157:
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219:
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476:
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31:
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172:(e.g., PPNA Jericho). These sun dried mudbricks, also known as adobe or just mudbrick, were made from a mixture of sand, clay, water and frequently tempered (e.g. chopped straw and chaff branches), and were the most common method/material for constructing earthen buildings throughout the ancient Near East for millennia. Unfired mud-brick is still made throughout the world today, using both modern and traditional methods.
50:
214:
used sun-dried bricks in their city construction; typically these bricks were flat on the bottom and curved on the top, called plano-convex mud bricks. Some were formed in a square mould and rounded so that the middle was thicker than the ends. Some walls had a few courses of fired bricks from their
183:
over the following millennia. Well-preserved mudbricks from a site at Tel Tsaf, in the Jordan Valley, have been dated to 5200 BCE, though there is no evidence that either site was the first to use the technology. Evidence suggests that the mudbrick composition at Tel Tsaf was stable for at least 500
260:
during pharaonic times and were made in pretty much the same way for millennia. Mud from some locations required sand, chopped straw or other binders such as animal dung to be mixed in with the mud to increase durability and plasticity. Workers gathered mud from the Nile river and poured it into a
1167:, British organisation that focuses on the proper maintenance and conservation of earth buildings in a region of the UK that has a long history of building with mud. Very experienced experts are contactable and there are regular demonstrations in the area.
156:
392:
1070:
411:
160:
Mud-brick stamped with seal impression of raised relief of the
Treasury of the Vizier. From Lahun, Fayum, Egypt. 12th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
539:
Roman
Ghirshman, La ziggourat de Tchoga-Zanbil (Susiane), Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, vol. 98 lien Issue 2, pp. 233–238, 1954
199:
constructed and lived in mud-brick houses between 7000–3300 BCE. Mud bricks were used at more than 15 reported sites attributed to the 3rd millennium BCE in the ancient
890:
1109:
148:
was developed using high pressure as a cheap and eco-friendly alternative to obtain non-fired bricks with more strength than the simpler air-dried mudbricks.
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306:, and developed over time into a complete system of wall protection, flat roofing and finishes which in modern English usage is often referred to as
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1210:
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world, mudbrick was commonly used for the building of walls, fortifications and citadels, such as the walls of the
Citadel of
1039:
796:
634:
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pit. Workers then tramped on the mud while straw was added to solidify the mold. The mudbricks were chemically suitable as
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1196:
666:"Mudbrick Typology, Sources, and Sedimentological Composition: A Case Study from Tell el-Muqdam, Egyptian Delta"
361:
In some cases, brickmakers extended the life of mud bricks by putting fired bricks on top or covering them with
3080:
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1356:
1424:
431:
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814:"7,200 years old constructions and mudbrick technology: The evidence from Tel Tsaf, Jordan Valley, Israel"
556:"7,200 years old constructions and mudbrick technology: The evidence from Tel Tsaf, Jordan Valley, Israel"
1527:
927:
35:
2829:
2630:
1071:"Issues of Cultural Conservation and Tourism Development in the Process of World Heritage Preservation"
3095:
2635:
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1028:
Birge, Darice
Elizabeth; Miller, Stephen Gaylord; Kraynak, Lynn Harriett; Miller, S. G. (1992–2018).
200:
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1983:
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were constructed from mudbricks, affixed with mud, as were those at numerous sites across the
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to increase strength and durability. Nevertheless, in some warm regions with very little
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Adding straw or dried vegetable matter to the clay of mudbricks was a common practice
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Rosenberg, Danny; Love, Serena; Hubbard, Emily; Klimscha, Florian (22 January 2020).
510: – Soil composed of similar proportions of sand and silt, and somewhat less clay
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1185:, French university research organisation dedicated to unfired earth construction
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288:(Troy II). These mudbricks were often made with straw or dried vegetable matter.
204:
165:
910:, Københavns universitet Polis centret (2002) Videnskabernes Selskab, 144 pages
812:
Rosenberg, Danny; Love, Serena; Hubbard, Emily; Klimscha, Florian (2020-01-22).
