayyids, who were descendants of

603:

The Mughals originated in Central Asia. Like many Central Asian armies, the mughal army of

428: 366: 12574:

The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792, Volume 2

11879: 11200: 11198: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11190: 7955:

A History of Public Administration Volume II: From the Eleventh Century to the Present Day

3310: 2796:

ethnic in addition of his own camel corps which numbered around 6,000-7,000 camel riders.

2138: 1945:

Great Mogul And His Court Returning From The Great Mosque At Delhi by Edwin Lord Weeks.jpg

8: 14388: 14287: 14145: 14120: 13848: 13817: 13657: 11166: 10168:

Medieval India Old NCERT Histroy [sic] Book Series for Civil Services Examination

9453: 8637:

Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics

8564: 8231:

Amazing Uttar Pradesh - General Knowledge for UPPSC, UPSSSC & other Competitive Exams

7581: 4530: 3849: 3370: 3008:, or Harem of the emperor. Because the women of the Mughal court lived sequestered under 2759: 2399: 2152: 1645: 1620: 1074:

inflicted more than 8,000-40,000 casualties on the Mughal forces, while their commander,

1071: 1032: 825: 265: 11386: 11384: 11382: 8143: 6550: 6548: 3417:

One of the best-documented naval campaign of the Mughal empire were provided during the

3184: 2615: 14451: 14241: 14180: 14150: 14085: 13977: 13827: 13797: 13762: 13576: 13541: 13509: 13345: 12918: 12903: 12844: 11443: 11187: 10758: 10567: 10489: 9195: 9080: 8404: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7551: 7543: 6777: 5880: 5001: 4451: 4371: 4152: 3241: 2467: 2384: 2203:

Under the Mughals, the most important centers of production of military equipment were

2165: 1600: 1395: 1216: 796: 715: 633: 409: 13424: 11098: 9809: 8086: 5777: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 2841:, bows and spears, the infantry was held in low status and was virtually equated with 2485:

The difference between Mughal heavy cavalry charge with their counterpart in European

2462:

Mughal mail head defense, Lahore, dated from 1800s. exhibited by Higgins Armory Museum

1495:, he failed to wrest Swat and the adjoining valleys from the control of the Yusufzai. 423: 14713: 14534: 14529: 14509: 14476: 14354: 14282: 14221: 14175: 14170: 14140: 14095: 13634: 13615: 13591: 13501: 13485: 13456: 13446: 13255: 13249: 13231: 13203: 13157: 13067: 13043: 13022: 12979: 12955: 12936: 12863: 12823: 12787: 12766: 12747: 12719: 12698: 12665: 12637: 12606: 12578: 12557: 12535: 12509: 12457: 12430: 12404: 12343: 12324: 12292: 12256: 12235: 12184: 12153: 12067: 12053: 12016: 11927: 11786: 11731: 11625: 11588: 11518: 11478: 11379: 11359: 11319: 11273: 11110: 11070: 11032: 10994: 10943: 10916: 10889: 10862: 10835: 10750: 10708: 10683: 10658: 10633: 10500: 10445: 10352: 10325: 10295: 10100: 10063: 9916: 9882: 9845: 9649: 9596: 9569: 9463: 9413: 9373: 9205: 9135: 9026: 8992: 8917: 8883: 8803: 8799:

Karkhanas Under the Mughals, from Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Economic Development

8765: 8728: 8641: 8604: 8498: 8396: 8358: 8311: 8275: 8238: 8189: 8113: 8039: 8014: 7959: 7932: 7862: 7825: 7774:"Hoofprint of Empire: An Environmental History of Fodder in Mughal India (1650–1850)" 7749: 7715: 7688: 7651: 7555: 7535: 7422: 7390: 7271: 7241: 7178: 7135: 7032: 7005: 6975: 6923: 6897: 6857: 6805: 6769: 6728: 6701: 6659: 6630: 6601: 6560: 6545: 6532: 6492: 6194: 6065: 5746: 5694: 5664: 5637: 5610: 5571: 5483: 5473: 5451: 5378: 5332: 5230: 4796: 4634: 4592: 4578: 4565: 4538: 4461: 4403: 4293: 4247: 4206: 4112: 4072: 4038: 4001: 3971: 3943: 3905: 3859: 3819: 3811: 3742: 3490: 3130:, during the Battle of Sanbal. In 1657, the Mughal army also used rockets during the 3104: 2606: 2437: 1986: 1685: 1588: 1208: 1195: 1090: 1000:

From the year of 1578, The Mughal empire engaged in prolonged conflict against local

960: 684: 405: 352: 291: 10540: 10321:

The Mughal Empire at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605

9955: 9953: 9951: 8516: 8340: 8338: 8336: 8334: 7997: 7796: 7115: 7098: 7059: 6095: 5517: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 3545:

employing the fleet of ships belonging local warlords group in Bengal, which called

1640:

In 1689, on February Aurangzeb's forces captured and executed successor of Shivaji,

1410: 98: 14514: 14504: 14339: 14251: 14226: 14196: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14090: 13880: 13561: 13402: 13337: 13289: 12969: 12549: 12444: 12284: 12252:

The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605

11914: 10742: 10603: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9641: 8082: 7993: 7785: 7678: 7527: 7261: 7102: 6922:. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 323–324. 6761: 5929: 5847: 5684: 4182: 3541: 3528: 3382: 3358: 3283: 3151: 3070: 2842: 2722: 2229: 2198: 2132: 2120: 1701: 1681:

in conflict against Maratha, where after 8 years, they finally conquered the fort.

1577: 1553: 1415: 1317: 1035:

razed the palace of Isa Khan. In September 1584, the then-subahdar Shahbaz crossed

978: 917: 747: 719: 703: 636:. The reign of his successor, Humayun were characterized with the conflict against 558: 520: 346: 283: 276: 11839: 5693:. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. 3330:

The foundation of salt water naval force of the Mughal empire were established by

2951:"Chelas" redirects here. For the concept of the disciple in Indian religions, see 2278: 2057: 1864: 14703: 14627: 14612: 14602: 14565: 14499: 14461: 14344: 14319: 14080: 13952: 13937: 13843: 13782: 13719: 13705: 13565: 13464: 13270: 13225: 13194: 13175: 13171: 13151: 13147: 13133: 13058: 13016: 13005: 12994: 12848: 12814: 12781: 12741: 12713: 12659: 12628: 12600: 12572: 12503: 12448: 12337: 12250: 12199: 12144: 12061: 12007: 11918: 11777: 11722: 11616: 11582: 11512: 11469: 11395: 11350: 11310: 11264: 11064: 11060: 11026: 11022: 10988: 10346: 10094: 10057: 10016: 10001: 9948: 9910: 9873: 9836: 9457: 9257: 9199: 9169:. University of Wisconsin, Madison: Cambridge University Press. pp. 165–166. 9129: 8986: 8911: 8877: 8836: 8797: 8719: 8595: 8524: 8446: 8331: 8302: 8266: 8229: 8180: 8107: 7953: 7926: 7856: 7816: 7682: 7642: 7384: 7332: 7307: 7265: 7155: 7085: 7072: 7026: 6999: 6799: 6722: 6525: 6478: 5976: 5933: 5843:"આશરા ધર્મને ઉજાગર કરતી સૌરાષ્ટ્રની સૌથી મોટી ભૂચર મોરીની લડાઇ - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી" 5740: 5491: 5323: 4892: 4613: 4586: 4455: 4330: 4313: 4287: 4241: 4197: 4103: 4032: 3992: 3899: 3853: 3732: 3728: 3506: 3271: 3115: 3100: 2738: 2726: 2502: 2223: 2116: 2104: 1763: 1662: 1654: 1634: 1604: 1336: 1199: 1106: 1094: 1009: 867: 743: 613: 528: 307: 303: 211: 192: 14002: 10437: 9823: 8761:

A Century of Collecting, 1882–1982: A Guide to the Manchester City Art Galleries

3994:

State and Locality in Mughal India Power Relations in Western India, C.1572-1730

3349:

is a Bengal local warlords. These locals were consisted of the twelve chiefs of

2887:: a class of Shamsherbaz who was armed with a type of curved longsword called 1008:, which lasted until 1597. Isa Khan was previously an ally of Mughal enemy, the 380: 14708: 14698: 14673: 14642: 14555: 14309: 14231: 14206: 14065: 14022: 13807: 13767: 13747: 13432: 12928: 12715:

The Muslim world in the 21st century : space, power, and human development

12602:

The Mughal Padshah: A Jesuit Treatise on Emperor Jahangir's Court and Household

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A Comprehensive History of Medieval India Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century

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were the class of women assigned to protect the emperor and inhabitants of the

2997: 2635: 2627: 2514: 2194: 2074: 2030: 1713: 1705: 1678: 1624: 1340: 1191: 1136: 1044: 695: 690: 671: 641: 514: 138: 12288: 11514:

The Archaeology of European Expansion in India Gujarat, C. 16th-18th Centuries

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India, Modernity and the Great Divergence Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.)

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A Princely Impostor?: The Strange and Universal History of the Kumar of Bhawal

7531: 7174:

A Handbook to Agra and the Taj, Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood

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Alam, Nadia; Al-Azhari, Ali Akbar; Ghani, Hafiz Abdul; Riaz, Muhammad (2023).

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Black compared logistical superiority of the Mughals with the British army of

996:, Chief of Baro-Bhuiyans of Bengal who fought Mughal empire from 1578 to 1597. 14733: 14617: 14027: 13927: 13792: 13787: 13772: 13711: 13666: 13505: 13428: 12387: 12328: 12174: 11779:

Unseen Enemy The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617-1847

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had been the most important centres for the production of military equipment.

8660:

Art of Mughal Warfare." Art of Mughal Warfare. Indiannetzone, 25 August 2005.

8502: 8400: 8362: 7789: 7539: 6773: 5750: 5455: 5317: 5315: 3510: 3498: 3445: 3431: 3236: 3228: 2786: 2729:

were recorded has spent 10,500 coins to purchase 30 to 50 war elephants from

2683: 2647: 2540:

regularly sent tributes to the empire by sending Persian and Arabian horses.

2533: 2498: 2453: 2377: 2297: 2284:

As India was a very fertile ground for manufacturing technologies before the

2262: 2219: 2178: 2161: 2128: 1592: 1587:

in 1687, Aurangzeb also attacked the Golconda. On January, the Mughal empire

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An unfinished revolution: Babur, Akbar and the rise of Mughal military power

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Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd

5495: 5487: 5266:"Muslim Deviant Thought And Reform Efforts By Muslim Scholars In Mughal Era" 4328: 3815:

Technology, Violence, and War: Essays in Honor of Dr. John F. Guilmartin, Jr

3314:

The Ganj-i-Sawai, one of the largest armed trade ships in the 17th century.

2646:

in dress and taught them to speak Persian language casually. Meanwhile, The

2584: 2274: 946:

region. At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the

50: 14637: 14456: 14413: 14299: 14292: 14277: 13942: 13917: 13812: 13777: 13407: 12940: 11312:

The Mughals and the North-East Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India

10731:"The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders" 9977: 7852: 7455: 3588: 3515: 3458: 3403: 3393: 3366: 3337: 3254: 3224: 3127: 3058: 2863: 2747: 2713: 2667: 2174: 2038: 2026: 2010: 1616: 1569: 1527: 1511: 1461: 1399: 1325: 1321: 1306: 1224: 1220: 1204: 1172: 1059: 1017: 943: 908:

In 1570, a deviant Sufism movement which preaching Wahdat al-Wujud grow in

856: 759: 259:

viewed that the Mughal armies struggles until their decline in the wake of

241: 145: 11716: 11714: 11712: 10986: 9754: 6793: 6791: 5312: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4353: 4351: 3934: 14688: 14597: 14408: 14359: 14324: 13947: 13932: 13922: 13912: 13907: 13437: 12951:

A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India

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Mughal Administration of Deccan Under Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah, 1720-48 A.D.

7812: 7623: 7462:

World History Series: South Asian History 2 -Middle Ages and Early Modern

6995: 6765: 6677: 6675: 5464: 3570: 3560: 3546: 3426: 3409: 3387: 3350: 3291: 3159: 3150:, and rocket artilleries. These rockets are considered as predecessor of 3140: 2979: 2792:

Emperor Akbar reportedly has employed the camel trainers from Baloch and

2779: 2674: 2662: 2631: 2486: 2066: 2042: 1747: 1731: 1612: 1608: 1596: 1492: 1440: 1353: 1288: 1276: 1264: 1248: 1180: 1158: 1139:

a famous Mughal citadel in Orchha to commemorate and honour his victory.

1098: 974: 886: 792: 272: 13545: 13529: 13513: 13489: 11447: 11431: 9819:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 424. 9630:"War and the Non-Elite: Towards a People's History of the Mughal Empire" 8408: 8384: 6943:

The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji, Founder of the Maratha Empire

6781: 6749: 5994:"Victory Of The K. Azim M. Koka And The Disgrace Of Mozaffar Gujrati in 5449: 5005: 4989: 4375: 4359: 4156: 4140: 3662:

The State at War in South Asia Studies in War, Society, and the Military

1910:'s activities kept these officials accountable to the imperial centre. 14718: 14683: 14663: 14369: 14304: 14032: 13957: 13902: 13802: 13752: 13386: 13349: 13326:"State in the Mughal India: Re-Examining the Myths of a Counter-Vision" 13325: 12498: 12120: 11709: 11204: 9444: 9442: 9367: 9204:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Reaktion Books. p. 218. 9086: 7714:(1. publ. ed.). New York: Cambridge University. pp. 101–105. 6788: 4683: 4348: 3466: 3454: 3422: 3374: 3323:, although some of the Portuguese instead assisted the Mughal empire. 3279: 3275: 2838: 2804: 2709: 1772: 1499: 1424: 1368: 1102: 1013: 913: 882: 817: 637: 12403:. Vol. II (Revised ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. 11229: 10762: 10730: 10680:

Women in the medieval Islamic world : Power, patronage, and piety

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War and the World Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450-2000

7547: 7515: 6672: 4884: 3493:

island, and thus establishing naval cooperation with semi independent

2678:

Front view Elephant Armour model from the late 16th-early 17th century

1427:. Later, Aurangzeb and his army advanced towards Bijapur and besieged 14678: 14519: 14403: 14364: 13757: 12554:

The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization'

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Nelson, Dean (20 May 2011). "Delhi's Red Fort was originally white".

