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541:. Glaciers act much like a conveyor belt, carrying debris from the top of the glacier to the bottom where it deposits it in end moraines. End moraine size and shape are determined by whether the glacier is advancing, receding or at equilibrium. The longer the terminus of the glacier stays in one place, the more debris accumulate in the moraine. There are two types of end moraines: terminal and recessional. Terminal moraines mark the maximum advance of the glacier. Recessional moraines are small ridges left as a glacier pauses during its retreat. After a glacier retreats, the end moraine may be destroyed by postglacial erosion.
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76:, that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions, and that has been previously carried along by a glacier or ice sheet. It may consist of partly rounded particles ranging in size from boulders (in which case it is often referred to as boulder clay) down to gravel and sand, in a groundmass of finely-divided clayey material sometimes called
594:
A medial moraine is a ridge of moraine that runs down the center of a valley floor. It forms when two glaciers meet and the debris on the edges of the adjacent valley sides join and are carried on top of the enlarged glacier. As the glacier melts or retreats, the debris is deposited and a ridge down
210:
Moraine may also form by the accumulation of sand and gravel deposits from glacial streams emanating from the ice margin. These fan deposits may coalesce to form a long moraine bank marking the ice margin. Several processes may combine to form and rework a single moraine, and most moraines record a
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Recessional moraines are often observed as a series of transverse ridges running across a valley behind a terminal moraine. They form perpendicular to the lateral moraines that they reside between and are composed of unconsolidated debris deposited by the glacier. They are created during temporary
383:, which are defined by their particular morphology, since their origin is debated. Some moraine types are known only from ancient glaciers, while medial moraines of valley glaciers are poorly preserved and difficult to distinguish after the retreat or melting of the glacier.
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435:
Lateral moraines can rise up to 140 meters (460 ft) over the valley floor, can be up to 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) long, and are steeper close to the glacier margin (up to 80 degrees) than further away (where slopes are typically 29 to 36 degrees.
1266:
Lukas, Sven; Graf, Andreas; Coray, Sandro; SchlĂŒchter, Christian (March 2012). "Genesis, stability and preservation potential of large lateral moraines of Alpine valley glaciers â towards a unifying theory based on
Findelengletscher, Switzerland".
666:, are low-amplitude geomorphic features caused by glaciers. They consist of low-relief ridges, 1 to 2 meters (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in) in height and around 100 meters (330 ft) apart, accumulated at the base of the ice as
178:
Moraines may form through a number of processes, depending on the characteristics of sediment, the dynamics on the ice, and the location on the glacier in which the moraine is formed. Moraine forming processes may be loosely divided into
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A Veiki moraine is a kind of hummocky moraine that forms irregular landscapes of ponds and plateaus surrounded by banks. It forms from the irregular melting of ice covered with a thick layer of debris. Veiki moraine is common in northern
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Ground moraines are till-covered areas with irregular topography and no ridges, often forming gently rolling hills or plains, with relief of less than 10 meters (33 ft). Ground moraine is accumulated at the base of the ice as
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to large boulders. The individual rock fragments are typically sub-angular to rounded in shape. Moraines may be found on the glacier's surface or deposited as piles or sheets of debris where the glacier has melted.
1214:
Genetic classification of glacigenic deposits : final report of the
Commission on Genesis and Lithology of Glacial Quaternary Deposits of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA)
503:
Closely related to Rogen moraines, de Geer moraines are till ridges up to 5m high and 10â50m wide running perpendicular to the ice flow. They occur in large groups in low-lying areas. Named for
404:
of the valley walls or from tributary streams flowing into the valley, or may be subglacial debris carried to the surface of the glacier, melted out, and transported to the glacier margin.
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processes form or rework moraine sediment directly by the movement of ice, known as glaciotectonism. These form push moraines and thrust-block moraines, which are often composed of
229:
249:
1626:
Stewart, Robert A.; Bryant, Deborah; Sweat, Michael J. (March 1988). "Nature and origin of corrugated ground moraine of the Des Moines lobe, Story County, Iowa".
1005:
KjĂŠr, Kurt H.; KrĂŒger, Johannes (2001-10-21). "The final phase of dead-ice moraine development: processes and sediment architecture, Kötlujökull, Iceland".
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with a thin and discontinuous upper layer of supraglacial till deposited as the glacier retreats. It typically is found in the areas between end moraines.