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132:, mudbricks continued to be in use. Even today, mudbricks are the standard of
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husks, fermented, and either formed into bricks or applied on surfaces as a
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Art & archaeology of the Greek world: a new history, c. 2500-c.150 BCE,
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Sun dried mudbrick was the most common construction material employed in
223:
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as reconstructed in 1907 is the largest mudbrick structure in the world.
265:, leading to the destruction of many ancient Egyptian ruins, such as at
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1978:
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74:, is similarly constructed from clay bricks combined with burnt bricks.
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like paste in broad strokes. This plaster must be reapplied annually.
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39:
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1155:, website whose focus is contemporary issues in earth architecture.
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In areas of
Spanish influence, mud-brick construction is called
215:
bases up to the splash line to extend the life of the building.
49:
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337:, is the world's largest mudbrick structure. It, like much of
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Urban World
History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective
629:. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 246–247?.
466:
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724:"With & without straw: How Israelite slaves made bricks"
553:
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1961:
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1346:
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1173:, mud brick building and biolytic sewerage in South Africa.
722:
Littman, Robert; Lorenzon, Marta; Silverstein, Jay (2014).
507:
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The history of mudbrick production and construction in the
141:
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71:
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504: – Building or other structure made largely from soil
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888:
Bricks and urbanism in the Indus Valley rise and decline
522: – Turf house used in early colonial North America
120:
From around 5000–4000 BCE, mudbricks evolved into
60:—some of the world's largest and oldest constructions.
1018:
Second edition, Thames and Hudson, London, 2019, pp.23
1034:. University of California Press. p. 113n345.
663:
1164:Earth Architecture and Conservation in East Anglia
1103:
953:
664:Morgenstein, Maury E.; Redmount, Carol A. (1998).
398:Mudbrick is still used today, as seen here in the
368:
1142:, edited by Brian Fagan. Oxford University Press.
659:
657:
3057:
993:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
670:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
498: – Building material made of soil and fiber
249:evidence that sun-dried bricks were used in the
549:
547:
545:
85:, also known as unfired brick, is an air-dried
908:A Comparative Study of Six City-state Cultures
654:
425:, with traditional painted mudbrick buildings.
341:architecture, is built with a mudbrick called
1204:
516: – Construction material of damp subsoil
542:
382:Production of mudbricks for construction in
1218:
1211:
1197:
1182:Centre de recherche architectural en terre
136:in some warmer regions mainly in parts of
117:. Mudbricks are known from 9000 BCE.
53:Mudbrick was used for the construction of
855:
837:
597:
579:
310:, regardless of the construction method.
1101:
317:
273:. Mudbrick use increased at the time of
217:
155:
109:) mixed with a binding material such as
48:
29:
784:
14:
3058:
948:
872:
2382:
2021:
1287:
1192:
1102:Bradbury, Dominic (30 October 2008).
1068:
744:
620:
2383:
1069:SACKO, Oussouby (15 November 2015).
24:
1105:"Timbuktu: Mud, mud, glorious mud"
25:
3107:
2335:Megalithic architectural elements
1146:
805:
625:. In Freedman, David Noel (ed.).
2022:
991:and Steven Blake Shubert, eds.,
627:Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible
474:
450:
430:
410:
391:
375:
168:may be dated as far back to the
151:
2954:Evolutionary origin of religion
1140:Oxford Companion to Archaeology
1112:from the original on 2022-01-12
1095:
1062:
1048:from the original on 2023-06-30
1021:
1005:
982:
942:
920:
900:
767:from the original on 2023-09-24
754:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
704:from the original on 2023-09-23
643:from the original on 2023-09-24
369:Mudbrick architecture worldwide
1171:Video showing mud brick making
1076:. Area Studies. Archived from
995:, 1999, Routledge, 938 pages
778:
738:
715:
614:
533:
207:phase fired bricks were used.
13:
1:
3086:Soil-based building materials
2567:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2097:British megalith architecture
1128:
785:Tellier, Luc-Normand (2009).
356:
184:years, throughout the middle
34:New, unlaid mudbricks in the
27:Earth blocks for construction
2562:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2102:Nordic megalith architecture
1134:Possehl, Gregory L. (1996).