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The Puffin History of India for Children, 3000 BC - AD 1947, Volume 1

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Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib

5606:

Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib

3738: 3723: 3441: 3155: 3095:

One of the largest artillery used by the Mughal army were during the

3084: 3028: 2991: 2936: 2896: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2643: 2537: 2185:

units which served as halberdier, mace fighters, or sword gladiator.

1974: 1776: 1725: 1515: 1491:

was able to conquer the southern Yusufzai plains within the northern

1488: 1357: 1252: 1244: 852: 653: 624:

Babur nevertheless laying his foundation of the empire military from

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Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material

13341: 13021:(Volume 3 Asian States and Empires ed.). Taylor & Francis. 12657: 10804:"The Urdubegis — Female Guards of the Zenana and the Mughal Emperor" 10569:

Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material

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Journal of the Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research: Volume 12

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Seven Myths of Military History (Myths of History: A Hackett Series)

3019:

The women tasked with the protection of the zenana were commonly of

2903:

Much of the Shamsherbaz were recruited from religious sects such as

2870:

The main infantry was supplemented by specialized units such as the

2383:

Its massive war machine which also complemented by large numbers of

2218:

The main weapon which used by the Mughal were the sword, spear, and

710:, who in turn mobilized a Mughal army in July 1537, and advanced to 14418: 14272: 13822: 13742: 13658:

The army of the Indian Moghuls: its organization and administration

11168:

The Army Of The Indian Moghuls: Its Organization And Administration

10746: 10657:. Trans. H. Blochman. Delhi: Munishram Manoharlal. pp. 45–47. 10099:. Volume 5 of Peoples of Asia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 190. 9973:

Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500–1700

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Beyond the Military Revolution War in the Seventeenth Century World

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The army of the Indian Moghuls: its organization and administration

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The World of To-day: The Marvels of Nature and the Creations of Man

3478: 3287: 3089: 3016:, who organized his zenana of over 5,000 noble women and servants. 2940: 2623: 2592:

Nevertheless, the most precious breeds of warhorse in Mughal were:

2433: 2420: 2112: 2045:. Furthermore, the Mughal empire also inherited chain of forts, or 2034: 1790: 1641: 1564:

surrounding Bijapur Fort. Moreover, the 50-ft high 25-ft wide fine

1542: 1480: 1465: 1388: 1284: 1021: 1005: 993: 909: 895: 735: 131: 13180:. Asiatic Soc. p. 8, .... Nawwara ( Bengal war flotilla ) and 12630:

Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700

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Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (first published in 1896)

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Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500-1700

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The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Warfare From Ancient Egypt to Iraq

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A History of Gujarát: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time

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Stephen Meredyth Edwardes, Herbert Leonard Offley Garrett (1995).

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Robert S. Ehlers Jr; Sarah K. Douglas; Daniel P.M. Curzon (2019).

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archer was the elite class archers units hailed from the parts of

1852:

groups. There were rare cases where foreigner from Europe such as

1398:, led the Mughal army of Shah Jahan to Balkh to fight against the 14334: 13732: 13359:"Region, System, and Order: The Mughal Empire in Islamicate Asia" 12386:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

9185: 7416: 6480:

Islamic Concept of Crime and Justice: Political justice and crime

4990:"LIBERTY AND RESTRAINT—A STUDY OF SHIAISM IN THE MUGIAL NOBILITY" 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3462: 3435: 3163: 3147: 3135: 3080: 3043: 3039: 2975: 2971: 2932: 2846: 2639: 2525: 2289: 2270: 2078: 1835: 1805: 1780:

the rank of 25000. Their salary pays also based on their ranks.

1657: – the Marathas expanded eastwards into Mughal lands – 1649: 1573: 1565: 1533: 1432: 1384: 1376: 1372: 1361: 1344: 1339:

under Jahangir, whose presence also attended by a Mughal scholar

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Jesuit and English Experiences at the Mughal Court, C. 1580–1615

12577:(Illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 37. 9462:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 360. 9448: 4723: 4721: 4719: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3551:, to overcome the turbulent water water frontier of the region. 3401:. After being sacked by pirates, this ship was replaced by the 3214:

The Mughal also maintain considerable naval forces, which named

2562:

High quality native Indian breed from Sind, Balochistan, Kachchh

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Abu 'l-Fazl Allami (1977). Phillot, Lieut. Colonel D.C. (ed.).

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Irfan Habib; K. N. Panikkar; T. J. Byres; Utsa Patnaik (2002).

8781: 8182:

True to Their Salt Indigenous Personnel in Western Armed Forces

7071:

Edward James Rap;son, Sir Wolseley Haig and Sir Richard, 1937,

5904:"ગૌરવ ગાથા: ક્ષાત્રધર્મના પાલન માટે ખેલાયું ભૂચર મોરીનું યુધ્ધ" 4518: 4484: 4334: 3792: 3537: 3524: 3483: 3258: 3020: 3009: 3005: 2924: 2904: 2827: 2814: 2793: 2730: 2721:

During the rule of Aurangzeb, In 1703, the Mughal commander at

2691: 2517:

wrapped around the waist completed this costume. Furthermore,

2395: 2208: 2124: 2108: 1811: 1697: 1689: 1666: 1507: 1503: 1380: 1310: 1298: 1240: 1184: 1132: 1083: 1075: 1048: 1036: 1001: 938: 922: 841: 837: 833: 782: 767: 727: 711: 540: 13490:"Military Sports and the History of the Martial Body in India" 13018:

War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849

8984: 7767: 7765: 3798: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3448:, a semi independent island forts which allied to the Mughals. 2704:

The armor which worn by the Mughal's war elephants was called

2253: 1054:

In 1586, on February, the Mughal suffered heavy losses in the

13893: 13737: 13727: 12205: 12180:

Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls

12104: 12102: 12100: 12098: 12096: 12094: 12092: 12090: 11675:"Command of the Coast: The Mughal Navy and Regional Strategy" 11608: 10977:...One gargantuan mortar used....payload of over 3,000 pounds 10348:

Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary

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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications

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to take action against the Sikh. Wazir Khan, the governor of

1658: 1629: 1484: 1428: 1294: 1117: 1079: 1067: 967: 875: 848: 772: 731: 723: 649: 604: 318: 220: 11865:"Harking back: The Empress and her two doomed pilgrim ships" 9782: 9780: 8949: 8357:(1). Department of History, University of Jammu: 1015–1019. 4987: 4561:

History of medieval India : from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.

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artillery according to modern historian Andrew de la Garza.

2077:, covering Scandinavia, Britain, part of Russia, Spain, and 1387:, and other tribes launched an attack on the Mughal Army in 1324:

surrendered conditionally to the Mughal forces and became a

1243:

of this Mughal command. The host consisted of four thousand

1116:

In 1594, Jahangir was dispatched by his father, the Emperor

14314: 13060:

Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 1870

11471:

The Great Defiance How the World Took on the British Empire

11099:"POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE MUGHALS: INFLUENCE ON SOUTH ASIA" 10990:

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 65, Part 1

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Ancient Origins Reconstructing the story of humanity's past

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Bangladesh and Pakistan Flirting with Failure in South Asia

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Dhal (shield) from the Northern India during the Mughal era

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In 1613, Jahangir imposed a draconian law to extirpate the

1043:

In late 1585, Emperor Akbar sent military expedition under

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Shahjahanabad The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-1739

12087: 11720: 10993:. Kolkata, India: Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 294. 9908: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9414:"The Mughal and the Trading of Horses in India, 1526-1707" 8968: 8966: 8964: 7349: 5786: 4921: 4857: 4845: 4746: 2982:. However, eunuch officers were prized for their loyalty. 758:, and restored order after disturbances from his brother, 13441:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 11425: 11423: 11421: 11419: 11417: 11415: 11096: 10186:

harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFAndrew_de_la_Garza2006 (

9777: 9720: 9459:

Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics

9201:

The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture

8034:

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harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFAndrew_de_la_Garza2006 (

4945: 4909: 4671: 4647: 2626:(Mughal provincial governor). According to the father of 2543: 2250: 2244: 1546: 1120:, alongside Asaf Khan, also known as Mirza Jafar Beg and 866:

By 1559, the Mughals launched a drive into Rajputana and

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Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

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Bano, Shadab (2006). "MILITARY SLAVES IN MUGHAL INDIA".

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The Writings of Antoni de Montserrat at the Mughal Court

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Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference

2830:

infantry which formed the bulk of the Mughal infantry.

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Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan

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Malik, Adnan; Zubair, Muhammad; Parveen, Uzman (2016).

11239:. UCD SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN: 10 9792: 8961: 7421:. Concept Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. pp. 39–48. 7154:

Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston, Leslie Haden Guest, 1937,

5403: 5352: 3278:

The Man-of-war ships of Mughals were as big as English

3178:

depiction of Mughal artillery during the reign of Akbar

3122:

reportedly used metal cylinder rocket weapons known as

2891:, each hundred of Banaits soldiers were commanded by a 1239:

and Mir Abdur Razzaq Shirazi. Mir Ali Beg was made the

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H. C. Das; Indu Bhusan Kar (1988). Pani, Subas (ed.).

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Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II

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History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.

1475:

Depiction of the Mughal military march under Aurangzeb

889:, was defeated at the Battle of Sarangpur and fled to 282:

Due to their military patronage of gunpowder warfare;

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UCD Centre for Economic Research Working Paper Series

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International Journal of History and Cultural Studies

8869: 8543:. Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India 8493:(8). Centre of Advanced Study Department of History, 7240:. Motilal Banarsidass Publication. pp. 162–163. 6687: 6207: 5623: 4933: 4833: 4809: 4329:

Permanent Delegation of Bangladesh to UNESCO (2023).

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maintained large fleets of trade ships including the

2232: 223:. The regular forces mainly recruited and fielded by 13438:

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Francisco Bethencourt & Cátia A.P. Antunes (2022

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The Origins of the British Empire in Asia, 1600-1750

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The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760

11840:"History of Indian Ocean-A south Indian perspective" 11685:(1). Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois 11507: 11397:

The History of India from the Earliest Ages Volume 5

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The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India

8480:"Description of Mughal Tents as a Temporary Capital" 8274:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 117. 7382: 6797: 6557:

From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India

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Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh

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The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760

5811:

Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh

5522:

Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh

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Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh

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International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest

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The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India

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1565-Battle Scene with Boats on the Ganges-Akbarnama

3057:, Humayun's half-sister who wrote his biography the 2428:warhorses, and bulls to transport their artillery. 2269:

infantry enlisted in Mughal service were armed with

2241: 1487:

to suppress the revolt. Although the Mughal Emperor

13530:"Courtly Culture Under Babur and the Early Mughals" 11550: 11538: 11205:

Francisco Bethencourt & Cátia A.P. Antunes 2022

10987:Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society of Bengal (2007). 10632:. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. pp. 14, 52–55. 10232: 9755:Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research (1975). 9087:

Francisco Bethencourt & Cátia A.P. Antunes 2022

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Extracts from the Notes on the Antiquities of Dacca

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Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia

7305: 6348: 6346: 6240: 6238: 4874: 4872: 4333:. Dhaka, District- Dhaka, Narayanganj, Munshiganj: 4285: 4199:

Throwing Fire Projectile Technology Through History

4065:William Irvine (2007). Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (ed.). 3848: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3162:Pradeep Barua also noted the Mughal technology for 2419:Cavalry in the Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor 2238: 766:, with both armies mirroring each other across the 694:Map of the Sur Empire at its greatest extent under 13384: 13356: 13304: 12276: 12248: 11984: 11962:; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (2007) . 11706:, p. 8, .... Nawwara ( Bengal war flotilla )) 10974: 10962: 10682:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 431–433. 10488: 10425: 10401: 10378: 10203:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World c.700–1800 CE 10181: 9959: 9323: 9299: 9194: 9179: 9167:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World c.700–1800 CE 8943: 8072: 7983: 7677: 7361: 7260: 6681: 6377: 6064: 5421: 5276:(4). Academic Social Research Research India: 1280 4507: 4450: 3780: 3408:This ship was eventually scaked by English Pirate 1267:under the command of prince Aurangzeb depicted in 1190:In 1612 At the time of the Mughal invasion of the 12812: 12743:Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India 12626: 12231:The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age 11134: 10935: 10827: 10043: 9588: 9537: 9525: 9513: 9489: 9365: 9311: 9243: 9231: 9074: 9062: 8522: 8149: 7912: 7389:. Pearson India Education Services. p. 177. 6362: 5630:Chakrabarti, Kunal; Chakrabarti, Shubhra (2013). 5450:Chisti, AA Sheikh Muhammad Asrarul Hoque (2012). 5321: 4495: 4132: 4092: 3855:Societies and Military Power India and Its Armies 3134:. 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Pinzelli (2022). 3858:. Cornell University Press. 3505:, where Siddi Yaqub and his 3064: 2821: 2052: 1937:Imperial camp and fortresses 1898:could face tension from the 1843:or military outposts. These 1056:Battle of the Malandari Pass 859:, a stronghold north of the 811: 679:due to the rising threat of 7: 14048:Mughal–Portuguese conflicts 13357:Manjeet S. Pardesi (2017). 13305:Andrew De La Garza (2006). 13254:. Oxford University Press. 13251:The Oxford History of India 13105:. World Press. pp. XII 12746:. Oxford University Press. 12712:Hasan, Samiul, ed. (2012). 12249:Andrew de la Garza (2016). 12217:Ali Khan, Zulfiqar (1925). 11430:Hasan Askari, Syed (1961). 10729:Findly, Ellison B. (1988). 9872:Nossov, Konstantin (2012). 8841:. Hind Kitabs. p. 61. 8383:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994). 8228:Disha Experts (July 2020). 8038:. Oxford University Press. 7464:] (in Japanese). 山川出版社. 6125:Sen, Dineshchandra (1988). 5547:Sen, Dineshchandra (1988). 4897:. 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Goodearth Publications. 6650:Emperor, Jahangir (1999). 6621:Emperor, Jahangir (1999). 6592:Emperor, Jahangir (1999). 6171:Feroz, M A Hannan (2009). 5564:Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). 4612:Sharma, Gopi Nath (1954). 3904:. Pen and Sword Military. 3357:About 20 years after the 3282:. while the frigates used 3202:Shipbuilding in Bangladesh 3199: 3118:based weaponries. Emperor 3068: 2989: 2950: 2682:Mughal army also included 2571:Sanuji, local Punjab breed 2565:Janglas, mid quality breed 2559:Yabus, mixed Turkish breed 2547:Purebreed Arabian stallion 2451: 2410: 2192: 1723: 1595:, which containing of the 1506:, a rebel landholder from 1330:Mughal expedition of Mewar 1269:Siege of Daulatabad (1633) 1179:, the Masnad-e-Ala of the 1164: 1150:Jahangir to Shah Jahan era 977:fought against the Rajput 510:Siege of Daulatabad (1633) 461:Mughal-Koch Bihar conflict 329: 325: 246:United States Armed Forces 178:911,400-4,039,097 infantry 14750:Military history of India 14656: 14590: 14548: 14485: 14467:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta 14437: 14396: 14387: 14260: 14189: 14056: 13970: 13836: 13718: 13528:Stephen P. Blake (1986). 13324:Iqtada Alam Khan (2001). 13193:Stephen P. Blake (2002). 13153:Military History of India 13118:Sarkar, Jadunath (1919). 13099:Atul Chandra Roy (1972). 12858:Muzaffar H. Syed (1905). 12853:(8th ed.). S. Chand. 12740:Iqtada Alam Khan (2004). 12664:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 12484:Chronicles of the Mughals 12478:Francis Robinson (2009). 12423:History of Medieval India 12289:10.1163/9789004393301_006 11844:Journal of Indian Studies 11758:Chowdhury, Kamal (2005). 11103:IJRTS Journal of Research 10975:Andrew De La Garza (2006) 10912:History of Medieval India 10379:Andrew de la Garza (2016) 10253:Ghosh, D. K. Ed. (1978). 10236:The Mughal Administration 10146:. Oxford University Press 10009:Rice Asian Studies Review 9704:Sarkar, Jadunath (1964). 9568:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 9106:Arms and the Asian Part 1 8758:Timothy Clifford (1983). 8727:. Yale University Press. 8495:Aligarh Muslim University 8439:Rice Asian Studies Review 8345:Anju Bala (1 June 2018). 8162:Zahiruddin Malik (1977). 8011:History of Medieval India 7982:Lefèvre, Corinne (2014), 7742:Richard M. Eaton (2019). 7650:. S. Chand. p. 215. 7644:History of Medieval India 7532:10.1017/S0026749X00004996 7312:. Hutchinson. p. 136 7237:Studies in Mughal History 7234:Agrawal, Ashvini (1983). 4695:Muzaffar H. Syed (2022). 4508:Manjeet S. Pardesi (2017) 4358:Roy, Atulchandra (1961). 3497:community naval force of 3399:the great pilgrimage ship 3218:. It is recorded that In 2910: 2094:has recorded in his work 1894:).The role of provincial 1762:Head of the Wala-Shahis, 1694:Battle of Anandpur (1700) 1671:Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung 1223:, the Mughal governor of 1171:In 1608, Jahangir posted 1167:Jahangir § Conquests 479:Second Mughal–Safavid War 400:Mughal conquest of Bengal 317:. It is recorded that In 208:Army of the Mughal Empire 191: 186: 172: 164: 159: 144: 130: 120: 113: 97: 86: 75: 63: 48: 39: 34: 14038:Indian Rebellion of 1857 13983:Mughal conquest of Malwa 13586:Chandra, Satish (2001). 13534:Journal of Asian History 13435:; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). 13004:Rizvi, S. N. H. (1970). 12993:Rizvi, S. N. H. (1969). 12255:. Taylor & Francis. 11960:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra 11903:(392, column 451). 1812. 11309:Nag, Sajal, ed. (2023). 10963:Andrew de la Garza (2016 10426:Andrew de la Garza (2019 10402:Andrew de la Garza (2016 10294:. Taylor & Francis. 10182:Andrew de la Garza (2006 10171:. Mocktime Publications. 9915:. OUP USA. p. 137. 9646:10.1177/0971945820961695 9595:. Taylor & Francis. 9324:Andrew de la Garza (2016 9300:Andrew de la Garza (2016 9180:Annemarie Schimmel (2004 8956:Gahir & Spencer 2006 8944:Andrew de la Garza (2016 8835:Sharma, Sri Ram (1951). 8581:"The Purana Qila, Delhi" 8150:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002) 7790:10.1177/0257643016645721 7708:Gordon, Stewart (1993). 7514:Richards, J. F. (1975). 7337:. J. Murray. p. 579 6941:Kincaid, Dennis (1937). 6426: 5879:Edalji Dosábhai (1894). 5727:"Mughal Empire in India" 5462:; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). 5422:Andrew de la Garza (2006 3818:. BRILL. p. 93,98. 3781:Andrew de la Garza (2016 3257:, the characteristic of 3248: 2769: 2447: 1750:a Predominant Mansabdar 1648:, later Rajaram's widow 1460:under the leadership of 1031:In 1583, Mughal General 952:Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana 830:Second Battle of Panipat 597:Indian Rebellion of 1857 473:First Mughal–Safavid War 443:Mughal-Farooqui conflict 424:Conquest of Egarasindhur 387:Second Battle of Panipat 14013:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war 12550:Hodgson, Marshall G. S. 12342:. Sterling Publishers. 12321:Oxford University Press 12135: 12060:Veevers, David (2020). 11878:Findly, Ellison Banks. 11679:World History Connected 11624:. Tempus. p. 101. 11217:Atul Chandra Roy (1972) 11059:William Irvine (2007). 10539:Islam, Sirajul (2012). 10288:J.J.L. Gommans (2022). 10273:William Irvine (2007). 10216:Satish Chandra (1959). 10044:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002 9816:Encyclopædia Britannica 9738:William Irvine (1971). 9550:Rosalind O'Hanlon (2007 9538:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002 9526:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002 9514:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002 9490:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002 9336:William Irvine (1903). 9312:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002 9256:B. N. Majumdar (1959). 9244:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002 9232:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002 9075:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002 9063:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002 8913:The Indian Mutiny: 1857 8179:Robert Johnson (2018). 7913:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002 7169:Havell, Ernest Binfield 7084:Waldemar Hansen, 1986, 6852:Ghulam Yazdani (1995). 6748:Foltz, Richard (1996). 6189:Sen, Sailendra (2013). 6063:Eaton, Richard (1993). 5325:Akbar, Emperor of India 4891:Ishwari Prasad (1942). 4139:Kumari, Deepti (2017). 3991:Hassan, Farhat (2004). 3296:Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti 3083:, light artillery, and 2265:in 1857-58. The Rajput 1963:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier 1931:British empire military 1287:seized the Mughal ship 1181:Baro-Bhuyan confederacy 626:First Battle of Panipat 14765:Disbanded armed forces 13575:Sharma, S. R. (1940). 13408:10.46568/jssh.v55i2.70 12917:Prasad, Beni (1930) . 12862:. K. K. Publications. 12761:J. C. Sharman (2019). 12718:. New York: Springer. 12371:James Macnabb Campbell 12313:Banerji, S.K. (1938). 12228:Abraham Eraly (2007). 12146:Mughal Strategy of War 11569:Atul Chandra Roy (1972 11496:Rahimi , a 1,500 - ton 11468:David Veevers (2023). 11272:. Brill. p. 258. 11021:James Prinsep (2007). 10915:. Chand. p. 235. 10909:V. D. Mahajan (2007). 10855:Abraham Elahy (2007). 10808:Enroute Indian History 10566:Sharma, S. R. (1940). 10472:Iqtada Alam Khan (2004 9677:Stephen P. Blake (1986 9616:Stephen P. Blake (1986 9400:John F. Richards (1993 9288:Iqtada Alam Khan (2001 9049:Know Your Armed Forces 9019:Rajesh Kadian (1990). 8796:Verma, Tripta (1994). 8706:Dirk H. A. Kolff (2002 8682:Dirk H. A. Kolff (2002 8268:A History of Artillery 8138:Stephen P. Blake (2002 8106:Abidin, Farah (2014). 7925:Abidin, Farah (2014). 7711:The Marathas 1600–1818 7641:V. D. Mahajan (2007). 7569:Francis Robinson (2009 7502:Muzaffar H. Syed (2022 7442:Francis Robinson (2009 7004:. BRILL. p. 219. 6175:. Ittyadi. p. 12. 5779:Mughal Empire In India 5776:Sharma, S. R. (1940). 5371:Sudipta Mitra (2005). 4894:A New History of India 4631:India : A History 4496:João Vicente Melo 2022 4434:Sita Ram Goel (1994). 3671:University of Nebraska 3540:built by the Dutch at 3527:built by the Dutch at 3449: 3315: 3211: 3114:The Mughals also used 2953:Guru–shishya tradition 2867: 2845:bearers, woodworkers, 2809: 2782: 2679: 2671: 2589: 2548: 2463: 2424: 2143: 2062: 1946: 1869: 1538: 1476: 1419: 1350:Fasting during Ramadan 1272: 1162: 1122:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak 1111:Battle of Bhuchar Mori 1109:to engage them in the 997: 742:. Humayun crossed the 699: 667: 656:and the great fort of 541:Gokula Singh rebellion 535:Conquest of Chittagong 294:. The mughal employed 14525:Tomb of Salim Chishti 14008:Ahom–Mughal conflicts 13758:Aurangzeb (Alamgir I) 13669:in the United States. 13629:Mehta, J. L. (2019). 13399:University of Karachi 13139:The History of Bengal 13036:Roy, Kaushik (2015). 12599:Jorge Flores (2015). 12571:Jeremy Black (1996). 12500:Francisco Bethencourt 12009:History of the Konkan 11704:Jadunath Sarkar (1985 11392:James Talboys Wheeler 10703:Misra, Rekha (1967). 9628:Pratyay Nath (2022). 9562:Jeremy Black (2001). 9372:. BRILL. p. 79. 9099:Sanjay Subrahmanyam; 8718:Jeremy Black (2000). 8634:(25 September 2003). 8594:M. A. Nayeem (1985). 8265:Jeremy Black (2023). 8216:Muzaffar H. Syed 1905 7457:世界歴史大系南アジア史2 ―中世・近世― 7220:Maasir – I – Alamgiri 6956:Muzaffar H. Syed 1905 6721:Misdaq, Nabi (2006). 6694:Mitra, Swati (2009). 6128:The Ballads of Bengal 6094:Shahnaj Husne Jahan. 6051:Muzaffar H. Syed 1905 6039:Muzaffar H. Syed 1905 6027:Muzaffar H. Syed 1905 5805:Shahnaj Husne Jahan. 5550:The Ballads of Bengal 5516:Shahnaj Husne Jahan. 4701:. K. K. Publications. 4396:Rachel Dwyer (2016). 4031:Farhat Hasan (2004). 3667:Ohio State University 3444: 3313: 3209: 3200:Further information: 2957:Chelas (Lisbon Metro) 2861: 2807: 2777: 2677: 2665: 2587: 2546: 2461: 2452:Further information: 2418: 2286:Industrial Revolution 2193:Further information: 2141: 2060: 1991:the Code of Hammurabi 1944: 1923:belonging to the king 1867: 1675:Madurai Nayak dynasty 1554:besieged Bijapur Fort 1545:launched conquest of 1536: 1474: 1413: 1301:to attend the annual 1262: 1165:Further information: 1157: 991: 693: 662: 565:Mughal–Portuguese War 271:Other expert such as 14487:Tombs and mausoleums 13567:Mughal Rule in India 13121:History Of Aurangjib 11509:Dilip K. Chakrabarti 11477:. Ebury Publishing. 11151:– via YouTube. 10096:The Mughals of India 8395:(2): 296 & 298. 7520:Modern Asian Studies 7025:Chandra, S. (2005). 6697:Orchha, Travel Guide 6333:M. I. Borah (1936). 6142:Pawan singh (2022). 4534:Mughal rule in India 4179:, p. II:405-06. 3725:Lawrence E. Harrison 2986:Female palace guards 2808:A Mughal Infantryman 2652:Urdu-speaking people 2476:Battle of Machhiwara 2092:Antoni de Montserrat 2065:Around 17th century 1983:Antoni de Montserrat 1552:In 1685, the Mughal 1530:and never returned. 1237:Mirak Bahadur Jalair 1215:) and Anwar Khan of 983:Battle of Haldighati 826:Indo-Gangetic Plains 620:Babur to Humayun era 367:Battle of Haldighati 14452:Jama Masjid (Delhi) 14018:Mughal–Maratha wars 12920:History of Jahangir 12845:Mahajan, Vidya Dhar 12695:Akbar and His India 11884:. pp. 150–151. 