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the war. At the grounds of the former factory are the two Polish companies: Chemoservis-Dwory S.A., which produces metal structures, parts, metal building elements, tanks and reservoirs etc., and
Synthos Dwory Sp. a subsidiary of the Synthos S.A. Group which manufactures synthetic rubbers, latex and polystyrene among other chemical products. Both are based in Oświęcim. Extant structures and visible remains of the Monowitz camp itself include the original camp smithy, part of the prisoner kitchen building, a ruined building of the SS Barracks, a large concrete air raid shelter for the SS guard force (type "Salzgitter/Geilenberg"), and small one-man SS air raid shelters (these can also be found on the grounds of the Buna Werke factory, along with larger concrete air raid shelters for the factory workers).
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SS-men enforce higher productivity, beating prisoners. In reports sent from
Monowice to the corporate headquarters in Frankfurt am Main, Maximilian Faust, an engineer in charge of construction stated in these reports that the only way to keep the prisoners' productivity at a satisfactory level was through violence and corporal punishment. While declaring his own opposition to "flogging and mistreating prisoners to death", Faust nevertheless added that "achieving the appropriate productivity is out of the question without the stick."
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July 1944 the prisoner population was over 11,000, most of whom were Jews. Despite the growing death-rate from slave labor, starvation, executions or other forms of murder, the demand for labor was growing, and more prisoners were brought in. Because the factory management insisted on removing sick and exhausted prisoners from
Monowice, people incapable of continuing their work were murdered. The company argued that they had not spent large amounts of money building barracks for prisoners unfit to work.
71:
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specially chosen German common criminal capos were sent to
Monowice. When these steps seemed to fail, IG Farben officials suggested the introduction of a rudimentary piecework system and a motivational scheme including the right to wear watches, have longer hair (rejected in practice), the payment of scrip that could be used in the camp canteen (which offered cigarettes and other low-value trifles for sale), and free visits to the camp bordello (which opened in the Monowice camp in 1943).
415:(RM) per day for unskilled workers, four (RM) per hour for skilled workers, and one and one-half (RM) for children. The camp contained an "Arbeitsausbildungslager" (labor education camp) for non-Jewish prisoners viewed as not up to par with German work standards. The life expectancy of Jewish workers at Buna Werke was three to four months; for those working in the outlying mines, only one month. Those deemed unfit for work were gassed at Auschwitz II-Birkenau.
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635:, was one of the upper level specialists at the Buna plant, and was able to keep some prisoners alive with the assistance of his colleagues, allegedly not producing Buna rubber at a viable production rate. In fact Levi was only an inmate there who, in the last two months of his captivity, was sent to a chemical lab due to his former studies as a chemist. Buna Rubber was named by
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Another director then chanced the remark, "If they can't work, let them perish in the gas chamber." After the inspection was over, Dr. Löhner-Beda was pulled out of the work party and was beaten and kicked until, a dying man, he was left in the arms of his inmate friend, to end his life in IG Auschwitz.
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Prisoners worked more slowly than the German construction workers, even with being beaten. This was a source of anger and dissatisfaction to factory management, and led to repeated requests that camp authorities increase the numbers of SS men and energetic capos to supervise the prisoners. A group of
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Gerhard Maurer, responsible for the employment of concentration camp prisoners went to Oświęcim; he promised IG Farben the arrival of another thousand prisoners, in exchange for the incapable factory workers. More than 10,000 prisoners were victims of the selection during the period in which the camp
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Beginning mid-February 1945 the Red Army shipped much equipment and machinery from the Buna Werke factory to western
Siberia using captured German specialists who helped dismantle it bit by bit. However, many of the original buildings remained, and the chemical industry was rebuilt on the site after
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stopped their trips to work. Worried over losing the laborers, factory management decided to turn the barracks camp being built in
Monowice for civilians over to the SS, to house prisoners. Because of delays in the supply of barbed wire there were several postponements in opening the camp. The first
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By 1942 the new labour camp complex occupied about half of its projected area, the expansion was for the most part finished in the summer of 1943. The last four barracks were built a year later. The labor camp's population grew from 3,500 in
December 1942 to over 6,000 by the first half of 1943. By
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Trucks began bringing in the first KL prisoners to work at the plant's construction site in mid-April 1941. Starting in May the workers had to walk 6 to 7 km from the camp to the factory site. At the end of July, with the laborers numbering over a thousand, they began taking the train to Dwory
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and sold their homes to IG Farben as housing for company employees brought from
Germany. This also happened to some local Polish residents. The IG Farben officials came to an agreement with the concentration camp commandant to hire prisoners at a rate of 3 to 4 marks per day for labor of auxiliary
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The barracks at
Auschwitz III were overcrowded like those in Birkenau; however, those in Monowice had windows and heating during the winter when needed. "Buna-Suppe", a watery soup, was served, along with extremely low food rations. The foremen were in charge of laborers and demanded the capos and
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and printed on 2 March 1942 secured the arrival of 8,636 workers from Italy tasked with erecting the installations with the investment of 700 million
Reichsmarks (equivalent to 3 billion 2021 €) by IG Farben (Farben was the producer of nearly all explosives for the German army, with its subsidiary
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between February and April 1941. The company bought the land from the treasury for a low price, after it had been seized from Polish owners without compensation and their houses were vacated and demolished. Meanwhile, German authorities removed Jews from their homes in Oświęcim and placed them in
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One day, two Buna inmates, Dr. Raymond van den Straaten and Dr. Fritz Löhner-Beda, were going about their work when a party of visiting IG Farben dignitaries passed by. One of the directors pointed to Dr. Löhner-Beda and said to his SS companion, "This Jewish swine could work a little faster."