956:Atlas of Ancient Archaeology
839:10.1371/journal.pone.0227288
581:10.1371/journal.pone.0227288
253:period (prior to 3400 BCE).
7:
931:, Modern Antiquarian (2007)
745:Emery, Virginia L. (2009).
728:Biblical Archaeology Review
489:
269:. A well-preserved site is
144:. In the 20th century, the
10:
3112:
2710:British Isles and Brittany
2631:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
878:Possehl, Gregory L. (1996)
621:Hasel, Michael G. (2019).
323:The Grand Mosque of Djenné
295:
175:The 9000 BCE dwellings of
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2017:
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1226:
222:Traditional brickyard on
201:Indus Valley civilization
962:McGraw-Hill Book Company
526:
313:
291:
3091:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
2942:Evolutionary musicology
2345:Oldest extant buildings
2272:Archaeological features
1791:Prepared-core technique
417:The "Old Town" area of
170:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
134:vernacular architecture
89:, made of a mixture of
3076:Appropriate technology
2904:Unchambered long cairn
2752:Mound Builders culture
2085:Neolithic architecture
1220:Prehistoric technology
906:Mogens Herman Hansen,
481:Making mudbricks near
345:, a recipe of mud and
331:Great Mosque of Djenné
326:
231:
161:
146:compressed earth block
75:
46:
2579:List of Stone Age art
1781:Microblade technology
1729:Langdale axe industry
1327:Ard / plough
897:, bricks in antiquity
321:
221:
159:
66:, a 13th-century BCE
52:
33:
3081:Sustainable products
3071:Sustainable building
2986:Prehistoric medicine
2981:Prehistoric counting
2964:Prehistoric religion
2959:Paleolithic religion
2937:Behavioral modernity
2294:Causewayed enclosure
2186:Abri de la Madeleine
1310:Neolithic Revolution
1083:on 27 September 2015
1031:Excavations at Nemea
128:available to fuel a
3025:Prehistoric warfare
1771:Magdalenian culture
1734:Levallois technique
1665:Earliest toolmaking
830:2020PLoSO..1527288R
572:2020PLoSO..1527288R
483:Cooktown, Australia
2976:Origin of language
2969:Spiritual drug use
2879:Rectangular dolmen
2781:Dartmoor kistvaens
2594:Carved stone balls
2306:Circular enclosure
2265:Other architecture
2208:Alp pile dwellings
1796:Solutrean industry
1707:Gravettian culture
1357:Secondary products
1153:Earth Architecture
936:2017-11-08 at the
929:Knossos fieldnotes
926:C. Michael Hogan,
893:2019-05-17 at the
327:
232:
162:
76:
47:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3045:
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2998:Prehistoric music
2947:music archaeology
2604:Cup and ring mark
2429:Clothing/textiles
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1816:Yubetsu technique
1801:Striking platform
1766:Lithic technology
1651:
1650:
1636:Game drive system
1555:Projectile points
1447:Mortar and pestle
1108:. The Telegraph.
1041:978-0-520-07027-1
950:Hawkes, Jacquetta
798:978-2-7605-2209-1
636:978-1-4674-6046-0
441:mudbrick home in
16:(Redirected from
3103:
3096:Earth structures
3013:Divje Babe flute
2920:Archaeoastronomy
2663:Petrosomatoglyph
2397:
2396:
2380:
2379:
2229:Water management
2032:
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2019:
2018:
1922:Denticulate tool
1744:Lithic reduction
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2908:
2894:Stone box grave
2864:Megalithic tomb
2769:Cotswold-Severn
2721:
2626:Guardian stones
2554:Prehistoric art
2548:
2391:
2366:
2355:Timber trackway
2260:
2224:
2220:Wattle and daub
2073:
2052:Standing stones
2026:
2005:
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1376:Food processing
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1320:New World crops
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989:Kathryn A. Bard
987:
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938:Wayback Machine
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895:Wayback Machine
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824:(1): e0227288.
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566:(1): e0227288.