11182:Pradeep Barua (2005 10551:(Second ed.). 10259:. Orient Longmans. 9454:Sanjay Subrahmanyam 9351:Abraham Eraly (2007 8946:, pp. 114–115) 8864:Abraham Eraly (2007 8776:Under the Mughals, 8670:J. C. Sharman (2019 8565:The Daily Telegraph 7358:, pp. 264–265. 7128:Peck, Lucy (2008). 6432:Bangladesher Khabor 5073:"An Untimely Death" 5050:Times of India Blog 4828:Puri & Das 2003 4629:Keay, John (2000). 3850:Stephen Peter Rosen 2423:(reigned 1806–1837) 2153:Stephen Peter Rosen 1989:, the Enuma Elish, 1955:The victorious camp 1621:Wittelsbach Diamond 1241:bakhshi (paymaster) 1072:Kalu Khan Yousafzai 1033:Shahbaz Khan Kamboh 771:Humayun fleeing to 683:, the ruler of the 573:Mughal–Maratha Wars 467:Mughal–Persian Wars 455:Conquest of Gujarat 416:Conquest of Jessore 381:Mughal-Sur conflict 298:, light artillery, 266:Military Revolution 14704:Nizam of Hyderabad 13978:Mughal-Rajput wars 13798:Ahmad Shah Bahadur 13763:Muhammad Azam Shah 12376:History of Gujarát 12111:, p. 243-244. 11615:Joel Baer (2005). 10628:Lal, K.S. (1988). 10485:Chatterjee, Partha 10414:Pratyay Nath (2022 10390:Pratyay Nath (2022 9943:Jeremy Black (1996 9772:Jeremy Black (1996 9502:Jorge Flores (2015 9196:Annemarie Schimmel 9022:India and Its Army 8389:Asian Perspectives 8059:Jorge Flores (2015 7985:"Bakhshī (Mughal)" 7892:Jorge Flores (2015 7815:(6 October 2015). 7778:Studies in History 7481:The Times of India 6766:10.1093/jis/7.1.49 6684:, p. 159-161. 6477:Hanif, N. (1999). 6173:400 years of Dhaka 5400:, p. 266–267. 5297:, pp. 256–257 5213:, pp. 105–106 5108:, pp. 226–227 5096:, pp. 118–124 4930:, p. 216-217. 4866:, p. 215-216. 4755:, p. 212-213. 4668:, p. 164-165. 4452:Pius Malekandathil 4423:Kaushik Roy (2015) 3709:Abraham Eraly 2007 3606:. the weekender pk 3450: 3316: 3242:East India Company 3212: 3154:which employed by 2868: 2810: 2783: 2680: 2672: 2590: 2549: 2468:Annemarie Schimmel 2464: 2425: 2281:on the offensive. 2175:Roman legionnaires 2166:Tapan Raychaudhuri 2144: 2100:Mughal–Afghan Wars 2063: 1947: 1870: 1601:Nur-Ul-Ain Diamond 1539: 1477: 1420: 1396:Ustad Ahmad Lahori 1273: 1198:, a member of the 1196:Bayazid Karrani II 1163: 1105:. Akbar then sent 998: 921:and even captured 851:, the aperture to 797:Sikandar Shah Suri 700: 634:battle of Chanderi 375:Mughal–Afghan Wars 361:Mughal–Rajput Wars 288:William H. McNeill 286:and his colleague 255:British historian 14727: 14726: 14714:Kingdom of Mysore 14648:Foreign relations 14586: 14585: 14535:Tomb of Nur Jahan 14530:Tomb of Aurangzeb 14477:Wazir Khan Mosque 14397:Forts and palaces 14383: 14382: 14355:Guru Gobind Singh 14283:Bayazid of Sylhet 13966: 13965: 13866:Foreign relations 13640:978-81-207-1015-3 13621:978-0-7069-6385-4 13597:978-81-241-0522-1 13500:(4). Brill: 495. 13486:Rosalind O'Hanlon 13431:; Miah, Sajahan; 13290:Ali, Syed Murtaza 13261:978-0-19-561297-4 13246:Smith, Vincent A. 13209:978-0-521-52299-1 13163:978-0-86125-155-1 13073:978-1-317-58710-1 13049:978-1-317-58691-3 13028:978-1-136-79087-4 12985:978-0-521-56603-2 12975:The Mughal Empire 12970:Richards, John F. 12961:978-81-207-2508-9 12933:The Mughal Empire 12793:978-1-4766-0889-1 12725:978-94-007-2632-1 12704:978-0-19-563791-5 12643:978-0-415-23989-9 12563:978-0-226-34677-9 12436:978-81-250-3226-7 12410:978-81-241-1066-9 12349:978-81-207-4074-7 12298:978-90-04-39330-1 12262:978-1-317-24531-5 12241:978-0-14-310262-5 12190:978-0-14-100143-2 12183:. Penguin Books. 12073:978-1-108-48395-7 12022:978-81-206-0275-5 11965:The Mughal Empire 11933:978-0-520-91777-4 11792:978-1-4438-6309-4 11737:978-1-64324-746-5 11365:978-1-84383-948-4 11325:978-1-000-90525-0 11279:978-90-04-33079-5 10949:978-81-7023-872-0 10922:978-81-219-0364-6 10895:978-81-7094-525-3 10868:978-0-14-310262-5 10841:978-81-7023-872-0 10664:978-81-86142-24-0 10506:978-0-691-09031-3 10331:978-1-317-24530-8 10301:978-1-134-55276-4 10184:, pp. 49–50) 10069:978-81-86782-75-0 9888:978-1-84603-803-7 9851:978-81-207-1015-3 9789:, pp. 16–17) 9602:978-1-351-99746-1 9575:978-1-350-30773-5 9182:, pp. 82–84) 9032:978-81-7094-049-4 8975:, pp. 623–4. 8809:978-81-7307-021-1 8771:978-0-901673-20-6 8734:978-0-300-08285-2 8694:Kaushik Roy (2015 8647:978-92-64-10414-3 8119:978-1-4828-3938-8 8061:, pp. 74–75) 8045:978-0-19-565225-3 7965:978-0-429-42321-5 7831:978-1-317-32128-6 7755:978-0-520-97423-4 7721:978-0-521-26883-7 7694:978-0-224-00580-7 7684:The Great Moghuls 7679:Gascoigne, Bamber 7657:978-81-219-0364-6 7396:978-81-317-3202-1 7277:978-0-224-00580-7 7267:The Great Moghuls 7262:Gascoigne, Bamber 7247:978-81-208-2326-6 7184:978-1-4219-8341-7 7141:978-81-7436-942-0 7058:Vīrasiṃha, 2006, 7038:978-81-241-1066-9 6996:Gommans, Jos J.L. 6971:The Mughal Empire 6707:978-81-87780-91-5 6665:978-0-19-512718-8 6636:978-0-19-512718-8 6607:978-0-19-512718-8 6566:978-81-250-2596-2 6538:978-0-86698-475-1 6498:978-81-7625-063-4 6216:, pp. 67–69. 6200:978-93-80607-34-4 5807:"Jangalbari Fort" 5766:, pp. 49–51. 5716:, pp. 50–51. 5690:The Mughal Empire 5685:Richards, John F. 5670:978-0-14-341678-4 5643:978-0-8108-8024-5 5616:978-0-14-341678-4 5577:978-81-7648-469-5 5458:; Miah, Sajahan; 5424:, pp. 49–50) 5384:978-81-7387-183-2 5338:978-1-4330-9412-5 5025:honestyisbest.com 5019:Sankaran, Sahaj. 4852:Bhattacherje 2009 4729:"Rule of Afghans" 4598:978-81-269-0123-4 4544:978-81-7156-551-1 4409:978-1-4798-4869-0 4253:978-1-4828-2961-7 4212:978-0-521-79158-8 4118:978-0-521-56603-2 4105:The Mughal Empire 4078:978-969-35-1924-2 4007:978-0-521-84119-1 3748:978-0-415-95279-8 3190:Mughal-era Cannon 3105:Fathullah Shirazi 2706:Bargustawan-i-pil 2666:Side view Mughal 2636:governor of Awadh 2607:Stewart N. Gordon 2472:Battle of Panipat 2438:Deccan Sultanates 2436:' service to the 2071:Thirty Years' War 1987:Epic of Gilgamesh 1686:Guru Gobind Singh 1673:cooperating with 1091:Gujarat Sultanate 961:Muzaffar Shah III 903:conquest of Garha 805:Battle of Sirhind 685:Gujarat Sultanate 585:Mughal Civil Wars 547:Mughal–Tibet Wars 449:Conquest of Garha 437:Conquest of Malwa 429:Conquest of Taraf 406:Battle of Tukaroi 353:Battle of Ghaghra 341:Conquest of Babur 292:Gunpowder empires 204: 203: 165:Military age 16:(Redirected from 14777: 14770:Disbanded armies 14760:Military slavery 14694:Nawabs of Bengal 14657:Successor states 14561:Shalimar Gardens 14505:Gardens of Babur 14394: 14393: 14340:Lachit Borphukan 14054: 14053: 14043:Mughal–Sikh wars 13988:Gujarat conquest 13889: 13888: 13881:Mughal artillery 13710: 13700: 13693: 13686: 13677: 13676: 13652: 13651: 13644: 13625: 13601: 13582: 13571: 13549: 13524: 13522: 13520: 13479: 13477: 13475: 13419: 13417: 13415: 13410: 13381: 13376: 13374: 13363:Security Studies 13353: 13330:Social Scientist 13320: 13318: 13316: 13301: 13276: 13265: 13241: 13220: 13218: 13216: 13201: 13189: 13187: 13185: 13167: 13148:Sarkar, Jadunath 13143: 13134:Sarkar, Jadunath 13129: 13114: 13112: 13110: 13095: 13084: 13082: 13080: 13065: 13053: 13032: 13011: 13000: 12989: 12965: 12944: 12924: 12913: 12907: 12899: 12897: 12895: 12885: 12873: 12854: 12850:India Since 1526 12840: 12838: 12836: 12821: 12809: 12807: 12805: 12776: 12757: 12736: 12734: 12732: 12708: 12682: 12680: 12678: 12654: 12652: 12650: 12635: 12623: 12621: 12619: 12595: 12593: 12591: 12567: 12545: 12526: 12524: 12522: 12495: 12474: 12472: 12470: 12455: 12445:Dirk H. A. Kolff 12440: 12414: 12385: 12384: 12380: 12365: 12363: 12361: 12332: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12245: 12224: 12213: 12194: 12170: 12168: 12166: 12151: 12124: 12118: 12112: 12106: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12057: 12051: 12045: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12029: 12014: 12003: 11997: 11991: 11982: 11976: 11970: 11969: 11956: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11925: 11915:Richard M. Eaton 11911: 11905: 11904: 11892: 11886: 11885: 11875: 11869: 11868: 11867:. 11 April 2021. 11861: 11855: 11854: 11835: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11824: 11810: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11799: 11784: 11773: 11764: 11763: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11729: 11718: 11707: 11701: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11690: 11670: 11655: 11649: 11643: 11642: 11640: 11638: 11623: 11612: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11578: 11572: 11566: 11560: 11554: 11548: 11542: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11505: 11499: 11498: 11493: 11491: 11476: 11465: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11454: 11427: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11405: 11388: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11372: 11357: 11346: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11332: 11317: 11306: 11295: 11294: 11288: 11286: 11271: 11260: 11249: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11234: 11225: 11219: 11214: 11208: 11202: 11185: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11159: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11148: 11132: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11094: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11083: 11061:Sarkar, Jadunath 11056: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11023:Sarkar, Jadunath 11018: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11007: 10984: 10978: 10972: 10966: 10960: 10954: 10953: 10933: 10927: 10926: 10906: 10900: 10899: 10879: 10873: 10872: 10852: 10846: 10845: 10825: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10799: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10773: 10767: 10766: 10726: 10717: 10716: 10700: 10694: 10693: 10675: 10669: 10668: 10655:The Ain-i Akbari 10650: 10644: 10643: 10630:The Mughal Harem 10625: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10614: 10599: 10593: 10592: 10580: 10574: 10573: 10563: 10557: 10556: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10494: 10481: 10475: 10469: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10435: 10429: 10423: 10417: 10411: 10405: 10404:, p. 89-90) 10399: 10393: 10387: 10381: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10315: 10306: 10305: 10285: 10279: 10278: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10250: 10244: 10243: 10230: 10224: 10223: 10213: 10207: 10206: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10179: 10173: 10172: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10135: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10087: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10053: 10047: 10041: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10024: 10006: 9997: 9980: 9969: 9963: 9957: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9906: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9895: 9880: 9869: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9843: 9832: 9821: 9820: 9812: 9801: 9790: 9784: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9701: 9695: 9689: 9680: 9674: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9660: 9625: 9619: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9446: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9418: 9409: 9403: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9363: 9354: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9333: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9192: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9170: 9162: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9053: 9043: 9037: 9036: 9016: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9005: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8907: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8755: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8741: 8726: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8628: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8602: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8537: 8531: 8530: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8484: 8475: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8454: 8430: 8413: 8412: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8342: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8309: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8273: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8236: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8187: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8124: 8123: 8103: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8076: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8031: 8022: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7987: 7979: 7970: 7969: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7895: 7889: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7823: 7809: 7794: 7793: 7769: 7760: 7759: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7649: 7638: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7511: 7505: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7380: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7303: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7165: 7159: 7158:, Vol. 2, p. 510 7152: 7146: 7145: 7125: 7119: 7112: 7106: 7103:Tata McGraw-Hill 7095: 7089: 7082: 7076: 7069: 7063: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7022: 7016: 7015: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6849: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6818: 6795: 6786: 6785: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6670: 6669: 6652:The Jahangirnama 6647: 6641: 6640: 6623:The Jahangirnama 6618: 6612: 6611: 6594:The Jahangirnama 6589: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6552: 6543: 6542: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6474: 6468: 6458: 6452: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6360: 6350: 6341: 6340: 6330: 6324: 6314: 6308: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6258: 6252: 6242: 6233: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6070: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5930:Ranchhodji Diwan 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5900: 5891: 5890: 5876: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5848:Gujarat Samachar 5838: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5447: 5432: 5431: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5330: 5319: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5261: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5197: 5196:, pp. 17–21 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5160:, pp. 14–15 5155: 5140: 5134: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5016: 5010: 5009: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4954:, p. 38-41. 