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Lateral moraines are parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier. The unconsolidated debris can be deposited on top of the glacier by
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1395:
Kotilainen, Aarno T.; Kaskela, Anu M.; BĂ€ck, Saara; Leinikki, Jouni (2012). "Submarine De Geer
Moraines in the Kvarken Archipelago, the Baltic Sea".
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Supraglacial moraines are created by debris accumulated on top of glacial ice. This debris can accumulate due to ice flow toward the surface in the
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In permafrost areas an advancing glacier may push up thick layers of frozen sediments at its front. An arctic push moraine will then be formed.
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Rogen moraines or ribbed moraines are a type of basal moraines that form a series of ribs perpendicular to the ice flow in an
1528:
Fyffe, Catriona L.; Woodget, Amy S.; Kirkbride, Martin P.; Deline, Philip; Westoby, Matthew J.; Brock, Ben W. (August 2020).
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processes involve the placing of chaotic supraglacial sediments onto the landscape with limited reworking, typically forming
537:, are ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the
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are those formed at the foot, marking the maximum advance of the glacier. Other types of moraine include ground moraines (
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364:
1058:"Exploration of Glacial Landforms by Object-Based Image Analysis and Spectral Parameters of Digital Elevation Model"
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507:, who first described them in 1889, these moraines may have developed from crevasses underneath the ice sheet. The
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293:
1530:"Processes at the margins of supraglacial debris cover: Quantifying dirty ice ablation and debris redistribution"
379:
The first approach is suitable for moraines associated with contemporary glaciersâbut more difficult to apply to
1212:
Dreimanis, Aleksis (1989). "Tills: Their genetic terminology and classification". In
Goldthwait; Matsch (eds.).
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Moraines can be classified either by origin, location with respect to a glacier or former glacier, or by shape.
1977:
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911:
874:
346:
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1134:
Boulton, G. S. (1986-10-01). "Push-moraines and glacier-contact fans in marine and terrestrial environments".
1489:"The Development of a Complex Supraglacial Moraine at the Margin of SĂžrbreen, Ny Friesland, Vestspitsbergen"
1097:
Bennett, Matthew R. (2001-04-01). "The morphology, structural evolution and significance of push moraines".
1468:
Loomis, S.R. (1970). "Morphology and structure of an ice-cored medial moraine, Kaskawulsh
Glacier, Yukon".
970:
Möller, Per (December 2010). "Melt-out till and ribbed moraine formation, a case study from south Sweden".
236:
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1957:
475:. The depressions between the ribs are sometimes filled with water, making the Rogen moraines look like
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Janowski, Lukasz; Tylmann, Karol; Trzcinska, Karolina; Rudowski, Stanislaw; Tegowski, Jaroslaw (2021).
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Multiple erratics on the terminal moraine of the
Okanogan Lobe. Cascade mountains in the background.
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17:
1982:
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Hilt
Johnson, W.; Menzies, John (2002). "Supraglacial and ice-marginal deposits and landforms".
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Möller, P., 2006. Rogen moraine: an example of glacial reshaping of preexisting landforms.
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647:, melting of surface ice or from debris that falls onto the glacier from valley sidewalls.
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734: â Long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel associated with former glaciers
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moraines. These moraines are composed of supraglacial sediments from the ice surface.
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1579:"Processes which Distribute Supraglacial Debris on the Khumbu Glacier, Nepal Himalaya"
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is the high snow-free bank of debris in the top left hand quarter of the picture. The
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752: â Landform of ridges deposited by a glacier or ice sheet transverse to ice flow
670:. The name "washboard moraine" refers to the fact that, from the air, it resembles a
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The snow-free debris hills around the lagoon are lateral and terminal moraines of a
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41:, an antiquated term for various infectious diseases affecting cattle and sheep.
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906:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 281.
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Depositional
Sedimentary Environments: With Reference to Terrigenous Clastics
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1458:, 6th Edition (2009): 1. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 6 Oct. 2010.
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continuum of processes. Reworking of moraines may lead to the formation of
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The prominent dark streak at the left quarter is forming a medial moraine.
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is the double line of debris running down the centre-line of the glacier.
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GarcĂa, Marcelo; Correa, Jorge; Maksaev, VĂctor; Townley, Brian (2020).
869:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
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349: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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80:. Lateral moraines are those formed at the side of the ice flow, and
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1179:"Potential mineral resources of the Chilean offshore: an overview"
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92:) and medial moraines (moraines formed where two glaciers meet).
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This article is about geological phenomena. For other uses, see
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746: â Type of moraine that forms at the terminal of a glacier
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deposited primarily by glacial ice. Glacial till, in turn, is
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1670:(Second ed.), Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall,
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1692:"Glacial moraines unmistakable vestige of last ice age" â
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133:"rounded object". The term was introduced into geology by
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Nakawo, M.; Iwata, S.; Watanabe, O.; Yoshida, M. (1986).
1369:
MetsÀhallitus (Forest and Park
Services) (16 July 2006).
1434:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 170â.
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790: â Glacial till landform above Lake Ontario, Canada
920:
1307:
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Ground moraines create irregular, rolling topography.
115:, which in turn is derived from the Savoyard Italian
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Lateral moraines above Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada.
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This is seen as a mudflat at the water's surface. (
88:-covered areas forming sheets on flat or irregular
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1062:IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
937:
935:
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722: â Landform created by the action of glaciers
255:Moraines around the Icy lake (2709 m), just below
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802: â Hills in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada
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1470:Arctic Institute of North America Research Paper
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1261:
1259:
784: â Populous island in southeastern New York
607:, has a ridge of medial moraine 1 km wide.
932:
796: â Moraine in the midwestern United States
728: â Elongated hill formed by glacial action
595:the middle of the valley floor is created. The
411:Moraines clearly seen on a side glacier of the
1428:H.-E. Reineck; I. B. Singh (6 December 2012).
64:is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris (
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511:has a very high density of de Geer moraines.
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942:Benn, Douglas I.; Evans, David J.A. (2010).
904:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
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865:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "moraine ".
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2525:Geographical terminology in mountaineering
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1397:Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat
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740: â Type of lake formed by glaciation
365:Learn how and when to remove this message
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125:in this case was derived from Provençal
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772: â Large sandbank in the North Sea
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27:Glacially formed accumulation of debris
14:
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1216:. Rotterdam: Balkema. pp. 17â83.
969:
946:(Second ed.). London: Routledge.
806:Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
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2342:
1704:
1534:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
926:
901:
714:Geologic features related to moraines
650:
110:
1316:Modern and Past Glacial Environments
849:participating institution membership
347:adding citations to reliable sources
318:
308:
129:("snout"), itself from Vulgar Latin
498:
387:
24:
1659:
1405:10.1016/B978-0-12-385140-6.00017-7
1156:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1986.tb01969.x
778: â Large moraine in Wisconsin
439:
207:and reworked proglacial sediment.
140:
25:
2546:
1697:(Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)
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573:
483:. Rogen moraines are named after
460:
279:Lateral moraines of a retreating
2328:Template:Periglacial environment
1456:Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
1324:10.1016/B978-075064226-2/50013-1
1242:National Geographic Encyclopedia
1027:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00402.x
679:
612:
562:Arctic push moraine in northern
495:, the landform's type locality.
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1668:Surface processes and landforms
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1289:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.01.022
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334:needs additional citations for
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550:halts in a glacier's retreat.
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1:
1121:10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00039-8
814:
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1648:10.1016/0169-555X(88)90010-4
992:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.11.003
237:Rocky Mountain National Park
173:
161:debris ranging in size from
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72:), sometimes referred to as
7:
1666:Easterbrook, D. J. (1999),
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135:Horace Bénédict de Saussure
10:
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2389:Coastal sediment transport
1349:Quaternary Science Reviews
1269:Quaternary Science Reviews
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1604:10.3189/S0260305500001294
1506:10.3189/S0022143000019961
1075:10.1109/TGRS.2021.3091771
944:Glaciers & glaciation
836:Oxford English Dictionary
1198:10.5027/andgeoV47n1-3260
709:List of glacial moraines
515:End or terminal moraines
315:List of glacial moraines
104:is borrowed from French
37:Not to be confused with
32:Moraine (disambiguation)
1487:Boulton, G. S. (1967).
1371:The Kvarken Archipelago
841:Oxford University Press
808: â Protected area
800:Cypress Hills (Canada)
591:
567:
530:
449:
432:
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57:
2266:Giant current ripples
1493:Journal of Glaciology
1100:Earth-Science Reviews
639:Supraglacial moraines
581:
561:
528:
447:
410:
395:
47:
1583:Annals of Glaciology
601:Kluane National Park
554:Arctic push moraines
343:improve this article
121:("mound of earth").