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during the period when Monowice functioned as one of the many Auschwitz sub-camps. In November 1943, after the reorganization of the administrative system and the division of Auschwitz into three quasi-autonomous components, the camp in Monowice received a commandant of its own. This was
808:(in Bohemia) sub-camps. Later, the directors of new sub-camps opened at industrial facilities in Silesia and Bohemia answered to him. Rudolf Wilhelm Buchholz and Richard Stolten were SS men there. Also present were: Dr. Bruno Kitt from December 1942 to January 1943 or March 1943,
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where they were liquidated after "re-selection" in the Bllf prison hospital or in most cases murdered in the gas chambers. More than 1,600 other prisoners died in the hospital at Monowice, and many were shot at the construction site or hanged at the camp. An estimated 10,000
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The British POWs could see what was going on in the Monowitz concentration camp; they could hear shots at night and see the bodies of men who had been hanged. At the Monowitz construction site the POWs came in contact with the concentration camp inmates. British POW
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died on the death march on 22 January 1945; Paul Steinberg, who would chronicle his experiences in a 1996 book, was among those on the march. He was later liberated by the American Army at Buchenwald. The remaining prisoners were liberated on 27 January 1945 by the
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In September 1944, a total of 1,315 SS men served in these companies. The 439 of them who made up 1 Company were stationed at Monowice, and included not only guards but also the staff of the offices and stores that saw to the needs of the remaining sub-camps.
714:, it was brought to attention that the real cause of prisoners' low productivity: the motivational system was characterized as ineffective and the capos as "good", but it was admitted that the prisoners worked slowly simply because they were hungry.
853:(prisoner number 68561) was a popular song lyricist who was murdered in Monowitz-Buna at the behest of an IG Farben executive, as his friend Raymond van den Straaten testified at the Nuremberg trial of 24 IG Farben executives:
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and finally to Auschwitz. The first 200 British POWs reached Auschwitz in early September 1943. In winter 1943/44, about 1,400 British POWs were interned in E715. In February and March 1944, around 800 of them were moved to
388:-based synthetic rubber and the chemical symbol for sodium (Na), a process of synthetic rubber production developed in Germany. Other German industrial enterprises built factories with their own subcamps, such as
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Synthetic Rubber: A Project That Had to Succeed (Contributions in Economics and Economic History) by Vernon Herbert & Attilio Bisio.Publisher: Greenwood Press (11 December 1985) Language: English
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937:. The first bombing started at 10:32 p.m. and lasted for 28 minutes. A total of 1,336 500 lb. high explosive bombs were dropped from an altitude of between 26,000 and 29,000 feet.
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554:(Auschwitz III-subcamps). In November 1944, there was another reorganization: Auschwitz II became part of the main camp, and Auschwitz III was renamed Monowitz concentration camp.
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866:) was established in Monowice. It consisted of seven companies, which were assigned to the following sub-camps: the 1st Company to Monowitz, the 2nd Company to Golleschau in
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from among prisoners of Auschwitz, and raw materials from the formerly Polish coalfields. The Buna factory had a workforce of an estimated 80,000 slave laborers by 1944.
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As the Red Army was approaching Auschwitz in January 1945, the Wehrmacht closed E715 on 21 January 1945, and made the British prisoners of war march through Poland and
481:. However, the primary reason for building the industrial complex in that location was the immediate access to the slave work-force from the nearby Auschwitz camps.
1067:, was shot dead on the spot after refusing to climb up to a 70 ft (21 m) high ice-covered gantry because he was ill-equipped and thought it too dangerous.
457:, out of range of Allied bombers. Among the sites proposed between December 1940 and January 1942 the chosen location was the flat land between the eastern part of
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in 1943, then roll-call leader in Buna/Monowitz concentration camp, sentenced to life in prison in 1953 for murder of prisoners (pardoned in 1971, died in 1980).
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and the villages of Dwory and Monowice, justified by good geological conditions, access to transport routes, water supply, and the availability of
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Extracts from the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, summarizing 15th Air Force bombing attacks in August and September 1944 on Oswiecim (Auschwitz)
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Quatre boules de cuir ou l’étrange destin de Young Perez, champion du monde de boxe by André Nahum: Publisher: Bibliophane (24 April 2002)
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Lasik, Aleksander (2000). "Organizational Structure of Auschwitz Concentration Camp". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.).