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4918:, p. 34-36. 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4725: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4692: 4681: 4680:, p. 18-19. 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4656:, p. 17-18. 4651: 4645: 4644: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4618:. S.L. Agarwala. 4609: 4603: 4602: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4431: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4326: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4283: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4237: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4204: 4193: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4110: 4099: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4014: 3999: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3892: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3809: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3753: 3752: 3721: 3712: 3706: 3687: 3686: 3680: 3678: 3656: 3639: 3633: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3599: 3542:Hooghly district 3529:Hooghly district 3383:Mariam-uz-Zamani 3359:Siege of Hooghly 3187: 3175: 3152:Mysorean rockets 3071:Mughal artillery 2616:François Bernier 2385:settler pioneers 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2199:Mughal Karkhanas 2189:Arms and weapons 2133:Dirk H. A. Kolff 2079:Balkan countries 1951:The exalted camp 1759: 1744: 1578:Siege of Bijapur 1445:fort of Purandar 1416:battle of Satara 1318:war of attrition 979:kingdom of Mewar 918:Roshani movement 844:in the Punjab. 840:and then seized 748:Battle of Chausa 704:Bengal Sultanate 698:(1538/1540–1545) 559:Siege of Hooghly 521:Siege of Bijapur 501:Mughal–Sikh Wars 487:Mughal–Ahom Wars 347:Battle of Khanwa 284:Marshall Hodgson 175:military service 92: 81: 68: 53: 44: 43: 32: 31: 21: 14785: 14784: 14780: 14779: 14778: 14776: 14775: 14774: 14730: 14729: 14728: 14723: 14699:Nawabs of Awadh 14652: 14633:Persian Mughals 14582: 14566:Achabal Gardens 14544: 14515:Jahangir's Tomb 14500:Bibi Ka Maqbara 14481: 14462:Badshahi Mosque 14433: 14379: 14345:Khushal Khattak 14320:Maharana Pratap 14256: 14185: 14166:Thanesar (1710) 14161:Thanesar (1567) 14052: 13962: 13887: 13832: 13828:Bahadur Shah II 13783:Rafi ud-Darajat 13714: 13704: 13673: 13649: 13641: 13622: 13606:Chandra, Satish 13598: 13557: 13555:Further reading 13552: 13518: 13516: 13473: 13471: 13453: 13433:Khanam, Mahfuza 13413: 13411: 13372: 13370: 13342:10.2307/3518271 13314: 13312: 13284: 13279: 13262: 13238: 13214: 13212: 13210: 13199: 13183: 13181: 13172:Jadunath Sarkar 13164: 13108: 13106: 13078: 13076: 13074: 13063: 13050: 13029: 12986: 12962: 12929:Prasad, Ishwari 12901: 12900: 12893: 12891: 12883: 12870: 12834: 12832: 12830: 12819: 12803: 12801: 12794: 12773: 12754: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12705: 12676: 12674: 12672: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12633: 12617: 12615: 12613: 12589: 12587: 12585: 12564: 12542: 12520: 12518: 12516: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12453: 12437: 12419:Chandra, Satish 12411: 12395:Chandra, Satish 12382: 12359: 12357: 12350: 12316:Humāyun Bādshāh 12303: 12301: 12299: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12242: 12191: 12164: 12162: 12160: 12149: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12127: 12119: 12115: 12107: 12088: 12078: 12076: 12074: 12058: 12054: 12046: 12037: 12027: 12025: 12023: 12012: 12004: 12000: 11992: 11985: 11977: 11973: 11957: 11948: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11923: 11912: 11908: 11894: 11893: 11889: 11876: 11872: 11863: 11862: 11858: 11836: 11832: 11822: 11820: 11811: 11807: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11782: 11774: 11767: 11756: 11752: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11727: 11719: 11710: 11702: 11698: 11688: 11686: 11671: 11658: 11650: 11646: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11621: 11613: 11609: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11579: 11575: 11567: 11563: 11555: 11551: 11543: 11539: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11506: 11502: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11474: 11466: 11462: 11452: 11450: 11428: 11413: 11403: 11401: 11389: 11380: 11370: 11368: 11366: 11355: 11347: 11340: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11315: 11307: 11298: 11284: 11282: 11280: 11269: 11261: 11252: 11242: 11240: 11232: 11226: 11222: 11215: 11211: 11203: 11188: 11180: 11176: 11160: 11156: 11146: 11144: 11133: 11129: 11119: 11117: 11095: 11091: 11081: 11079: 11077: 11057: 11053: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11019: 11015: 11005: 11003: 11001: 10985: 10981: 10973: 10969: 10961: 10957: 10950: 10934: 10930: 10923: 10907: 10903: 10896: 10882:Sandhu (2003). 10880: 10876: 10869: 10853: 10849: 10842: 10826: 10822: 10812: 10810: 10800: 10796: 10786: 10784: 10774: 10770: 10727: 10720: 10701: 10697: 10690: 10676: 10672: 10665: 10651: 10647: 10640: 10626: 10622: 10612: 10610: 10600: 10596: 10581: 10577: 10564: 10560: 10537: 10533: 10507: 10482: 10478: 10470: 10466: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10436: 10432: 10424: 10420: 10412: 10408: 10400: 10396: 10388: 10384: 10377: 10373: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10343: 10339: 10332: 10316: 10309: 10302: 10286: 10282: 10271: 10267: 10251: 10247: 10231: 10227: 10214: 10210: 10199: 10195: 10185: 10180: 10176: 10163: 10159: 10149: 10147: 10144:Military Review 10136: 10121: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10088: 10084: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10054: 10050: 10042: 10035: 10022: 10020: 10017:Rice University 10004: 9998: 9983: 9970: 9966: 9958: 9949: 9941: 9937: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9907: 9903: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9878: 9870: 9866: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9841: 9833: 9824: 9802: 9793: 9785: 9778: 9770: 9766: 9753: 9749: 9736: 9732: 9719: 9715: 9702: 9698: 9690: 9683: 9675: 9671: 9658: 9656: 9626: 9622: 9614: 9610: 9603: 9587: 9583: 9576: 9560: 9556: 9548: 9544: 9536: 9532: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9500: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9447: 9440: 9430: 9428: 9416: 9410: 9406: 9398: 9394: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9364: 9357: 9349: 9345: 9334: 9330: 9322: 9318: 9310: 9306: 9298: 9294: 9286: 9275: 9265: 9263: 9254: 9250: 9242: 9238: 9230: 9226: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9193: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9163: 9156: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9126: 9122: 9112: 9110: 9101:Geoffrey Parker 9097: 9093: 9085: 9081: 9073: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9044: 9040: 9033: 9017: 9013: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8983: 8979: 8971: 8962: 8954: 8950: 8942: 8938: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8908: 8904: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8874: 8870: 8862: 8858: 8848: 8846: 8833: 8829: 8819: 8817: 8810: 8794: 8790: 8772: 8756: 8752: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8724: 8716: 8712: 8704: 8700: 8692: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8648: 8632:Maddison, Angus 8629: 8625: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8600: 8592: 8588: 8579: 8578: 8574: 8560: 8556: 8546: 8544: 8539: 8538: 8534: 8521: 8517: 8507: 8505: 8482: 8476: 8465: 8452: 8450: 8447:Rice University 8431: 8416: 8381: 8377: 8367: 8365: 8343: 8332: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8271: 8263: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8160: 8156: 8148: 8144: 8136: 8127: 8120: 8104: 8100: 8091: 8089: 8074:"Mughal Empire" 8069: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8032: 8025: 8008: 8004: 7980: 7973: 7966: 7950: 7946: 7939: 7923: 7919: 7911: 7898: 7890: 7883: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7850: 7846: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7821: 7810: 7797: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7676: 7672: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7647: 7639: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7611:on 26 June 2015 7601: 7597: 7587: 7585: 7580: 7579: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7512: 7508: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7483: 7473: 7469: 7452: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7429: 7415: 7411: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7381: 7374: 7366: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7340: 7338: 7331:Murray (1929). 7329: 7325: 7315: 7313: 7304: 7297: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7232: 7228: 7217: 7216: 7212: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7166: 7162: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7126: 7122: 7113: 7109: 7096: 7092: 7083: 7079: 7070: 7066: 7057: 7053: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7023: 7019: 7012: 6993: 6989: 6982: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6939: 6935: 6916:Chandra, Satish 6913: 6909: 6890:Chandra, Satish 6887: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6850: 6841: 6833: 6829: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6796: 6789: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6590: 6586: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6499: 6475: 6471: 6459: 6455: 6443: 6439: 6428: 6422: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6394: 6390: 6382: 6378: 6370: 6363: 6351: 6344: 6331: 6327: 6315: 6311: 6299: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6259: 6255: 6243: 6236: 6226:Tripathi (1960) 6224: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6201: 6187: 6180: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6140: 6136: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6011: 6009: 6008:on 14 July 2018 5990: 5986: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5957: 5947: 5943: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5902: 5901: 5894: 5877: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5839: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5803: 5799: 5795:, p. 275]. 5791: 5787: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5578: 5562: 5558: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5480: 5460:Khanam, Mahfuza 5448: 5435: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5369: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5328: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5262: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5221: 5217: 5209: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5143: 5139:, pp. 9–13 5135: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5052:. 18 March 2018 5044: 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5017: 5013: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4889: 4885: 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Berger 3722: 3715: 3707: 3690: 3676: 3674: 3657: 3642: 3634: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3600: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3557: 3503:Siege of Bombay 3475:Ahkam 'Alamgiri 3308: 3255:kingdom of Ahom 3251: 3204: 3198: 3191: 3188: 3179: 3176: 3073: 3067: 2994: 2988: 2960: 2949: 2913: 2856: 2824: 2802: 2772: 2727:Daud Khan Panni 2668:Elephant Armour 2660: 2456: 2450: 2413: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2354: 2351: 2342: 2339: 2330: 2327: 2318: 2315: 2231: 2227: 2201: 2191: 2055: 1939: 1854:William Hawkins 1766: 1760: 1751: 1745: 1728: 1722: 1677:undergoing the 1635:Hyderabad Subah 1605:Orlov (diamond) 1443:to besiege the 1408: 1402:in the region. 1235:, Tuqmaq Khan, 1200:Karrani dynasty 1169: 1152: 1107:Mirza Aziz Koka 1095:Nawanagar State 1010:Karrani dynasty 868:Malwa Sultanate 814: 744:Karmanasa River 622: 614:Fabian strategy 529:Dano-Mughal War 334: 328: 212:Mughal emperors 197:12,071,876,840 181: 180:342,696 cavalry 179: 174: 135:(Great Emperor) 134: 121:Former Military 108:Victorious camp 71: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14783: 14773: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14725: 14724: 14722: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14674:Maratha Empire 14671: 14660: 14658: 14654: 14653: 14651: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14594: 14592: 14588: 14587: 14584: 14583: 14581: 14580: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14556:Fatehpur Sikri 14552: 14550: 14546: 14545: 14543: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14510:Humayun's Tomb 14507: 14502: 14497: 14491: 14489: 14483: 14482: 14480: 14479: 14474: 14472:Sunehri Masjid 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14443: 14441: 14435: 14434: 14432: 14431: 14426: 14424:Jahangir Mahal 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14400: 14398: 14391: 14385: 14384: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14310:Sher Shah Suri 14307: 14302: 14297: 14296: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14264: 14262: 14258: 14257: 14255: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14193: 14191: 14187: 14186: 14184: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14136:Panipat (1761) 14133: 14131:Panipat (1556) 14128: 14126:Panipat (1526) 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14071:Badli-ki-Serai 14068: 14062: 14060: 14051: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13974: 13972: 13968: 13967: 13964: 13963: 13961: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13899: 13897: 13886: 13885: 13884: 13883: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13852: 13851: 13840: 13838: 13837:Administration 13834: 13833: 13831: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13808:Shah Jahan III 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13768:Bahadur Shah I 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13724: 13722: 13716: 13715: 13703: 13702: 13695: 13688: 13680: 13663:William Irvine 13646: 13645: 13639: 13626: 13620: 13602: 13596: 13583: 13572: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13550: 13540:(2): 193–214. 