2203:Moraine-dammed lake
2030:Subglacial eruption
1640:1988Geomo...1..111S
1595:1986AnGla...8..129N
1546:2020ESPL...45.2272F
1304:, "ground moraine".
1281:2012QSRv...38...27L
1148:1986Sedim..33..677B
1113:2001ESRv...53..197B
1019:2001Sedim..48..935K
984:2010SedG..232..161M
972:Sedimentary Geology
929:, pp. 278â279.
902:Boggs, Sam (2006).
867:Glossary of geology
839:(Online ed.).
738:Moraine-dammed lake
664:corrugated moraines
545:Recessional moraine
2370:Sediment transport
2035:Subglacial volcano
2018:Volcanic relations
794:Valparaiso Moraine
788:Oak Ridges Moraine
656:Washboard moraines
651:Washboard moraines
597:Kaskawulsh Glacier
592:
584:Nuussuaq Peninsula
568:
539:glacier's terminus
531:
481:aerial photographs
450:
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221:southernmost Chile
219:as is the case of
58:
2535:Glacial landforms
2497:
2496:
2409:Bed material load
2394:Fluvial processes
2336:
2335:
2304:
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1822:Accumulation zone
1540:(10): 2272â2290.
1441:978-3-642-96291-2
1238:"Lateral Moraine"
847:(Subscription or
582:Medial moraines,
535:terminal moraines
533:End moraines, or
375:
374:
367:
309:Types of moraines
259:peak (2925 m) in
82:terminal moraines
16:(Redirected from
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2384:Armored mud ball
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2223:Terminal moraine
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1791:Piedmont glacier
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764:Moraine examples
744:Terminal moraine
720:Glacial landform
658:, also known as
616:
564:Ellesmere Island
521:Terminal moraine
499:de Geer moraines
402:frost shattering
388:Lateral moraines
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2130:Roche moutonnée
2075:Cirque stairway
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2013:
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1877:Lateral moraine
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1660:Further reading
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1686:External links
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1184:Andean Geology
1169:
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519:Main article:
516:
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505:Gerard De Geer
500:
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465:Main article:
462:
461:Rogen moraines
459:
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429:medial moraine
413:Gorner Glacier
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695:and parts of
694:
687:
686:Veiki moraine
680:Veiki moraine
677:
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669:
668:lodgment till
665:
661:
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648:
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645:ablation zone
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332:This section
330:
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261:Rila Mountain
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167:glacial flour
164:
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145:Moraines are
138:
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78:glacial flour
75:
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55:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
2439:
2197:
2181:Depositional
2171:Zungenbecken
2169:
2100:Glacial lake
2095:Glacial horn
2009:Mass balance
1997:Measurements
1933:Accumulation
1886:
1857:Glacier head
1852:Glacier cave
1796:Rock glacier
1693:
1667:
1631:
1627:
1621:
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1496:
1492:
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1423:
1396:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1353:
1347:
1342:
1315:
1309:
1302:Jackson 1997
1297:
1272:
1268:
1246:. Retrieved
1241:
1232:
1213:
1207:
1188:
1182:
1172:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1010:
1006:
1000:
975:
971:
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922:
903:
897:
890:Jackson 1997
885:
866:
834:
823:
689:
675:
663:
659:
654:
642:
593:
569:
566:, Grant Land
548:
532:
502:
477:tigerstripes
470:
451:
434:
428:
424:
399:
381:old moraines
376:
361:
355:October 2021
352:
341:Please help
336:verification
333:
209:
200:
199:
190:
189:
184:
180:
177:
155:unstratified
151:glacial till
149:composed of
144:
130:
126:
122:
101:
99:
74:glacial till
61:
59:
2286:Outwash fan
2281:Kettle hole
2165:Valley step
2145:Trough lake
2125:Ribbon lake
2085:Finger lake
1827:Bergschrund
1589:: 129â131.
1454:"Moraine".
1399:: 289â298.
1318:: 317â333.
1191:(1): 1â13.