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On 18 January 1945, all prisoners in Monowitz whom the Nazis deemed healthy enough to walk were evacuated from the camp and sent on a
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To a large degree, the SS men from the garrison in Monowice were responsible for the conditions that prevailed in the camp.
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Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp. Volume I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp
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Several hundred meters west of the Buna/Monowitz concentration camp, there was a work subcamp, E715, of the main camp (
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operated. Taken to the main camp's hospital, most victims were killed by a lethal injection of phenol to the heart.
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at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York, New York. Contains materials on survivors of Buna-Monowitz (Auschwitz III).
1543:(First ed.). New York/Washington, D.C.: St. Martin's Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
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The Allies bombed the I.G. Farben factories at Monowitz four times, all of them during the last year of the war.
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The prisoners returned to the construction site in May 1942 and worked there until 21 July, when an outbreak of
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The fourth and last attack was on 26 December 1944 by 95 B-24s; a total of 679 500 lb. bombs were dropped.
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station. Their work included leveling the ground, digging drainage ditches, laying cables, and building roads.
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The third attack occurred on 18 December 1944 by two B-17s and 47 B-24s, 436 500 lb. bombs were dropped.
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349:; from November 1943 it and other Nazi subcamps in the area were jointly known as "Auschwitz III-subcamps" (
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between the towns of Dwory and Monowitz and labor subcamps. Main labor camp "Auschwitz III" on lower right.
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to build the third-largest synthetic rubber and liquid fuels plant. The camp was supposed to be located in
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1056:. After that time, the number of British prisoners of war in Auschwitz remained constant, at around 600.
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627:, a camp that contained a production site for production of Buna rubber. Borkin wrote, wrongly, that an
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prisoners arrived on 26 October and by early November there were approximately two thousand prisoners.
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subcamp, close to Monowitz, to profit from the use of slave labor. The German armaments manufacturer
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1086:. In April 1945, the U.S. Army freed the British prisoners of war from Auschwitz in Stalag VII A in
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1489:, Memorial and museum Auschwitz-Birkenau, former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp
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1994:
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These steps hardly had an effect on prisoner productivity. In December 1944, at conferences in
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353:). In November 1944 the Germans renamed it Monowitz concentration camp, after the village of
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parcels. However, on 23 February 1944 a soldier named Corporal L.V. Reynolds, from the
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591:. The plant construction was commissioned by the Italian State interested in importing
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The creation of the camp was a result of an initiative by the German chemical company
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along with others in the Auschwitz camp complex, among them was the renowned writer
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Buna/Monowitz Concentration Camp Organizational Structure and Commandant’s Office
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1396:"Distinguishing Oświęcim (town), Auschwitz I, II, & III, and the Buna Werke"
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1398:. From the "Pamphlet Collection" of the Library of Congress. Ptak Science Books
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1196:. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. (145–279), 151–152.
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Search "Monowitz" in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Website
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plant under construction approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from
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by Yisrael Gutman, Michael Berenbaum. Indiana University Press (1998).
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Monowitz held around 12,000 prisoners, the great majority of whom were
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One of the three main camps in the Auschwitz concentration camp system
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in November 1943, it became the third of the three main camps in the
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1154:"Timeline for I.G. Farben and the Buna/Monowitz Concentration Camp"
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IG Farben made the preparations and reached an agreement with the
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357:(German: Monowitz) where it was built, in the annexed portion of
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1288:
The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide
662:
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1036:
931:
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In May 1944, the command center of a separate guard battalion (
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in the main camp. At Monowice, he was given authority over the
768:, who until then had been the head of the labor department and
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506:
404:, also built their own manufacturing facilities near Monowitz.
358:
1807:. Cambridge University Press; 2nd edition (13 November 2000).
1711:
British PoWs and the Holocaust: Witnessing the Nazi Atrocities
1540:
The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It?
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on lathe at Monowitz, identified by "Ost" badge on her clothes
441:(1960), who was a teenage inmate there along with his father.
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987:
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prisoners lost their lives because of working for IG Farben.
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The SS established the camp in October 1942 at the behest of
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1662:"Books of The Times; Primo Levi and the Ghosts of Auschwitz"
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Prisoners at work in Monowitz, identified by striped clothes
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1688:"Monowitz / Monowice: factory and camp grounds after 1945"
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worked at camp E715 and wrote a personal account of it.
1043:, the German Army took them to prisoner of war camps in
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Dr. Werner Rohde; from November 1943 to September 1944,
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3261:
1763:"Revealed: the British troops imprisoned at Auschwitz"
1537:
Neufeld, Michael J.; Berenbaum, Michael, eds. (2000).
1027:
POWs were held there and the camp was administered by
944:
bombed Monowitz in an air raid that lasted 13 minutes.
822:. From October 1943 to November 1943, there followed
595:(Buna-N) from IG Farben after the collapse of its own
1465:
The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al.
1375:(Knopf, 2004) by Leon Goldensohn. Ptak Science Books
833:; and finally, from September 1944 to January 1945,
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production. The 29 page-long contract signed by the
1611:. New York, New York: Metropolitan Books. pp.
926:The first raid was conducted 20 August 1944 by 127
646:
369:was commandant from November 1943 to January 1945.