13525: 13481: 13480: 13451: 13429:Islam, Sirajul 13420: 13382: 13354: 13321: 13302: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13277: 13266: 13260: 13242: 13236: 13221: 13208: 13190: 13168: 13162: 13144: 13130: 13115: 13096: 13085: 13072: 13054: 13048: 13033: 13027: 13012: 13001: 12990: 12984: 12966: 12960: 12945: 12925: 12914: 12874: 12868: 12855: 12841: 12828: 12810: 12792: 12777: 12772:978-0691182797 12771: 12758: 12752: 12737: 12724: 12709: 12703: 12687: 12683:Author link=* 12671:978-1846038037 12670: 12655: 12642: 12624: 12612:978-9004307537 12611: 12596: 12583: 12568: 12562: 12546: 12540: 12527: 12514: 12496: 12475: 12462: 12441: 12435: 12427:Orient Longman 12415: 12409: 12391: 12366: 12348: 12333: 12310: 12297: 12274: 12261: 12246: 12240: 12225: 12214: 12210:Bangla Academy 12204:(in Bengali). 12195: 12189: 12175:Eraly, Abraham 12171: 12158: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12123:, p. 115) 12113: 12086: 12072: 12052: 12050:, p. 196) 12035: 12021: 11998: 11983: 11981:, p. 125. 11971: 11946: 11932: 11906: 11887: 11870: 11856: 11850:(1): 186–188. 11830: 11805: 11791: 11765: 11762:. p. 398. 11750: 11736: 11708: 11696: 11656: 11654:, p. 154) 11644: 11630: 11607: 11593: 11573: 11571:, p. XII) 11561: 11559:, p. 194. 11549: 11547:, p. 194. 11537: 11523: 11500: 11483: 11460: 11411: 11378: 11364: 11338: 11324: 11296: 11278: 11250: 11220: 11209: 11207:, p. 116. 11186: 11184:, p. 318) 11174: 11154: 11127: 11089: 11076:978-9693519242 11075: 11051: 11038:978-9693519242 11037: 11013: 11000:978-9693519242 10999: 10979: 10967: 10955: 10948: 10928: 10921: 10901: 10894: 10874: 10867: 10847: 10840: 10820: 10794: 10768: 10747:10.2307/603650 10741:(2): 227–238. 10718: 10695: 10688: 10670: 10663: 10645: 10638: 10620: 10594: 10575: 10558: 10545:Islam, Sirajul 10531: 10505: 10476: 10474:, p. 165) 10464: 10450: 10430: 10418: 10416:, p. 157) 10406: 10394: 10392:, p. 157) 10382: 10371: 10357: 10337: 10330: 10307: 10300: 10280: 10275:Later Muguhals 10265: 10245: 10239:. p. 17. 10225: 10208: 10193: 10174: 10157: 10119: 10106:978-0470758151 10105: 10091:Harbans Mukhia 10082: 10068: 10048: 10033: 9981: 9964: 9947: 9935: 9921: 9901: 9887: 9864: 9850: 9822: 9810:"Mahout" 9807:, ed. (1911). 9805:Chisholm, Hugh 9791: 9776: 9764: 9747: 9730: 9713: 9696: 9681: 9679:, p. 206) 9669: 9640:(1): 127–158. 9620: 9618:, p. 206) 9608: 9601: 9581: 9574: 9554: 9552:, p. 495) 9542: 9540:, p. 114) 9530: 9528:, p. 114) 9518: 9516:, p. 114) 9506: 9494: 9492:, p. 114) 9482: 9469:978-0231158114 9468: 9438: 9404: 9392: 9379:978-9004471993 9378: 9355: 9353:, p. 293) 9343: 9328: 9316: 9314:, p. 120) 9304: 9292: 9273: 9248: 9246:, p. 118) 9236: 9234:, p. 120) 9224: 9210: 9184: 9172: 9154: 9140: 9120: 9091: 9089:, p. 115. 9079: 9077:, p. 105) 9067: 9065:, p. 120) 9055: 9038: 9031: 9011: 8998:978-0313070334 8997: 8977: 8960: 8958:, p. 156. 8948: 8936: 8922: 8916:. Penguin UK. 8902: 8888: 8868: 8866:, p. 293) 8856: 8827: 8808: 8788: 8770: 8750: 8733: 8710: 8698: 8696:, p. 211) 8686: 8674: 8662: 8653: 8646: 8623: 8609: 8586: 8572: 8554: 8532: 8515: 8463: 8414: 8375: 8330: 8316: 8294: 8280: 8257: 8243: 8220: 8208: 8194: 8171: 8168:. p. 298. 8154: 8142: 8125: 8118: 8098: 8063: 8051: 8044: 8023: 8002: 7971: 7964: 7944: 7937: 7917: 7896: 7881: 7867: 7844: 7830: 7795: 7761: 7754: 7734: 7720: 7700: 7693: 7670: 7656: 7622: 7595: 7584:. San.beck.org 7573: 7571:, p. 243) 7561: 7526:(2): 241–260. 7506: 7504:, p. 161) 7493: 7467: 7446: 7444:, p. 242) 7434: 7427: 7409: 7395: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7323: 7295: 7293:, p. 927. 7283: 7276: 7253: 7246: 7226: 7210: 7207:. p. 179. 7190: 7183: 7160: 7147: 7140: 7134:. Roli Books. 7120: 7107: 7090: 7077: 7064: 7051: 7037: 7017: 7010: 6987: 6980: 6960: 6948: 6933: 6907: 6881: 6869: 6862: 6839: 6827: 6811:978-9354927652 6810: 6787: 6740: 6733: 6713: 6706: 6686: 6671: 6664: 6642: 6635: 6613: 6606: 6584: 6572: 6565: 6544: 6537: 6516: 6497: 6469: 6453: 6437: 6416: 6404: 6388: 6376: 6361: 6342: 6339:. p. 163. 6325: 6309: 6293: 6291:, p. 61]. 6281: 6269: 6253: 6234: 6218: 6206: 6199: 6178: 6163: 6134: 6117: 6086: 6055: 6043: 6031: 6019: 5984: 5981:. p. 153. 5967: 5941: 5921: 5892: 5866: 5855:on 10 May 2016 5828: 5797: 5785: 5782:. p. 278. 5768: 5756: 5732: 5718: 5706: 5699: 5676: 5669: 5649: 5642: 5622: 5615: 5595: 5576: 5556: 5539: 5508: 5478: 5456:Islam, Sirajul 5433: 5414: 5412:, p. 269. 5402: 5390: 5383: 5363: 5361:, p. 271. 5351: 5337: 5311: 5299: 5287: 5249: 5235: 5215: 5198: 5186: 5174: 5162: 5141: 5122: 5110: 5098: 5086: 5063: 5037: 5011: 4980: 4978:, p. 169. 4968: 4966:, p. 217. 4956: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4883: 4881:, p. 168. 4868: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4830:, p. 113. 4820: 4808: 4801: 4781: 4779:, p. 167. 4769: 4757: 4745: 4715: 4704: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4639: 4621: 4604: 4597: 4577: 4570: 4550: 4543: 4523: 4521:, p. 199) 4511: 4500: 4483: 4467:978-1351997454 4466: 4443: 4426: 4415: 4408: 4388: 4347: 4312: 4298: 4269: 4252: 4225: 4211: 4181: 4169: 4131: 4117: 4091: 4077: 4057: 4043: 4023: 4006: 3983: 3977:978-0333519066 3976: 3955: 3949:978-1647920449 3948: 3936:John D. Hosler 3927: 3911:978-1399006026 3910: 3878: 3864: 3838: 3825:978-9004393301 3824: 3797: 3795:, p. 199) 3785: 3754: 3747: 3713: 3711:, p. 300. 3688: 3640: 3617: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3566:Sir John Child 3563: 3556: 3553: 3343:A'in Mir Bahri 3307: 3304: 3250: 3247: 3233:Sonakanda Fort 3197: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3170: 3132:Siege of Bidar 3126:against enemy 3069:Main article: 3066: 3063: 3055:Gulbadan-Begum 2998:Mughal Dynasty 2990:Main article: 2987: 2984: 2948: 2945: 2912: 2909: 2901: 2900: 2882: 2855: 2854:Heavy infantry 2852: 2847:cotton carders 2823: 2820: 2801: 2798: 2771: 2768: 2659: 2656: 2628:Shuja-ud-Daula 2604: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2534:Arabian horses 2515:kashmir shawls 2449: 2446: 2412: 2409: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2309: 2298:composite bows 2195:Mughal weapons 2190: 2187: 2075:Ural Mountains 2054: 2051: 2031:Allahabad Fort 1938: 1935: 1861:or horsemens. 1768: 1767: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1746: 1739: 1724:Main article: 1721: 1718: 1706:Chamkaur Sahib 1679:Siege of Jinji 1625:Regent Diamond 1593:Golconda Fort 1582:Malik-e-Maidan 1570:Maratha forces 1558:Malik-i-Maidan 1441:Raja Jai Singh 1407: 1404: 1356:celebrations. 1341:Ahmad Sirhindi 1192:Greater Sylhet 1151: 1148: 1137:Jahangir Mahal 1045:Zain Khan Koka 1004:warlord named 963:as a captive. 948:Siege of Surat 820:, Akbar faced 813: 810: 696:Sher Shah Suri 672:Sher Shah Suri 642:Sher Shah Suri 621: 618: 601: 600: 594: 588: 582: 576: 570: 569: 568: 562: 550: 544: 538: 532: 526: 525: 524: 518: 515:Siege of Bidar 512: 504: 498: 497: 496: 484: 483: 482: 476: 464: 458: 452: 446: 440: 434: 433: 432: 426: 421: 420: 419: 413: 397: 392: 391: 390: 372: 371: 370: 358: 357: 356: 350: 330:Main article: 327: 324: 202: 201: 195: 189: 188: 184: 183: 176: 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 157: 156: 148: 142: 141: 139:Mughal Emperor 136: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 111: 110: 101: 95: 94: 88: 84: 83: 77: 73: 72: 69: 61: 60: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14782: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14740:Indian slaves 14738: 14737: 14735: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14679:Rajput states 14677: 14675: 14672: 14669: 14665: 14662: 14661: 14659: 14655: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14595: 14593: 14589: 14579: 14578: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14553: 14551: 14547: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14492: 14490: 14488: 14484: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14444: 14442: 14440: 14436: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14401: 14399: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14386: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14269: 14266: 14265: 14263: 14259: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14194: 14192: 14188: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14063: 14061: 14059: 14055: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14028:Carnatic wars 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13973: 13969: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13898: 13896: 13895: 13890: 13882: 13879: 13878: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13850: 13847: 13846: 13845: 13842: 13841: 13839: 13835: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13818:Shah Jahan IV 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13793:Muhammad Shah 13791: 13789: 13788:Shah Jahan II 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13773:Jahandar Shah 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13712:Mughal Empire 13709: 13701: 13696: 13694: 13689: 13687: 13682: 13681: 13678: 13674: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13667:public domain 13664: 13659: 13656: 13642: 13636: 13632: 13627: 13623: 13617: 13613: 13612: 13607: 13603: 13599: 13593: 13589: 13584: 13580: 13579: 13573: 13569: 13568: 13563: 13559: 13558: 13547: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13526: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13482: 13470: 13466: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13452:984-32-0576-6 13448: 13444: 13440: 13439: 13434: 13430: 13426: 13421: 13409: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13388: 13383: 13380: 13368: 13364: 13360: 13355: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13322: 13310: 13309: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13286: 13274: 13273: 13267: 13263: 13257: 13253: 13252: 13247: 13243: 13239: 13237:9780486131290 13233: 13229: 13228: 13222: 13211: 13205: 13198: 13197: 13191: 13179: 13178: 13177:Bengal Nawābs 13173: 13169: 13165: 13159: 13155: 13154: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13140: 13135: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13122: 13116: 13104: 13103: 13097: 13093: 13092: 13086: 13075: 13069: 13062: 13061: 13055: 13051: 13045: 13042:. Routledge. 13041: 13040: 13034: 13030: 13024: 13020: 13019: 13013: 13009: 13008: 13002: 12998: 12997: 12991: 12987: 12981: 12977: 12976: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12957: 12953: 12952: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12921: 12915: 12911: 12905: 12889: 12882: 12881: 12875: 12871: 12869:81-7844-132-2 12865: 12861: 12856: 12852: 12851: 12846: 12842: 12831: 12829:9783030965884 12825: 12818: 12817: 12811: 12799: 12795: 12789: 12786:. McFarland. 12785: 12784: 12778: 12774: 12768: 12764: 12759: 12755: 12749: 12745: 12744: 12738: 12727: 12721: 12717: 12716: 12710: 12706: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12686: 12673: 12667: 12663: 12662: 12661:War Elephants 12656: 12645: 12639: 12636:. Routledge. 12632: 12631: 12625: 12614: 12608: 12604: 12603: 12597: 12586: 12580: 12576: 12575: 12569: 12565: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12547: 12543: 12541:9780756622107 12537: 12533: 12528: 12517: 12515:9789004506572 12511: 12507: 12506: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12476: 12465: 12463:9780521523059 12459: 12452: 12451: 12446: 12442: 12438: 12432: 12428: 12425:. New Delhi: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12406: 12402: 12401: 12396: 12392: 12389: 12388:public domain 12378: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12355: 12351: 12345: 12341: 12340: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12317: 12311: 12300: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12281: 12275: 12264: 12258: 12254: 12253: 12247: 12243: 12237: 12233: 12232: 12226: 12222: 12221: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12202: 12196: 12192: 12186: 12182: 12181: 12176: 12172: 12161: 12159:9788187746997 12155: 12148: 12147: 12141: 12140: 12122: 12117: 12110: 12105: 12103: 12101: 12099: 12097: 12095: 12093: 12091: 12075: 12069: 12065: 12064: 12056: 12049: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12024: 12018: 12011: 12010: 12002: 11996:, p. 13. 11995: 11990: 11988: 11980: 11975: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11955: 11953: 11951: 11935: 11929: 11922: 11921: 11916: 11910: 11902: 11898: 11891: 11883: 11882: 11874: 11866: 11860: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11834: 11818: 11817: 11809: 11794: 11788: 11781: 11780: 11772: 11770: 11761: 11754: 11739: 11733: 11726: 11725: 11717: 11715: 11713: 11705: 11700: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11653: 11648: 11633: 11631:9780752423043 11627: 11620: 11619: 11611: 11596: 11594:9781639365968 11590: 11586: 11585: 11577: 11570: 11565: 11558: 11553: 11546: 11541: 11526: 11524:9788173052507 11520: 11516: 11515: 11510: 11504: 11497: 11486: 11484:9781473594524 11480: 11473: 11472: 11464: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11418: 11416: 11399: 11398: 11393: 11387: 11385: 11383: 11367: 11361: 11354: 11353: 11345: 11343: 11327: 11321: 11314: 11313: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11293: 11281: 11275: 11268: 11267: 11259: 11257: 11255: 11238: 11231: 11224: 11218: 11213: 11206: 11201: 11199: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11183: 11178: 11170: 11169: 11164: 11158: 11142: 11138: 11131: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11093: 11078: 11072: 11068: 11067: 11066:Later Mughals 11062: 11055: 11040: 11034: 11030: 11029: 11024: 11017: 11002: 10996: 10992: 10991: 10983: 10976: 10971: 10965:, p. 47) 10964: 10959: 10951: 10945: 10941: 10940: 10932: 10924: 10918: 10914: 10913: 10905: 10897: 10891: 10887: 10886: 10878: 10870: 10864: 10860: 10859: 10851: 10843: 10837: 10833: 10832: 10824: 10809: 10805: 10798: 10783: 10779: 10772: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10725: 10723: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10699: 10691: 10689:0-312-21057-4 10685: 10681: 10674: 10666: 10660: 10656: 10649: 10641: 10639:81-85179-03-4 10635: 10631: 10624: 10609: 10605: 10598: 10590: 10586: 10579: 10572:. p. 11. 