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502:Earth structure
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205:Mature Harappan
195:inhabitants of
166:southern Levant
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3003:Alligator drum
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2930:lunar calendar
2927:
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2913:Other cultural
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2717:Venus figurine
2714:
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2697:
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2648:Megalithic art
2645:
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2638:
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2606:
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2599:Cave paintings
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36:Jordan Valley
32:
19:
2830:wedge-shaped
2815:Funeral pyre
2808:Great dolmen
2764:Chamber tomb
2745:Round barrow
2700:Stone circle
2572:Blombos Cave
2500:Grooved ware
2424:Chalcolithic
2328:Thornborough
2246:Flush toilet
2181:Blombos Cave
2176:Rock shelter
2148:
2132:Quiggly hole
2024:Architecture
1999:illustration
1641:Buffalo jump
1462:Storage pits
1425:Aşıklı Höyük
1415:Ground stone
1251:Subdivisions
1181:
1177:
1163:
1159:
1139:
1135:
1114:. Retrieved
1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1078:the original
1064:
1056:
1050:. Retrieved
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769:. Retrieved
757:
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706:. Retrieved
673:
669:
645:. Retrieved
626:
616:
563:
559:
535:
514:Rammed earth
403:Danube River
360:
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186:Chalcolithic
174:
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140:and western
122:fired bricks
119:
93:(containing
82:
78:
77:
63:Choqa Zanbil
61:
2852:unchambered
2847:Long barrow
2837:Grave goods
2793:Court cairn
2788:Clava cairn
2740:Bowl barrow
2678:Rock cupule
2621:Golden hats
2614:Hill figure
2515:Unstan ware
2495:Cord-marked
2360:Sweet Track
2282:Burnt mound
2203:Stilt house
2191:Sibudu Cave
1984:Tally stick
1952:Quern-stone
1937:Hammerstone
1927:Fire plough
1898:Pesse canoe
1856:Bannerstone
1826:Other tools
1739:Lithic core
1687:Aurignacian
1575:Bare Island
1457:Quern-stone
1116:25 February
747:"Mud-Brick"
676:: 129–146.
308:adobe style
277:influence.
224:Tuti Island
193:South Asian
3060:Categories
2991:trepanning
2884:Ring cairn
2842:Jar burial
2825:transepted
2757:U.S. sites
2658:Petroglyph
2584:Bird stone
2542:wine press
2215:Stone roof
2198:Roundhouse
2090:long house
2067:Stonehenge
2035:Ceremonial
1979:Stone tool
1806:Tool stone
1776:Metallurgy
1680:Mousterian
1657:Toolmaking
1595:Cumberland
1568:Transverse
1538:Schöningen
1430:Qesem cave
1398:Earth oven
1352:Irrigation
1263:Technology
1231:Prehistory
1129:References
1052:2023-03-23
964:. p.
771:2021-04-23
708:2021-04-23
647:2023-03-23
459:high-rises
357:Durability
263:fertilizer
3035:symbolism
2899:Tor cairn
2857:Grønsalen
2798:Cremation
2690:Sculpture
2668:Pictogram
2653:Petroform
2473:amber use
2441:Cosmetics
2251:Reservoir
2236:Check dam
2166:Pueblitos
2161:Pit-house
2144:Longhouse
2078:Dwellings
1947:Microlith
1878:Bow drill
1873:Bone tool
1866:prismatic
1675:Acheulean
1590:Cresswell
1563:Arrowhead
1489:Boomerang
1405:Granaries
1367:Terracing
1246:Stone Age
1087:7 October
848:1932-6203
690:0065-9991
590:1932-6203
520:Sod house
457:Mudbrick
251:Neolithic
241:, at the
203:. In the
113:husks or
83:mud-brick
58:ziggurats
43:Palestine
40:West Bank
18:Mud brick
2673:Rock art
2636:painting
2609:Geoglyph
2434:timeline
2414:Beadwork
2154:Mehrgarh
2149:Mudbrick
2057:megalith
1932:Fire-saw
1754:debitage
1749:analysis
1717:Hand axe
1697:Cupstone
1275:Glossary
1236:Timeline
1178:CRAterre
1136:Mehrgarh
1110:Archived
1046:Archived
952:(1974).