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1429:
1516:Dein ist mein ganzes Herz (Fritz Löhner-Beda) by
1290:by Robert Jay Lifton. Basic Books (August 2000).
878:, Fürstengrube, Günthergrube, and Janinagrube in
3942:
1738:Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main (2014).
1686:Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main (2014).
1536:
1059:British POWs in Auschwitz occasionally received
619:According to Joseph Borkin in his book entitled
3036:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
1781:by Joseph Borkin (New York: Free Press, 1978).
1480:
1187:
1185:
1031:, not SS. Most of these POWs had been captured
971:, a professional boxer of Jewish heritage from
894:, the 6th Company to Gleiwitz I, II and III in
886:, the 5th Company to Eintrachthütte, Lagischa,
530:. After an administrative restructuring by the
1427:
1343:"Administration of the Auschwitz Camp Complex"
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3396:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
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639:A.G., and through 1988 Buna was a remaining
376:executives to provide slave labor for their
341:. For most of its existence, Monowitz was a
3095:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
1863:Guide to the Concentration Camps Collection
1476:
1474:
1472:
1106:List of concentration camps of Nazi Germany
623:, IG Farben was the majority financier for
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1740:"E715 – Camp for British Prisoners of War"
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522:For most of its existence, Monowitz was a
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380:(Buna Works) industrial complex. The name
1653:
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1598:
1483:"Living conditions and number of victims"
1369:"Hermann Goering, IG Farben and Zyklon-B"
1178:. Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum.
967:(Gliwice) subcamp near the Czech border.
954:
930:of the 15th U.S. Army Air Force based in
601:Confederazione Fascista degli Industriali
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898:, and the 7th Company to Blechhammer in
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587:factory was located on the outskirts of
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1779:The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben
1760:
1432:The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben
1309:
1262:by Elie Wiesel. Bantam (1 March 1982).
1143:
14:
3943:
3601:Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer
1708:
1660:Kakutani, Michiko (12 December 1989).
864:SS-Totenkopfsturmbann KL Auschwitz III
815:; from March 1943 to 20 October 1943,
621:The Crimes and Punishment of IG Farben
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608:was to be made virtually for free in
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2683:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
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465:such as: coal from mines in Libiąż,
166:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
3598:Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron
3488:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
1487:History > Auschwitz III-Monowitz
1230:Anatomy of the Auschwitz death camp
1002:
666:"Auschwitz III" Monowitz labor camp
24:
3966:Nazi concentration camps in Poland
3082:
1584:"Victor "Young" Perez (1911–1945)"
1394:John F. Ptak (23 September 2008).
1367:John F. Ptak (23 September 2008).
882:, the 4th Company to Neu-Dachs in
427:(1947), survived Monowitz, as did
25:
3977:
1898:
1836:
1713:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p.
59:factory in Auschwitz III-Monowitz
3922:
3911:
3910:
3051:Polish leaders and intellectuals
2541:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
1131:The Man Who Broke into Auschwitz
1111:Arthur Dodd (Auschwitz survivor)
647:Auschwitz III concentration camp
643:of nitrile rubber held by BASF.
77:
76:
69:
50:
3882:
1772:
1754:
1742:. The Norbert Wollheim Memorial
1731:
1702:
1690:. The Norbert Wollheim Memorial
1629:
1565:
1530:
1510:
1454:
1421:
1417:IG Farben#World War II overview
1410:
1041:Italy’s change of sides in 1943
918:Auschwitz I, II and III complex
377:
2979:Attack on the twentieth convoy
2792:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
1428:Borkin, Joseph (1 June 1978).
1335:
1281:
1251:
1223:
1200:
1168:
604:also producing Zyklon-B). The
13:
1:
3563:
1461:I.G. Farbenindustrie AG Trial
1137:
1126:List of subcamps of Auschwitz
557:
3951:Auschwitz concentration camp
3316:Jewish war conspiracy theory
2507:Extermination through labour
717:
692:Auschwitz concentration camp
552:KL Auschwitz III-Aussenlager
528:Auschwitz concentration camp
351:KL Auschwitz III-Aussenlager
347:Auschwitz concentration camp
7:
3898:Monowitz concentration camp
3498:Righteous Among the Nations
2713:
2184:Righteous Among the Nations
1319:. Krakow 3D. Archived from
1093:
498:and skilled labor workers.
230:October 1942 – January 1945
10:
3982:
3235:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
3205:Lithuanian Security Police
3124:Reich Security Main Office
2091:Evidence and documentation
1765:. Jewish Chronicle Online.