782:Long Island
770:Dogger Bank
421:Switzerland
299:Moraine of
241:Ansel Adams
239:, taken by
235:Moraine in
2510:Glaciology
2504:Categories
2466:Soil creep
2313:Glaciology
2296:Urstromtal
2276:Kame delta
2228:Till plain
2025:Jökulhlaup
1983:Starvation
1862:Ice divide
1776:Ice stream
1694:Pantagraph
1223:9061916941
927:Boggs 2006
913:0131547283
876:0922152349
851:required.)
815:References
707:See also:
489:HĂ€rjedalen
485:Lake Rogen
313:See also:
301:Lake Garda
90:topography
2515:Sediments
2471:Landslide
2459:Hillslope
2058:Erosional
2050:Landforms
1921:Processes
1902:Randkluft
1897:Penitente
1842:Dirt cone
1771:Ice shelf
1766:Ice sheet
1761:Ice field
1613:246062157
1564:218998898
1515:127729549
1380:3 October
1275:: 27â48.
1164:1365-3091
1084:0196-2892
1043:129374153
1035:1365-3091
892:, "till".
830:"moraine"
672:washboard
631:Patagonia
588:Greenland
473:ice sheet
174:Formation
147:landforms
137:in 1779.
100:The word
96:Etymology
2520:Moraines
2399:Bed load
2318:Category
2256:Diluvium
2251:Alpentor
2160:U-valley
2004:Ice core
1973:Plucking
1928:Ablation
1912:Terminus
1837:Crevasse
1832:Blue ice
1732:Glaciers
1376:(Report)
1356::362â389
1248:June 18,
1068:: 1â17.
703:See also
265:Bulgaria
243:in 1941.
195:hummocky
159:unsorted
66:regolith
56:, Nepal.
18:Morraine
2481:Aeolian
2450:Drumlin
2440:Moraine
2418:Glacial
2198:Moraine
2188:Drumlin
2115:Nunatak
1978:Retreat
1943:Calving
1887:Moraine
1872:Icefall
1810:Anatomy
1781:Ledoyom
1756:Ice cap
1636:Bibcode
1591:Bibcode
1542:Bibcode
1476:: 1â65.
1277:Bibcode
1144:Bibcode
1109:Bibcode
1015:Bibcode
980:Bibcode
726:Drumlin
599:in the
509:Kvarken
417:Zermatt
285:Engadin
281:glacier
191:Passive
181:passive
165:-sized
131:*murrum
107:moraine
102:moraine
62:moraine
39:Murrain
2291:Sandur
2135:Suncup
2120:P-form
2070:Cirque
1953:Motion
1892:Moulin
1751:Cirque
1746:Aufeis
1674:
1611:
1562:
1513:
1438:
1411:
1330:
1220:
1162:
1082:
1041:
1033:
950:
910:
873:
697:Canada
693:Sweden
493:Sweden
423:. The
257:Musala
201:Active
185:active
123:Morena
118:morena
54:Manang
2445:Esker
2377:Water
2261:Esker
2090:Fjord
2065:ArĂȘte
1988:Surge
1948:Creep
1907:SĂ©rac
1739:Types
1609:S2CID
1560:S2CID
1511:S2CID
1374:(PDF)
1039:S2CID
845:
732:Esker
660:minor
605:Yukon
127:morre
2489:Dune
2323:List
2271:Kame
2140:Tarn
2040:Tuya
1847:Firn
1672:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1382:2021
1328:ISBN
1250:2020
1218:ISBN
1160:ISSN
1080:ISSN
1031:ISSN
948:ISBN
908:ISBN
871:ISBN
756:Kame
217:gold
205:till
183:and
163:silt
157:and
86:till
70:rock
68:and
1644:doi
1599:doi
1550:doi
1501:doi
1401:doi
1320:doi
1285:doi
1193:doi
1152:doi
1117:doi
1070:doi
1023:doi
988:doi
976:232
662:or
487:in
479:on
345:by
283:in
215:of
52:in
2506::
1642:.
1630:.
1607:.
1597:.
1585:.
1581:.
1558:.
1548:.
1538:45
1536:.
1532:.
1509:.
1495:.
1491:.
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1472:.
1407:.
1361:^
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1352:,
1326:.
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1258:^
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1187:.
1181:.
1158:.
1150:.
1140:33
1138:.
1115:.
1105:53
1103:.
1078:.
1066:60
1064:.
1060:.
1037:.
1029:.
1021:.
1011:48
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986:.
974:.
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362:(
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353:(
339:.
303:.
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267:.
34:.
20:)
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