934:Archived
891:Archived
866:31968007
818:PLOS ONE
762:Archived
702:Archived
698:40000466
641:Archived
608:31968007
560:PLOS ONE
490:See also
443:Pakistan
339:Sahelian
197:Mehrgarh
188:period.
79:Mudbrick
68:ziggurat
45:, (2011)
3030:Symbols
2641:pigment
2527:Weaving
2490:Cardium
2485:Pottery
2480:Mirrors
2468:Jewelry
2409:Baskets
2389:culture
2241:Cistern
2047:Pyramid
1989:Weapons
1967:Scraper
1957:Racloir
1917:Cleaver
1905:Chopper
1811:Uniface
1722:Grooves
1712:Hafting
1670:Oldowan
1629:Systems
1580:Cascade
1543:woomera
1533:harpoon
1506:history
1472:Hunting
1452:Pottery
1393:Cooking
1302:Farming
1268:history
1241:Outline
857:6975557
826:Bibcode
791:. PUQ.
599:6975557
568:Bibcode
439:Punjabi
400:Romania
386:, 2007.
351:plaster
280:In the
243:Knossos
177:Jericho
55:Elamite
3066:Bricks
3008:flutes
2803:Dolmen
2727:Burial
2537:winery
2510:Linear
2340:Midden
2318:Cursus
2311:Goseck
2171:Pueblo
2122:Dugout
2107:Burdei
1786:Mining
1610:Lamoka
1605:Folsom
1585:Clovis
1442:Metate
1420:Hearth
1388:Basket
1362:Sickle
1160:EARTHA
1038:
999:
972:
914:
864:
854:
846:
795:
696:
688:
633:
606:
596:
588:
463:Shibam
419:Zinder
405:Delta.
363:stucco
271:Amarna
236:Minoan
181:Levant
138:Africa
126:timber
2925:sites
2869:Mummy
2589:Cairn
2505:JĹŤmon
2456:shoes
2451:Hides
2323:Henge
2277:Broch
2139:Jacal
1994:Wheel
1942:Knife
1888:Canoe
1883:Burin
1861:Blade
1759:flake
1620:Plano
1528:baton
1518:Spear
1484:Arrow
1437:Manos
1290:Tools
1081:(PDF)
1074:(PDF)
765:(PDF)
760:(1).
750:(PDF)
694:JSTOR
527:Notes
467:Yemen
423:Niger
384:Niger
347:grain
343:Banco
314:Banco
304:adobe
298:Adobe
292:Adobe
275:Roman
239:Crete
228:Sudan
115:straw
107:water
87:brick
3018:gudi
2776:Cist
2705:list
2532:Wine
2461:Ă–tzi
2446:Glue
2419:Beds
2387:and
2385:Arts
2256:Well
2112:Cave
2042:Kiva
1972:side
1962:Rope
1910:tool
1844:bone
1834:Adze
1600:Eden
1513:Nets
1383:Fire
1347:Goad
1332:Celt
1118:2012
1089:2016
1036:ISBN
997:ISBN
970:ISBN
912:ISBN
862:PMID
844:ISSN
793:ISBN
734:(2).
686:ISSN
631:ISBN
604:PMID
586:ISSN
508:Loam
335:Mali
329:The
286:Troy
267:Edfu
210:The
191:The
142:Asia
130:kiln
111:rice
105:and
103:sand
99:clay
95:loam
72:Iran
2127:Hut
2062:row
1893:Oar
1851:Axe
1839:Awl
1138:in
1014:.,
966:146
852:PMC
834:doi
678:doi
594:PMC
576:doi
496:Cob
461:in
234:In
226:in
91:mud
81:or
70:in
3062::
1180::
1162::
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1044:.
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860:.
850:.
842:.
832:.
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820:.
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732:40
730:.
726:.
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684:.
674:35
672:.
668:.
656:^
639:.
602:.
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574:.
564:15
562:.
558:.
544:^
465:,
437:A
421:,
365:.
101:,
97:,
38:,
1212:e
1205:t
1198:v
1120:.
1091:.
978:.
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758:1
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20:)
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