1317:"Auschwitz III (Monowitz)"
910:Monowitz/Buna-Werke bombed
444:
3906:
3870:
3795:
3755:
3724:
3699:
3692:
3683:
3642:
3616:
3571:
3451:Books and other resources
3438:
3354:
3283:
3279:
3256:
3190:
3162:
3103:
3090:
3077:
3016:
2964:
2917:
2854:
2824:
2762:
2734:
2725:
2721:
2708:
2666:
2625:
2577:
2563:
2525:
2484:
2384:
2341:
2219:
2215:
2198:
2114:
2083:
1983:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
1910:
1906:
1015:(after November 1943, in
940:On 13 September, 1944 96
698:Productivity of prisoners
540:KL Auschwitz I-Stammlager
272:
261:
253:
245:
234:
226:
218:
203:
193:
181:
171:
156:
148:
140:
101:
64:
49:
42:
34:
3701:Chief executive officers
3041:People with disabilities
2974:Aid and Rescue Committee
1709:Wallis, Russell (2017).
1605:Steinberg, Paul (2000).
1481:Editorial board (2017),
1373:The Nuremberg Interviews
1176:"Auschwitz III-Monowitz"
1065:Royal Army Service Corps
211:and chemicals including
207:Factories for producing
3726:Non-executive directors
3182:Order Police battalions
1858:Dwory S.A. at Wikimapia
1507:at Wollheim Memorial.de
518:Administration and name
333:from 1942–1945, during
313:Nazi concentration camp
125:50.035500°N 19.278000°E
3604:Chemische Fabrik Kalle
3031:Soviet urban residents
2122:International response
2096:Contemporary knowledge
1436:. Free Press. p.
1347:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
995:
955:Liberation of the camp
928:B-17 Flying Fortresses
919:
890:, and Sosnowitz II in
870:, and Jawischowitz in
860:
838:Dr. Hans Wilhelm König
738:
727:
667:
659:
576:
400:, headed by SS member
3478:Memorials and museums
3416:Reparations Agreement
3411:Holocaust restitution
2989:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
2512:Human experimentation
2351:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
1843:Holocaust History.Org
1801:Industry and Ideology
1608:Chroniques d'ailleurs
990:
917:
874:, the 3rd Company to
855:
820:Dr. Friedrich Entress
733:
725:
665:
654:
567:
548:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
509:in the main camp and
384:was derived from the
3783:Georg von Schnitzler
2678:Jewish Ghetto Police
2547:Politische Abteilung
2442:Risiera di San Sabba
2303:Natzweiler-Struthof
1082:in the direction of
969:Victor "Young" Perez
843:Bernhard Rakers was
792:, Eintrachthütte in
674:On 10 February 1943
144:Monowitz (placename)
130:50.035500; 19.278000
3853:Christian Schneider
3838:Carl Lautenschläger
3823:Erich von der Heyde
3778:Wilhelm Rudolf Mann
3456:Days of remembrance
3369:Holocaust survivors
3364:Depopulated shtetls
3215:Rollkommando Hamann
3061:Jehovah's Witnesses
2879:Kamianets-Podilskyi
1941:Bohemia and Moravia
1586:. Wollheim Memorial
1323:on 10 December 2010
1156:. Wollheim Memorial
828:SS-Hauptsturmführer
810:SS-Hauptsturmführer
678:Obersturmbannführer
585:Monowitz Buna-Werke
121: /
3888:IG Farben Building
3818:Heinrich Bütefisch
3768:Heinrich Gattineau
3439:History and memory
3343:Forced euthanasia
3291:Nazi racial policy
2994:Danish underground
2841:Operation Reinhard
2836:Wannsee Conference
1666:The New York Times
1518:Günther Schwarberg
1121:Heinrich Bütefisch
996:
920:
835:SS-Obersturmführer
824:SS-Obersturmführer
817:SS-Obersturmführer
813:Dr. Helmuth Vetter
739:
728:
685:Some were sent to
668:
660:
577:
268:on 27 January 1945
44:Concentration camp
3938:
3937:
3866:
3865:
3791:
3790:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3374:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
3321:Jewish emigration
3311:Hitler's prophecy
3306:Haavara Agreement
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3240:Ypatingasis būrys
3137:Sicherheitsdienst
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3012:
3011:
2932:Bielski partisans
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2535:Totenkopfverbände
2194:
2193:
1853:Wollheim Memorial
851:Fritz Löhner-Beda
831:Dr. Horst Fischer
784:, Janinagrube in
751:held the post of
536:Auschwitz complex
473:, limestone from
390:Siemens-Schuckert
294:
293:
289:Fritz Löhner-Beda
246:Number of inmates
152:Forced labor camp
16:(Redirected from
3973:
3926:
3925:
3914:
3913:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3423:Holocaust denial
3401:Nuremberg trials
3391:Postwar violence
3346:
3281:
3280:
3258:
3257:
3220:Special Brigades
3210:Nederlandsche SS
3177:Police Regiments
3101:
3100:
3079:
3078:
2939:Ghetto uprisings
2927:Jewish partisans
2874:Harvest Festival
2846:Holocaust trains
2732:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2575:
2574:
2471:
2449:
2431:
2412:
2394:
2217:
2216:
2200:
2199:
1908:
1907:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1827:If This Is a Man
1767:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1657:
1651:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1534:
1528:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1285:
1279:
1255:
1249:
1227:
1221:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1150:
1003:British POW camp
788:, Golleschau in
766:Heinrich Schwarz
762:Hauptsturmführer
606:synthetic rubber
477:, and salt from
431:, author of the
424:If This Is a Man
367:Heinrich Schwarz
363:Hauptsturmführer
209:synthetic rubber
198:Heinrich Schwarz
136:
135:
133:
132:
131:
126:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
80:
79:
73:
54:
32:
31:
21:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3902:
3893:IG Farben Trial
3862:
3787:
3751:
3720:
3715:Hermann Schmitz
3679:
3638:
3612:
3567:
3562:
3532:
3519:
3434:
3350:
3344:
3333:Madagascar Plan
3326:Kindertransport
3275:
3274:
3244:
3186:
3158:
3143:Ordnungspolizei
3099:
3086:
3065:
3008:
2960:
2913:
2884:Maly Trostenets
2855:Mass executions
2850:
2820:
2758:
2717:
2692:
2662:
2621:
2559:
2521:
2480:
2469:
2447:
2429:
2410:
2392:
2380:
2337:
2211:
2190:
2110:
2101:Hidden children
2079:
1937:Czechoslovakia
1902:
1897:
1839:
1775:
1770:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1658:
1654:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1551:
1535:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1494:
1479:
1470:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1286:
1282:
1256:
1252:
1228:
1224:
1205:
1201:
1190:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1116:IG Farben trial
1096:
1035:, initially by
1033:in North Africa
1005:
957:
942:B-24 Liberators
912:
776:, Neu-Dachs in
749:Vinzenz Schöttl
745:Obersturmführer
720:
700:
649:
610:occupied Poland
562:
520:
447:
331:occupied Poland
299:(also known as
273:Notable inmates
129:
127:
123:
120:
115:
112:
110:
108:
107:
97:
96:
95:
94:
92:occupied Poland
88:
87:
86:
85:
81:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3979:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3920:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3848:Heinrich Oster
3845:
3843:Fritz ter Meer
3840:
3835:
3830:
3828:Gerhard Domagk
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3763:Fritz Gajewski
3759:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3694:
3693:Industrialists
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3655:Nitrile rubber
3652:
3650:Synthetic dyes
3646:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3428:trivialization
3420:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3406:Eichmann trial
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Nuremberg Laws
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3284:Early elements
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3265:Early elements
3262:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:Arajs Kommando
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3171:Einsatzgruppen
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3121:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3084:Responsibility
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2863:Einsatzgruppen
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2827:Final Solution
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2688:Ústredňa Židov
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2653:Theresienstadt
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:Einsatzgruppen
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Mittelbau-Dora
2295:
2286:
2281:
2279:Kraków-Płaszów
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2169:Rescue of Jews
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
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2075:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1837:External links
1835:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1821:978-0521786386
1798:
1795:978-0671827557
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1753:
1730:
1723:
1701:
1678:
1652:
1648:978-2869700604
1628:
1621:
1597:
1575:
1564:
1549:
1529:
1509:
1492:
1468:
1453:
1447:978-0029046302
1446:
1420:
1409:
1386:
1359:
1334:
1308:
1304:978-0465049059
1280:
1276:978-0553272536
1250:
1246:978-0253208842
1222:
1219:978-0313246340
1199:
1181:
1167:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:Charles Coward
1097:
1095:
1092:
1080:Czechoslovakia
1039:troops. After
1004:
1001:
973:French Tunisia
956:
953:
952:
951:
948:
945:
938:
911:
908:
845:Kommandoführer
794:Świętochłowice
719:
716:
699:
696:
648:
645:
629:Italian Jewish
593:nitrile rubber
561:
556:
519:
516:
446:
443:
435:–winning book
433:Pulitzer Prize
292:
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62:
61:
55:
47:
46:
40:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3978:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3931:
3930:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
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3879:
3876:
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3873:
3869:
3859:
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3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
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3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3734:Carl Duisberg
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
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3682:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
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3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
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3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Nazi eugenics
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Topf and Sons
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3192:Collaborators
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:Referat IV B4
3128:
3127:
3126: (RSHA)
3125:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3117:Schutzstaffel
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:Organizations
3102:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Romani people
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2999:Working Group
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Kastner train
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2771:Kristallnacht
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2554:Sanitätswesen
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2517:Death marches
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2343:Extermination
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:Sachsenhausen
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Herzogenbusch
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Bergen-Belsen
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2221:Concentration
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:United States
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:and colonies
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:The Holocaust
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1761:Simon Round.