10571: 10570: 10562: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10535: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10508: 10502: 10498: 10493: 10492: 10486: 10480: 10473: 10468: 10453: 10447: 10443: 10442: 10434: 10428:, p. 92) 10427: 10422: 10415: 10410: 10403: 10398: 10391: 10386: 10380: 10375: 10360: 10354: 10350: 10349: 10341: 10333: 10327: 10324:. Routledge. 10323: 10322: 10314: 10312: 10303: 10297: 10293: 10292: 10284: 10276: 10269: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10249: 10242: 10238: 10237: 10229: 10221: 10220: 10212: 10204: 10197: 10189: 10183: 10178: 10170: 10169: 10161: 10145: 10141: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10108: 10102: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10086: 10071: 10065: 10061: 10060: 10052: 10045: 10040: 10038: 10030: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10003: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9979: 9976:, p. 122, at 9975: 9974: 9968: 9961: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9945:, p. 37) 9944: 9939: 9924: 9922:9780195309911 9918: 9914: 9913: 9905: 9890: 9884: 9877: 9876: 9875:War Elephants 9868: 9853: 9847: 9840: 9839: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9818: 9817: 9811: 9806: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9788: 9783: 9781: 9774:, p. 37) 9773: 9768: 9760: 9759: 9751: 9743: 9742: 9734: 9726: 9725: 9717: 9709: 9708: 9700: 9694:, p. 68. 9693: 9688: 9686: 9678: 9673: 9666: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9624: 9617: 9612: 9604: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9585: 9577: 9571: 9567: 9566: 9558: 9551: 9546: 9539: 9534: 9527: 9522: 9515: 9510: 9504:, p. 78) 9503: 9498: 9491: 9486: 9471: 9465: 9461: 9460: 9455: 9451: 9450:Muzaffar Alam 9445: 9443: 9426: 9422: 9415: 9408: 9402:, p. 64) 9401: 9396: 9381: 9375: 9371: 9370: 9362: 9360: 9352: 9347: 9340:. p. 64. 9339: 9332: 9326:, p. 88) 9325: 9320: 9313: 9308: 9302:, p. 88) 9301: 9296: 9290:, p. 35) 9289: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9261: 9260: 9252: 9245: 9240: 9233: 9228: 9213: 9207: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9191: 9189: 9181: 9176: 9168: 9161: 9159: 9143: 9141:9781108420631 9137: 9133: 9132: 9124: 9108: 9107: 9102: 9095: 9088: 9083: 9076: 9071: 9064: 9059: 9051: 9050: 9042: 9034: 9028: 9024: 9023: 9015: 9000: 8994: 8990: 8989: 8981: 8974: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8957: 8952: 8945: 8940: 8925: 8919: 8915: 8914: 8906: 8891: 8885: 8881: 8880: 8872: 8865: 8860: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8831: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8801: 8800: 8792: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8763: 8762: 8754: 8747: 8736: 8730: 8723: 8722: 8714: 8707: 8702: 8695: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8666: 8657: 8649: 8643: 8639: 8638: 8633: 8627: 8612: 8610:9788172243258 8606: 8599: 8598: 8590: 8582: 8576: 8568: 8566: 8558: 8542: 8536: 8528: 8527: 8519: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8460: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8379: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8319: 8317:9781465403735 8313: 8306: 8305: 8298: 8283: 8281:9781538178218 8277: 8270: 8269: 8261: 8246: 8244:9789390486724 8240: 8233: 8232: 8224: 8218:, p. 417 8217: 8212: 8197: 8195:9780190694562 8191: 8184: 8183: 8175: 8167: 8166: 8158: 8151: 8146: 8139: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8121: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8102: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8075: 8067: 8060: 8055: 8047: 8041: 8037: 8030: 8028: 8020: 8019:81-219-0364-5 8016: 8012: 8006: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7978: 7976: 7967: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7948: 7940: 7938:9781482839388 7934: 7930: 7929: 7921: 7915:, p. 85) 7914: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7894:, p. 74) 7893: 7888: 7886: 7870: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7833: 7827: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7768: 7766: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7738: 7723: 7717: 7713: 7712: 7704: 7696: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7674: 7659: 7653: 7646: 7645: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7583: 7577: 7570: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7510: 7503: 7497: 7482: 7478: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7450: 7443: 7438: 7430: 7424: 7420: 7413: 7398: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7379: 7377: 7370:, p. 37. 7369: 7364: 7357: 7352: 7336: 7335: 7327: 7311: 7310: 7302: 7300: 7292: 7291:Chisholm 1911 7287: 7279: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7249: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7230: 7222: 7221: 7214: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7194: 7186: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7164: 7157: 7151: 7143: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7124: 7117: 7111: 7104: 7100: 7097:Reddy, 2005, 7094: 7087: 7081: 7074: 7068: 7061: 7055: 7040: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7021: 7013: 7007: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6991: 6983: 6981:9780521566032 6977: 6973: 6972: 6964: 6958:, p. 166 6957: 6952: 6944: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6878: 6873: 6865: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6836: 6831: 6824: 6813: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6794: 6792: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6736: 6730: 6727:. Routledge. 6726: 6725: 6717: 6709: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6690: 6683: 6678: 6676: 6667: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6638: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6576: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6551: 6549: 6540: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6520: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6473: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6434:(in Bengali). 6433: 6429: 6420: 6414:, p. 67. 6413: 6408: 6401: 6397: 6392: 6386:, p. 67. 6385: 6380: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6347: 6338: 6337: 6329: 6322: 6318: 6317:Sarkar (1948) 6313: 6306: 6302: 6297: 6290: 6285: 6279:, p. 61. 6278: 6273: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6215: 6210: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6183: 6174: 6167: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6138: 6130: 6129: 6121: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6074: 6069: 6068: 6059: 6053:, p. 166 6052: 6047: 6041:, p. 166 6040: 6035: 6029:, p. 141 6028: 6023: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5997: 5996:The Akbarnama 5988: 5980: 5979: 5971: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5897: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5793:Sarkar (1948) 5789: 5781: 5780: 5772: 5765: 5764:Richards 1995 5760: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5736: 5728: 5722: 5715: 5714:Richards 1993 5710: 5702: 5700:9780521566032 5696: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5672: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5653: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5626: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5599: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5560: 5552: 5551: 5543: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5479:984-32-0576-6 5475: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5429: 5423: 5418: 5411: 5410:Campbell 1896 5406: 5399: 5398:Campbell 1896 5394: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5367: 5360: 5359:Campbell 1896 5355: 5340: 5334: 5327: 5326: 5318: 5316: 5309:, p. 259 5308: 5303: 5296: 5291: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5238: 5236:9781405184649 5232: 5228: 5227: 5219: 5212: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5195: 5194:Richards 1996 5190: 5184:, p. 228 5183: 5178: 5172:, p. 339 5171: 5166: 5159: 5158:Richards 1996 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5138: 5137:Richards 1996 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5120:, p. 227 5119: 5114: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4952:Ali Khan 1925 4948: 4942:, p. 42. 4941: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4917: 4916:Ali Khan 1925 4912: 4896: 4895: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4865: 4860: 4854:, p. 52. 4853: 4848: 4842:, p. 64. 4841: 4836: 4829: 4824: 4818:, p. 41. 4817: 4812: 4804: 4802:0-19-506869-6 4798: 4794: 4793: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4767:, p. 33. 4766: 4765:Ali Khan 1925 4761: 4754: 4749: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4700: 4699: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4679: 4678:Ali Khan 1925 4674: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4654:Ali Khan 1925 4650: 4642: 4640:0-00-255717-7 4636: 4632: 4625: 4617: 4616: 4608: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4581: 4573: 4571:81-269-0123-3 4567: 4563: 4562: 4554: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4509: 4504: 4498:, p. 54. 4497: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4480: 4469: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4447: 4439: 4438: 4430: 4424: 4419: 4411: 4405: 4402:. NYU Press. 4401: 4400: 4392: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4301: 4299:9781399070157 4295: 4291: 4290: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4255: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4200: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4178: 4173: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4141:"HORSE TRADE" 4135: 4120: 4114: 4107: 4106: 4098: 4096: 4080: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4068:Later Mughals 4061: 4046: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4027: 4020: 4009: 4003: 3996: 3995: 3987: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3951: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3867: 3865:9781501744792 3861: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3794: 3789: 3783:, p. 48) 3782: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3718: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3685: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3638:, p. 29. 3637: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3605: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3587: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3511:Murud-Janjira 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499:Janjira State 3496: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3446:Murud-Janjira 3443: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3432:Kaladan river 3428: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3322: 3312: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3237:Idrakpur Fort 3234: 3230: 3229:Hajiganj Fort 3226: 3221: 3217: 3216:Amla-e-Nawara 3208: 3203: 3186: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128:war elephants 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2947:Slave soldier 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2908: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2865: 2860: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2819: 2816: 2806: 2797: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2787:camel cavalry 2781: 2776: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2739:Delhi sultans 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2684:war elephants 2676: 2669: 2664: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2648:Sadaat-e-Bara 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2499:Bow and arrow 2495: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2460: 2455: 2454:Arabian horse 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2422: 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1764:Khan-i Dauran 1758: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1720:Organizations 1717: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1479:In 1667, the 1473: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1417: 1412: 1406:Aurangzeb era 1403: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245:matchlock-men 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1168: 1160: 1156: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1138: 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Retrieved 3547: 3516:Mir Jumla II 3488: 3474: 3472: 3459:Maratha Navy 3451: 3416: 3413: 3402: 3398: 3394:Ganj-i-Sawai 3392: 3386: 3380: 3367:Shaista Khan 3356: 3346: 3342: 3338:Ain-i-Akbari 3336: 3329: 3325: 3321:Dutch empire 3317: 3306:Navy history 3300:Ganj-i-Sawai 3299: 3264: 3252: 3215: 3213: 3196:Naval forces 3145: 3123: 3113: 3094: 3078: 3074: 3059:Humayun-nama 3052: 3033: 3018: 3001: 2995: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2902: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2869: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2811: 2791: 2784: 2748:Vedic period 2744: 2734: 2719: 2714:Plate armour 2705: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2687: 2681: 2620: 2612: 2605: 2591: 2550: 2529: 2523: 2496: 2484: 2479: 2465: 2430: 2426: 2405: 2393: 2382: 2374: 2302: 2294: 2283: 2266: 2217: 2212: 2202: 2182: 2171: 2157:Ain-i-Akbari 2156: 2148:Ain-i-Akbari 2147: 2145: 2086: 2083: 2064: 2046: 2039:Balapur Fort 2027:Lalbagh Fort 2024: 2017:empire, and 2011:Genghis Khan 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1978: 1971: 1967: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1906:, since the 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1858: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1830: 1827:Waqa-i-Navis 1826: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1784: 1782: 1769: 1729: 1714:Deccan India 1711: 1683: 1639: 1628: 1617:Hope Diamond 1586: 1581: 1557: 1551: 1540: 1520: 1512:Raja Ram Jat 1497: 1493:Kabul valley 1478: 1462:Mir Jumla II 1455: 1449: 1438: 1421: 1400:Safavid Iran 1393: 1366: 1334: 1326:vassal state 1322:Amar Singh I 1315: 1289: 1277:Koli peoples 1274: 1233:Mubariz Khan 1229:Shaikh Kamal 1221:Islam Khan I 1205:Khwaja Usman 1189: 1173:Islam Khan I 1170: 1141: 1115: 1088: 1060:Karakar Pass 1053: 1042: 1030: 1018:Udai Manikya 999: 972: 965: 944:Persian Gulf 937: 927: 907: 900: 880: 865: 857:Gwalior Fort 846: 815: 780: 777: 760:Hindal Mirza 701: 681:Bahadur Shah 668: 663: 629: 623: 610: 602: 555:(1535–1693) 489:(1616–1682) 469:(1605–1739) 402:(1572-1612) 383:(1535–1555) 377:(1526–1752) 363:(1526–1779) 343:(1504-1529) 335: 314: 312: 306:, and heavy 281: 270: 257:Jeremy Black 254: 242:Roman Empire 239: 231: 224: 216:their empire 214:established 207: 205: 198: 152: 146:Grand-Vizier 125:Timurid Army 107: 104:Exalted camp 103: 99:Headquarters 55:Flag of the 29: 14689:Sikh Empire 14668:interrupted 14409:Lahore Fort 14360:Henry Every 14325:Malik Ambar 14268:Baro-Bhuyan 14261:Adversaries 14247:Ranthambore 14202:Chittorgarh 14023:Child's war 13849:family tree 13425:"Musa Khan" 13401:: 155–164. 