1757:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1724:9781786731944
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1689:
1682:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1550:9780312198381
1546:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1397:
1390:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:Stalag VIII-B
1000:
993:
989:
985:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
949:
946:
943:
939:
936:
933:
929:
925:
924:
923:
916:
907:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
859:
854:
852:
848:
846:
841:
839:
836:
832:
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:
763:
756:
755:
750:
747:
746:
736:
732:
724:
715:
713:
708:
704:
695:
693:
688:
683:
680:
679:
672:
664:
657:
653:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:Auschwitz III
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
598:
597:synthetic oil
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
570:
566:
560:
555:
553:
549:
546:-main camp);
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
515:
512:
508:
503:
499:
496:
492:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:raw materials
460:
456:
452:
442:
440:
439:
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
414:
410:
405:
403:
402:Alfried Krupp
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:
318:
314:
310:
309:Auschwitz III
306:
302:
301:Monowitz-Buna
298:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:Around 12,000
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
196:
192:
189:
188:
187:Schutzstaffel
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
106:
104:
100:
93:
72:
63:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3927:
3915:
3897:
3858:Carl Wurster
3660:Polyurethane
3572:Predecessors
3508:Yizkor books
3169:
3116:
2861:
2809:in Lithuania
2769:
2667:
2552:
2545:
2534:
2468:
2446:
2427:
2408:
2391:
2174:by Catholics
2043:Soviet Union
1911:By territory
1826:
1800:
1778:
1773:Bibliography
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1733:
1710:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:
1655:
1631:
1607:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1578:
1567:
1539:
1532:
1512:
1486:
1464:
1456:
1431:
1423:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1372:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:the original
1311:
1287:
1283:
1257:
1253:
1229:
1225:
1202:
1193:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1077:
1069:
1058:
1025:Commonwealth
1006:
997:
958:
921:
904:
863:
861:
856:
849:
844:
842:
834:
827:
823:
816:
809:
782:Fürstengrube
774:Jawischowitz
769:
759:
752:
742:
740:
709:
705:
701:
684:
675:
673:
669:
655:
620:
618:
600:
584:
580:
578:
558:
551:
539:
521:
504:
500:
483:
448:
436:
422:
421:, author of
417:
406:
381:
371:
350:
335:World War II
327:Nazi Germany
322:Arbeitslager
320:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:
281:Victor Perez
262:Liberated by
222:October 1942
204:Original use
185:
116:19°16′40.8″E
113:50°02′07.8″N
90:Monowitz in
36:
29:
3878:American IG
3808:Otto Ambros
3748:(1940–1945)
3746:Carl Krauch
3742:(1935–1940)
3736:(1925–1935)
3717:(1935–1945)
3711:(1925–1935)
3514:Never again
3345:(Action T4)
3271:Remembrance
3056:Homosexuals
3026:Soviet POWs
2954:Częstochowa
2502:Gas chamber
2313:Ravensbrück
2254:Gross-Rosen
2249:Flossenbürg
2132:Philippines
2064:Yugoslavia
2023:Netherlands
1951:Sudetenland
1805:Peter Hayes
1671:11 December
1590:11 December
1352:25 December
1327:11 December
1160:11 December
1050:Blechhammer
994:, ca. 1950s
961:death march
872:Jawiszowice
770:Lagerführer
754:Lagerführer
735:Ostarbeiter
614:slave labor
544:Auschwitz I
475:Krzeszowice
467:Jawiszowice
429:Elie Wiesel
413:Reichsmarks
285:Elie Wiesel
227:Operational
219:First built
182:Operated by
141:Other names
128: /
103:Coordinates
3945:Categories
3883:Buna Werke
3833:Hans Kühne
3813:Otto Bayer
3803:Kurt Alder
3773:Max Ilgner
3740:Carl Bosch
3709:Carl Bosch
3617:Successors
3503:Yad Vashem
3483:Uniqueness
3338:Nisko Plan
3111:Nazi Party
2919:Resistance
2889:Ninth Fort
2754:Vel' d'Hiv
2526:Nazi units
2464:Westerbork
2454:Amersfoort
2308:Neuengamme
2289:Mauthausen
2269:Kaiserwald
2239:Buchenwald
2018:Luxembourg
1831:Primo Levi
1813:052178638X
1787:0671827553
1641:2869700601
1622:0805060642
1526:3882437154
1296:0465049052
1268:0553272535
1238:025320884X
1212:0313246343
1138:References
1073:Denis Avey
1054:Heydebreck
1023:and other
992:Primo Levi
982:Primo Levi
900:Blachownia
888:Laurahütte
656:Buna-Werke
641:trade name
633:Primo Levi
581:Buna Werke
559:Buna Werke
419:Primo Levi
378:Buna Werke
365:(Captain)
317:labor camp
277:Primo Levi
194:Commandant
37:Buna-Werke
3956:IG Farben
3665:Prontosil
3565:IG Farben
3461:Education
3356:Aftermath
3268:Aftermath
3230:Trawnikis
3154:Wehrmacht
3149:Waffen-SS
2949:Białystok
2777:Bucharest
2749:Marseille
2626:Elsewhere
2587:Białystok
2399:Breendonk
2376:Treblinka
2229:Auschwitz
2013:Lithuania
1463:, a.k.a.
1061:Red Cross
1029:Wehrmacht
892:Sosnowiec
798:Sosnowitz
718:Overseers
631:chemist,
573:Auschwitz
569:IG Farben
491:Sosnowiec
479:Wieliczka
451:IG Farben
386:butadiene
374:IG Farben
339:Holocaust
325:) run by
176:IG Farben
149:Known for
57:IG Farben
35:Monowitz
3917:Category
3796:Chemists
3675:Zyklon B
3670:Resochin
3643:Products
3594:Cassella
3446:Academia
2899:Piaśnica
2869:Babi Yar
2797:Jedwabne
2736:Roundups
2669:Judenrat
2633:Budapest
2404:Mechelen
2366:Majdanek
2323:Stutthof
2284:Majdanek
2179:by Poles
2137:Portugal
2115:Response
2106:Timeline
2084:Overview
1946:Slovakia
1933:Bulgaria
1559:41368222
1094:See also
1088:Moosburg
1013:Lamsdorf
978:Red Army
965:Gleiwitz
884:Jaworzno
868:Goleszów
802:Lagischa
790:Goleszów
778:Jaworzno
712:Katowice
687:Birkenau
589:Oświęcim
579:The new
511:Birkenau
495:Chrzanów
471:Jaworzno
459:Oświęcim
355:Monowice
337:and the
311:) was a
297:Monowitz
266:Red Army
213:Zyklon B
172:Built by
162:Oświęcim
157:Location
84:Monowitz
18:Monowitz
3929:Commons
3608:Hoechst
3473:Lessons
2909:Rumbula
2782:Dorohoi
2763:Pogroms
2715:Victims
2565:Ghettos
2497:Gas van
2485:Methods
2459:Schoorl
2437:Bolzano
2385:Transit
2371:Sobibor
2361:Chełmno
2328:Vaivara
2264:Hinzert
2209:ghettos
2162:Vatican
2068:Croatia
2058:Ukraine
2048:Belarus
2038:Romania
1990:Hungary
1973:Germany
1963:Estonia
1958:Denmark
1928:Belgium
1923:Austria
1918:Albania
1746:19 July
1694:19 July
1520:(2000)
1402:18 July
1379:18 July
1371:. From
1084:Bavaria
1045:Silesia
1037:Italian
1021:British
1017:Teschen
963:to the
896:Gliwice
526:of the
524:subcamp
455:Silesia
445:History
345:of the
343:subcamp
238:Mainly
235:Inmates
3685:People
3634:Sanofi
3379:Bricha
3145:(Orpo)
3018:Others
3004:Żegota
2966:Rescue
2944:Warsaw
2904:Ponary
2814:Kaunas
2617:Warsaw
2602:Lublin
2592:Kraków
2579:Poland
2423:Drancy
2356:Belzec
2333:Warsaw
2244:Dachau
2152:Turkey
2147:Sweden
2073:Serbia
2053:Russia
2033:Poland
2028:Norway
2008:Latvia
1978:Greece
1968:France
1819:
1811:
1793:
1785:
1721:
1646:
1639:
1619:
1557:
1547:
1524:
1444:
1302:
1294:
1274:
1266:
1244:
1236:
1217:
1210:
932:Foggia
880:Libiąż
876:Bobrek
804:, and
786:Libiąż
612:using
575:, 1942
550:; and
507:typhus
469:, and
394:Bobrek
359:Poland
254:Killed
3871:Other
3756:Other
3629:Bayer
3589:Bayer
3493:Humor
3466:Films
3163:Units
2894:Odesa
2744:Izieu
2658:Vilna
2643:Minsk
2638:Kovno
2612:Radom
2476:Sereď
2293:Gusen
2274:Kauen
2205:Camps
2142:Spain
2127:Japan
2001:Libya
1995:Italy
1259:Night
1011:) in
935:Italy
806:Brünn
486:Nazis
438:Night
398:Krupp
361:. SS
257:2,500
160:Near
3961:BASF
3624:BASF
3584:BASF
3579:AGFA
3384:List
3139:(SD)
3119:(SS)
2802:Lviv
2787:Iași
2727:Jews
2648:Riga
2607:Lwów
2597:Łódź
2569:list
2418:Gurs
2291:and
2207:and
1817:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1748:2014
1719:ISBN
1696:2014
1673:2012
1644:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1592:2012
1555:OCLC
1545:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1404:2014
1381:2014
1354:2018
1329:2012
1300:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1162:2012
1052:and
637:BASF
409:Jews
382:Buna
315:and
307:and
305:Buna
240:Jews
2533:SS-
1803:by
1715:182
1613:192
1438:250
1019:).
760:SS-
743:SS-
676:SS-
583:or
493:or
392:'s
329:in
3947::
2470:sk
2448:nl
2430:it
2411:fr
2393:be
1829:,
1815:,
1789:,
1717:.
1664:.
1615:.
1553:.
1495:^
1485:,
1471:^
1440:.
1345:.
1298:,
1270:,
1240:,
1184:^
1145:^
1090:.
984:.
902:.
840:.
800:,
796:,
780:,
538::
532:SS
303:,
287:,
283:,
279:,
164:,
3557:e
3550:t
3543:v
3516:"
3512:"
2829:"
2825:"
2571:)
2567:(
1892:e
1885:t
1878:v
1823:.
1797:.
1750:.
1727:.
1698:.
1675:.
1650:.
1625:.
1594:.
1561:.
1450:.
1406:.
1383:.
1356:.
1331:.
1306:.
1278:.
1248:.
1164:.
542:(
319:(
20:)
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