13200:(Paperback) 13124:. pp. 12634:(Paperback) 12150:(Hardcover) 12109:Sarkar 1951 12013:(Hardcover) 11622:(Hardcover) 11442:: 163–170. 11356:(Hardcover) 11318:. Manohar. 11285:24 November 11147:28 November 11109:(23): 113. 10604:"Urdubegis" 9842:(Paperback) 9835:Mehta, JL. 9692:Sarkar 1960 8725:(Paperback) 8601:(Paperback) 8547:13 November 8497:: 668–670. 8186:(Hardcover) 7813:Kaushik Roy 7356:Sarkar 1919 6877:Prasad 1974 6835:Prasad 1974 6580:Prasad 1930 6447:, pp. 6398:, pp. 6372:Khan (2012) 6079:15 November 5992:Fazl, Abu. 5955:DeshGujarat 5329:(Paperback) 5242:23 November 4733:Banglapedia 4370:: 170–175. 4203:(Hardcover) 4162:10 December 4151:: 351–360. 4109:(Paperback) 3998:(Hardcover) 3571:Yahya Saleh 3561:Tipu Sultan 3455:Siddi Yaqub 3427:Farhad Khan 3410:Henry Every 3404:Ganj-i-Sawa 3351:Baro-Bhuyan 3286:instead of 3160:Tipu Sultan 3141:nebelwerfer 3027:, Turk and 2996:During the 2980:Janissaries 2905:Sufi orders 2872:Shamsherbaz 2815:Wagon forts 2780:Zamburakchi 2632:Safdar Jang 2487:Man-at-arms 2183:Shamsherbaz 2043:Purana Qila 1879:waqia-navis 1748:Man Singh I 1732:British Raj 1613:Darya-e-Nur 1609:Black Orlov 1597:Kollur Mine 1450:Chhatrapati 1354:Eid al-Fitr 1265:Mughal Army 1159:Man Singh I 1099:Cutch State 975:Man Singh I 887:Baz Bahadur 793:Bairam Khan 599:(1857-1858) 593:(1738–1740) 587:(1627–1720) 581:(1686–1857) 575:(1680–1707) 567:(1692–1693) 549:(1679–1684) 537:(1665–1666) 531:(1642-1698) 503:(1621–1783) 495:(1662-1663) 481:(1649–1653) 475:(1622–1623) 463:(1587–1680) 457:(1572-1573) 451:(1564–1567) 445:(1561–1601) 439:(1560–1570) 418:(1611-1612) 412:(1572-1576) 273:Irfan Habib 187:Expenditure 168:15-25 years 153:Vazere'azam 35:Mughal Army 18:Mughal Army 14734:Categories 14719:Rohilkhand 14664:Sur Empire 14370:Nader Shah 14305:Rana Sanga 14217:Daulatabad 14101:Haldighati 14033:Bengal war 13871:Government 13803:Alamgir II 13753:Shah Jahan 13215:4 December 13079:5 December 12804:11 January 12753:0195665260 12649:4 December 12584:0521470331 12492:4422215205 12360:11 January 12268:6 December 11979:Hasan 2012 11404:5 December 10451:1843310384 10358:8186062106 9211:1861891857 8973:Stone 2013 8923:0141040971 8889:0313369739 8740:9 December 7868:0143335448 7837:4 December 7428:817022263X 7105:, p. B-46. 7011:9004101098 6863:8120810716 6734:1135990174 6509:10 October 6463:, p. 6445:Roy (1968) 6427:খাজা উসমান 6396:Roy (1968) 6384:Ali (1965) 6355:, p. 6353:Roy (1968) 6319:, p. 6303:, p. 6301:Roy (1968) 6263:, p. 6261:Roy (1968) 6247:, p. 6245:Ali (1954) 6228:, p. 6214:Ali (1965) 5452:"Isa Khan" 5307:Habib 1997 5295:Habib 1997 5170:Smith 2002 5094:Eraly 2000 5056:25 October 4259:6 December 4218:6 December 4044:0521841194 3582:References 3467:Khafi Khan 3423:Chittagong 3375:Chittagong 3280:Third-rate 3276:Man-of-war 3109:Shah Shuja 2839:matchlocks 2760:Sri Lankan 2723:Coromandel 2710:Chain mail 2505:, cavalry 2275:Zweihänder 2267:Shamserbaz 2160:came from 2098:, For the 1919:Walashahis 1884:mansabdars 1786:Mir Bakshi 1773:Shah Jahan 1500:Hindu Jats 1425:Ahmednagar 1423:forces in 1369:Pir Roshan 1285:Portuguese 1217:Baniachong 1103:Muli State 1014:Chittagong 914:Pir Roshan 883:Adham Khan 818:Sur Empire 787:Companions 716:Rohtasgarh 638:Sur Empire 229:officers. 115:Leadership 14520:Taj Mahal 14404:Agra Fort 14365:Bajirao I 14288:Musa Khan 14242:Purandhar 14146:Raj Mahal 14121:Najafgarh 13971:Conflicts 13938:Hyderabad 13894:Provinces 13506:0022-4995 13469:30677644M 13336:(1): 35. 13248:(2002) . 12904:cite book 12508:. Brill. 12397:(2005) . 12329:952877148 12177:(2000) . 11163:Irvine W. 11115:2347-6117 10755:0003-0279 10713:568760006 10591:: 350–57. 10541:"Lathial" 9654:0973-0753 8849:6 January 8820:2 January 8503:2250-3153 8401:0066-8435 8363:2349-266X 8081:, Brill, 7556:142989123 7540:0026-749X 7088:, p. 454. 7044:3 October 6774:0955-2340 6485:New Delhi 6096:"Katrabo" 5751:1729-9802 5518:"Katrabo" 5496:30677644M 5030:29 August 4738:16 August 3739:Routledge 3371:Musa Khan 3225:Mir Jumla 3156:Hyder Ali 3085:grenadier 3065:Artillery 3002:urdubegis 2992:Urdubegis 2937:Bikrampur 2897:centurion 2843:palanquin 2822:Musketeer 2764:Thanjavur 2756:Akbarnama 2752:Abul Fazl 2735:fil-khana 2650:tribe of 2644:Qizilbash 2538:Thanjavur 2213:Karkhanas 2181:, to the 2117:Gujaratis 2105:Chagatais 2053:Manpowers 1975:Abul Fazl 1777:Mansabdar 1726:Mansabdar 1663:Hyderabad 1589:besieging 1516:Taj Mahal 1498:In 1669, 1489:Aurangzeb 1394:In 1646, 1358:Aurangzeb 1253:Matchlock 1209:Usmangarh 1177:Musa Khan 1058:near the 853:Rajputana 812:Akbar era 654:Champaner 640:] under 268:Europe. 235:Abul Fazl 226:Mansabdar 160:Personnel 87:Disbanded 14709:Carnatic 14628:Painting 14623:Language 14591:See also 14419:Red Fort 14273:Isa Khan 14237:Kandahar 14222:Golconda 14151:Samugarh 14086:Chanderi 13876:Military 13823:Akbar II 13748:Shahryar 13743:Jahangir 13720:Emperors 13608:(1993). 13546:41931994 13519:14 April 13514:25165208 13488:(2007). 13461:52727562 13373:16 March 13292:(1954). 13184:22 March 13174:(1985). 13150:(1960). 13136:(1948). 12972:(1996). 12931:(1974). 12847:(1968). 12835:16 March 12798:Archived 12693:(1997). 12552:(1974). 12521:21 March 12480:ムガル皇帝歴代誌 12469:14 April 12447:(2002). 12421:(2007). 12354:Archived 12165:21 March 11994:Roy 2011 11917:(2023). 11637:13 April 11600:13 April 11557:Roy 2011 11545:Roy 2015 11511:(2003). 11448:44140735 11394:(1881). 11165:(1903). 11141:Archived 10613:13 March 10487:(2002). 10093:(2008). 10023:13 March 9456:(2012). 8843:Archived 8814:Archived 8616:14 March 8508:13 March 8453:13 March 8409:42928323 8368:13 March 8323:14 March 8287:14 March 8250:14 March 8201:14 March 8092:28 March 7855:(2002). 7663:10 March 7615:31 March 7588:1 August 7402:12 March 7368:Roy 2011 7341:12 March 7316:17 March 7201:(1907). 7171:(1904). 6998:(1995). 6928:36806798 6918:(1999). 6902:36806798 6892:(1999). 6782:26195477 6503:Archived 6156:19 March 6150:Archived 6110:15 April 6104:Archived 6073:Archived 5932:(1882). 5821:15 April 5815:Archived 5687:(1993). 5582:Archived 5532:15 April 5526:Archived 5488:52727562 5344:12 March 5280:21 March 5077:Calliope 5006:44141140 4901:10 March 4454:(2016). 4376:44140736 4340:19 April 4305:14 April 4157:26906103 3966:(1991). 3917:4 August 3898:(2021). 3871:14 March 3731:(2006). 3677:13 March 3636:Roy 2011 3610:13 March 3577:Appendix 3555:See also 3479:Maldives 3381:Empress 3288:Beakhead 3272:frigates 3136:grenades 3090:zamburak 3029:Kashmiri 2941:Pirojpur 2889:Bankulis 2879:Yak-hath 2866:gauntlet 2800:Infantry 2658:Elephant 2624:Subahdar 2434:Marathas 2421:Akbar II 2400:Overhead 2371:Logistic 2129:Balochis 2113:Pashtuns 2035:Red Fort 1981:. While 1900:subahdar 1888:subahdar 1791:Subahdar 1688:to form 1642:Sambhaji 1623:and the 1543:Sambhaji 1481:Yusufzai 1466:Garhgaon 1433:grenades 1389:Peshawar 1194:region, 1062:between 1022:Maharaja 1016:against 1006:Isa Khan 994:Isa Khan 932:annexed 910:Peshawar 896:Muhammad 891:Khandesh 736:Varanasi 410:Rajmahal 132:Padishah 42:ارتش مغل 14643:Weapons 14618:Gardens 14613:Fashion 14608:Culture 14603:Cuisine 14439:Mosques 14335:Shivaji 14252:Sambhal 14227:Hooghly 14197:Bijapur 14171:Tukaroi 14156:Sirhind 14141:Plassey 14058:Battles 13928:Gujarat 13856:Economy 13844:Dynasty 13733:Humayun 13414:9 March 13350:3518271 13315:12 July 13109:6 April 13064:(ebook) 12941:1532660 12894:8 March 12820:(ebook) 12731:13 July 12677:19 July 12618:13 July 12590:19 July 12373:(ed.). 12304:19 July 12028:19 June 11939:8 March 11924:(ebook) 11783:(ebook) 11728:(ebook) 11530:1 April 11490:1 April 11475:(ebook) 11371:20 June 11316:(Ebook) 11270:(ebook) 11120:16 July 11082:13 July 11063:(ed.). 11044:13 July 11025:(ed.). 11006:13 July 10513:jamadar 10457:19 July 10364:18 July 10112:12 July 10075:8 March 9928:10 July 9879:(ebook) 9659:17 July 9475:12 July 9385:11 July 9266:18 July 9217:11 July 9147:11 July 9113:17 July 9004:11 July 8929:11 July 8895:11 July 8308:(ebook) 8272:(ebook) 8235:(ebook) 8021:, p.236 7874:11 July 7822:(ebook) 7727:20 July 7648:(ebook) 7486:20 June 7223:. 1947. 6817:13 July 6528:Version 5978:Journal 5729:. 1940. 5000:: 276. 4473:19 July 4050:25 July 3831:19 July 3548:Nawwara 3507:Mappila 3491:Janjira 3463:Shivaji 3436:faujdar 3347:Nawwara 3164:sapping 3148:grenade 3116:rockets 3081:cannons 3044:Humayun 3040:Humayun 2976:Mamluks 2972:Ghilman 2933:Tangail 2918:Mīr-dah 2885:Banaits 2778:Mughal 2640:Kashmir 2526:Tartary 2411:Cavalry 2290:Toradar 2271:halberd 2224:Firangi 2125:Rajputs 2121:Pathans 2003:sardagh 1999:khargah 1995:khaimeh 1908:bakhshi 1896:bakhshi 1874:Bakhshi 1836:Patwari 1831:Qanungo 1806:Faujdar 1800:Bakhshi 1702:Sirhind 1650:Tarabai 1646:Rajaram 1574:Solapur 1566:granite 1385:Bangash 1377:Mohmand 1373:Kheshgi 1362:Bundela 1345:Khutbah 1320:, Rana 1311:Jesuits 1281:Gujarat 1144:pargana 1129:Bundela 1026:Tripura 981:in the 934:Gujarat 863:river. 861:Narmada 801:Sirhind 764:Kannauj 740:Kannauj 728:Monghyr 708:Humayun 646:Gujarat 630:Tulugma 326:History 304:rockets 300:grenade 151:Mughal 76:Founded 14549:Others 14330:Gokula 14190:Sieges 14181:Bhulua 14116:Khanwa 14111:Khajwa 14106:Karnal 14096:Ghagra 14091:Chausa 13953:Multan 13943:Lahore 13918:Bengal 13653: 13637: 13618: 13594: 13544: 13512: 13504: 13467: 13459: 13449: 13348: 13258: 13234: 13206: 13160: 13070: 13046: 13025: 12982: 12958: 12939: 12866: 12826: 12790: 12769: 12750: 12722: 12701: 12668: 12640: 12609: 12581: 12560: 12538: 12512: 12490: 12460: 12433: 12407: 12346: 12327: 12295: 12259: 12238: 12187: 12156: 12079:23 May 12070: 12019: 11930: 11823:3 July 11798:3 July 11789: 11743:3 July 11734: 11689:23 May 11628: 11591: 11521: 11481: 11453:23 May 11446: 11362: 11331:4 July 11322: 11276: 11243:23 May 11113: 11073: 11035: 10997: 10946: 10919: 10892: 10865: 10838: 10813:1 June 10787:1 June 10763:603650 10761: 10753: 10711: 10686: 10661: 10636: 10521:peyada 10517:mridha 10503: 10448: 10355: 10328: 10298: 10150:4 June 10103: 10066: 9919: 9894:5 June 9885: 9857:5 June 9848: 9652: 9599: 9572: 9466: 9431:4 June 9376: 9208: 9138: 9029: 8995: 8920: 8886: 8806: 8782:Lahore 8768: 8731: 8644: 8607: 8501: 8407: 8399: 8361: 8314: 8278: 8241: 8192: 8116: 8042: 8017: 7962: 7935: 7865: 7828: 7752: 7718: 7691: 7654: 7554: 7548:311962 7546: 7538: 7425: 7393: 7274: 7244: 7181: 7138: 7035: 7008: 6978: 6926: 6900: 6860: 6808: 6780: 6772: 6731: 6704: 6662: 6633: 6604: 6563: 6535: 6495: 6449:104–05 6400:103–04 6197: 6012:14 May 5960:10 May 5914:10 May 5859:10 May 5749: 5697: 5667: 5640: 5613: 5574: 5494: 5486: 5476: 5381: 5335: 5233: 5004: 4799: 4637: 4595: 4568: 4541: 4464: 4406: 4381:23 May 4374: 4335:UNESCO 4296: 4250: 4209: 4155: 4124:8 July 4115: 4084:8 July 4075: 4041: 4013:8 July 4004: 3974: 3946: 3908: 3862: 3822: 3745: 3538:galiot 3525:galiot 3484:Muscat 3461:under 3388:Rahīmī 3292:Rahīmī 3259:Ghurab 3235:, and 3101:Mortar 3021:Habshi 3010:purdah 3006:zenana 2925:Mridha 2911:Archer 2895:(lit. 2828:musket 2794:Rabari 2731:Ceylon 2699:Gajnal 2692:Mahout 2688:Howdah 2634:, the 2492:sowars 2474:, the 2396:fodder 2222:. The 2209:Lahore 2127:, and 2109:Uzbeks 2041:, and 2001:, and 1961:while 1953:" or " 1921:(lit. 1915:Ahadis 1845:Thanas 1841:Thanas 1812:Kotwal 1698:Punjab 1690:khalsa 1655:Satara 1619:, the 1615:, the 1528:Persia 1508:Tilpat 1504:Gokula 1381:Afridi 1337:Kangra 1299:Medina 1290:Rahimi 1225:Bengal 1185:Bengal 1133:Orchha 1097:, and 1084:Persia 1076:Birbal 1049:Birbal 1037:Ganges 1020:, the 1002:Bengal 939:cartaz 923:Ghazni 916:. The 842:Multan 838:Lahore 834:Bengal 783:Rafizi 768:Ganges 712:Chunar 561:(1632) 543:(1670) 523:(1686) 517:(1657) 431:(1610) 408:& 389:(1556) 369:(1576) 355:(1529) 349:(1527) 308:mortar 277:charge 193:Budget 14638:Tribe 14232:Jinji 14212:Daman 14207:Delhi 14176:Bakla 14081:Buxar 13948:Malwa 13933:Delhi 13923:Berar 13913:Awadh 13908:Ajmer 13738:Akbar 13728:Babur 13661:, by 13542:JSTOR 13510:JSTOR 13427:. In 13397:(2). 13346:JSTOR 13128:–265. 12884:(PDF) 12482:[ 12206:Dhaka 11444:JSTOR 11233:(PDF) 10759:JSTOR 10543:. 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